Book 11 Lesson 1

Ache (eik)

Dolor

Ache

a continuous dull pain

to have or suffer continuous dull pain

anual(anual)

Anual

happening every year

any longer
(enilonger)

No mas

not now; not anymore

Anymore(enimor)

No mas

at the present time

Appointment

Cita

a meeting at a special time

Back(bak)

Espalda

the part of a persons body opposite the

chest

Backache(bakeik)

Dolor de
espalda

pain in the back

catch/caught/

Agarrar/agarro to get hold of something to stop motion; to

/agarrado
get an illness

(apointment)

caught(catch/cout/
cout)
Checkup(chekap)

Chequeo

a general medical exam

Chest(chest)

Pecho

the upper front part of the body enclosing

the heart and lungs

Cold(kold)

Resfriado

an illness of the head, nose, and throat

come/came/come Venir/vino/veni to arrive as expected

in (kom/keim/kom) do
Connect(conekt)

Conectar

to join; to unite two or more things

Cough(cof)

Toser

the sound coming from the throat when

pushing air from lungs

Cough(cof)

to push air from the lungs suddenly and

noisily

Dot(dat)

Punto

small, round mark

Earache(iereik)

Dolor de odo

pain in inner ear

Emergency(emerg Emergencia
enci)

unexpected and dangerous happening

which needs immediate action

examination

Examen

physical examination by a doctor

Fever(fiver)

Fiebre

a high temperature (caused by illness)

headache

Dolor de
cabeza

pain in the head

horizontal

Horizontal

parallel to the horizon

(eksamineshan)

How about...?

What do you think about?

in

En

to the inside; to/at a certain place

inch/inches

Pulgada/s

measure of length/one twelfth of a foot

make it

lograrlo

to achieve; to be on time

middle

Medio

center

nurse

Enfermero/a

person who cares for people in hospital

out

Fuera

away from a place; to the outside

pain

Dolor

hurt or physical suffering

parallel

Paralelo

of straight lines going in same direction

which never meet

perpendicular

Perpendicular

vertical; at right angles

physical
problem

medical examinator
Problema

regular

trouble
consistent/usual

run a temperature

Tener fiebre

to have a fever

run/ran

Correr/corrio

to flow

runny

Fluir

inclined to run/flow

see/saw

Ver/vio

to visit

Since

Desde

at a time in the past

2

since

Desde

from a time in the past

sneeze

Estornudo

sudden uncontrollable burst of air from

nose and mouth

sneeze

Estornudar

to blow air involuntarily through the nose

sometime

Alguna vez

some uncertain time

still

Todavia

up to and including the present time

stomach

Estomago

bag-like part of body which digests food

stomachache

Dolor de
estomago

pain in the stomach

symptom

Sntoma

indication/sign, usually of a bad condition

temperature

Temperatura

fever

then

Entonces

at that time

vertical

Vertical

straight up, right angles to a horizontal line

El Tiempo Presente Perfecto

Present Perfect (be/have with since/for)
Objective: Given/oral/visual/written cues, the student will, both orally and in writing, use the
present perfect with the verbs BE/HAVE in yes/no questions (affirmative only), and
affirmative/negative statements and answers (both full and contracted forms).

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE WITH BE/HAVE AND SINCE/FOR

Presente simple

John has

a red car

Juan tiene

un carro nuevo

now.
ahora
3

Pasado simple

John had
Juan tuvo
pasado

a red car last year.

un carro rojo el ao

Presente Perfecto

John has had

Juan Ha tenido

a red car
un carro rojo

for six months.

por seis meses

Presente Simple

Robert
Roberto

is in New York today.

esta en Nueva York hoy

Pasado Simple

Robert
Roberto

was in New York Thursday.

estuvo en Nueva York el Jueves

Presente Perfecto

Robert has been

Roberto ha estado

in New York since Monday.

en Nueva York
desde el lunes

Nota muy importante:

Se usa el Tiempo Presente Perfecto cuando se habla acerca de tres tipos de acciones:
(1) Aquellas acciones que comienzan en el pasado y todava estn sucediendo
They have been here for a month. (They got here a month ago, and theyre still here.)
(2) Aquellas acciones que acaban de terminar
Ed has already had dinner. (He just finished eating.)
(3) Aquellas acciones que sucedieron en un tiempo pasado no definido
He has been to Europe before.

(Im not sure when he went.)

We use the present perfect tense to talk about three kinds of actions:
(1) those that began in the past and are still happening,
They have been here for a month. (They got here a month ago, and theyre still here.)
(2) those that just ended.
Ed has already had dinner.

(He just finished eating.)

(3) those that occurred at an indefinite time.

He has been to Europe before. (Im not sure when he went.)

* This lesson covers the verbs be and have

* Esta leccin cubre los verbos ser y tener

We often use for or since with the present perfect tense.

For refers to a period of time. For/(por o para) se refiere a un periodo de tiempo
Since refers to a point in time. Since (desde) se refiere a un dato especifico en tiempo
EXAMPLE: Jim has been in the Army for five years.
Jim ha estado en el ejercito por cinco aos
He has been a captain since February 1.
El ha sido un capitan desde el primero de Febrero
.

CONTRACTIONS
I have = Ive
you have

= youve

he has

= hes

she has

= shes

it has

= its

we have

= weve

you have

= youve

they have

= theyve

has + not

= hasnt

have + not

= havent
Cold/resfrio

HAVE YOU HAD THAT COLD LONG?

1.

Have you had that cold long?

No, I havent. Ive had it only about two days.

2.

Where has Jan been all morning?

Shes been at Marthas house.

3.

Has Ali been a student since last fall?

Yes, he has been in school since November.

4.

Has Kay been in college since she graduated from high school.
No, shes only been in college since last year.
6

5.

Has Ted had that sports car long?

Yes, hes had it for three years.

Questions with how long

Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will make inquiries, both orally and in
writing, as to duration using how long.
Hace cuanto
QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG

The phrase how long is used to introduce questions about length of time.

EXAMPLE:

How long did you stay at the party?

How long will they be on vacation?
How long is the flight to New York?

HOW LONG HAS HENRY OWNED THAT CAR?

1.

How long has Henry owned that car? Hes owned it since he was 18 years old.

2.

How long will you stay in France? Ill stay about three months.

3.

How long did Pvt Johnson exercise yesterday? About two and a half hours.

4.

How long is your English class? Its fifty minutes long.

5.

How long have you been in Egypt? Ive been here four months.

6.

How long has Ralph had that cough? Hes had it about three days.

Present Perfect Progressive / Presente Perfecto Continuo

7

Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will, both orally and in writing, use the
present perfect progressive to indicate a durative action/event begun in the past and
continuing into present time in yes/no and question-word questions (affirmative only), and
affirmative/negative statements and answers (both full and contracted forms).

THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Like the present perfect tense, the present perfect progressive tense is used to
refer to actions or events that began in the past and continue into the present.
There is a difference between the two tenses. The present perfect progressive is closer to
the present than the present perfect is. The present perfect progressive stresses that an
action or event is not finished. It also suggests that it will continue into the future.

EXAMPLE:

Theyve been talking on the phone for an hour.

(Theyre talking now and may talk for another hour.)

Keith has been studying since 4:30.

Ann and Bob have been studying since 4:30.

HENRY HAS BEEN WATCHING TELEVISION SINCE THIS MORNING

1.

Have you been waiting long, sir?

Yes, Ive been sitting here over an hour.

2.

Has Larry been sleeping all afternoon?

No, hes been working on his car since 2:00.

3.

How have you been getting to work this week?

Ive been riding with one of my neighbors.

4.

Youve been counting that money for half an hour.

I havent been counting it. Ive been thinking about how to use it.
8

5.

What have you been doing this summer?

6.

Ive been going to summer school in the morning and working out at the gym in
the afternoon.

Book 11 Lesson 2
ahead

Adelante

in front; in advance

anybody

Alguien

any person
9

become/became

Llegar a ser/llego a ser to come to be

caution

Precaucion

act of paying attention; great

care

cautious

Precavido

careful; paying attention

cautiously

Precavidamente

carefully

confuse

Confuso

to cause to be mistaken; to mix

up

crossing

Crusando

intersection; a place where you

can cross

excluding

Excluyendo

not including

fail (to)

Fallar

to not perform or do; does not

produce the desired result

flash

flash

to send out sudden light

follow

Seguir

to obey

get/got

Convertirse/convirtio

to become

in advance

Por adelantado

ahead of time

instructor

teacher

intersection

interseccion

place where two or more roads

cross

lane

Carril

part of road

lost

perdido

unable to find one's way

m.p.h.

Miles per hour

rate of speed

mean/meant

Significar/significo

to signify

miles per/an hour

Millas por hora

rate of speed

mind

Poner atencion

attention

nervous

Nervioso

uneasy

no one

Nadie

no person; nobody

nobody

Nadie

no person
10

one-way

Una sola via

moving/allowing movement in
one direction

pedestrian

Transeunte

a person who is walking

pull over

Estacionarse a la orilla

to stop at side of road

railroad

Ferrrocarril

a track for trains

relaxed

relajado

not tense/worried

right of way

Derecho de via

the right of traffic to drive, pass,

etc. before other vehicles

sidewalk

Acera

path for pedestrians at the side

of a street

sign

Senal

a mark/notice set up to give a

warning

signal

a sign/mark to give a warning

signal

to give a warning

slow down/up

Reducir

to make/become slower

somebody

Alguien

someone

steering wheel

Rueda hidraulica

wheel in a car used for guiding it

stop sign

Senal de alto

sign that warns cars to stop

that

Pronombre usado para used to refer to a person or

personas o cosas
thing

turn

Doblar/retornar

point at which one can change

direction

two-way

Dos vias

moving/allowing movement in
both directions

way

Via/camino

direction; manner

which

Cual,

refers to things only

who

Quien

refers to persons only

yield

Permitir el derecho de
paso/via

to give way; allow to pass

11

indefinite pronouns (someone/somebody/anyone/anybody/no one/nobody)

Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will, both orally and in writing, use the
indefinite pronouns someone/somebody in affirmative statements and questions; no
one/nobody in affirmative statements; and anyone/anybody in affirmative/negative
statements and affirmative questions.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Someone and somebody are used in affirmative statements and questions.
EXAMPLES: Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
Somebody forgot to put gas in the car.

Can someone please take this book to the library?

Has somebody been using my pen without asking me?

No one and nobody are used in affirmative statements.

EXAMPLES: No one wants to leave before the general does.
The weather was awful; nobody got to work on time.

Anyone and anybody are used in affirmative and negative statements, and
affirmative questions.
EXAMPLES: Anybody can learn another language.
I didnt know anyone at the party last night.

Can anyone give me a ride home after class?

12

Was anybody in the office when you got there?

DOES ANYONE HERE SPEAK ENGLISH?

There was no one/nobody in Colonel Mitchells office.
Does anybody/anyone here speak English?
Will somebody/someone please open the door?

NO ONE FAILED THE TEST

1.

Did anyone fail the test?

Nobody failed the exam.

2.

Can somebody help me?

3.

No one went to Jeans party.

4.

Nobody wants to work for Mr. Grouch.

5.

Anybody can learn to drive.

6.

Would anyone like to have dessert?

7.

I dont think anyone arrived on time today.

8.

Will someone be there at 3:00?

9.

There was no one in the captains office.

Linking verbs (become/get)

Cuando se desea expresar un cambio de estado o condicin usando un adjetivo o
sustantivo como sujeto complementario despues del Linking Verb BECOME o
GET
(los ejemplos quiz sean mas claros que la teoria
Objective: Given an oral/visual/written cues, the student will, both orally and in writing,
indicate a change in state/condition using an adjective/noun as a subject complement after
the linking verb become and an adjective as a subject complement after the linking verb
get yes/no and question-word questions (affirmative only), and affirmative/negative
statements and answers.

BECOME AND GET

13

Become and get are used as linking verbs to show a change in state or condition.
Become and Get
condicion

son usados como verbos de union para expresar un estado o

SUBJECT

LINKING VEB

SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Most captains

become

majors. (noun/sustantivo)

The homework

got/became

confusing. (adjective/adjetivo)

SOME STUDENTS GET NERVOUS BEFORE A TEST

1.

Do you get nervous before a test?

2.

The children became tired of sightseeing.

3.

Kevin got lost on his way to Howards house.

4.

When will Lieutenant Burns become a captain?

5.

Peter became a doctor after ten years of school.

6.

Ted doesnt get upset when hes late for class.

7.

Bobs clothes get dirty when he works on his car.

8.

The major becomes very angry when someone lies to him.

Adjective Clauses (that/which/who)

Clausulas adjetivas (That/Wich/Who)
Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will, both orally and in writing, use a
restrictive adjective clause (who/that/which as subject relative pronouns) having a
noun/pronoun antecedent meaning a person/thing in affirmative yes/no questions, and
affirmative/negative statements and answers.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(Adjective Clauses)
An adjective clause is group of words that describes a noun or pronoun. Adjective
clauses begin with who, which, or that.
Una Clausula adjetiva es un grupo de palabras que describen un sustantivo o
pronombre.
14

Clausulas adjetivas comienzan con WHO,WHICH, o That

Who refers to people.

Which refers to things.
That refers to both people and things.

Who aplica para personas

Which aplica para cosas
That se aplica para ambos

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ms. Steves Is the one

Ropers is the store
This is the watch
Mr. Dial is the man

who
which
that
that

teaches Spanish.
sells tires.
broke last week.
fixed it for me.

WALTER IS THE ONE WHO SELLS CARS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Which apartment do you like? I like the one that has the big kitchen.
Did you call the sergeant yesterday? No, I wasnt the person that called him.
What kind of car do you want? I want a car which doesnt use much gas.
Did you pass the test? Im the only student who passed it.
Is that the shirt that has chocolate on it? No, its the shirt which has tomato
juice on it.

Book 11 Lesson 3
brake

Brekes

device for slowing or stopping

the speed of a car, truck, etc.

bug

Insecto

any small insect

charge

Cargo/carga/cobro/pago price asked/paid for

goods/services

charge
credit
credit

to ask as a price; to pay with a

credit card
Credito

a way of buying something

now and paying at a later date
to enter as credit; to place an
amount of money in an
account
15

dissatisfied

Insatisfecho

displeased; not satisfied

engine

Motor

machinery which changes

electric power to movement

exchange

Intercambio

to give and receive something

in return for something else

fly

Mosca

a small flying insect with two

wings

give/gave back

Regresar

to return

grease

Grasa

lubricant/fat

grease

to lubricate

greasy

Graciento

covered with grease/an oily

substance

guarantee

Garantia

written assurance

guarantee

to give a statement of
assurance

hose

Manguera

flexible tube

leak

Gotera

opening allowing escape of

something

leak

Fuga

to permit something to escape

through a hole; to escape

leaky

goteando

allowing water/liquid/ gas to

leak out

motor

machine that gives motion or

power

noise

Bulla

unwanted/confused sound

noisy

Bullicioso

making a loud noise

oil

Aceite

substance used to make

machines run better

oil
oily

to put oil on/rub oil onto

Aceitoso

covered with/ containing oil

16

on sale

Ganga

offered at a lower price

part

Parte

partial segment; separable

element

refund

Devolucion de dinero

an amount of money returned

refund

to give money back

sales slip

Recibo/factura

receipt given at a store

satisfaction

Satisfaccion

contentment or pleasure

satisfied

Satisfecho

pleased

satisfy

Satisfacer

to please (someone)

service

Servicio

work or duty done

stall

Pararse/detenerse/debid to stop through lack of power

o a que algo no funciona (an engine)
bien

too

Tambien

more than enough; excessive

tune-up

Afinar

act of adjusting engine

tune-up

to adjust an engine

unhappy

Infeliz

dissatisfied

warm (up)

Calentar

to make ready for performance

-y

noun + -y = adj

Too: demasiado/ mas que suficiente,

Too + predicate adjective + to-infinitive
Too +adjetivo predicado + forma infinitiva
La expression TOO denota excesividad para algo en particular, cuando se usa
con un predicado adjetivo , seguido por una frase sustantiva o una forma infinitiva
o ambos
The student will express excessiveness for a particular purpose using

17

too + predicate adjective optionally followed by for + noun phrase, or present active
infinitive, or both in oral and written affirmative yes/no questions, and
affirmative/negative statements and answers.
TOO + PREDICATE ADJECTIVE + TO-INFINITIVE
One of the meanings of too is more than enough. Too followed by an adjective
and a to-infinitive means more than is necessary for a particular purpose.
EXAMPLES:
1.

The test was too long for us to finish.

El examen fue demasiado largo para nosotros para terminarlo
(We couldnt finish test because it was longer than necessary.)

2.

These shoes dont fit well.

Theyre too tight.
(These shoes are tighter than they should be in order to fit well.)

Candy is
Coffee is
Carol was
Itll be

TOO + ADJECTIVE
too sweet.
too bitter
too tired
too early

(FOR+NOUN/PRONOUN)
for me
for the children

INFINITIVE
to drink.
to drive.
to get up.

THIS SOUP IS TOO HOT TO EAT!

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The children cant go outside. Its too cold.

Susie cant move that table. Its too heavy.
Randy looks too young to be a doctor.
Jacks house isnt too difficult for you to find.
St. Louis is too far for you to drive there alone.
Is this chair too small for your dining room table?
Jim cant wear these slacks. Theyre too big.
Lt Rich is too angry to speak to Lt Ward.

infinitive phrase of purpose

Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will express purpose using
the present active infinitive after verbs in oral and written yes/no and question-word
questions (affirmative only), and affirmative/negative statements and answers.
INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE
18

An infinitive or infinitive phrase placed after a verb tells the reason for which
something is done.
EXAMPLES:
Jim didnt have any news. He just called to talk.
(He only called because he wanted to talk.)
Beth stopped at the store to buy some milk.
(She stopped because she needed to buy some milk.)
INFINITIVE PHRASE OF PURPOSE
a.
b.
c.
d.

Ray moved
Lt Lee went
Dont use a pen
Roger called

to save
to talk
to mark
to invite

a little money.
to the supervisor.
the answer sheet.
us to his party.

TERRY STOPPED AT THE BX TO EXCHANGE THE SHIRT

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

We didnt stay to watch all of the show.

Did Ken go to the mall to meet his friends?
Henrys moving to Arizona to start a new job.
Arnold went to Mexico last summer to study Spanish.
Ann called the doctors office to make an appointment.
Bill always stops to eat breakfast on his way to work.
Can I use a credit card to pay for my airline tickets?
Mike didnt come to borrow money; he came to pay a bill.

El Sufijo y
El sufijo es una letra o grupo de letras que se agregan al final de una palabra
Cuando el sufijo y es agragado a un sustantivo , el sustantivo se convierte en un
adjetivo, cambiandolo a un estado o condicin o que esta lleno de ello o es
caracterizado por su abundancia
(los ejemplos clarificaran mejor esta teora)
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word. When the suffix-
y is added to a noun, the noun becomes an adjective which means like, full of,
or characterized by something.
-y suffix (nouns adjectives)
The student will express the meanings of characterized by, like, or full of by
adding the derivational suffix y to nouns to form adjectives.
19

THE SUFFIX Y
EXAMPLE: The water was soapy.
El agua estaba enjabonada
cloud
fun
grease
ice
leak
noise
oil

+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=

cloudy
funny
greasy
icy
leaky
noisy
oily

sun
rain
salt
snow
soap
storm
water

(The water was full of soap.)

(el agua estaba llena de jabon)
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=
+y=

sunny
rainy
salty
snowy
soapy
stormy
watery

ITS NOISY IN THE DINING HALL

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Theres a leak in the kitchen faucet. Can you fix a leaky faucet?
The children had fun at the show. They thought the movie was funny.
There was ice on the roads yesterday. The roads in the mountains were very
icy.
They had a lot of rain in Houston last weekend. West Texas doesnt have a lot
of rainy weather.
There was too much salt in the beans. Was the soup too salty?
We drove to New Orleans in a bad storm. I dont enjoy driving in stormy
weather.

20

Book Lesson 4
as a matter of fact De hecho

really; actually

(as a marer ov
fact)
Boring (borin)

aburrido

uninteresting, dull

Busy(bisi)

Ocupado

active; at work

Cards(cards)

Cartas

a set of 52 cards; game

played with cards

Channel(channel)

Canal

TV/radio frequency band

Commercial(comer Comercial
shial)

advertisement on radio or TV

Could(Kud)

Podria

ability (in the past)

couldn't(kudnt)

No podria

could not

Dish(dish)

Plato

a particular kind of food

Dull(dol)

Aburrido/sin filo

boring; not sharp

Entertain(entertain Entretener
)

to amuse or interest

Entertaining(entert Entretenimiento
einment)

amusing and interesting

21

entertainment

the act of amusing people

feel/felt(fiil/felt)

Sentir/sintio

to think

frequently

Frecuentemente

happening often

Frighten(fraiten)

Asustado

to make afraid; terrify

Frightening(fraiteni Asustando
ng)

terrifying

Funny(fani)

Divertido

amusing; causing laughter

Great(greit)

Gran

good; large

If you ask me(if iu

ask mi),....

Si me preguntan

In my opinion

Impolite(impolait)

descortes

not polite; rude

Impolitely(impolaitli descortesmente
)

rudely

in fact(in fact)

De hecho

really

intend (to)(intend)

Intentar

to plan to

laugh (at) (laf)

Reir de

to make sounds with voice

showing happiness

Loud(laod)

Ruido Fuerte

strongly audible; noisy

Loudly(laodli)

Ruidoso

strongly audible; noisy

Love(lav)

Carino/aprecio

a strong feeling of fondness

for a person

Love(lav)

to have strong feelings for; to

care for

Plan (plan)

Plan/esquema

a scheme

plan (to)

Planear

to intend to

Program(program) Programa
Prompt(prompt)
Promptly(promptli)

show; plan; list

Pronto

acting without delay

Prontamente

quickly
22

Reasonable(rizana Razonable
bol)

fair

Reasonably(rizana Razonablemente
bli)

fairly

Recommend(ricom Recomendar
end)

to suggest; endorse

Rude(riud)

Rudo

not polite

Rudely(riudli)

Rudamente

not politely

Serve(serv)

Servir

to set food before somebody

Sharp(Sharp)

Afilado

having a fine edge/point;

keen

Since(sins)

Desde

because

spend/spen(spend/ Gastar/invertir
spent)t

to devote time

Terrible(terribol)

Terrible

very bad

Terribly(terribli)

Terriblemente

very

Variety(varayati)

Variedad

different things; an
assortment

Wonderful

Excelente

unusually good

(uanderful)

Could (past ability) Posibilidad en el pasado

Objective: Given oral/visual/written cues, the student will express past
ability/inability using could in oral and written yes/no and question-word questions
(affirmative only), and affirmative/negative statements and answers.
COULD AS PAST ABILITY
COULD = WAS ABLE TO

COULD + NOT = COULDNT

JIMMY COULDNT BUTTON HIS SHIRT

a.

Can you run a mile in five minutes?

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I could when I was younger, but I cant now.

b.

Could Henry repair the motor?

No, he couldnt. He didnt have the right tools.

c.

How well could you hear the instructor?

I could hear her very well when she spoke loudly.

d.

What could Sarah eat while she was sick?

She could eat only soup.

e.

Could your wife cook when you married her?

Yes, she could. She was a good cook when we got married.

INDIRECT SPEECH
Discurso indirecto , reporta lo que otra persona ha dicho, por esta razon, es
tambien llamado discurso repetido. Las oraciones originales son cambiadas
bajo el siguiente esquema:
1.
2.

Los verbos en tiempo presente son cambiados a tiempo pasado

Pronombres y adjetivos posesivos cambian de primera o segunda
persona a tercera persona ( al menos que alguien este reportando sus
propias palabras)

Indirect speech reports what another person has said. For this reason, it is
also called reported speech. The speakers exact words arent repeated in
indirect speech:
1.
2.

Present tense verbs change to the past tense.

Pronouns and possessive adjectives change from first or second
person to third person (unless someone is reporting his own words).

Indirect speech (told + indirect object + past tense THAT noun clause)
The student will, both orally and in writing, report/inquire about what was said using
told + indirect object + past tense affirmative/negative THAT noun clause
(that optional and with appropriate pronoun/possessive adjective changes) in
yes/no and question-word questions (affirmative only), and affirmative/negative
statements and answers.
24

Examples
Direct speech (present tense):tiempo presente
Jan le dice a Jim lo siguiente:en forma directa
Jan: Im out of money.
Jan : estoy sin dinero
Jim: I have some cash.
Jim: yo tengo algo en efectivo
Indirect speech: (past tense) tiempo pasado
Ahora analicemos las posibles respuestas en forma indirecta
TOLD
DIJO

INDIRECT OBJECT (THAT)

OBJETO INDIRECTO (QUE)

PAST TENSE NOUN CLAUSE

CLAUSULA EN TIEMPO PASADO

Jan told
Jim
Jan le dijo a Jim

that
que

she was out of money.

ella estaba sin dinero

Jim told
her
Jim le dijo a ella

that
que

he had some cash.

el tenia algo de efectivo

I told
Jan
Yo le dije a Jan

that
que

I had some cash.

yo tenia algn efectivo

THE INSTRUCTOR TOLD ANNETTE THAT SHE PASSED THE TEST

a.

Did you talk to Mr. Reed about your test grade?

Yes, I told him that I was worried about it.

b.

What did he say?

He told me he was sure it was good.

c.

Did he tell you the grade?

No, he told me that he couldnt remember it.

d.

Is he going to give the tests back to us?

Yes, he told me he intends to give them back Friday.
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Prepositions of time / Preposiciones de tiempo

The
student
will
Indicate
time
using
prepositions
at/on/in/before/after/from/until/till/to/for/since in oral and written yes/no and
question-word questions (affirmative only), and affirmative/negative statements and
answers.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
The following prepositions indicate time:
at,
a las
in,
en
on, a/el
before, antes de las/del
after, despues de/del
from, desde las/el
until, hast alas/el
till, hast alas/el
to, para/a
for
por
since.de /desde
At is used with the time of day, with an age, and with the words night, first, last,
beginning, and end.
EXAMPLES: at noon, at midnight, at 7:30 a.m.
at the age of twelve
at night, at first, at last
at the beginning, at the end
On is used with days and dates. It can also be used with parts of a certain day and
the words time and schedule.
EXAMPLE: on Monday, on your birthday
on October 18
on the evening of June 8
on time, on schedule
In is used with quantities of time and with the words beginning and end.
EXAMPLES: in ten minutes, in an hour
in a week, in two years
in the beginning, in the end
Before and after are used with time of day, with dates, and with nouns that name
events or occurrences.
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EXAMPLES: before noon, after 5:00 p.m.

before December 31, after April 15
before the game, after dinner
After can also be used with a quantity of time.
EXAMPLES: after six months, after thirty years.
From is used with to and till/until to indicate periods of time.
EXAMPLES: from 1985 to 1993
from May 1 until June 15
from 10:00 a.m. till 5:30 p.m.
Until/till can also be used alone with days, dates, and times.
EXAMPLE: until next Friday, till next week
until 1997, till August 2
until 10:00 p.m., till midnight
For is used with periods of time.
EXAMPLES: for half an hour, for three weeks, for one year
Since is used with definite times.
EXAMPLES: since Sunday, since 6:00 this morning, since 1988
ED ARRIVES ON MONDAY
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

What do you plan to do after dinner?

Col Henderson will be here till Thursday.
Jim was in the Air Force for twenty years.
Meet me at 6:30 in front of Larrys office.
Lt Cooper will be here in about ten minutes.
We have to deposit the money before 5:00 p.m.
Dr. Blake has been at the hospital since midnight.
Where does Sgt Jackson go on Tuesdays and Thursdays?
Mr. Adams English class doesnt start until 8:30 a.m.
Maj Brooks works out from 4:00 to 5:30 three days a week.

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This the end of Book 11

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