Engineering Thermodynamics Properties of Pure Substances and Steam Power Plant

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics
UNIT III
Mechanical Engineering
2016-2017
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER PLANT

PART A
1. Define a pure substance. Give examples.

[NOV/DEC 2013]
A pure substance is a substance of constant chemical composition throughout its mass. A pure substance
does not have to be of a single chemical element. A mixture of various chemical elements is also called as
pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous in composition, homogeneous in chemical
aggregation and invariable in chemical aggregation. e.g. H2O.
2. What are saturation states?
A saturation state is a state from which a change of phase may occurs without a change of pressure or
temperature. The state of a substance at which a phase transformation begins or ends.
3. What is meant by latent heat of vaporization?
The amount of heat transfer required to cause evaporation of unit mass of a substance from saturated
liquid state to saturated vapour state is known as latent heat of vaporization
4. Define saturation temperature and pressure.
The temperature at which vaporization takes place at a given pressure is called the saturation temperature
The pressure at which vaporization takes place at a given temperature is called the saturation pressure.
5. Define sub cooled liquid.
The state of a pure substance at which the temperature is less than the saturation temperature
corresponding to the pressure is known as sub-cooled liquid state
6. Define compressed liquid.
The pressure on the liquid water is greater than the saturated pressure at a given temperature. In this
condition, the liquid water is known as the compressed liquid
7. What do you understand by the terms super heating and subcooling?
Heating steam beyond its saturation temperature and cooling of liquid below saturation temperatures are
known as superheating and subcooling.
8. What is the Degree of superheat?
[NOV/DEC 2015]
The difference between the superheated temperature and the saturated temperature at the given pressure is
called the degree of superheat.
9. What is critical state ? Define the term critical pressure , critical temperature, and critical volume
of water.
The state at which the transition from liquid to vapour phase suddenly takes place. The specific volume of
the saturated liquid and of the saturated vapour is the same. Such a state of the substance is called the
critical state. The properties like pressure, temperature and volume at critical state are known as critical
pressure, critical temperature, and critical volume. The corresponding values for water are: 221.2 bar,
374.15C and 0.00317 m3/kg
10. What is the triple point of a substance?
The state at which all the 3 phases of a pure substance co-exist in equilibrium is called triple point.
11. What is the triple point of water? Give the values of properties at that point.
The state at which all the 3 phases of water co-exist in equilibrium is called triple point of water.
Temperature = 273.16 K and pressure = 4.587 mm Hg.
12. What is normal boiling point of a substance?
Boiling point of a substance at a pressure of 760mmHg.
13. Define wet and dry steam.
As long as the steam is in contact with water, it is called wet steam and the heating of steam is further
progressed such that all the water particles associated with steam are evaporated, the steam is called dry
or saturated steam.
14. Define superheated steam.
The supply of heat to the dry or saturated steam is continued at constant pressure, there will be increase in
temperature and volume of steam. The steam so obtained is called superheated steam and its behave like
a perfect gas.
15. What is heat of superheat?
The additional amount of heat supplied to the steam during superheating is called as heat of superheat. It
can be calculated by using the specific heat of superheated steam at constant pressure.
16. List the advantages of superheated steam.
Its heat content and hence its capacity to do work is increased without having to increase its pressure
High temperature of superheated steam results in an increase in thermal efficiency
Superheating is done in a superheater which obtains its heat from waste furnace gases which would
have otherwise uselessly up the chimney
St. Josephs College of Engineering / St. Josephs Institute of Technology

2016-2017
17. Define latent heat or hidden heat
The heat being supplied does not show any rise of temperature but changes water into vapour state is
known as latent heat or hidden heat.
18. Define sensible heat of water.
It is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed by 1 kg of water when it is heated from 0C to boiling point.
It is also called total heat of water.
19. What is meant by dryness fraction?
The term dryness fraction is related with wet steam. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of actual dry
steam to the mass of steam containing it. It is expressed by the symbol x.
20. Define enthalpy of steam.
It is the sum of heat added to water from freezing point to saturation temperature and the heat absorbed
during evaporation.
21. How do you determine the state of steam?
If V>vg then super-heated steam, V= vg then dry steam and V< vg then wet steam.
22. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram on T-v coordinates for water with relevant constant property
lines.
23. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substances on T-S plot with relevant constant
property line.
24. Why cannot a throttling calorimeter measure quality of steam, if the steam is very wet?
If the steam is very wet, even after throttling it may remain wet and the state cant be located with
pressure and temperature measurement. Therefore the quality cant be found.
25. Determine the enthalpy and sp. volume of steam at a pressure of 6 bar having a quality of 0.85.
h = hf + x hfg = 1213.35+.85x1571.0 = 2548.7 kJ/kg ; v = x X vg = 0.85x 0.03244 = 0 .027574 m3/kg
26. Name the various vapour power cycle.
Carnot cycle and Rankine cycle.
27. Compare Rankine Cycle and Carnot Cycle
Between the same temperature limits Rankine cycle provides a higher specific work output than a
Carnot cycle, consequently Rankine cycle requires a smaller steam flow rate resulting in smaller size
plant for a given power output. However, Rankine cycle calls for higher rates of heat transfer in boiler
and condenser.
Since in Rankine cycle only part of the heat is supplied isothermally at constant higher temperature T 1,
therefore, its efficiency is lower than that of Carnot cycle. The efficiency of the Rankine cycle will
approach that of the Carnot cycle more nearly if the superheat temperature rise is reduced.
The advantage of using pump to feed liquid to the boiler instead to compressing a wet vapour is
obvious that the work for compression is very large compared to the pump.
28. Define Rankine cycle.
Rankine cycle is the theoretical cycle on which the steam turbine works.
29. Draw the schematic diagram of Rankine cycle

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30. Name the different components in steam power plant working on Rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser and Pump.
31. List the process involved in Rankine cycle
Process 1-2 : Reversible adiabatic expansion in the turbine (or steam engine).
Process 2-3 : Constant-pressure transfer of heat in the condenser.
Process 3-4 : Reversible adiabatic pumping process in the feed pump.
Process 4-1 : Constant-pressure transfer of heat in the boiler.
32. List the improvement of Rankine cycle efficiency.
(i) Increasing the average temperature at which heat is supplied.
(ii) Decreasing/reducing the temperature at which heat is rejected.
This can be achieved by Increasing boiler pressure, Superheating, Reducing condenser pressure
33. Show Rankine cycle on T-s diagram.
34. Why Rankine cycle is modified?

The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is too inadequate to overcome the
friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the point before the end of the expansion in
the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while the volume remains constant.
35. How to improve thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle.
Reheating of steam
Regenerative feed water heating
By water extraction
Using binary vapour
36. Draw the block diagram of reheat Rankine cycle
37. Show Reheat Rankine cycle on T
38. List the advantages of Reheating of steam

There is an increased output of the turbine.
Erosion and corrosion problems in the steam turbine are eliminated/avoided.
There is an improvement in the thermal efficiency of the turbines.
Final dryness fraction of steam is improved.
There is an increase in the nozzle and blade efficiencies.
39. List the disadvantages of Reheating of steam
Reheating requires more maintenance.
The increase in thermal efficiency is not appreciable in comparison to the expenditure incurred in
reheating.

40. Draw the block diagram of regeneration Rankine cycle.
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41. List the advantages of Regenerating of steam

The heating process in the boiler tends to become reversible.
The thermal efficiency is improved because the average temperature of heat addition to the cycle is
increased.
Heat rate is reduced.
Due to many extractions there is an improvement in the turbine drainage and it reduces erosion due
to moisture.
A small size condenser is required.
42. List the disadvantages of Reheating of steam
The plant becomes more complicated.
Because of addition of heaters greater maintenance is required.
For given power a large capacity boiler is required.
The heaters are costly and the gain in thermal efficiency is not much in comparison to the heavier
costs.
43. Define efficiency ratio.
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of the ideal cycle efficiency is termed as efficiency ratio.
44. Define overall efficiency.
It is the ratio of the mechanical work to the energy supplied in the fuel. It is also defined as the product of
combustion efficiency and the cycle efficiency.
45. Define specific steam consumption of an ideal Rankine cycle.
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
46. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle?
By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main disadvantage is
lowering the back pressure in release the wetness of steam. Isentropic compression of a very wet vapour
is very difficult.
47. What is the purpose of reheating?
The purpose of reheating is to increase the dryness fraction of the steam passing out of the later stages of
the turbine.
48. Why reheat cycle is not used for low boiler pressure?
At the low reheat pressure the heat cycle efficiency may be less than the Rankine cycle efficiency. Since
the average temperature during heating will then be low.
49. What are the disadvantages of reheating?
Reheating increases the condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction, increases the cost of the
plant due to the reheats and its very long connections.
50. Write down the expression for efficiency of Rankine cycle without considering pump work.
h1 h2
=
h1 h4
51. Define heat rate.
The rate of heat input required to produce unit power output.
52. State the advantages of using superheated steam in turbine.
Superheated steams greatest value lies in its tremendous internal energy that can be used for kinetic
reaction through mechanical expansion against turbine blades and reciprocating pistons, that produces
rotary motion of a shaft.
53. Why is reheat necessary?
To operate the boiler at high pressures without exceeding the moisture content at turbine exhaust.
54. What is regeneration in Rankine cycle?
Using a part of steam bled at an intermediate pressure for heating the feed water to reduce heat input.

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55. What is triple point? For a pure substance, how many degrees of freedom are there at triple point?
The state at which all the three phases-solid ,liquid and vapour coexist in equilibrium is called the triple
point. At the triple point, C=1, P=3 and application of the phase rule gives F=C+2-P=1+2-3+0. Hence,
the number of degrees of freedom at the triple point is equal to zero. In other words the triple point is
invariant (F=0). One cannot arbitrarily assign either temperature or pressure for the triple point. The
triple point exists at u definite pressure and temperature. For example, the triple point of water is
P=0.611kPa and t=0.01C.
[APR/MAY 2015]
3
56. A vessel of 2 m contains a wet steam of quality 0.8 at 210 C. Determine the mass of the liquid and
vapour present in the vessel.
[APR/MAY 2015]
From the steam table at 210C
vf = 0.0011726 m3 /kg
, vg = 0.1042 m3 /kg
The specific volume of the wet steam of quality 0.8
v = xvg + (1 x)vf = 0.8(0.1042) + 0.2(0.0011726) = 0.0836m3 /kg
v
Mass of steam (m) in the vessel = =

= 23.923 kg
v
0.0836
Where y=volume of the vessel
Mass of vapour (mg ) = mx = 0.8 23.923 = 19.138kg
Mass of liquid (mf ) = m(1 x) = 0.2 23.923 = 4.785kg
57. Superheated steam at 30 bar and 300C enters a turbine and is expanded to 5 bar and quality 0.974
dryness. Compute the loss in availability for the adiabatic process if the atmospheric temperature
is 27C.
[APR/MAY 2015]
Loss in availability = Irreversibility, I = T0 (Ssystem + Ssurroundings)
For adiabatic process Ssurroundings = 0, Therefore here, I = 300 [cp ln (T2/T1) R ln (p2/p1)]
I = 300 [1.616 ln (393/573 0.461 ln (5/30)] = 65.01 kJ/kg
58. Draw the p-T diagram for water and label all salient points.
[NOV/DEC 2014]
59. What are the advantages of reheating?

[NOV/DEC 2014]
It increases the turbine work.
It increases the heat supply.
It increases the efficiency of the plant.
It reduces the wear on the blade because of low moisture content in LP state of the turbine.
60. Draw the p-T diagram for a pure substance.
[APR/MAY 2014]
61. What are the methods of improving the performance of Rankine cycle?
Lowering the condenser pressure.
Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
[APR/MAY 2014]

2016-2017
62. Draw the phase equilibrium diagram on p-v coordinates with relevant constant property lines for
water. / How is Triple point represented in the P-v diagram?
[NOV/DEC 2013]
63. Define a pure substance. Give examples.

[NOV/DEC 2013]
A pure substance is a substance of constant chemical composition throughout its mass. A pure substance
does not have to be of a single chemical element. A mixture of various chemical elements is also called as
pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous in composition, homogeneous in chemical
aggregation and invariable in chemical aggregation. e.g. H2O.
64. Find the mass of 0.7 m3 of wet steam at 150C and 90% dry.
[APR/MAY 2013]
The specific volume of dry steam at 150C, vg = 0.3928 m3/kg ; The mass of 0.7 m3 of wet steam at
150C and 90% dry is: 0.7 / (0.39280.9) = 1.98 kg.
65. What do you understand by specific steaming rate? State its unit.
[APR/MAY 2012]
The rate of steam required to produce unit power output. Its unit is kg/kWhr
66. Why is Carnot cycle not a realistic model for steam power plants?
[NOV/DEC 2011]
Heat addition in steam power plants does not take place at constant temperature in the boiler when
superheated steam is used in turbine. Condensation process cannot be ended in such a way that at the end
of pumping saturated liquid state is reached in case of Carnot cycle in two-phase region.
67. Why are the temperature and pressure dependent properties in the saturated mixture region?
[NOV/DEC 2010]
During the phase transformations of a pure substance, the pressure and temperature remain constant.
Therefore, in the saturated mixture region, the temperature and pressure are dependent properties.
68. What is the effect of regeneration of a steam power plant?
[APR/MAY 2009]
Regeneration does not affect work output, however the efficiency of the plant increases as the
temperature of heat addition is decreased.
69. Why is excessive moisture in steam undesirable in steam turbine
[NOV/DEC 2009]
It may erode the turbine blades.
PART B
1. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at
a temperature of 245C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the following, (i) The
pressure, (ii) The mass, (iii) The specific volume, (iv) The specific enthalpy, (v) The specific entropy,
and (vi) The specific internal energy.
Given: V=0.05 m3 , T1=245C, mf =10 kg
Find : (i) p (ii) m (iii) v (iv) h (v) s (vi) u
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 245C :

psat = 36.5 bar, vf = 0.001239 m3/kg, vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K
sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pressure P = 36.5 bar

(ii) The mass, m :
Volume of liquid, Vf = mf vf
Volume of vapour Vg = V Vf
Mass of vapour, mg =
Vg
vg
Vf = 10 0.001239
= .
Vg = 0.05 0.01239
= .
mg =
0.03761
0.0546
The total mass of mixture, m = mf + mg
= .
m = 10 + 0.688
= .
6
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(iii) The specific volume, v :

Quality of the mixture,
x=
mg
x=
mg + mf
v = vf + xvfg
0.688
0.688+10
= .
v = 0.001239 + 0.064 (0.0546 0.001239)
= . /
(iv) The specific enthalpy, h :

h = hf + xhfg
h = 1061.4 + (0.064 1740.2 )
= . /
(v) The specific entropy, s :

s= s + xsfg
s = 2.7474 + (0.064 3.3585 )
= . /
(vi) The specific internal energy, u :

u = h pv
u = 1172.77 36.5 102 0.004654
= . /
2. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of saturated steam at 5 bar. Find the quantity of heat which must
be rejected so as to reduce the quality to 60% dry. Determine the pressure and temperature of the
steam at the new state.
Given: m= 1.5 kg , p = 5 bar, x1 = 1, x2 = 0.6
Find: Pressure and temperature of the steam at the new state :

Solution:
From steam tables, At 5 bar.
ts = 151.8C, hf = 640.1 kJ/kg , hfg = 2107.4 kJ/kg, vg = 0.375 m3/kg
Internal energy of steam per kg at initial point 1,
u1 = h1 p1 v1
u1 = (hf + hfg ) p1 vg1
u1 = (640.1 + 2107.4) 5 105 0.375 103 )
u1 = 2747.5 187.5
= /
The volume of pressure cooker, = m vg
We know that
= 1.5 0.375
= .
= , is negligible
V2 = m[(1 x2 )vf2 + x2 vg2 ]
V2 = 1.5x2 vg2 0.5625 = 1.5 0.6 vg2 = .
From steam tables at = .

= . , = . C, hf2 = 556.5 kJ/kg , hfg2 = 2166.6 kJ/kg
Internal energy of steam per kg, at final point 2,
u2 = h2 p2 v2
u2 = (hf2 + hfg2 ) p2 vg2
u2 = (556.5 + 2166.6) 2.9 105 0.625 103 )
u2 = 1856.46 108.75
= . /
Heat transferred at constant volume per kg
Q = u + W
Q = u
Q = u2 u1
Q = 1747.71 2560
= . /
Total heat transferred

Q= mQ
Q = 812.29 1.5
= .

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3
3. A spherical vessel of 0.9 m capacity contains steam at 8 bar and 0.9 dryness fraction. Steam is
blown off until the pressure drops to 4 bar. The valve is then closed and the steam is allowed to cool
until the pressure falls to 3 bar. Assuming that the enthalpy of steam in the vessel remains constant
during blowing off periods, determine :(i) The mass of steam blown off (ii) The dryness fraction of
steam in the vessel after cooling ;(iii) The heat lost by steam per kg during cooling.
Given: V = 0.9 m3, p1 = 8 bar, x1 = 0.9, p2 = 4 bar, p3 = 3 bar
Find : (i) m (ii) x2, (iii) Q
Solution:

hf1 = 720.9 kJ/kg , hfg1 = 2046.5 kJ/kg, vg1 = 0.24 m3/kg
(i) The mass of steam blown off :
V1 = m1 x1 vg1
m1 =
V1
x1 vg1
0.9
0.90.24
= .
The enthalpy of steam before blowing off (per kg)

h1 = hf1 + xhfg1 h1 = 720.9 + (0.9 2046.5 )
= . =

hf1 = 604.7 kJ/kg , hfg1 = 2133 kJ/kg, vg1 = 0.462 m3/kg
Enthalpy before blowing off = Enthalpy after blowing off
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
2562.75 = 604.7 + (x2 2133)
= .
Now the mass of steam in the vessel after blowing off,

V2 = m2 x2 vg2
m2 = x
V2
2 vg2
0.9
= 0.9180.462
Mass of steam blown off, m = m1 + m2

= .
m = 4.167 2.122
= .
hf3 = 604.7 kJ/kg , hfg3 = 2133 kJ/kg, vg3 = 0.606 m3/kg

(ii) Dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling, x3 :
As it is constant volume cooling
x2 vg2 = x3 vg3
0.918 0.462 = x3 0.606
(iii) Heat lost during cooling :
u2 = h2 p2 x2 vg2
u2 = (hf2 + x2 hfg2 ) p2 x2 vg2
= .
u2 = (604.7 + 0.918 2133) 4 10 5 0.918 0.462 103 )

u2 = 2562.79 169.65
u3 = h3 p3 x3 vg3
= . /
u3 = (hf3 + x3 hfg3 ) p3 x3 vg3
u3 = (561.4 + 0.669 2163.2) 3 10 5 0.699 0.606 103 )

u3 = 2073.47 127.07
= . /
Heat transferred during cooling

Q = m(u2 u1 )
Q = 2.045(1946.4 2393.14)
= . /

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4. Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and a
temperature of 300C. Also find the change of internal energy if this steam is expanded to 1.4 bar
and dryness fraction 0.8.
Given: p1 = 10 bar, T1 = 300C , x1 = 0.8, p2 = 1.4 bar
Find : (i) u
Solution:
From steam tables, At 10 bar

vg = 0.194 m3 /kg , Ts = 179.9 + 273 = 452.9K
From Superheated steam tables, At 10 bar & 300C.
hsup = 3051.2 kJ/kg ,
vsup =
vg
Ts
X Tsup
vsup =
0.194
452.9
X 573
vsup = 0.245 m3 /kg
Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar,

u1 = 3051.2 10 105 0.245 103
u1 = hsup pvsup
= . /
From steam tables, at 14 bar :

vg = 1.236 m3/kg, hf = 458.4 kJ/kg, hfg = 2231.9 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K, sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion)
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
h2 = 458.4 + (0.8 2231.9)
= .
Internal energy of this steam,

u2 = 2243.92 (1.4 10 5 0.8 1.236 103 )
u2 = h2 p2 x2 vg2
= . /
Hence change of internal energy per kg
u = (u2 u1 )
u = (2105.49 2806.2)
= . /
Negative sign indicates decrease in internal energy.

5. Draw the P-V, T-S, h -s, diagrams and theoretical lay out for Reheat Rankine cycle and hence
deduce the expression for its efficiency.
Solution:
Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion (s1 = s2 )

= (
kJ
)
kg
h1 Turbine1 inlet ( ) enthalpy

h2 Turbine exit and reheater intet ( ) enthalpy

Process 2-3: Constant pressure reheating( P2 = P3 )
= (
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kJ
)
kg
h3 Turbine1 inlet ( ) enthalpy

Process 3-4: Turbine Work2 : Reversible adiabatic expansion (s3 = s4 )
= (
kJ
)
kg
h4 Turbine exit and condenser intet ( ) enthalpy

Process 4-5: Condenser heat rejection: Constant pressure heat rejection ( wet or dry steam convert
into liquid) ( P4 = P5 )
kJ
= ( )
kg
h5 = hf4 = hf5 Condenser exit (saturated liquid) enthalpy
Process 5-6: Pump Work: Reversible adiabatic pumping (s5 = s6 )
= (
kJ
)
kg
h6 Pump exit & boiler inlet (subcooled liquid) enthalpy

= ( ) (
= + (
kJ
)
kg
kJ
)
kg
Process 6-1: Boiler heat supplied: Constant pressure heat supplied Subcooled liquid to dry or
superheated steam ( P6 = P1 )
kJ
= ( )
kg
Efficiency :
=
+
( ) + ( ) ( )
=
+
( ) + ( )
6. Draw the P-V, T-S, h -s, diagrams and theoretical lay out for Regeneration Rankine cycle and
hence deduce the expression for its efficiency.
Process 1-2 & 1-3 Turbine Work:

= ( ) + ( )( )
h1 Turbine1 inlet enthalpy
h2 bypass regeneration enthalpy
10

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kJ
= ( )
kg
h3 Turbine exit and condenser intet enthalpy
h4 = hf3 = hf4 Condenser exit enthalpy
To find bypass steam mass: energy balance
(( ) = ( )( )
Process 4-5: Pump Work1: Reversible adiabatic pumping (s4 = s5 )
= ( ) (
kJ
)
kg

= ( ) (
= ( ) (
= + (
kJ
)
kg
kJ
)
kg
kJ
)
kg
Process 7-1: Boiler heat supplied: Subcooled liquid to dry or superheated steam ( P7 = P1 )
= ( ) (
kJ
)
kg
Efficiency :
=
( ) + ( )( )
( )
Note: Here Pump work is negligible

7. The following data refer to a simple steam power plant :
Calculate :(i) Power output of the turbine, (ii) Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser
separately, (iii) Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser. Choose the inlet
temperature of cooling water 20C and 30C at exit from the condenser, (iv) Diameter of the pipe
connecting turbine with condenser.
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Solution:
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(i) Power output of the turbine, P :

From Superheated steam tables
At 60 bar, 380C
h1 = 3123.5 kJ/kg (by interpolation)
From steam tables at 0.1 bar
hf2 = 191.8 kJ/kg

hfg2 = 2392.8 kJ/kg , x2 = 0.9
vg2 = 14.67 m3/kg
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
WT = m(h1 h2 )
h2 = 191.8 + (0.9 2392.8)

WT =
10000
3600
(3123.5 2392.8)
= . /
(ii) Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser :

From steam tables at 70 bar
hf4 = 1267.4 kJ/kg
From Superheated steam tables at 65 bar, 400C
ha1 = 3167.6 kJ/kg
(by interpolation)
Heat transfer per hour in the boiler,

Q1 = m(ha1 hf4 )
Q1 =
10000
3600
(3167.6 1267.4)
= .
From steam tables at 70 bar

hf3 = 183.3 kJ/kg
Heat transfer per hour in the condenser,

Q 2 = m(h2 hf3 )
Q2 =
10000
3600
(2345.3 183.3)
(iii) Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser, mw :

Heat lost by steam = Heat gained by the cooling water
Q 2 = mw CP (t 2 t1 )
Q 2 = mw 4.18(30 20)
= /
(iv) Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine with condenser, d :

ms = AC
ms = x
AC
2 vg2
ms x2 vg2
C
d2
2.780.914.7
200
d2
8. In a steam turbine steam at 20 bar, 360C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
Assume ideal processes, find per kg of steam the net work and the cycle efficiency.
Given: p1 = 20 bar, T1 = 360C, p2 = 0.08 bar

Find : (i) W, (ii)
Solution:
s1 = 6.991 kJ/kgK, h1 = 3159.3 kJ/kg , (by interpolation)

sf2 = 0.5926 kJ/kgK , sfg2 = 7.6361 kJ/kgK ,
hf2 = 173.88 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2403.1 kJ/kg ,
vf2 = 0.001008 m3/kg
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Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion) (s1 = s2 )
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s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
6.991 = 0.5926 + ( 7.6361)
=0.838
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
h2 = 173.88 + (0.838 2403.1)
= .
Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion

WT = (h1 h2 )
= 971.62
WT = (3159.3 2187.68)
Q R = h2 h3
Q R = 2187.62 173.88
= .
h3 = hf2 = hf3 Condenser exit and pump inlet (saturated liquid) enthalpy
Wp = Vf3 (P4 P3 )
h4 = Wp + h3
Wp = 0.00108 (20 0.08) 102
h4 = 2.008 + 173.88
= . /
= . /

Process 4-1: Boiler heat supplied: (Constant pressure heat supplied) Subcooled liquid to dry or
Q s = h1 h4
Q s = 3159.3 175.89
= . /
Net work done:

WNet = WT Wp
WNet = 971.62 2.008
= . /
Efficiency :
=
WNet
Qs
969.61
2983.41
= . %
9. A Rankine cycle operates between pressures of 80 bar and 0.1 bar. The maximum cycle
temperature is 600C. If the steam turbine and condensate pump efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.8
respectively, calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency. Relevant steam table extract is
given below.

Find : (i) W, (ii)
Solution:
s1 = 7.0206 kJ/kgK, h1 = 3642 kJ/kg , vg2 = 0.486 3 /

hf2 = 191.9 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2392.3 kJ/kg ,
vf2 = 0.0010103 m3/kg
13
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Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion)

s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
7.0206 = 0.6488 + ( 7.006)
= 0.85
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
h2 = 191.9 + (0.85 2392.3)
= .
Actual turbine work

= turbine (h1 h2 )
= 0.9 (3642 2225.36)= 1275 kJ/kg
Pump work = vf ( p2 )( p1 p2 )
105
kN/m2 = 8.072 kJ/kg

8.072
8.072
Actual pump work =
=
pump
0.8
= 10.09 kJ/kg
Specific work (Wnet ) = 1275 10.09
= 1264.91 kJ / kg. (Ans.)
Wnet
Thermal efficiency =
Q1
where, Q1 = h1 hf4
But hf4 = hf3 + pump work
= 191.9 + 10.09
= 202 kJ/kg
1262.91
Thermal efficiency, th = 3642202
= 0.0010103 (80 0.1)
103
= 0.368 or 36.8 %. (Ans.)

10. A simple Rankine cycle works between pressures 28 bar and 0.06 bar, the initial condition of steam
being dry saturated. Calculate the cycle efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption.
From steam tables,

At 28 bar : h1 = 2802 kJ/kg,
s1 = 6.2104 kJ/kg K
At 0.06 bar : hf2 = hf3 = 151.5 kJ/kg,
hfg2 = 2415.9 kJ/kg,
sf2 = 0.521 kJ/kg K,
sfg2 = 7.809 kJ/kg K
vf = 0.001 m3/kg
Considering turbine process 1-2, we have :
s 1 = s2
6.2104 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
= 0.521 + x2 7.809
x2 = 0.728
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 151.5 + 0.728 2415.9
= 1910.27 kJ/kg
Turbine work, Wturbine = h1 h2

= 2802 1910.27
= 891.73 kJ/kg
14
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Pump work, Wpump = hf4 hf3

= vf (p1 p2)
0 001 (28 0.06) 105
=
1000
= 2.79 kJ/kg
[Since, hf4 = hf3 + 2.79 = 151.5 + 2.79 = 154.29 kJ/kg]
Net work, Wnet = Wturbine Wpump
= 891.73 2.79
= 888.94 kJ/kg
W
Cycle efficiency = Qnet
1
888.94
=
h1 hf4
888.94
=
2802 154.29
= 0.3357 or 33.57%. (Ans.)
Wnet
Work ratio =
Wturbine
888.94
=
891.73
= 0.997. (Ans.)
3600
Specific steam consumption = W
net
= 4.049 kg/kWh.
11. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the exhaust
pressure is 0.2 bar. Determine : (i) The pump work, (ii) The turbine work, (iii) The Rankine
efficiency, (iv) The condenser heat flow, (v) The dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate
of 9.5 kg/s.
Solution. Pressure and condition of steam, at inlet to the turbine,

p1 = 35 bar, x = 1
Exhaust pressure, p2 = 0.2 bar
Flow rate,
m = 9.5 kg/s
From steam tables :

At 35 bar : h1 = hg1 = 2802 kJ/kg,
sg1 = 6.1228 kJ/kg K
At 0.26 bar : hf = 251.5 kJ/kg,
hfg = 2358.4 kJ/kg,
vf = 0.001017 m3/kg,
sf = 0.8321 kJ/kg K,
sfg = 7.0773 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pump work :
Pump work = (p4 p3) vf
= (35 0.2) 105 0.001017 J or 3.54 kJ/kg
Also hf4 hf3 = Pump work = 3.54 kJ/kg
hf4 = 251.5 + 3.54
= 255.04 kJ/kg
15
2016-2017
Now power required to drive the pump

= 9.5 3.54 kJ/s or 33.63 kW. (Ans.)
(ii) The turbine work :
s1 = s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
6.1228 = 0.8321 + x2 7.0773
x2 = 0.747
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 251.5 + 0.747 2358.4
= 2013 kJ/kg
Turbine work = m (h1 h2)
= 9.5 (2802 2013)
= 7495.5 kW. (Ans.)
It may be noted that pump work (33.63 kW) is very small as compared to the turbine work
(7495.5 kW).
(iii) The Rankine efficiency :
h1 h2
rankine =
h1 hf2
2802 2013
=
2802 251.5
= 0.3093 or 30.93%. (Ans.)
(iv) The condenser heat flow :
The condenser heat flow = m (h2 hf3 )
= 9.5 (2013 251.5)
= 16734.25 kW. (Ans.)
(v) The dryness at the end of expansion, x2 :
The dryness at the end of expansion,
x2 = 0.747 or 74.7%. (Ans.)
12. A steam turbine is fed with steam having an enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg. It moves out of the turbine
with an enthalpy of 2100 kJ/kg. Feed heating is done at a pressure of 3.2 bar with steam enthalpy of
2500 kJ/kg. The condensate from a condenser with an enthalpy of 125 kJ/kg enters into the feed
heater. The quantity of bled steam is 11200 kg/h. Find the power developed by the turbine. Assume
that the water leaving the feed heater is saturated liquid at 3.2 bar and the heater is direct mixing
type. Neglect pump work.
Solution:
At 3.2 bar, hf2 = 570.9 kJ/kg.
Consider m kg out of 1 kg is taken to the feed heater

Energy balance for the feed heater is written as :
mh2 + (1 m) hf5 = 1 hf2
m 2100 + (1 m) 125 = 1 570.9
2100 m + 125 125 m = 570.9
1975 m = 570.9 125
m = 0.226 kg per kg of steam supplied to the turbine
16
2016-2017
Steam supplied to the turbine per hour

11200
=
0.226
= 49557.5 kg/h
Net work developed per kg of steam
= (h1 h2) + (1 m) (h2 h3)
= (3100 2500) + (1 0.226) (2500 2100)
= 600 + 309.6
= 909.6 kJ/kg
Power developed by the turbine
= 12521.5 kW. (Ans.)
13. In a single-heater regenerative cycle the steam enters the turbine at 30 bar, 400C and the exhaust
pressure is 0.10 bar. The feed water heater is a direct contact type which operates at 5 bar. Find :
(i) The efficiency and the steam rate of the cycle. (ii) The increase in mean temperature of heat
addition, efficiency and steam rate as compared to the Rankine cycle (without regeneration). Pump
work may be neglected.
From steam tables :

At 30 bar, 400C : h1 = 3230.9 kJ/kg,
s1 = 6.921 kJ/kg K = s2 = s3,
At 5 bar :
sf = 1.8604,
sg = 6.8192 kJ/kg K,
hf = 640.1 kJ/kg
Since s2 > sg, the state 2 must lie in the superheated region. From the table for superheated steam
t2 = 172C,
h2 = 2796 kJ/kg.
At 0.1 bar :
sf = 0.649,
sfg = 7.501,
hf = 191.8,
hfg = 2392.8
Now, s2 = s3
i.e., 6.921 = sf3 + x3 sfg3
= 0.649 + x3 7.501
x3 = 0.836
17
2016-2017
h3 = hf3 + x3 hfg3
= 191.8 + 0.836 2392.8
= 2192.2 kJ/kg
Since pump work is neglected
hf4 = 191.8 kJ/kg = hf5
hf6 = 640.1 kJ/kg (at 5 bar) = hf7
Energy balance for heater gives
m (h2 hf6 ) = (1 m) (hf6 hf5)
m (2796 640.1) = (1 m) (640.1 191.8) = 448.3 (1 m)
2155.9 m = 448.3 448.3 m
m = 0.172 kg
Turbine work, WT = (h1 h2) + (1 m) (h2 h3)
= (3230.9 2796) + (1 0.172) (2796 2192.2)
= 434.9 + 499.9 = 934.8 kJ/kg
Heat supplied, Q1 = h1 hf6
= 3230.9 640.1
= 2590.8 kJ/kg.
(i) Efficiency of cycle, cycle :
WT
cycle =
Q1
934.8
=
2590.8
= 0.3608 or 36.08%. (Ans.)
3600
Steam rate = 934.8
= 3.85 kg/kWh. (Ans.)
(ii)
Tm1 =
h1 hf7
s1 s7
3230.9 191.8
=
6.921 0.649
= 484.5 K
= 211.5C.
Increase in Tm1 due to regeneration
= 238.9 211.5
= 27.4C. (Ans.)
WT (without regeneration)
= h1 h3
= 3230.9 2192.2
= 1038.7 kJ/kg
Steam rate without regeneration
3600
=
1038.7
= 3.46 kg/kWh
Increase in steam rate due to regeneration
= 3.85 3.46
= 0.39 kg/kWh. (Ans.)
h h
cycle (without regeneration) = h 1 h 3

1
f4
= 0.3418 or 34.18%. (Ans.)

Increase in cycle efficiency due to regeneration
= 36.08 34.18
= 1.9%. (Ans.)
18

2016-2017
14. Draw the P-v, T-s, h -s, diagrams and theoretical lay out for Rankine cycle and hence deduce the
expression for its efficiency.
[NOV/DEC 2015]
Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion (s1 = s2 )
= ( )
h1 Turbine inlet ( ) enthalpy

h2 Turbine exit and condenser intet ( ) enthalpy
Process 2-3: Condenser heat rejection
Constant pressure heat rejection ( wet or dry steam convert into liquid) ( P2 = P3 )
= ( )
h3 = hf2 = hf3 Condenser exit and pump inlet

(saturated liquid)
= ( )
h4 Pump exit & boiler inlet (subcooled liquid)
= ( ) ( )
= + ( )
Process 4-1: Boiler heat supplied (Constant pressure heat supplied)

Subcooled liquid to dry or superheated steam ( P4 = P1 )
= ( )
Efficiency :

( ) ( )
=
=

15. (i) State the advantages of using superheated steam in vapour power cycles.
Its heat content and hence its capacity to do work is increased without having to increase its
pressure
High temperature of superheated steam results in an increase in thermal efficiency
Superheating is done in a superheater which obtains its heat from waste furnace gases which
would have otherwise uselessly up the chimney
19

2016-2017
3
(ii) A vessel with a capacity of 0.05m contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at
a temperature of 245C. The mass of the liquid present is 10kg. Find the following. (i)The
pressure,(ii) The mass,(iii) The specific volume,(iv) The specific enthalpy,(v) The specific
entropy, and (vi) The specific internal energy.
[NOV/DEC 2015]
Given: V=0.05 m3 , T1=245C, mf =10 kg
Find : (i) p (ii) m (iii) v (iv) h (v) s (vi) u
Solution:

psat = 36.5 bar, vf = 0.001239 m3/kg, vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K
sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pressure P = 36.5 bar

(ii) The mass, m :
Volume of liquid, Vf = mf vf
Volume of vapour Vg = V Vf
Vg
vg
Vf = 10 0.001239
= .
Vg = 0.05 0.01239
= .
mg =
0.03761
= .
0.0546
The total mass of mixture, m = mf + mg
m = 10 + 0.688
= .

x=
mg
x=
mg + mf
v = vf + xvfg
0.688
0.688+10
= .
v = 0.001239 + 0.064 (0.0546 0.001239)
= . /

h = hf + xhfg
h = 1061.4 + (0.064 1740.2 )
= . /

s= s + xsfg
s = 2.7474 + (0.064 3.3585 )
= . /

u = h pv
u = 1172.77 36.5 102 0.004654
= . /
16. A power generating plant uses steam as a working fluid and operate at a boiler pressure of 50 bar,
dry saturated and a condenser pressure of 0.05 bar. determine the cycle efficiency, work ratio and
specific steam consumption for Rankine cycle.
[APR/MAY 2015]
From steam tables,

At 50 bar :
h1 = ... kJ/kg,
s1 = .. kJ/kg K
At 0.05 bar : hf2 = hf3 = kJ/kg,
hfg2 = .kJ/kg,
sf2 = ..........kJ/kg K,
sfg2 = .. kJ/kg K
vf = m3/kg
Considering turbine process 1-2, we have :
s1 = s2
s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
x2 = ?
20
2016-2017
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg
h2 = .kJ/kg
Turbine work, Wturbine = h1 h2

=. kJ/kg
Pump work, Wpump = hf4 hf3
= vf (p1 p2)
= kJ/kg
[Since, hf4 = hf3 + 2.79 = .kJ/kg]
Net work, Wnet = Wturbine Wpump
= kJ/kg
W
Cycle efficiency = Qnet
1
Work ratio =
3600
Specific steam consumption = W
Wnet
Wturbine
net
17. A steam power plant operates on a theoretical reheat cycle. Steam at 25 bar pressure and 400 C is
supplied to the high pressure turbine. After its expansion to dry state the steam is reheated at a
constant pressure to its original temperature. Subsequent expansion occurs in the low pressure
turbine to a condenser pressure of 0.04 bar. Considering feed pump work, make calculation to
determine (i) quality of steam at entry to condenser (ii) thermal efficiency (iii) specific steam
consumption.
[APR/MAY 2015]
Ans: Refer Question No:22
18. Explain steam formation with relevant sketch and label all salient points and explain every point in detail.
[NOV/DEC 2014]
21

2016-2017
It may be noted during heating up to boiling point that there will be slight increase in volume
of water due to which piston moves up and hence work is obtained as shown in Fig. 3.9 (ii). This
work, however, is so small that is can be neglected. Now, if supply of heat to water is continued it
will be noticed that rise of temperature after the boiling point is reached nil but piston starts moving
upwards which indicates that there is increase is volume which is only possible if steam formation
occurs. The heat being supplied does not show any rise of temperature but changes water into vapour
state (steam) and is known as latent heat or hidden heat. So long as the steam is in contact with
water, it is called wet steam and if heating of steam is further progressed [as shown in Fig. 3.9 (iv)]
such that all the water particles associated with steam are evaporated, the steam so obtained is called
dry and saturated steam. If vg m3 is the volume of 1 kg of dry and saturated steam then work done
on the piston will be
p(vg vf)
where p is the constant pressure (due to weight W on the piston).
Again, if supply of heat to the dry and saturated steam is continued at constant pressure there will be
increase in temperature and volume of steam. The steam so obtained is called
19. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the exhaust
pressure is 0.2 bar. Determine (i) The pump work (ii) The turbine work (iii) The Rankine efficiency
(iv) The condenser heat flow (v) The dryness at the end of expansion. Assume flow rate of 9.5 kg/s.
[NOV/DEC 2014]
Ans:Refer Question no:11
20. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at
a temperature of 245C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the following : (i) The
pressure, (ii) The mass, (iii) The specific volume, (iv) The specific enthalpy, (v) The specific
entropy, and (vi) The specific internal energy.
[APR/MAY 2014]

psat = 36.5 bar,
vf = 0.001239 m3/kg,
vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg,
hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K
sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pressure
= 36.5 bar (or 3.65 MPa). (Ans.)
(ii) The mass, m :
Volume of liquid, Vf = mfvf
= 10 0.001239
= 0.01239 m3
22
2016-2017
Volume of vapour, Vg = 0.05 0.01239

= 0.03761 m3
Vg
vg
0.03761
0.0546
= 0.688 kg
The total mass of mixture,
m = mf + mg
= 10 + 0.688
= 10.688 kg. (Ans.)
mg
x=
mg + mf
0.688
=
0.688 + 10
= 0.064
v = vf + x vfg
= 0.001239 + 0.064 (0.0546 0.001239)
= 0.004654 m3/kg. (Ans.)
h = hf + x hfg
= 1061.4 + 0.064 1740.2
= 1172.77 kJ/kg. (Ans.)
s = sf + x sfg
= 2.7474 + 0.064 3.3585
= 2.9623 kJ/kg K. (Ans.)
u = h pv
= 1155.78 kJ/kg.
=
(Since vfg = vg vf )
21. A steam power plant operates on a theoretical reheat cycle. Steam at boiler at 150bar,
550 C expands through the high pressure turbine. It is reheated at a constant pressure of 40 bar to
550 C and expands through the low pressure turbine to a condenser at 0.1 bar. Draw T-s and h-s
diagram. Find (i) Quality of steam at turbine exhaust (ii) Cycle efficiency (iii) Steam Rate in
kg/kWh.
[MAY 2014]
23
2016-2017
24
2016-2017
22. Steam at 480C, 90 bar is supplied to a Rankine cycle. It is reheated to 12 bar and 480C. The
minimum pressure is 0.07 bar. Find the work output and cycle efficiency using steam tables with
and without considering pump work.
[NOV/DEC 2013]
23. (i) Steam initially at 0.3 Mpa, 250C is cooled at constant volume. At what temperature will the
steam become saturated vapour? What is the steam quality at 80C? Also find what is the heat
transferred per kg of steam in cooling from 25oC to 80C.
25
2016-2017
(ii) When will you call a vapour superheated? Give example. Also when will you call a liquid as
compressed liquid? Give example.
[NOV/DEC 2013]
When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is said to exist as
superheated vapor.
If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it is
called either a subcooled liquid or a compressed liquid
24. (i) Steam at 30 bar and 350 C is expanded in a non-flow isothermal process to a pressure of 1 bar.
The temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25 C and 100 kPa respectively.
Determine the maximum work that can be obtained from this process per kg of steam. Also
find the maximum useful work.
Given: non-flow system (closed system)

System at state 1:
p1= 30 bar
T1=350 C (super-heated steam since sat T= C for 30 bar sat pr.)
Find V1 from table 3
System at state 2:
p2= 1 bar
T2= T1 = 350 C (super-heated steam since sat T= C for 1 bar sat pr.)
Find V2 from table 3
Surrounding is at are 25 C and 100 kPa
Consider mass of steam as 1 kg. Find maximum work that can be obtained from this process per
kg of steam.
Wmax = W1-2 = mRT ln(V2/ V1)
Maximum useful work. [reversible adiabatic (isentropic) work]
Find h1
On Based on condition S1 = S2,
Condition of steam at 2
find X2 and h2
Maximum useful work is W1-2 =( h 1 - h 2)
26

2016-2017
(ii) With the aid of T-v diagram explain various phases of conversion of ice at -20C to steam at
125C.
[APR/MAY 2013]
25. (i) With the help of a schematic diagram, explain the regenerative Rankine cycle and derive the
expression for its efficiency. Also represent the process in p-v and T-s diagram.
Process 1-2 & 1-3 Turbine Work:

= ( ) + ( )( )
h1 Turbine1 inlet enthalpy
h2 bypass regeneration enthalpy
kJ
= ( )
kg
h3 Turbine exit and condenser intet enthalpy
h4 = hf3 = hf4 Condenser exit enthalpy
To find bypass steam mass: energy balance
(( ) = ( )( )
= ( ) (
kJ
)
kg
27

= ( ) (
= ( ) (
= + (
2016-2017
kJ
)
kg
kJ
)
kg
kJ
)
kg
Process 7-1: Boiler heat supplied: Subcooled liquid to dry or superheated steam ( P7 = P1 )
= ( ) (
kJ
)
kg
Efficiency :
=
( ) + ( )( )
( )
Note: Here Pump work is negligible

(ii) Steam at 50 bar, 400 C expands in a Rankine cycle to 0.34 bar. For a mass flow rate of 150
kg/sec of steam, determine i) Power developed, ii) Thermal efficiency, iii)Specific steam
consumption.
[APR/MAY 2013]
28
2016-2017
26. (i) Explain the phase transformation that takes place when ice (solid) is heated continuously till
superheated steam is obtained. Name the different states involved. Sketch the transformation on a
temperature vs heat added diagram.
(ii) A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 250C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the pressure, mass, the
specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal energy.
[NOV/DEC 2012]
27. (i)
Define specific steam consumption, specific heat rate and work ratio.
o
It is defined as the mass flow of steam required per unit power output.
The rate of heat input required to produce unit power output.
Work ratio = Wnet/WTurbine
29

2016-2017
(ii) Steam enters the turbine at 3 Mpa and 400C and is condensed at 10kPa. Some quantity of
steam leaves the turbine at 0.5 Mpa and enters feed water heater. Compute the fraction of the
steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle thermal efficiency.
[NOV/DEC 2012]
Since s2 > sg, the state 2 must lie in the superheated region. From the table for superheated steam
28. Define the following terms pertaining to pure substances like water: i)Sensible heating, ii)Latent
heating, iii)Saturation states, iv)Saturation pressure, v)Saturation temperature, vi)Triple point,
vii)Dryness fraction, viii)Superheated steam and Degree of super heat.
[APR/MAY 2012]
Sensible heating:
The heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in its temperature is called
sensible heat
Latent heating:
Latent heat is the amount of heat added to or removed from a substance to produce a change in
phase.
30

Saturation states:
2016-2017
The term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a
given temperature and pressure
Saturation pressure:
The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the
saturation pressure.
Saturation temperature:
The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is called the
saturation temperature or boiling point
Triple point:
triple point, defined as the state in which all three phases may be present in equilibrium
Dryness fraction:
quality x as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture
Superheated steam:
When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is said to exist as
superheated vapor.
Degree of super heat:
The temperature difference between superheated vapour and saturated liquid is called degree of
superheat.
29. (i) In a steam generator compressed liquid water at 10 MPa, 30C enters a 30 m diameter tube at
the Rate of 3 litres/sec. Steam at 9MPa, 400C exits the tube. Find therate of heat transfer to the
water.
Given:
In boiler Pressurized water enters at section 1 (p1=100 bar, 30C)
At section 2 it exits the tube as Steam at 90 bar, 400C.

Check the condition of water at 1. (find v1)
From volume flow rate find mass flow rate of water
and find h1
Check the condition of water at 2. (find h2)
Find H.T rate Q = m(h2- h1) in kJ/min
(ii) Steam at 20 bar, 360C is expanded in a steam turbine to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler.
iAssuming ideal processes find the net-work and the cycle efficiency per kg of steam. ii)If the pump
and the turbine have 80% efficiency, find the percentage reduction in the net-work and cycle
efficiency.
[APR/MAY 2011]
31
2016-2017

Find : (i) W, (ii)
Solution:
s1 = 6.991 kJ/kgK, h1 = 3159.3 kJ/kg , (by interpolation)

hf2 = 173.88 kJ/kg hfg2 = 2403.1 kJ/kg ,
vf2 = 0.001008 m3/kg
Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion) (s1 = s2 )
s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
6.991 = 0.5926 + ( 7.6361)
=0.838
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
h2 = 173.88 + (0.838 2403.1)
= .
Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion

WT = (h1 h2 )
= 971.62
WT = (3159.3 2187.68)
Q R = h2 h3
Q R = 2187.62 173.88
= .
h3 = hf2 = hf3 Condenser exit and pump inlet (saturated liquid) enthalpy
Wp = Vf3 (P4 P3 )
h4 = Wp + h3
Wp = 0.00108 (20 0.08) 102
h4 = 2.008 + 173.88
= . /
= . /

Process 4-1: Boiler heat supplied: (Constant pressure heat supplied) Subcooled liquid to dry or
Q s = h1 h4
Q s = 3159.3 175.89
= . /
Net work done:

WNet = WT Wp
WNet = 971.62 2.008
= . /
Efficiency :
=
WNet
Qs
969.61
= 2983.41
= . %
32

Engineering Thermodynamics Properties of Pure Substances and Steam Power Plant

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Engineering Thermodynamics Properties of Pure Substances and Steam Power Plant

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ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER PLANT

1. Define a pure substance. Give examples.

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

St. Josephs College of Engineering / St. Josephs Institute of Technology

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

34. Why Rankine cycle is modified?

37. Show Reheat Rankine cycle on T

38. List the advantages of Reheating of steam

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

41. List the advantages of Regenerating of steam

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

Mass of steam (m) in the vessel = =

59. What are the advantages of reheating?

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

63. Define a pure substance. Give examples.

From steam tables, corresponding to 245C :

hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,

sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.

(i) The pressure P = 36.5 bar

The total mass of mixture, m = mf + mg

St. Josephs College of Engineering / St. Josephs Institute of Technology

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

(iii) The specific volume, v :

v = 0.001239 + 0.064 (0.0546 0.001239)

(iv) The specific enthalpy, h :

h = 1061.4 + (0.064 1740.2 )

(v) The specific entropy, s :

(vi) The specific internal energy, u :

Find: Pressure and temperature of the steam at the new state :

u1 = (hf + hfg ) p1 vg1

u1 = (640.1 + 2107.4) 5 105 0.375 103 )

V2 = m[(1 x2 )vf2 + x2 vg2 ]

V2 = 1.5x2 vg2 0.5625 = 1.5 0.6 vg2 = .

From steam tables at = .

Total heat transferred

St. Josephs College of Engineering / St. Josephs Institute of Technology

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

From steam tables, At 8 bar.

The enthalpy of steam before blowing off (per kg)

From steam tables, At 4 bar.

2562.75 = 604.7 + (x2 2133)

Now the mass of steam in the vessel after blowing off,

Mass of steam blown off, m = m1 + m2

hf3 = 604.7 kJ/kg , hfg3 = 2133 kJ/kg, vg3 = 0.606 m3/kg

u2 = (604.7 + 0.918 2133) 4 10 5 0.918 0.462 103 )

u3 = (hf3 + x3 hfg3 ) p3 x3 vg3

u3 = (561.4 + 0.669 2163.2) 3 10 5 0.699 0.606 103 )

Heat transferred during cooling

St. Josephs College of Engineering / St. Josephs Institute of Technology

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

From steam tables, At 10 bar

vsup = 0.245 m3 /kg

Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar,

From steam tables, at 14 bar :

h2 = 458.4 + (0.8 2231.9)

Internal energy of this steam,

Negative sign indicates decrease in internal energy.

Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion (s1 = s2 )

h1 Turbine1 inlet ( ) enthalpy

ME 6301- Engineering Thermodynamics

h3 Turbine1 inlet ( ) enthalpy

h4 Turbine exit and condenser intet ( ) enthalpy