Dynamic response of a thinwalled cylinder to side

pressure pulse
M. N. Islam and K. K o r m i
Department of Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Leeds Polytechnic, Leeds, UK

S. T. S. AI-Hassani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, UMIST, Manchester, UK
(Received February 1990; revised October 1991 )
The dynamic response characteristics of cylindrical structures to
explosive pressure pulse is investigated using the ABAQUS finite element code. Use of this code allows the material as well as geometrical
nonlinearity to be easily incorporated. The modelling technique as
well as the development of a procedure to simulate the process of a
spherically expanding pressure front interrupted by a thin-walled
cylindrical shell structure on its path in the form of a surface of revolution are described. Results of a numerical example are presented and
discussed.
Keywords: thin-walled cylinder, dynamic response, mathematical
modelling

The evaluation of dynamic response characteristics of

cylindrical structures to explosive pressure pulses are of
considerable interest, for example, in the analysis of offshore structures. In the case of such structures being
submerged, the pressure developed by the explosion
both affect and are affected by the structure.
So far only the linear interactions between inviscid
fluid and elastic structures of simple shapes under
relatively simple loading conditions have been studied
analytically t-4. However, some promising approximations to the solution of these essentially nonlinear
coupled phenomena have recently been published 56. To
be of any practical use, such approximations inevitably
require the application of some numerical procedures for
solution, and varaious specialized computer packages
for this have been developed 7"8. Despite such approximations, when large nonlinearity in both material and
geometric parameters is involved, the validity and
accuracy of the solution procedure are yet to be justified.
In this paper, no attempt is made to incorporate such
interaction phenomena. The shockwave acting on a
cylindrical part of the shell is assumed to be in the form
of a prescribed pressure distribution as a function of
distance and time. The distance is the length of the path
the front has travelled from the centre of the explosion
to a material point on the structure. Furthermore, a 'near
explosion' model is assumed, so that the length of the
path is actually the 'free travel' distance plus the length
of the 'grazing' path over the cylindrical surface. No

restriction on the magnitude of the peak pressure in the

incident wave is imposed i.e. the effects of wave propagation through the material of the shell on its yielding
~s incorporated. Both geometric and material nonlinearity are considered.
The variation of pressure-time histories around a
cylindrical tube under similar asymmetric blast loading
in air can be seen in recently published experimental
results 9 and it is reasonable to assume that somewhat
similar variations exist when the fluid medium is water.
Incorporation of such variations in detail should pose no
special difficulty. If, however, substantial permanent
damage to the structure takes place during the early
phase of loading in a 'near explosion' situation, the
rapidly diminishing loading intensity during the subsequent engulfment period remains relatively ineffective
and such variations in the illuminated zone are adequately represented by the change in the value of the
peak pressure.
For the modelling and solution of the present problem,
the ABAQUS to finite element code is used. The essential features of finite element formulation, element
characteristics and solution procedures are highlighted.
The pulse pressure-time history is formulated in a
general way and the incremental loading procedure is
described. The technique is applied to evaluate the
dynamic response of a thin-walled cantilevered tube
loaded by a pressure pulse impinging on it from one
side. Numerical results are presented and discussed.

0141-0296/92/060395-18
~? 1992 B u t t e r w o r t h - Heinemann Ltd

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

395

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

Notation
[B]

[c]
C
{F}
h

[K]
[M]
n
P
r
t
T
U
WE
0
Oq
7

~,~
X,Y,Z
V

where the [B] matrix is obtained from the straindisplacement relationship, [C] is the material constitutive matrix, ~-, ~7are isoparametric system co-ordinates,
ESP signifies all shear penalties, h is the shell thickness
and

element strain-displacement matrix

material constitutive tensor
material viscous damping matrix
distance
externally applied force vector
thickness of an element
system stiffness matrix
system mass matrix
constant
pressure
radius
local time
global time
nodal displacement
external virtual work
time constant
components of Cauchy stress tensor
shear stress
isoparametric co-ordinates
local co-ordinate system
acoustic speed of a medium

det [J] -

W E = il

1 - I j

(4)

(1)

The cylinder is of mild steel, 7 m long, 1 m diameter

with a wall thickness of 25.4 mm. Taking advantage of
the symmetry of the problem, only a half section of the
cylinder is considered here for analysis, as shown in
Figure 1. The surface is equally divided into 42 elements
and there are 195 nodal points consistent with the type
of element used (8-node general shell element). The
explosive charge is placed at 1.5 m away from the cylindrical surface and 2 m above the bottom end which is
assumed to be rigidly fixed.
The material is considered to be elastic-linearly work
hardening plastic, with Young's modulus of 1.96E11 N
m -2 and a Poisson's ratio of 0.33. A standard Mises
yield surface with an associated flow rule is used, the
uniaxial yield stress being 4.28E8 N m -2 and a flow
stress of 4.448E8 N m -~ at a strain level of 0.397.
Only isotropic hardening is considered. Details on the
equivalent plastic strain may be found in Reference 14.
Kinematic boundary conditions
The general shell element used has six degrees of nodal
freedom, three translational (ux, uv, u.) and three rotational (<bx, ~y, ~z). The rigid fixity of the bottom end
of the cylinder is effected by assigning ui = ffi = 0 for
all nodes in the plate z = 0 (Figure 1 ). Furthermore, the
plane y = 0 is the plane of symmetry and to preserve the
C O- and C t-continuity in the entire structure, all the
nodes in this plate have ~z = 0. This scheme completely fulfils the specified boundary conditions.
Shock pressure loading
For the present study, the pressure-time history of the
interaction pressure at the fluid structure interface is
given by Figure 2(a)
p(t) = Pmax(t/c~)"e ,/0

(5)

[BI r[Cl [Bldz det[JldOrt

-hi2

+ E SP

396

t'1 p6u det [J ] d~'d~/

- 1v -I

Geometry and material

where [M], [C] and [K] are the mass, damping and
stiffness (n x n) matrices, respectively, IF] is the externally applied load vector, and {u 1, {a ] and {a } are the
nodal displacement, velocity and acceleration vectors,
respectively. All vectors are n-dimensional where n is
the total number of degrees of freedom of the discretized
structure. For geometrically nonlinear problems, the
[K] matrix is usually decomposed into linear and
nonlinear parts. Embedded in the formulation of [K] is
the material constitutive tensor, Cijrs. Material
nonlinearity is incorporated in the formulation of
this constitutive tensor. For the incremental
solution of equation (1), ABAQUS employs a rotated
version of Cauchy stress tensor, %, rather than the
recently popularized 2nd P - K stress tensor to account
for the rigid body rotation.
The elements used here for discretization purposes are
doubly curved 8-node thin shell elements with three
displacements and three rotational degrees of freedom
per node. Stresses and strains components are evaluated
in a local rectangular co-ordinate system. A quadratic
function is used to interpolate both the co-ordinates and
nodal variables. The generalized strain-displacement
relationships used are those of Sanders l~. The condition
of zero transverse shear is introduced by imposing
numerical penalties at reduced integration points and at
nodes. The stiffness matrix for an element is given by

i l

(3)

System modelling

The computation of the dynamic structure response of

discrete systems requires the incremental stepwise time
integration of the differential equation of motion which
can be written using the displacement based finite element method (used in ABAQUS) as

[K e] =

a(/-, ,7)

The equation of motion given in equation (1) is written

using the prfnciple of virtual work. In this case, the
external virtual work due to surface normal pressure p
is written as

Displacement based finite element method

[M] {a} + [C] {a} + [K] {ul = {F}

a(x, y)

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

(2)

where Pmax is the peak pressure; n is a constant, and o~,

0 are time constants.
This form of representation ofp(t) is quite general and

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

C

Substituting these values of.0 and a in equation (5)

produces

u.

C8

Free end

p(t) = Pmax

GI

(8)

exp n 1 -/max

The peak pressure Pmax at distance c from the source is

related in a complicated way to this distance and other
physical parameters of the explosive charge being used.
Details of this aspect are outside the scope of this paper,
but can be found in Reference 12. For the present study
it is assumed that, since the origin of the incident
pressure wave is considered to be moderately close to
the cylinder, a realistic representation of the loading
assumes that Pmax varies inversely with distance i.e.
spherical dispersion. Thus, if c is the distance between
the point of explosion and a loading point on the structure, the pressure magnitude at this structural surface
point is

37

c7 ~
31
C6

25

C5
p(t) = (Pmax, c)
Spherical

shock front - . ~

exp n 1 -

(9)
/max

19

Here p . . . . is the Pmax at charge surface, assumed

spherical, and c is normalized in terms of charge radius.
Distance c may be evaluated considering the geometry
as illustrated in Figure 2(b). Point G lies on the
generator at the junction between the illuminated and the
shadow zones. When a loading point N lies on the
illuminated surface of the cylinder, the distance c is
given by
CI = [ X 2 + y 2 + Z 2] I/2

(10)

where, X = (X, - x), Y = (y, - y) and Z = (z.~ - z), in

which &, y,, z,, are the co-ordinates of the source and
x, y, z are the current co-ordinates of N.
When N lies on the shadowed surface, c is given by
C. = Q. + C.,
Fixed end

(ll)

where

Figure 1 Schematic representation of pressure front impinging

obliguely onto structure

can readily be modified to suit other types of p r e s s u r e time history. Putting n = 0 for example, converts equation (5) to represent a sharp-fronted exponential pulse.
Referring to the pressure curve in Figure 2(a) we have,

c,, = distance from source to point G

= [R e s i n - ' 0 v + Z 2]V2
c, = length of spiral path between G and N,
I
Z2
] 1/2
= r(O - 0~) l + R 2 sin 20,
0~, = c o s - I ( r / R ) , also 0 = f ( x , y)

at t = 0, the slope dP(t)/dt = 0 and p(t) = 0

at t = tmax, the slope dp(t)/dt = 0 and p(t) = Pmax
Applying these two conditions to equation (5) we obtain
0 = (tmax/n)

(6)

ot = (tmax/e)

(7)

The sharpness of the slope of the curve is highly dependent on the value n.

Development o f progressive loading scheme

As the spherical pressure front comes in contact with the
cylindrical surface, a finite area of the structure surface
is loaded at any instant of time. At this stage, this loaded
part, through the built-in module in ABAQUS, generates
equivalent nodal loads on the element or elements
related to this part. Since this loading system is
associated with the global mass and stiffness matrices,
the whole cylinder is set in motion. In subsequent time

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

397

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

J
Top

I Spiral
I path

~N

Shock
front

f
s"

s"

' j ~ Shock
front
Cylindrical surface

Source
J

~ ~ B a s e
X

p(t)

"ePma x

t max

a
(a) pressure-time history definition of pressure pulse. (b), schematic representation of
pressure front advancing over surface of cylinder

Figure 2

398

Eng. Struct. 1 9 9 2 , Vol. 14, No 6

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

increments, additional parts of the cylinder are loaded
progressively, imposing additional deformation to the
already deforming structure. At the end of each time
increment a convergent solution of the program is
obtained in reference to specified tolerance parameters.
Thus the response of the structure at any instant of time
is achieved through the sequential addition of responses
produced during all the previous time increments up to
this instant.
Now, consider the spherical pressure front, originated
at the source point, Figure 1, and impinging from one
side of the cylindrical surface with a velocity v. The
distance, Xp, travelled by the pulse front at any instant
is dependent only on its velocity and the total dynamic
global time, T.
Thus

X. = vT

(12)

For the situations when the front has not or has just
reached the loading point, the boundary conditions are

(Xp <_ c),

then p(t). = 0

(13)

where, p(t), is the pressure on the loading point N.

When the pulse front has passed this point, the boundary
conditions are
when (Xp > c),

then p(t). = p(t)

(14)

In order that the solution process can continue along a

single time-axis, the local time definition t in equation
(9) has to be converted into global time T compatible
with the ABAQUS package. This is done by noting that

t = (T - c/v)

(15)

Substituting this value of t from equation (15) in equation (9) gives

rX-cq" I[

p(t),, = (pm,,/Xp)l -p - / exp n 1

L Vtmax ]

_xp - c/

vtm,x J 1
(16)

The spreading and position of the pulse front is

simulated by accumulated time increments in the solution procedure together with equation (12). The corresponding pressure magnitude on the loaded point of
the structure is determined from equation (16). Note that
the pressure on the loaded elements is nonuniformly
distributed.
A Fortran programme to effect the loading method as
described above has been developed for use in the
DLOAD subroutine option of the ABAQUS code. With
the propagation speed taken as 1660 m s-~, it takes
about 0.9 ms for the front to reach the cylinder surface.
In order to ensure a closer fit of equation (16) to the
measured pressure pulse the value of n for the rising part
of the curve may have to be chosen different from that
of the decaying part.
For the numerical example, the value of n was taken
as n = 1.3 for t _< tmax and n = 0.35 for t > tmax in
equation (16). This is on the basis of pulse duration of

around 12 ms with tmax 3.2 ms. The value of

Pmax 10 MPa is just sufficient to impart permanent
deformation in the structure.
=

Results and discussion

The ABAQUS program allows the generation of output
for a large number of solution parameters. In this section
results of selected parameters up to 20 ms only are
presented. The main aim was to assess the response
characteristics during the early part of the loading, since
the characteristic of the pressure pulse in the shadow
zone cound not be accurately ascertained.
The solution was carried out in three steps. During the
first step, from zero to 20 ms, a time increment of
0.1 ms was used. During the second step between 20
and 60 ms, the time increment used was 0.2 ms. Finally,
during the third step the solution was continued with a
time increment of 2.0 ms but was terminated at 114 ms
because of the excessive computational cost and, more
importantly, because no appreciable change of response
characteristics was noticeable beyond 100 ms. Details of
results up to 114 ms, and of other aspects of the study
are available elsewhere ~3. The deformed shapes and the
distribution of equivalent plastic strains, which are
indications of development and spreading of plasticity in
the structure material, are compared in Figure 3. In
addition, the response of the material in terms of stresses
developed within it to such deformations are compared
in Figures 4 and 5. In Figure 4 the variation of nodal
average values of direct and shear stress components
along various generators are plotted and compared with
associated deformation at various total dynamic times.
The identification of various generators (Gs) and circumferences (Cs) together with the end conditions of the
discretized structure are shown in Figure 1. Finally, the
variation of nodal average values of these stress components along various circumferences are compared
with the x-components of nodal velocity in Figure 5.
With reference to the node numbering order and the
directions of the local stress output in ABAQUS, ojt
refers to circumferential stress and a22 refers to axial
stress, and r12 is the shear stress in plane 1 - 2 . The unit
used for plotting these stresses is the Pascal.
From the deformation patterns shown in Figure 3 it
appears that during the early stage, the cylinder wall is
severely dented on the side directly facing the source of
the explosion, the free edge, however, remains virtually
undeformed. As the spherical pressure front propagates
further, this denting is also propagated towards the free
end and the whole cylinder deflects in the direction of
propagation. With further elapse of time, the
pulse front enters the shadow of the cylinder
with decreasing intensity because of the distance
and consequently its effect on the response characteristics does not seem to be very significant 13. This
implies that the attenuated pressure magnitude is not
strong enough to reverse the process of plastic deformation which the structure suffered during the early stages.
The distribution of equivalent plastic strain developed in
the structure at various total dynamic times is also
shown in Figure 3. The equivalent plastic strain is
calculated using the well known formula given in
Reference 14.

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

399

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

u

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
1
+2.00E-10
2
+2.00E-04
3
+4.00E-04
4
+5.00E-04
5
+6.00E-04
6
+I .00E-03
7
+I .20E-03
8
+I .40E-03
9
+I .50E-03
I0
+I .80E-03
11
+2.00E-03

Mag. f a c t o r = +5.5E+00

it

TDT = 5ms

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
I
+5.00E-I0
2
+5.00E-04
3
+I .OOE-03
4
+I .50E-03
5
+2.00E-03
6
+2.50E-03
7
+3 .oOE-03
8
+3.50E-03
9
+4.00E-03
10
+4.50E-03
11
+5.00E-03

U
M a g . f a c t o r = +2.2E+00

IXx

"T'I

IXx

,,, ,"x

1
I

I
I

I
I

"1-'
.

,q

I,

I
I

II
,

I
I
T D T = 7.5ms

~.5

400

Eng. $truct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

P17.5

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
1
+5.00E-10
2
+5.00E-04
3
+1.20E-03
4
+1.50E-03
5
+2.40E-03
6
+3.00E-03
7
+3.50E-03
8
+4.20E-03
9
+4.50E-03
10
+5.40E-03
11
+6.00E-03

U
Mag. f a c t o r = + I . 0 E + 0 0

T D T = 10ms

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
I
+I .00E-09
2
+I .00E-03
3
+2.00E-03
4
+3.00E-03
5
+4.00E-03
6
+5.00E-03
7
+6.00E-03
8
+7.00E-03
9
+8.00E-03
10
+9.00E-03
11
+1.00E-02

U
Mag. f a c t o r = +7.7-01

i ",.
t

k
I

~r"
I

t-

-+

I '~ '

"tI

T D T = 12.5ms

.5

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

401

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder." M. N. Islam et al.

U
Mag. f a c t o r = +5.3E-01

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
I
+2.00E-09
2
+2.00E-03
3
+4.00E-03
LI
+5.00E-03
5
+6.00E-03
6
+I .00E-02
7
+I .20E-02

I ~' '

I\ ,

8
9
10
11

+I .40E-02
+I .60E-02
+I .80E-02
+2.00E-02

, * .'-q.,

i\

, '%..~,

,
I

T D T = 15ms

115

115

PEEQ
Section p o i n t 3
Value
I
+3.00E-09
2
+3.00E-03
3
+6.00E-03
4
+9.00E-03
5
+I .20E-02
6
+I .50E-02
7
+I .80E-02
8
+2.10E-02
9
+2.40E-02
10
+2.70E-02
11
+3.00E-02

U
Mag. f a c t o r = +5.3E-01

m,

T D T = 17.5ms

P117.

402

Eng.

Struct.

1992,

Vol.

14,

No

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

PEEQ
Section point 3
Value
+3.00E-09
I
+3.00E-03
2
+6.00E-03
3
+9.00E-03
4
+I .20E-02
5
+I .50E-02
6
+I .80E-02
7
+2. I 0E-02
8
+2.40E-02
9
10 +2.70E-02
+3.00E-02
11

U
Mag. factor = +4.5E-01

\
I ~' '

I x, I~ "~I-i

j;

I ykl,

,
TDT

20ms

jl
o

PI20

Figure 3 Comparison of deformed shapes with development and distribution of equivalent plastic strain at various total dynamic times
(TDT). (U/5) deformed shape and (P/5) equivalent plastic strain distribution at TDT = 5 ms; (U/7.5) deformed shape and (P/7.5) equivalent
plastic strain distribution at TDT = 7.5 ms; (U/IO) deformed shape and (P/IO) equivalent plastic strain distribution at TDT = 10 ms;
(U/12.5) deformed shape and (P/12.5) equivalent plastic strain distribution at TDT = 12.5 ms; (U/15) deformed shape and (P/15)
equivalent plastic strain distribution at TDT = 15 ms; (U/17.5) deformed shape and (P/17.5) equivalent plastic strain distribution at
TDT = 17.5 ms; (U/20) deformed shape and (P/20) equivalent plastic strain distribution at TDT = 28 ms. ( ), displaced mesh;
( - - - ) , original mesh

Comparison of the deformation patterns and the initiation and propagation of plasticity in the structure reveals
that although during the early stages there is substantial
deformation in the structure, plastic yielding occurs only
at the fixed end near the source. Gradually this plastic
zone is extended and another zone is developed in the
opposite side at the fixed end. At about 12.5 ms, extensive yielding takes place throughout the structural
material. From then on, until about 37 ms, further deformation is noticeable. Numerical data from the analysis
indicate that from about 60 ms onward, the deformations
remain insignificant and purely elastic.
The material response in the form of resulting stress
patterns is not only due to the applied load but also due
to the generation, propagation and interactions of
various stress waves.
An assessment of the developed stress patterns shown
in Figures 4 and 5 indicate that axial deformation is the
dominant response and consequently the reaction of the
fixed end is the dominant feature. As shown in these
figures, during the early stage, the structure near the
fixed end in the front side is set into tension due to the
denting near the middle part, while the top part is in
compression to establish equilibrium.

The part in the shadow side exhibits almost the opposite

characteristics in reaction to this. At about 10 ms, the
axial tension in the front side propagates up to the free
end and reacting to this the axial compressive stress in
the shadow side also propagates up to the free end.
Results at 15 ms indicate a reappearance of the situation
prevailing at 5 ms. This particular feature of stress
reversal continues throughout the solution time domain
although with a longer period. It is interesting to note
that the free end of the shadow side remains circumferentially compressed throughout. The overall patterns of developed circumferential and shear stress
levels, however, remained low compared with the axial
stress level. The final deformed shape appears to be that
of a uniform cylinder without local deformation
deflected permanently about the fixed end and into the
shadow region ]3.
Finally, it should be noted that the nodal average
stress values presented here only show an overview of
the dynamic material response pattern. For accurate
response patterns within the context of finite element
formulation, values at Gaussian integration points must
be obtained. In the latter case, there will usually be
stress jumps from element to element unless the ele-

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6 403

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

i
u a g . f a c t o r = +5.5 c~^
M

ii

+ (G1)

(G2)

x (G3)
V (G4]
[3 (GS)
0 (G6)
(G7)

=o

-2

-3

-4

-5 -- F i x e d e n d

Free end

10 11 12 13 14 15
G1511

3--

vl

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

~ Fixed end
1

-5 -

Free end I

10 11 12 13 14 15
TDT

Eng. Struct. 1 9 9 2 , Vol. 14, No 6

Free end

10 11 12 13 14

15

G/5/3

G/5/2

404

Fixed end

= 5ms

Dynamic response o f thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

U

+ (GI)

Mag. f a c t o r = +I.0E+00

(G2)

x (G3)
V (G4)
n (65)
O (G6)
<> (G7)
3

2x
o

4-

-2
-3

-4

-5

Fi xed end

Free en~

9 I0 I I

12 13 14

C11011

4--

3-x
2--

X
ID

-1

lJ3

In

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

end

:/Fixed
I

-5

Free end]

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

F i x e d end
I
I

I
2

I
3

I
4

Free en<J
l
5

I
6

I
7

l
8

I
9

10 11 12 13 14 15
G11013

G/I012
T D T = 10ms

Eng. Struct.

1992,

Vol.

14, No 6

405

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

U
Mag. factor = +5.3E-01

+ (G~)

[G2)

x (G3)
V (O~)

D (O5)
O (G6)
<> (G7)

]
eo

-.d

7-

I
I

-2

I
-3

:I

, , , , , ,

Fixed end
1

,Free
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
G/15/I

co

1
X

r-4

4~
U3

,.J
Lf)

-2

-2

-3

-3

-L

-4

-5

'Fixed end
I

.I

-5 - F i x e d e n d

F r e e end

D,

10 11 12 13 14 15

TDT

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

tt

10 11 12 13 14 15
G/15/3

G/15/2

406

Free enc

= 15ms

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

U
Mag. factor = +4.5E-01

54I

+ (G1)
I

{G2)

x (C3)

v (G4)
[] (G5)
3

O (G6}
O (G7)

I x"

oo

o
x
o=

G
.

L
~3

-|

-2

-3

-4

-5

Fixed end
1

Free endl

9 10 11 12 13 14 15
G/20/1

5 I- X\x

x
\x

2r-

1
x

t.

~'-

-1

-2

-2

-3

-4

I
1

1
2

I
3

-5 r- Fixed end

Free end

Fixed end
I

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Free enc

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

G/20/2

G/20/3
T D T = 20rns

Comparison of deformed shapes and distribution of nodal average stress component along different generators at various total dynamic times (TDT). (U/5) deformed shape and (G/5/1) distribution of a11, (G/5/2) a22, (G/5/3) ~12 stress component along different generators at
TDT = 5 ms; (U/10) deformed shape and (G/10/1) distribution of o11, (G/10/2) 022, and (G/10/3) r12 stress component along different
generators at TDT = 10 ms; (U/1 5) deformed shape and (G/1 5/1) distribution of 0"1~, (G/1 5/2) 022, (G/1 5/3) and ~12 stress component
along different generators at TDT = 15 ms; (U/20) deformed shape and (G/20/1) distribution of 0"1~, (G/20/2) #22, and G/20/3) r12 stress
component along different generators at TTD = 20 ms. (
), displaced mesh; ( - - - ) , original mesh
Figure 4

r-~

~+r, ,r,

I QQ9

~/~1

1A

I~|~ ~

aN'/

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

+(c1)
Vl

(C2)

Section p o i n t 3
Value
I
-2.00E+01
2
- I .70E+01
3
- I .40E+01
4
- I . IOE+01
5
-8.00E+00
6
-5.00E+00
7
- I .00E+00
8
+1.00E+00
9
+4,00E+O0
10
+7.00E+00
11
+I .00E+01

x (C3)

v (c4)
[] (C5)
o (c6)
O(C7)

o (C8)

J\

-'

-2

-3

-4

-5 -

5 -

F r o n t gen

Rear ger

10

11 12 13
C1511

j'--"~-'r

4-

4-

3--

X~

3X

0
I/I

o
U3

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

--

~ gen~

-5 --

t Rear

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3
C1512
T D T = 5ms

408

Eng. S t r u c t . 1 9 9 2 , Vol. 14, No 6

F r o n t gen

Rear g e r

10

11

12 13
C/5/3

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

+(Cl)

Vl
Section point 3
Value
1
-3.00E+01
2
-2.50E+01
3
-2.20E+01
4
-I .50E+01
S
-I .40E+01
6
-I .00E+01
7
-5.00E+00
8
-I .00E+00
9
+2.00E+00
10
+5.00E+00
11
+1.00E+01

(C2)

x (C3)
V(C4)
[] (C5)
o (C6)
O (C7)
o (C8)
2

coO

-2

-3

-4

-5

Front gen

Rear ge~

10 11 12 13

c11011
10

\
+

o
I.

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4
_Front

gen

~ e l a. L g ~e

-5

-5
I

10 11 12 13
C110/2

Front gen

Rear ge~

10 11 12 13
C11013

T D T = 10ms

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

409

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

+(c1)
e(c2)
x (c3)
v(c4)
[] ( c 5 )
o (c6)
O(c7)
o (c8)

v1
Section

point 3
Value
-2.00E+01
-1.70E+01
-1.40E+01
-1.10E+01
-8.00E+00
-5.00E+00
-I.00E+00
+I.00E+00
+4.00E+00
+7.00E+00
+I.00E+01

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9
10
11

x
~'-

-2

-3

-4

-5

Front
l
I

gen

I
2

I
3

Rear gel
I
4

I
5

I
6

I
7

I
8

I
9

I
10

I
11

l
12

13

C11511
15

44-

3-

x/x/X~x~x
x

co
o

e.4

t-,

d
L
.o

L
~

-1

-1

-2

-2

-3

-3

-4

-4

-5

Front

gen

Rear gen I

+
4

-5 -

....+---+~.
9

10

11 12

13

TDT

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

gen

Rear gen

10

11

12

13

C/15/3

C11512

410

Front

= 15ms

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam etal.

+(C~)
(C2)

V1
Section p o i n t 3
Value
1
-2.00E+01
2
-1.70E+01
3
-1.40E+01
4
- I .IOE+01
5
-8.00E+00
6
-5.00E+O0
7
- I .00E+O0
8
+I .00E+00
9
+4.00E+00
10
+7.00E+00
11
+1.00E+01

x (C3)
V(C4)
[] {C5}
o (C6)
0(C7}
-

o {c8)

+..,+~'+
2

~'-

-2

-3

-4

-5
I

10 11 12

13

C12011

'-

x7 x
3-

=o

t~
0

ca
~
U3

ul

-2 t

-2

-3

-3-

_4v_"

-4

-5

-1

F r o n t gen

-t~

Rear gen

-=-,

10 11 12

13

F r o n t gen

Rear gen

10 11 12

C/20/2

C/20/3
TDT = 20ms

Figure 5

Comparison of velocity (x-component) and distribution of nodal average stress components along different circumference at
various total dynamic times (TDT). (V/5) velocity distribution in cylinder along x-direction, and distribution of (C/5/1) a11, (C/S/2) a22,
(C/5/3) T12, stress component along different circumferences at TDT = 5 ms; (V/1 O) velocity distribution in cylinder along x-distribution
of (C/10/2) o11, (C/10/2) o22, and (C/10/3) r12, stress component along different circumferences at TDT = 10 ms; (V/15) Velocity
distribution in cylinder along x-direction and distribution of (C/1 5/1 ) ol 1, (C/1 5/2) o22, and (C/15/3) 712, stress component along different
circumferences at TDT = 1 5 ms; (V/20) Velocity distribution in cylinder along x-direction and distribution of (C/20/1) o11, (C/20/2) e22,
and (C/20/3) and 712, stress component along different circumferences at TDT = 20 ms

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6

411

Dynamic response of thin-walled cylinder: M. N. Islam et al.

ment size is small enough to reduce these j u m p values to
an insignificant level for the p r o b l e m at hand.

Committee and the staff of Marinetech North West who

m a n a g e d the p r o g r a m m e .

Conclusions

References

A method o f formulating the progressive loading due to

spherically expanding pressure pulse of a thin-walled
tubular cantilever is presented. It is shown how this
method can be implemented in a displacement-based
finite e l e m e n t code such as A B A Q U S . The pressure
pulse impinges obliquely from one side of the shell as
would be the case in u n d e r w a t e r explosions or blast
loading,
A s s e s s m e n t o f the results indicate that given sufficiently high m a g n i t u d e of the peak pressure in the pulse,
localized p e r m a n e n t damage is initiated d u r i n g the early
phase of loading, which is then propagated throaghout
the structure in a given fashion. A particular feature of
the response characteristics is the stress reversal in the
structure which continues throughout the response time
d o m a i n , although with increasing time period and
diminishing intensity. On this basis, it is resonable to
conclude that the early time response parameters should
be viewed as the critical ones against which the structural integrity u n d e r such loading conditions is to be
assessed.

1 Mindlin,R. D. and Bleich, H. H. 'Responseof an elastic cylindrical

shell to a transverse step shock wave', J. Appl. Mech., 1953.20, (2),
189-195
2 Haywood, R. W. 'Response of an elastic cylindrical shell to a
pressure pulse', Q. J. Mech. Appl. Maths, 1958, 11, (2) 129- 141
3 Herman, H. and Klosner,J. M. 'Transient response of a periodically
supported cylindrical shell immersed in a fluid medium', J. Appl.
Mech. Ser. E, 1965, 32, (3). 562-568
4 Geers, T. L. 'Excitation of an elastic cylindrical shell by a transient
acoustic wave', J. Appl. Mech., 1969, 459-469
5 Geers, T. L. 'Residual potential and approximate methods for three
dimensional fluid-structure interaction problems'. J. Acoust. Soc.
Amer., 1971, 49, (5), (Pt), 1505-1510
6 Geers,T. L. "Doublyasymptoticapproximations(DAA) for transient
motions of submerged structures', J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 1978, 64,
(51, 1500-1508
7 DeRuntz. J. A. and Brogan, F. A, "Underwater Shock Analysis ~)/
Non-linear Structures', Ref. Manual for USA-STAGCode (version
3). Defence Nuclear Agency, WashingtonDC, DNA 5545F (1980)
8 Vasudevan, R. and Ranlet, D. "Submerged shock response of a
linearly elastic shell of revolutioncontaining internal structures'
ELSHOCK Code, DNA, WashingtonDC, DNA-TR-ST-184(1982)
9 Ruiz, C., Salvatorelli-D'Angelto,F. and Thompson, V. K., 'Elastic
response of thin wall cylindrical vessels to blast loading', Cmnpt.
Struct., 1989, 32, (5) 1061- 1072
10 ABAQUSFinite element cmle HKS Inc., Providence, RI. USA
11 Budiansky,C. and Sanders. J, L, 'On the best first-order linear shell
theory', Progress in Appl. Mech." The Prager Anniversary Volume,
Macmillan, London, 1963. 129-140
12 Cole, R. H. "Underwater explosion', PUP, 1948
13 Islam, M. N., AI-Hassani,S. T. S. and Kormi, K. 'Finite element
analysis of dynamic response of a thin-walled cylinder to side
pressure pulse' MarineTech North West Research Report, Applied
Mech. Division, UMIST, September 1987
14 Johnson, W. and Mellor, P. B. "Engineering plasticity', Van
Nostrand, 1973, 101

Acknowledgments
This work is part of Phase I of a research p r o g r a m m e on
the d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g of offshore structures funded by
SERC, the M a r i n e T e c h n o l o g y Directorate and a
n u m b e r of industrial sponsors. The authors wish to
express their thanks to the m e m b e r s of the Steering

412

Eng. Struct. 1992, Vol. 14, No 6