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Dividing Powers
(same base)
For all numbers x (not zero) and all integers m and n ,
Multiplying Powers
(same base)
Simplify (x
)(x4)
(x3)(x4) = (xxx)(xxxx)
= xxxxxxx
= x7
(3+4)
)(x )=x
(m+n)
Power to a Power
Simplify (x
2 4
( 24 )
(x ) =x
mn
Horizontally:
That is, FOIL tells you to multiply the first terms in each
of the parentheses, then multiply the two terms that are
on the "outside" (furthest from each other), then the two
terms that are on the "inside" (closest to each other),
and then the last terms in each of the parentheses. In
other words, using the previous example:
+ 3)(x + 2)
"first": (x)(x) = x
"outer": (x)(2) = 2x
"inner": (3)(x) = 3x
"last": (3)(2) = 6
So: Copyright Elizabeth Stapel 2006-2008 All Rights
Reserved
Vertically:
(x + 3)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = x2
+ 5x + 6
Simplify (x
polynomial multiplication
There is also a special method, useful ONLY for a twoterm polynomial times another two-term polynomial. The
method is called "FOIL". The letters F-O-I-L come from
the words "first", "outer", "inner", "last", and are a
memory device for helping you remember how to
multiply horizontally, without having to write out the
distribution like I did, and without dropping any terms.
Here is what FOIL stands for:
"Box"
Method
7x + 12
x2 +2x + 3x + 6
Answer: x2 + 5x + 6
Square Roots
In general, how do you figure out what can "come out" of
a square root? Factor the innards, and any factor that
occurs in pairs can come out. For example:
Simplify:
Factor 2x
+ x 6.
2x2 + x 6
Factor x
5x + 6.
x2 5x + 6 = (x 2)(x 3)
Note that you can use clues from the signs to determine
which factors to use, as we did in this last example
above:
= 2x2 + 4x 3x 6
= 2x(x + 2) 3(x + 2) =
(x + 2)(2x 3)
This next one involves a little "trick" to solve it. See if you
can see what it is:
Solve Q
= 3a + 5ac for a
= bh for b
Solve d
Reserved
Solve P
= 2l + 2w for w
Solve Q
= (c + d)/2 for d
Solve V =
3k
/t for t
So the answer is P
= (1, 2).
Distance Formula:
Given the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), the distance
between these points is given by the formula:
Subtracti
on works
entry-wise, too.
Reserved
Band
Graphing Calculator
Solution:
A and B are the same size, each being
so I can subtract, working entry-wise:
2 3 matrices,
7
Graph shown
below.
3. Have the
calculator
determine the line
of best fit.
STAT
CALC #4
LinReg(ax+b)
4. Have Calculator
graph it for you
Y= Vars
#5 EQ enter
Graph
y=11.73128088x +
193.8521475
4. To get a predicted
value within the window,
hit 2nd Trace #1,type the
desired value. The screen
below shows x = 22.
y = mx + b
m = slope
b = y-intercept
Point Slope Form
= any point on
the line
Standard Form
Ax + By = C
Slope = A/B
Y-intercept = C/B
Solve for x:
Here are the steps you should follow:
1. Move all
terms to
the same
side of the
equal sign, This places the equation in
so the
standard form.
equation is
set equal
to 0.
y
-1
-6
-9
-10
-9
-6
-1
2.
3. Set each
factor
equal to 0.
(This process
9
is called the
"zero product
property". If
the product
of two factors
equals 0,
then either
one or both
of the factors
must be 0.)
4. Solve each
resulting
equation.
3(9 - 2x) - 2x = 11
(27 - 6x) - 2x = 11
27 - 6x - 2x = 11
27 - 8x = 11
-8x = -16
x=2
y + 2x = 9 or
y = 9 - 2x
y = 9 - 2(2)
y=9-4
y=5
5. Check: substitute x
= 2 and y = 5 into
BOTH ORIGINAL
equations. If these
answers are correct,
BOTH equations will
be TRUE!
3y - 2x = 11
For ax + bx + c =
0, the value of x is
given by:
3y - 2x = 11
y + 2x = 9
3y - 2x = 11
y = 9 - 2x
3(5) - 2(2) = 11
15 - 4 = 11
11 = 11 (check!)
y + 2x = 9
5 + 2(2) = 9
5+4=9
9 = 9 (check!)
Solve this system of equations using the
addition or subtraction method.
10
1. Solve this
system of
equations
and check:
x - 2y = 14
x + 3y = 9
x - 2y = 14
x + 3y = 9
f.
x - 2y = 14
x + 3y = 9
substitute x = 12 and y
= -1 into BOTH
ORIGINAL equations.
If these answers are
correct, BOTH
equations will be
TRUE!
b. Decide which
variable ("x" or "y")
will be easier to
eliminate. In order to
eliminate a variable, the
numbers in front of
them (the coefficients)
must be the same or
negatives of one
another. Looks like "x"
is the easier variable to
eliminate in this
problem since the x's
already have the same
coefficients.
c. Now, in this
problem we need to
subtract to eliminate
the "x" variable.
Subtract ALL of the
sets of lined up terms.
(Remember: when you
subtract signed
numbers, you change
the signs and follow the
rules for adding signed
numbers.)
Check:
x - 2y = 14
x - 2(-1) = 14
x + 2 = 14
x = 12
x - 2y = 14
12 - 2(-1) = 14
12 + 2 = 14
14 = 14 (check!)
x + 3y = 9
12 + 3(-1) = 9
12 - 3 = 9
9 = 9 (check!)
x - 2y = 14
-x - 3y = - 9
- 5y = 5
-5y = 5
y = -1
11
Solve
graphically:
4x - 6y = 12
2x + 2y = 6
slope =
y-intercept =
-2
2x + 2y = 6
slope = -1
y-intercept
=3
Notice:
Example:
when a > 0 and the b
is between
Graph
the
lines.
The slope
intercept
method of
graphing was
used in this
example.
The point of
intersection
of the two
lines, (3,0), is
the answer
Exponential Decay.
12
Example:
when a > 0 and the b
is greater
Growth:
Decay:
(an
Exponential Growth.