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Simplified

Design
REINFORCED
OF MODERATE
SECOND

Edited

BUILDINGS
HEIGHT

EDITION

by David

PORTLAND

CONCRETE
SIZE AND

A. Fanella

CEMENT

and S. K. Ghosh

m
I

ASSOCIATION

An organization of cement manufacturers to improve and extend the uses of


pofiland cement and concrete through scientific research, engineering field
work and market development.

5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois

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60077-1063

O 1993

PortlandCement Association

Secondedition
Printedin U.S.A.
Libraryof CongressCatrdogCard Number93-30929
ISBNO-89312-129-0
This publication was prcpured by the Portland Cement Association for the purpuse of
suggestingpossiblewaysof reducingdesign time in applyingthe previsionscontainedin the
ACI 318-89(Revised 1992)Buildirrg Code Requirements for Reinforced Corrcrere.
Simplifieddesignproceduresstatedand illustratedthroughoutthis publicationare subjectto
Iimitutionsof applicability. Whilesuchlimitationsof applicabilityarc,to a significantextent,
setforthinthetextofthispublication,noattempthasbeenmadetostateeachandeverypossible
Ibnitationofapplicability. ~erefom, tiispubfication isintended foruse by professional
peraunnelwhoarecompetenttoevuhratetheinformationpresentedhereinandwhoemwilling
tu acceptresponsibilityfor its properapplication.
This publicationis intendedSOLELYfor use by PROFESSIONALPERSONNELwho arc
competentte evuhratathe significanceand Iimitutimrsof theinformationprovidedberein,and
who will accept tetalresparsibility for the applicationof this information. The Portland
CementAssociationDISCLAIMSany and all RESPONSIBILITYand LIABILITYfor the
accuracyof the applicationof the informationcontainedin this publicationto the full extent
parnitted by law.

Aborrttheeditorx David A. Fanellais CoordinatingStmcturalEngineerand S. K. Ghoshis


Dkcctor, EngineeredStructuresand Codes,PortlandCementAssociation,Skokie,Illinois.

Foreword
The Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 3 18) is an authoritative document often adopted
and referenced as a design and construction standard in state and municipal buildhg codes around the country as
well as in the specifications of several federal agencies, its provisions thus becoming law. WhetherACI318 is
enforced as part of buildhrg regulations or is otherwise utilized as a voluntary consensus standard, design
professionals use thk standard almost exclusively as the basis for the proper design and construction of buildings
of reinforced cnncrete.
The ACI 318 standard appfies to all types of buildkrg uses; structures of all heights ranging from the very tall highrises down to single-story buildings; facilities with large areas as well as those of nominal size; buildings having
complex shapes and those primarily designed as uncomplicated boxes; and buildings requiring structurally
intricate or innovative framing systems in contrast to those of more conventional or tradltionaf systems of
construction. The general provisions developed to encompass all these extremes of building design and
construction tend to make the application of ACI 318 complex and time consuming. However, this need not
necessarily be the case, particularly in the design of reinforced concrete buildings of moderate size and height, as
is demonstrated in this publication.
This book has been written as a timesaving aid for use by experienced professionals who consistently seek ways
to simpliiy design procedures.
New to this second edition is a section in Chapter 1on preliminary design. Guidelines and design aids are provided
to help in choosing an economical floor system, and to obtain preliminary sizes for the beams, joists, columns,
shearwalls, and footings.
Throughout the chapters, new design aids have been included that should save significant amounts of time. One
such set of design aids is given in Chapter 3 for beams subjected to torsional loading: all required torsion
reinforcement cameasily be obtained via four charts. Also included in Chapter 3 are new design aids that can be
used to obtain the required shear reinforcement for beams.
Chapter 5, which covers the simplified design of columns, has been significantly revised to better reflect the
current ACI 318 provisions. Newtothis chap@xare two equations that can produce a simplified interaction
diagram for a section subjected to uniaxial load and beudlng moment.

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In some of the example problems, the results obtained from the simplified design methods are compared to those
obtained from PCA computer programs. These comparisons readily show that the simplified methods yield
satisfactory results within the stated limitations,
Design professionals reading and workkrg with the material presented in thk book are encouraged to send in their
comments to PCA, together with any suggestions for fmtber design simplifications. PCA would also be gratefil
to any reader who would bring any errors or inconsistencies to our attention. Any suggestion for improvement
is always genuinely welcome.
S. K. Ghosh

Skokie, Illinois
July, 1993

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Acknowledgments
The first edkion of thk mamraf was prepared under the direction of Gerald B. Neville, formerly Manager of
Structural Codes, PCA, arrdnow with the International Conference of Buildhrg Officials. He provided technical
assistance to the individmd authors when needed, and also served as coordinator and editor.
The various chapters of the first edition were indlvidrrally authored as follows:
Chapter lGerald B. Neville
Chapter 2Raadal C, Cronin, formerly Senior Regional Structural Engineer, Eastern Region, PCA
Chapter 3Gerald B. Neville
Chapter 4-S,

K. Ghosh

Chapter 5Larry W, Cole, formerly Regional Structural Engineer, Rocky MountainNorthwest Region, PCA
Chapter -Amold

H. Bock, formerly Senior Regional Stmctnral Engineer, South Central Region, PCA

Chapter 7Gary D, Pfuehler, formerly Regional Structural Engineer, Great Lakes-Mideastern Region, PCA
Chapter 8David P. Gustafson, Technical Director, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute,
Chapter 9William R. Anthony, formerly Manager, Market Development, Concrete Constmction Division, The
CECO Corporation.
Chapter l&James

P. Barris, formerly Director, Codes and Standards Department, PCA.

Although the individual authors names are no longer separately identified with the various chapters, their initial
work is carried over into thk edkion. Sincere gratitude is expressed to each nrrdevery one of them,

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Joseph Jim Messersmith, Jr., Coordinating Manager, Regional Code Services, PCA, provided significant input
towards revisions for thk second fxhtion. Aphrodite Lka Lehocky of the Engineered Structures and Codes staff
at PCA produced thk complex manuscript, includhrg its many tables and figures, on the desk-top publishhg
system. Diane Varrderlirsdeof PCAS Office Services staff is responsible for tbe word-processing of the entire
manuscript. The contributions of these three individuals are gratefully acknowledged.
David A. Farrella, the co-edkor of this volume, is largely responsible for the significant euharrcements from the
first to the second edition. Wkhout his dedicated efforts, the timely publication of tlrk manual in its present form
would have been impossible.

S. K. Ghosh

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1A Simplified Design Approach ....t....................i .........................................................................l.l

Chapter 2Simplified

Frame Analysis ..........................................................................................................2"l

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3.7.3 Closed Stirrup Details ...............................................................................................................................................3.25


3.8 EXAMPLES

SIMPLIFIED

DESIGN FOR BEAMS AND SLABS ............................................................................................3.26

3.8.1 Example

Design of Standard Pan Joists for Alterrmte (1) Floor System (Building #l) ............................................3-26

3.8,2 Example:

Design of Wide-Module

Joists for Alternate (2) Floor System (Building #l) .............................................3-3O

3,8,3 Example Design of the Suppori Beams for the Standard Pan Joist Floor along a Typical N-S . . .
.
Interior Column Line (Building #l) ..............................................................................................................................3.35

Chapter 4-Simplified
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 DEFLECTION

Design for Two-Way Slabs .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. ..4.l


.......................................................................................................................................................................4.l

CONTROLMINIMUM

SLAB Thickness

4.3 TWO-WAY SLAB ANALYSIS BY COEFFICIENTS

......................................................................................................4.3

...................................................................................................................4.4

4.4 SHEAR IN TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS ..............................................................................................................................4.l4


4,4,1 Shear in Flat Plate and Flat Slab Floor Systems ......................................................................................................4.l5
4.5 COLUMN MOMENTS DUE TO GRAVITY LOADS .................................................................................................................4.2O
4,6 REINFORCEMENT
4.7 EXAMPLES:

DETAILING .......................................... ..................................................................................................4.22

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN FOR TWO-WAY SLABS ..............................................................................................4.22

4.7,1 Example:

Interior Sttip (N-S Direction) of Building #2, Alternate (2) .........................................................................4.22

4.7.2 Example

Interior Strip (N-S Direction) of Building #2, Alternate (1) .........................................................................4.29

Chapter 5Simplified

Design for Columns ...................................................................................................5.l

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5.6 PROCEDURE
5.7 EXAMPLES

FOR SIMPLIFIED
SIMPLIFIED

COLUMN DESIGN .............................................................................................................5.l6

DESIGN FOR COLUMNS ............................................................................................................5.l9

5.7.1 Example Design of an Interior Column Stack for Building #2 Alternate (1)Slab and Column ,.,.,..,,,,.,,,,..,,,.,.,,.,....,,.,,
Framing Wkhout Structural Wane (Unbraced Frame) ................................................................................................5.l9
5.7.2 Example Design of an Interior Column Stack for Building #2 Alternate (2) - Slab and Column ,.,,..,.,.,,.,..,,,.,,.,.,.,,..,.,,.,,
Framing with Structural Wane (Braced Frame) ,,...,,.,..,,.,,.,,..,,,,..,,.,, ..........................................................................5.2l
5,7,3 Example Deeign of an Edge Column Stack (E-W Column Line) for Building #l-3-story
Pan ,...,,,,.,., . . . .
Joiet Construction (Unbraced Frame) ,.,,.,,.,,,.,,.,,.,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,....,,.,,....,..,..,,..,....,,,,,..,....,,,,,,......,.,.,,.,,....,.,.,,.,....,.,,.,,,,.5-24

. . ..

5.6 COLUMN SHEAR STRENGTH ...............................................................................................................................................5.28


5,6,1 Example

Design for Column Shear Strangth ...........................................................................................................5.26

Chapter 6-Simplified

Design for Structural Walls .......................................................................................6.l

Chapter 7-Simplified

Design for Footinge .............................n........................u....n.............n.........................7.l

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7.8 ONE-STEP THICKNESS


7,8,1 Example

Detailing of Reinforcement for Economy ........s........................................................8.l


......................................................................................................................................................................8.l

8,2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


8.3 REINFORCING

.................................................................................................7.l5

Plain Concrete Footing Design ................................................................................................................7.l7

Chapter E-Structural
8.1 INTRODUCTION

DESIGN FOR PLAIN FOOTINGS

FOR REINFORCEMENT

ECONOMY ......................................................................................8.l

BARS .............................................................................................................................................................8.3

8.3.1 Coated Reinforcing Bars .............................................................................................................................................8.3


8.4 DEVELOPMENT

OF REINFORCING

BARS ...........................................................................................................................8.4

8.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................8.4


8.4.2 Development

of Straight Bara in Tension ...................................................................................................................8.4

8.4.3 Development of Hooked Bars in Tension ................. ..................................................................................................8.7


8.4.4 Development of Bars in Compression
8.5 SPLICES OF REINFORCING

........................................................................................................................8.8

BARS .......................................................................................................................................8.8

8.5.1 Tension Lap Splices ...................................................................................................................................................8.9


8.5.2 Compression
8.6 DEVELOPMENT

Lap Splices ...........................................................................................................................................8.9

OF FLEXURAL Reinforcement

.............................................................................................................8.9

8.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................8.9


8.6.2 Recommended

Bar Details .......................................................................................................................................8.ll

8.7 SPECIAL BAR DETAfLSAT

SLAB-TO-COLUMN

8.8 SPECIAL SPLICE REQUIREMENTS


8.8.1 Construction

......................................................................................8.ll

FOR COLUMNS .........................................................................................................8.ll

and Placing Considerations

8.6.2 Design Considerations

CONNECTIONS

.................................................................................................................8.ll

..............................................................................................................................................8.l6

8,8.3 Example Lap Splice Length for an Interior Column of Building #2, Alternate (2)
Slab and Column Framing with Structural Wane (Braced Frame). ............................................................................8-l7
8.8.4 Example Lap Splice Length for an Interior Column of Building #2, Alternate(1)
Slab and Column Framing Without Structural Walla (Unbraced Frame). ..................................................................6-l9

Chapter 9-Design

Coneideratione

for Economical Formwork ...................................................................9.l

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