Digital Electronics

Assignment A
Q3) Differentiate between
i)

Combinational and sequential logic circuits

The digital logic circuits are basic building blocks of the digital systems. These digital
logic circuits can be classified into two categories such as combinational logic circuits
and sequential logic circuits.

A combinational circuit can be defined as a circuit whose output is dependent only on

the inputs at the same instant of time where as a sequential circuit can be defined as
a circuit whose output depends not only on the present inputs but also on the past
history of inputs.
or a sequential circuit, the values of the variable are usually specified at certain
discrete time instants rather than over the whole continuous time. Half Adder, Full
Adder, Half Substractor, Full Subtractor are examples of combinational circuits
whereas Flip Flop Counters form the sequential circuit.
ii)

Synchronous and asynchronous counters

A counter is a sequential circuit that counts in a cyclic sequence. It is essentially

a register that goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the application
of input pulses. There are two types of counters Synchronous Counter &
Asynchronous Counter.
In a synchronous counter, the input pulses are applied to all clock pulse inputs of all
flip flops simultaneously. Synchronous counter is also known as parallel sequential
circuit.
In an asynchronous counter, the flip flop output transition serves as a source for
triggering other flip flops. In other words, the clock pulse inputs of all flip flops, except
the first, are triggered not by the incoming pulses, but rather by the transition that
occurs in previous flip flops output.. Asynchronous counter is also known as serial
sequential circuit
Synchronous counters are faster than asynchronous counter because in
synchronous counter all flip flops are clocked simultaneously.

Q5)

a) Draw the circuit of a 3 to 8 decoder and explain its operation. How this can be used as a DEMUX.

Decoder converts one type of coded information to another form. . Let us see diagram of 38
decoder which decodes a 3 bit information and there is only one output line which gets the
value 1 or in other words, out of 23= 8 lines only 1 output line is selected. Thus, depending on
selected output line the information of the 3 bits can be recognized or decoded.

A demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated dmux, is a circuit that has one

input and more than one output. It is used when a circuit wishes to send a
signal to one of many devices. This description sounds similar to the
description given for a decoder, but a decoder is used to select among many
devices while a demultiplexer is used to send a signal among many
devices.
b) Design and explain Priority encoder

One of the main disadvantages of standard digital encoders is that they can generate the wron
when there is more than one input present at logic level 1. One simple way to overcome this
Prioritise the level of each input pin and if there was more than one input at logic level 1 th
code would only correspond to the input with the highest designated priority. Then this type of
known commonly as a Priority Encoder or P-encoder for short.
The Priority Encoder solves the problems mentioned above by allocating a
priority level to each input. The priority encoders output corresponds to the
currently active input which has the highest priority. So when an input with a
higher priority is present, all other inputs with a lower priority will be ignored. The
priority encoder comes in many different forms with an example of an 8-input
priority encoder along shown below.
Lowest priority

output
8x3
Priority
Encoder

Highest priority

Assignment B
Question 1
Flip Flop Inputs
J
K
clk
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1

Present state
A2
A1
A0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

Next state
A2
A0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0

A1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0

Question 2
Mention the various A/D convertors. And Draw and discuss the circuit of a dual
scope A/D convertor. Also discuss the comparison of advantages and
disadvantages of each of A/D convertor.

There are many types of digital to analog convertors :

-Flash ADC
-digital ramp ADC
-successive approximation ADC
-Tracking ADC.
In dual slope type ADC, the integrator generates two different ramps, one with
the known analog input voltage and another with a known reference voltage.
Hence it is called a s dual slope A to D converter.

The flash converter is the simplest ADC in terms of operational theory , and
the most efficient in terms of speed but his disadvantage is he used too
many components for any given number of output bits.
The digital ramp ADC is the easiest ADC to understand but he reset the
counter at each clock pulse and his update frequency is not acceptable.
The successive approximation ADC outputs the binary number in serial
format and then no need of a shift register and he is speed but the binary
output is never stable it always switches between counters with every
clock pulse.

Question 3
Draw the circuit of a 4-bit shift registers and explains its operation. Also explain
various different types of shift register with circuit diagram.

In the beginning

In this basic four bits shift register the beginning the register is cleared to make
all inputs becoming 0 and after that, at each clock pulse the bits are transmitted
from left to right one at a time.

In a serial in parallel out shift register, once data are stored each bits appears on
its respective output line and all bits are available simultaneously.

IN parallel in serial out the bits are entered simultaneously into their respective
stage and the serial output is executed when the data are completely stored in
the register.

ipfollowing the simultaneous entry of the data bits.