ELASTICITY

Chapter 9
by
Prof. Geronimo J. Fiedalan Jr.

OBJECTIVES
Describe cohesive force and relate them to
elasticity of materials
Define Hookes Law
Differentiate stress from strain
Define elastic limit and relate it to ultimate
strength
Define elastic modulus

ELASTICITY

ELASTICITY
Which is more elastic, the steel beam or the
rubber band?

PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATTERS

Some solids, when
compressed or stretched can
be temporarily deformed up
to a certain limit.
But when the distorting force
is removed, they can go back
to their original size and
shape.
Such objects are called elastic.

ELASTICITY
Elastic materials are
substances that could
return to its original
size or shape when a
deforming force
acting on them is
removed.
Elastic materials are
difficult to deform.

ELASTICITY
Elasticity refers to that property of a body by
virtue of which it tends to return to its original
size or shape when the forces which caused
the deformation are removed.

ELASTICITY
Elasticity is a property of
matter that depends on its
molecular structure.
Cohesive force (or tensile
strength) is the force that
holds together molecules of
the same kind.
In solids such as wire, the
cohesive force between
molecules requires large
force to pull a piece apart.

ELASTICITY
Ways to Test the
Elasticity of Solid
Material
Extension
(stretching)
Compression
Flexion (bending)
Torsion (twisting)

HOOKES LAW

HOOKES LAW
Robert Hooke found
that most solid
objects distort in
proportion to the
applied force.

Hookes law apparatus

HOOKES LAW
Hookes Law states that
within elastic limit of a
material, the deformation
(strain) of a material is
directly proportional to
the distorting force
(stress).

F
l
F - distorting force
F k l
l - deformation
k - proportionality constant

STRESS AND STRAIN

STRESS
Stress is the distorting force applied per unit
area.
Stress is calculated by dividing the total
distorting force by the area of a cross section
of the object through which the force acts.
F
Stress
A
Stress is expressed in N/m2, dyne/cm2, lb/ft2

FORMS OF STRESS
Tension or Tensile
stress is a distorting
force that tends to
pull the atoms of an
object apart.

FORMS OF STRESS
Compressive stress is
a distorting force that
tends to bring the
particles of an object
closer together.

FORMS OF STRESS
Shear stress is a
distorting force that
tends to cause the
particles to slide over
one another.

FORMS OF STRESS

STRAIN
Strain is the change in deformation a stress
causes.
Strain is expressed as the ratio of change in a
particular physical quantity to a quantity with
the same physical dimension, usually the
original value of the quantity.
change in (length, volume, or shape)
strain
original (length, volume, or shape)

STRAIN
The deformation of a solid material maybe
classified according to
1. Changes in length stretching or compression;
2. Changes in internal angular orientation due to
twisting or squeezing;
3. Changes in volume due to force acting uniformly
to all surfaces of the body

KINDS OF STRAIN
Change in length. Form of strain when the
force changes the length of the object either
longer or shorter.
L - Lo
L
Tensile strain
tensile strain
Lo
Lo
Compressive strain
compressiv e strain

L - Lo
Lo

L
Lo

A mans leg can be

thought of as a shaft
of bone 1.2 m long. If
the strain is 1.3 x 10-4
when the leg
supports his weight,
by how much is leg
shortened?
Given: Lo = 1.2 m
strain = 1.3 x 10-4
Find: L

strain
L

L
Lo
strain L o
1.3 x 10-4 1.2 m
-4

L 1.56 x 10 m

KINDS OF STRAIN
Change in volume. If
an elastic material is
compressed by a
volume stress equally
on all sides.
volume strain

V - Vo
Vo

volume strain

V
Vo

KINDS OF STRAIN
Change in shape.
The shearing strain
is defined in terms
of the angle
through which the
solid is distorted.

Consider a block
abcd of cross-sectional
area, to which a
tangential shearing
force Ft is applied to the
side bc to move it to the
right with respect to ad.
If the new position side
bc assumes is bc then
the shearing strain is
given by

shearing strain tan

cc'
cd'

ELASTIC LIMIT

ELASTIC LIMIT
Elastic limit is the
greatest stress which
when applied and
subsequently
released, leaves a
body with no
permanent
deformation.

ELASTIC LIMIT
Ultimate strength is
the maximum force
that can be applied to
it without breaking.
When a stress greater
than its elastic limit
but less than its
ultimate strength is
applied to such
material, the result in
permanent
deformation.

HOOKES LAW
OF
ELASTICITY

ELASTIC MODULUS
Elastic modulus is the ratio of stress to strain
as long as it is within the elastic limit of a
body.
stress
elastic modulus

strain

Elastic modulus is a constant value which is

the measure of materials rigidity.
Elastic modulus is expressed using unit of
stress.

TYPES OF ELASTIC MODULI

Length modulus or Youngs Modulus
Modulus of elasticity
Y

tensile stress
tensile strain
normal compression stress
compressive strain

Fn
A
L
Lo

 Sample Problem
An artery has a length of 12 cm and crosssectional area of 0.40 cm2. Find the elongation
under a tension of 60 N. The Youngs modulus
of artery is 5 x 107 N/m2.
Given: Lo = 12 cm = 0.12 m
A = 0.40 cm2 = 4 x 10-5 m2
F = 60 N
Y = 5 x 107 N/m2
Find: L

An artery has a length of 12 cm and crosssectional area of 0.40 cm2. Find the elongation
under a tension of 60 N. The Youngs modulus of
artery is 5 x 107 N/m2.
Given: Lo = 12 cm = 0.12 m
F = 60 N A = 0.40 cm2 = 4 x 10-5 m2
Y = 5 x 107 N/m2

F
A
L
Lo

F Lo
AY
60 N 0.12 m
5 x 107 N/m2 4 x 10 5 m 2
L 3.6 x 10-3 m

7.2 m
2 x 103

 A silkworm is hanging from a silk thread 15.0

cm long. The thread has a radius of 2.5 m. If
the thread is stretched 6.3 mm, how much
does the worm weigh?
Given: Lo = 15 cm = 0.15 m
r = 2.5 m = 2.5 x 10-6 m
L = 6.3 mm = 6.3 x 10-3 m
Ysilk = 1.1 x 1010 N/m2
Find: W (of the silkworm)

 A silkworm is hanging from a silk thread 15.0

cm long. The thread has a radius of 2.5 m. If
the thread is stretched 6.3 mm, how much
does the worm weigh?
Given: Lo = 15 cm = 0.15 m
r = 2.5 m = 2.5 x 10-6 m
L = 6.3 mm = 6.3 x 10-3 m
Ysilk = 1.1 x 1010 N/m2
Find: W (of the silkworm)

Solving for the area of silk thread

F
A
L
Lo

r2
-6

3.14 2.5 x 10 m
-12

3.14 6.25 x 10 m
-11

A 1.96 x 10 m

 A silkworm is hanging from a silk thread 15.0

cm long. The thread has a radius of 2.5 m. If
the thread is stretched 6.3 mm, how much
does the worm weigh?
Given: Lo = 15 cm = 0.15 m
r = 2.5 m = 2.5 x 10-6 m
L = 6.3 mm = 6.3 x 10-3 m
F
Ysilk = 1.1 x 1010 N/m2
Find: W (of the silkworm)

LA
Y
Lo
10

1.1 x 10 N / m

Solving for the weight

of the silkworm

6.3 x 10-3 m 1.96 x 10-11 m 2

0.15 m

1.1 x 1010 N / m 2 1.23 x 10-13 m 2

0.15
1.358 x 10-3 N
0.15
F 9.05 x 10-3 N

 A stainless-steel orthodontic wire is applied to a

tooth. The wire has an unstretched length of 3.1
cm and a diameter of 0.22 mm. If the wire is
stretched 0.10 mm. Find the magnitude and
direction of the force on the tooth. Disregard the
width of the tooth. The Youngs modulus for
stainless-steel is 18 x 1010 N/m2.
Given: Lo = 3.1 cm = 3.1 x 10-2 m
d = 0.22 mm = 2.2 x 10-4 m
L = 0.10 mm = 1.0 x 10-4 m
Y = 18 x 1010 N/m2

 A stainless-steel
orthodontic wire is
applied to a tooth. The
wire has an
unstretched length of
3.1 cm and a diameter
of 0.22 mm. If the wire
is stretched 0.10 mm.
Find the magnitude
and direction of the
force on the tooth.
Disregard the width of
the tooth. The Youngs
modulus for stainlesssteel is 18 x 1010 N/m2.

Solving for the area of

the stainless- steel wire

r
1
4

2
-4

1
4

3.14 2.2 x 10 m

1
4

3.14 4.8 x 10-8 m 2

1.51 x 10-7 m 2
4
A 3.8 x 10-8 m 2

 A stainless-steel
orthodontic wire is
applied to a tooth. The
wire has an
unstretched length of
3.1 cm and a diameter
of 0.22 mm. If the wire
is stretched 0.10 mm.
Find the magnitude
and direction of the
force on the tooth.
Disregard the width of
the tooth. The Youngs
modulus for stainlesssteel is 18 x 1010 N/m2.

Solving for the force of

wire on tooth

A LY
Lo

3.8 x 10-8 m 2 1.0 x 10-4 m 18 x 1010 N / m 2

3.1 x 10-2 m
0.684 x 10 N
3.1 x 10-2
F 22.06 N

 A stainless-steel
orthodontic wire is
applied to a tooth. The
wire has an
unstretched length of
3.1 cm and a diameter
of 0.22 mm. If the wire
is stretched 0.10 mm.
Find the magnitude
and direction of the
force on the tooth.
Disregard the width of
the tooth. The Youngs
modulus for stainlesssteel is 18 x 1010 N/m2.

Finding the direction

of force acting on the
tooth

 The average cross-sectional area of a womans

femur is 10-3 m2 with an ultimate tension
strength of 12 x 107 N/m2, (a) find the tension
load at which fracture occurs?
(b) What is the ultimate compression strength
of the bone if it fractures under a compressive
force of 17 x 104 N?
Given: A = 1 x 10-3 m2
stress (tension) = 12 x 107 N/m2

The average crosssectional area of a

womans femur is 10-3
m2 with an ultimate
tension strength of 12
Solving for tension load
x 107 N/m2, (a) find the
tension load at which
fracture occurs?
F
(b) What is the
stress
A
ultimate compression
strength of the bone if F (stresstension ) (A)
it fractures under a
12 x 107 N / m 2 1 x 10-3 m 2
compressive force of
17 x 104 N?
F 1.2 x 105 N
F = tension load

The average crosssectional area of a

womans femur is 10-3
m2 with an ultimate
tension strength of 12
Solving for ultimate
x 107 N/m2, (a) find the
tension load at which
compression strength
fracture occurs?
of the bone
(b) What is the
Fcom pression
ultimate compression stress
com pression
strength of the bone if
A
it fractures under a
17 x 104 N
compressive force of
-3
2
4
1
x
10
m
17 x 10 N?
stresscom pression

1.7 x 10 N / m

TYPES OF ELASTIC MODULI

Torsion, or shear
modulus, or modulus
of rigidity
S

tan gential shearing stress

shearing stress
Ft
A

A carpenter applies a
tangential force of
125 N to the upper
surface of a block of
wood. If the
dimensions of the
surface are 20 cm by
30 cm, what is the
shear stress on the
block?
Given: F = 125 N
w = 20 cm = 0.20 m
l = 30 cm = 0.30 m
Find: shear stress

Solving for the area of the

upper surface of the block

A lw
0.30 m 0.20 m
A 0.06 m 2

A carpenter applies a
tangential force of
125 N to the upper
surface of a block of
wood. If the
dimensions of the
surface are 20 cm by
30 cm, what is the
shear stress on the
block?
Given: F = 125 N
w = 20 cm = 0.20 m
l = 30 cm = 0.30 m
Find: shear stress

Solving for the shear stress

F
shear stress
A
125 N
0.06 m 2
3
2
shear stress 2.1 x 10 N / m

 The stainless steel hip pin

has a radius of 0.250 cm. A
total upward force of 300 N is
exerted on the pin by the leg.
Determine the deformation
of the pin in the gap between
the bones. The shear
modulus of stainless-steel is
8.5 x 1010 N/m2.
Given: r = 0.25 cm = 2.5 x 10-3 m
F = 300 N Lo = 0.2 mm = 2 x 10-4 m
S = 8.5 x 1010 N/m2
Find: deformation (L = cc)

 The stainless steel hip pin

has a radius of 0.250 cm. A
total upward force of 300 N is
exerted on the pin by the leg.
Determine the deformation
of the pin in the gap between
the bones. The shear
Solving for the area of
modulus of stainless-steel is
stainless-steel hip pin
10
2
8.5 x 10 N/m .
Given: r = 0.25 cm = 2.5 x 10-3 m A
F = 300 N Lo = 0.2 mm = 2 x 10-4 m
S = 8.5 x 1010 N/m2
Find: deformation (L = cc)

-3

3.14 2.5 x 10 m

3.14 6.25 x 10-6 m 2

-5

A 1.96 x 10 m

 The stainless steel hip pin

has a radius of 0.250 cm. A
total upward force of 300 N is
exerted on the pin by the leg.
Determine the deformation
of the pin in the gap between
the bones. The shear
modulus of stainless-steel is
8.5 x 1010 N/m2.
Given: r = 0.25 cm = 2.5 x 10-3 m
S
-4
F = 300 N Lo = 0.2 mm = 2 x 10 m
S = 8.5 x 1010 N/m2
Find: deformation (L = cc)
S

Solving for change in

length pin
F
A

FL
A L

F
A
L
Lo
L

FL
AS

 The stainless steel hip pin

has a radius of 0.250 cm. A
total upward force of 300 N is
exerted on the pin by the leg.
Determine the deformation
of the pin in the gap between
the bones. The shear
modulus of stainless-steel is
8.5 x 1010 N/m2.
10-3

Given: r = 0.25 cm = 2.5 x

m
F = 300 N Lo = 0.2 mm = 2 x 10-4 m
S = 8.5 x 1010 N/m2
Find: deformation (L = cc)

Solving for change in

length pin
L

FL
AS
300 N 2 x 10-4 m
1.96 x 10-5 m 2 8.5 x 1010 N / m 2

6 x 10 2 m
1.67 x 106
L 3.6 x 10-8 m

TYPES OF ELASTIC MODULI

Volume, or Bulk
modulus
B

normalstress
volume strain
Fn
p
A
V
V
Vo
Vo

p = pressure which is
negative since it
produces decrease in
volume.

MODULI OF SOME MATERIALS

MATERIAL
Aluminum
Brass
Copper
Iron
Lead
Steel

Youngs
Modulus
(N/m2)
7.0 x 1010
9.1x 1010
1.1 x 1011
9.1 x 1010
1.6 x 1010
2.0 x 1011

Bulk
Modulus
(N/m2)
7.0 x 1010
6.1x 1010
1.4 x 1010
1.0 x 1011
0.77 x 1010
1.6 x 1011

Shear
Modulus
(N/m2)
2.6 x 1010
3.5x 1010
4.8 x 1010
8.0 x 1010
8.4 x 1010

BULK COMPRESSIBILITY
Bulk modulus is a
measure of how
difficult it is to
compress a solid.
Its inverse, the
compressibility K, is a
measure of how easy
it is to compress a
solid.

1
B

V
Vo
p

BULK COMPRESSIBILITY
Compressibility is the
fractional decrease in
volume per unit
increase in pressure.
V
KpVo
The decrease in
volume is directly
proportional both to
the original volume
and to the applied
pressure.

 The Bulk modulus of

mercury is 2.7 x 1010
N/m2. Calculate the
volume of
contraction of 1,600
cm3 when subjected
to a pressure of 140 x
104 N/m2?
Given:
BHg = 2.7 x 1010 N/m2
Vo = 1,600 cm3
P= 140 x 104 N/m2
Find: V

Solving for the change

in volume
V AF
V
B
1600 cm3 140 x 104 N / m 2
2.7 x 1010 N / m 2
V 0.083 cm3