International Journal of Computer Science Engineering

and Information Technology Research (IJCSEITR)

ISSN(P): 2249-6831; ISSN(E): 2249-7943
Vol. 6, Issue 5, Oct 2016, 53-58
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

PROTEIN STRUCTURE COMPARISON USING FUZZY IMAGE PROCESSING

K. HIMABINDU1 & S. JYOTHI2
1

Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam,

Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

Professor& SMIEE, Department of Computer Science, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam,

Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
At present in modern computation biology, research of Protein structure plays a major role in identification of
Protein similarity. The importance of Protein structures similarity is increased rapidly because of huge Protein structure
databases availability. Recently many researchers used Image processing and Soft Computing tools for Protein Structure
Comparison and Prediction. Image processing is a significant technique to process a wide range of Biological digital
images such as Protein structures. Soft Computing is an evolving field with different harmonizing elements like fuzzy
logic, neural computing and genetic algorithm. Soft Computing techniques have found wide applications. One of the most
important application is Protein structure identification. This paper deals with Protein structure comparison by using
algorithm has two stages, the first stage is preprocessing and the second stage is calculation of normalized histogram of an
image.In this study, the Protein structures of hemoglobin of human, different mammals hemoglobin structures are
considered. The similarity and dissimilarity between human hemoglobin Protein structures and different mammals
hemoglobin structures is compared using fuzzy based Image processing.
KEYWORDS: Soft Computing, Protein Structure Comparison, Fuzzy Image Processing, Human Hemoglobin, Mammals

Original Article

fuzzy image processing techniques. A new histogram based fuzzy image processing algorithm is proposed. The proposed

Hemoglobin, Protein Structures

Received: Sep 02, 2016; Accepted: Sep 27, 2016; Published: Oct 03, 2016; Paper Id.: IJCSEITROCT20166

INTRODUCTION
Image processing is a form of information processing for which input and output both are images and it is
a collection of all fuzzy approaches which understand, represent and process the images, their segments and
features as fuzzy sets[6].Fuzzy image processing is divided into three main stages: image fuzzification,
modification of membership values, and image defuzzification (if necessary).The image data are convert from
gray level plane to the membership plane (fuzzification), suitable fuzzy techniques adapt the Protein structure
membership values[11]. This is call it as a fuzzy rule-based approach. In this problem the Protein structure may be
uncertain in some cases. By using fuzzy image processing consider if then rules and we calculate the uncertainty
to identify the Protein structure. Fuzzy techniques can manage the uncertainty and failing of an image which can
be represented as a fuzzy set. Proteins are the building blocks of Amino acids. Generally the visualization of
Protein structure are categorize into 4 types i.e., the Primary structure of a Protein states to the linear sequence of
amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Secondary structure describe to highly regular local sub-structures on the
actual polypeptide backbone chain [1].

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K. Himabindu & S. Jyothi

Figure 1: Human Hemoglobin Protein Structure

The Protein tertiary structure refers to a Protein's geometric shape. Finally, quaternary Protein structure is the
number and organization of multiple folded Protein subunits in a multi-subunit [8].There are different types of Proteins
structures that is hemoglobin, Keratin, Myosin, etc.[3]. But here in this problem concentrates on human hemoglobin
Protein structure. Hemoglobin is a globular Protein, means it folds into a compact globe-like structure [9].Protein structure
comparison is very essential part in bioinformatics. Finding similarities between Proteins is important to classify, predict
and find mutative relationship between them. This information is very useful in explanation of Protein similarities,
diseases, biotechnology, drug design and many other applications. Most of the applications of Protein Structure comparison
is databases organized on Structure, SCOP, HOMSTRAD [2].The similarity in their cases is computed using structural
comparison algorithms such as distance matrix based or transformation based, image edge detection, SSIM and others. A
comparison with other coordinate-based alignment algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm is competitive in terms of
sizes and the speed of the conserved regions discovered in an extensive benchmark dataset derived from the HOMSTRAD
and SAB mark databases [4].Most of these methods are computationally intensive and time consuming, especially when
searching large databases due to essential complexity of structural comparison. So that in this problem considered the
fuzzy image processing. In this paper, a new histogram based image comparison method is proposed.

PROBLEM DOMAIN
In this problem mainly we concentrates on Human Hemoglobin Protein structure comparing to different
mammalian hemoglobin Protein structures more closely related forms i.e., man, monkey, dog, horse, pig, cow, rabbit, and
chicken by using fuzzy image processing techniques. The structure of the hemoglobin molecule is essential to its function,
which is carrying oxygen around the body. This type of Protein structure comparison using Fuzzy Image processing
techniques like fuzzy noise reduction, Fuzzy binary conversion, calculate histogram and finds the histogram error [10].
Fuzzy logic can be used to develop human knowledge in the form of fuzzy if then rules. It has been extended to handle the
concept of inadequate truth, where the truth value may range among completely true and completely false. A linguistic
variable such as Protein structure may have a value such as similar, more similar, not similar rather than 0.01, 0.009 and
0.1etc.

METHODOLOGY
Fuzzy logic generate a structure for the development of new image processing approaches because they are
information based nonlinear methods. Fuzzy logic is a group of different fuzzy methods to image processing [7]. In
general, fuzzy logic based image processing is comprised of fuzzification, membership function application,
defuzzification processes where expert knowledge, experience and fuzzy set techniques are supported. Protein Structure
comparison method is presented by using on fuzzy image processing techniques. The real motive is to extent the prediction
of 1D, 2D and 3D Protein structure comparison using fuzzy image processing techniques. For this problem took the Protein
structures of human hemoglobin, different mammals hemoglobin Protein structures are collected from Protein Data Bank
Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1293

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Protein Structure Comparison using Fuzzy Image Processing

55

(PDB) and that sets is based on structural classification of Protein (SCOP). Finally, the experiments are implemented by
using MATLAB R2015a and results are shown accordingly.

Figure 2: Methodology for Protein Structure Comparison

Image Noise Removal

Noise produces in an image due to various reasons basically during acquisition and transmission in channels.

various types of noises are Gaussian noise, impulse noise, speckle noise etc. Impulse noise i.e. salt & pepper noise is very
common type of noise created in image. In this problem we applied Salt & pepper noise for removal of noise. Before
processing the noisy image to be filtered for remove the noise to get good quality image [12].

Image Conversion
In this problem convert the true color image RGB into gray scale intensity image. Because of by eliminating the

hue and saturation information though retaining the luminance.

Histogram Calculation
In this problem histogram calculation plays a major role is a graphical representation of the distribution of

numerical data it calculates the histogram for the intensity image and displays a plot of the histogram. The number of bins
in the histogram is determined by the image type. Now defining the histogram calculation by following this

hn1 = imhist (Imageg1)./numel(Imageg1);

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K. Himabindu & S. Jyothi

Histogram error Calculation/Difference

In Protein structure Comparison find an exact match. But if the images are of different sizes, or someway slightly

different (e.g. slightly cropped or edited somehow) then we consider The error in this case should be small but not
necessarily exactly zero. Here we calculated the difference in histogram.

Calculate the histogram error/ Difference

eg: f1 = sum((hn1 - hn2).^2);

Fuzzy Rule Based Processing

The fuzzy sets are ready to symbolize each variables strength. In our problem fuzzy sets are signified to the
linguistic variables such as similar, most similar, dissimilar. Fuzzy rules are linguistic IF-THEN constructions that have the
collective form "IF A THEN B" where A and B are propositions containing linguistic variables. A is called the premise and
B is the concern of the rule. In effect, the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy IF-THEN rules deeds the tolerance for
fuzziness and uncertainty[5]. In this respect, fuzzy logic mimics the crucial ability of the human mind to review data and
focus on decision related information. In this step applying the ifthen fuzzy rules i.e.,

If the value is0.01 then it is showing similar Protein structure comparing to the human hemoglobin Protein
structure.

If the value is near to 0.009, then it is showing most similar Protein structure.

If the value is near to 0.1, then it is showing not similar to comparing to the human hemoglobin Protein structure.

EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In our experiment, we downloaded about two hundred Protein structures from PDB. Experiment results illustrates
that the fractal dimension feature makes well in comparing all Protein structure similarity. Here we created the Database
for different hemoglobin Protein structures :

Figure 3: Different Mammals and Human Hemoglobin Protein Structures

Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1293

NAAS Rating: 3.63

Protein Structure Comparison using Fuzzy Image Processing

57

COMPARING RESULTS
When compare human hemoglobin Protein structure with all different mammals hemoglobin Protein structures
then finally we obtained the result is

Figure 4: Human Hemoglobin Protein Structure

Figure 5: Fuzzy Rule Based Values of Different Mammalian Hemoglobin Protein Structures
In this Study, comparing to the human hemoglobin Protein structure to the different mammals
(chimpanzee, Monkey, horse, cattle, rabbit) hemoglobin Protein structures then analyzing the similarity percentage of
structures. Here we fix the cut value is 0.009, based on this value we identify the Protein structure is similar or most
similar or not similar. If the fuzzy value is near to 0.01, then it is showing Protein structure is similar, then the fuzzy value
is near to 0.009, then it is showing Protein structure is most similar. If the fuzzy value is greater than or equal to 0.1, then it
is showing Protein structure is dissimilar. In our study chimpanzee hemoglobin Protein structure is similar to human
hemoglobin Protein structure, this fuzzy value is near to 0.009 and Monkeys hemoglobin protein structure is similar to
human hemoglobin protein structure, this fuzzy value is near to 0.001. Hemoglobin protein structure of horse, rabbit, cattle
is dissimilar to human hemoglobin protein structure and this fuzzy values are 0.18, 0.29 and 0.12 respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
In this work, we presented fuzzy image processing technique In order to compare the structural similarities in
various human hemoglobin Protein structure with different mammalian hemoglobin Protein structures. The fuzzy rule
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K. Himabindu & S. Jyothi

based processing used to compare the similarities between human and mammals protein structures to see how they are
similar or different. Compared with the existing methods, fuzzy image processing is easy to compute and efficient enough
to eliminate the limitations encountered in the existing algorithms. In this study chimpanzees hemoglobin protein structure
is most closely related to humans based on fuzzy rule based. The conclusion strongly indicates that the chimpanzees
hemoglobin protein structure is showed very similar with the human hemoglobin protein structure. Monkeys hemoglobin
protein structure is similar to human hemoglobin protein structure, horse, rabbit, cattle is dissimilar to human hemoglobin
protein structure. When Compared with the existing methods, fuzzy image processing is easy to compute and efficient
enough to eliminate the limitations encountered in the existing algorithms. In our experiment, this article is allowing us to
see the similarity, more similarity and dissimilarity between human hemoglobin Protein structures and different mammals
hemoglobin Protein structures with enhanced results.
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Impact Factor (JCC): 7.1293

NAAS Rating: 3.63