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abstract
Article history:
Received 6 July 2009
Received in revised form
17 November 2009
Accepted 9 December 2009
A new integral approach is proposed to solve the large deection cantilever beam problems. By using
the moment integral treatment, this approach can be applied to problems of complex load and varying
beam properties. This versatile approach generally requires only simple numerical techniques thus is
easy for application. Treatment for typical loading and beam property conditions are presented to
demonstrate the capability of this approach.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Large deection
Cantilever beam
Integral
Numerical solution
Complex load
Varying beam properties
ds
EI
dx
dy
1 z2 3=2
dy
EI
ARTICLE IN PRESS
302
m
L
l
Eqs. (3), (5) and (6) can be solved numerically for a given
projective length l with boundary conditions z0 x0
s0 0at the xed end. The problem will then be solved by
searching the projective length l until
sl L
2. Theory
My Ply
dz
1 z2 3=2
My
dy
EI
10
11
Eqs. (10) and (11) become new governing equations for cantilever
beam bending problems. For simple loads and uniform beam
properties, they are regular rst order ODEs in which dependent
variables do not appear in the right-hand side thus can be
integrated straightforwardly. The problem can be solved numerically following the search procedure. With a given l value, the
function G(y) can be determined analytically or numerically by
integrating the bending moment as dened in Eq. (9). Once the
function G(y) is determined, Eq. (10) can be integrated with
respect to y from 0 to l to nd the arc length
Z sl
ds
sl
0
13
12
14
For a given l value, this equation can be integrated straightforwardly to solve s as a function of y. Thus the total arc length s(l)
can be found for each l value. It is easy to see that s(l) is a
monotonic function of l. By scanning the entire range of l an
appropriate value can be found to satisfy s(l)= L (Fig. 1). Once the
appropriate l value is obtained, the whole bending curve of the
beam can be solved using the following equation based on (11)
P
y2
ly
dx
2
EI
15
s
2
dy
P2
y2
1 2 2 ly
2
E I
A solver for this approach can be easily coded. Applying the
simple search procedure, Eqs. (14) and (15) can be numerically
solved even with spreadsheet type software such as Microsoft
Excel, which reduces the requirement on mathematic preparation. Generally, satisfactory accuracy can be achieved using
simple numerical integration schemes such as trapezoidal
integral with adequate number of integration elements.
On the other hand, from Eqs. (9) and (13) we have the
following relationship:
sin ym
P l2
EI 2
16
17
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L. Chen / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 45 (2010) 301305
303
1
sin m
0.9
0.8
/L
0.7
0.6
0.5
l /L
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
K=PL2/EI
Fig. 2. Solution of Eqs. (18) and (19).
Eqs. (14) and (15) can be normalized into the following form:
ds
1
s
2
dy
y2
1K 2 l y
2
18
and
2
y
K
l
y
dx
2
s
2
dy
y2
1K 2 l y
2
19
1
ds
l
1
dy s
2
y2
1K 2 l y
2
y2
K l y
2
dy s
2 ;
y2
2
1K l y
2
l
The proposed approach can easily handle arbitrarily distributed load that cannot be solved efciently with the elliptic
integral approach. For a uniformly distributed load, the approach
can be formulated as follows.
If a uniformly distributed load parallel to x axis (normal to the
original beam) is applied to the entire beam and the total load P
over the beam is a known value, the function of bending moment
can be expressed as
P
ly2
My l
2
and
d
L
d
dx
20
21
22
and
3
P
y
y2 ly
dx
3l
2EI
s
2
2 3
dy
P
y
y2 ly
1
3l
2EI
23
These equations can be solved with the same approach used for
Eqs. (14) and (15).
A more common situation for uniformly distributed load is
that the intensity of the distributed load w is constant along arc
length s rather than y axis. The gravity of the beam is an example
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304
of this kind of load. For such a load, the bending moment M and
the function G cannot be expressed analytically because the load
distribution along y is dependent on the deection curve. The
integral form of bending moment M can be written as follows:
Ms
w yZys dZ
24
yj1 yj
yi ;
wsj sj1
2
j i1
N
X
i 0; . . . ; N1 and MN 0
25
Gi Gi1
Mi1 Mi
yi yi1 ; with G0 0
2EI
26
0.05
p
4
r4
28
x (m)
0.1
Gy
Z
0
yl
My
dy
EI
Z
0
yl
Ply
dy
EIs
29
Experiment P=0 N
0.15
Experiment P=0.098 N
Experiment P=0.196 N
Simulation P=0 N
0.2
Simulation P=0.098 N
Simulation P=0.196 N
0.25
27
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
y (m)
Fig. 3. Numerical simulation of the experiment by Belendez et al. [13]. P = 0 is a
pure distributed load condition.
30
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L. Chen / International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 45 (2010) 301305
0.2
305
4. Concluding remarks
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
P = 0.1N
0.08
P = 0.2N
P = 0.5N
0.06
P = 1N
0.04
0.02
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Acknowledgments
Table 1
Bending characteristics of a tapered beam under concentrated loads.
ym
d/L
l/L
P = 0.1 N
P =0.2 N
P= 0.5 N
P=1 N
41.31
0.124
0.977
63.01
0.203
0.941
83.31
0.328
0.860
87.91
0.430
0.779
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