~

KSB

KSB Aktiengesellschaft engages in the manufacture, marketing

and sale of pumps and valves and ranks as a world leader in

this field.
KSB's manufacturing programme covers an extensive range

of products for the water supply sector, power stations, marine

and offshore applications, building services as well as process
and environmental engineering.

KSB employs around 10.000 people worldwide and is repre

sented in almost every country of the globe through more than
100 factories, agencies and representatives.

Copyright by KSB

Contents
Symbols, Units and Designations

Page
4

Design

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

Pump Capacity
Pump Head
System Head
Speed
Selecting the Pump Size
Calculating the Power Consumption
Pump Power Input
Caiculating the Drive Rating
System Characteristic (Piping Characteristic)
Operating Point
Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Pumps

4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7

Suction Characteristics

3.1
3.2

NPSH Required
NPSH Available

8
8

Pressure Losses Pv

4.1
4.2
4.3

Head Losses H, in Straight Pipes

Pump Characteristic Curve

Page
8

General

8.1

National and International Standards for

8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

Centrifugal Pumps
Shaft Deflection
Improving the NPSH Requirement
Impeller Types
Pump Types
Pump Installation Arrangements
Pump Sump Contiguration
Suction Pipe Layout
Shaft Couplings

22
24
24
25
26
27
28
28
30

Technical Data

31

9.1
9.2
9.3

Vapour pressure Po and Density p of Water

Vapour pressure Po of Various Liquids

31
32

16

Density p of Various Liquids at Atmospheric

Pressure
g.4 Extract of Main Legal Units for Centrifugal
Pumps
9.5 Conversion of British and U.S. Units
9.6 Graph for Calculating Flow Velocity v
9.7 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head v'/2 g
9.8 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head
Differential I!. v'/2 g
9.9 Graph for Calculating Head Losses H,
9.10 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors
fa,w, fH,w and fTI,w for Viscous Liquids
9.11 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors fo,l

5.1 Changing the Speed

5.2 Trimming the Impellers

16
16

9.12 Graph for Calculating Specific Speed nq

Schedule for Calculating the Operating Point

Handling Viscous Liquids

17

Typical Selection Examples

Head Losses H v in Plastic Pipes

Head Losses H v for Viscous Liquids

in Straight Pipes
4.4

Head Losses H v in Valves and Fittings

Changing the Pump Performance

9
11
11
13

and fH,z for Viscous Liquids

or Pump Size for Viscous Liquids

Selecting the Pump Size

Calculating the Power Consumption
Pump Power Input
Calculating the Drive Rating
Calculating the NPSH"
Suction Lift from Open/Closed Tank
Positive Suction Operation from Open/Closed
Tank
7.3.3 Positive Suction Operation from Closed Tank

7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2

at Vapour Pressure

7.4
7.5
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.2

Changing the Speed

Trimming the Impeller
Handling Viscous Liquids

Calculating the Operating Point

Establishing the Pump Size

22

33
34
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
21
21
21
21
21
. 22

fa
f~

HA
Hgeo

Ho

Hs geo
Hz geo

H,
H v.s
~H

K
k

L
n
NPSH req

NPSH"

nq
P
p
Pb

Po

p,

~Q

Q
Q min

R
Re
U

v
y
Z

Conversion factor for flow rate

Conversion factor for efficiency

m/s:2
Gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s 2
m
Head
m
System head
m
Static head
m
Shut-off head
m
Static suction lift
m
Static positive suction head
Head loss
m
Head loss - suction side
m
Differential head
m
1
Coefficient
mm
Absolute roughness
Length of pipe
m
llmin
Speed
NPSH required
m
m

NPSH available
1/min

Specific speed
kW

Pump power input

bar (N/m')
Pressure
bar (N/m')
Barometric pressure
bar (N/m 2 )
Vapour pressure of liquid
bar (N/m 2)
Pressure loss
lis (m 3 /h)
Differential capacity
lis (m 3 /h)

CapacitylFlow rate
lis (m 3 /h)

Minimum flow rate

mm
Radius
1
Reynolds number
m
Circumference
mls
Flow velocity
mm
Stroke
llh
Switching frequency
Height differential between pump
m
suction and discharge nozzles
Loss coefficient

I'

1
m 2/s
kg/m 3
(kg/dm 3 )
1
o

The head H of a pump is the useful mechanical energy trans

mitted by the pump to the medium handled, related to the
weight of the medium, expressed in m. It is independent of
the density p of the medium handled, i.e. a centrifugal pump
will generate the same head H for all fluids irrespective of the
density p. The density p determines the pressure within the
pump
p=pgH
and influences the pump power input P.

2.3 System Head

The total head of the system HA is made up of the following
(see Figs. 1 and 2):
H"a. Static head = height difference between the suction
and discharge fluid levels. If the discharge pipe emerges
above the liquid level, then Hgeo is referred to the centreline
of the outflow section.

Pa - Po, the pressure head difference between the suction

p.g

and discharge fluid levels in closed tanks.

~H" the sum of all pressure head losses (pipe friction,

friction in valves, fittings etc. in suction and discharge
pipes).
2

The system head HA is thus:

HA = Hoe,

Temperature factor
Opening angle

for open tanks

e
G
geo
K

s
opt
R
sch

W
Z

1,2,3
4

at outiet cross section of the systemlbranching off

at operating point
at discharge nozzle of pumplflowing through
at inlet cross section of plant/branching off
for cast iron
geodetic
tor plastic
suction side, at suction nozzle of pump
at best efficiency point
radial
for sulphuric acid
for water
for viscous liquids
consecutive numbers, items

2-

In practice the difference between the velocity heads can be

ignored, leaving
for closed tan ks

Indices

B
d

Pa - Pe

a a
+ -p.g + ~
+ ~H,.

Pump efficiency
Pipe friction coefficient
Correction coefficient
Kinematic viscosity
Density

HA = Hgao

HA

Va ;gV e , the difference in velocity heads in the tanks.

H geo

+p, -p, + ~H
p.g

~"

+ ~Hv

2.4 Speed
With three-phase motor drives (asynchronous squirrel cage
motor) the approximate pump speeds are as follows:
No, of poles
Frequency
Aororenca speeds In curve documentallon In l/mln

al 50 Hl
at 60 Hl

2900
3500

11450
1750

I1160
960

1725
875

1580
I 700

1"0
5aO

1415
500

In practice, however, motors usually run at slightly higher

speeds which - upon consent of the customer - are taken
into account by the pump manufacturer at the design stage
(see section 7.4).
Different speeds are possible using a speed adjustment
device, gearbox or belt drive.

Hgeo

~It-----------,s. ======;-)---4

Hsgeo

Fig. 1 Pumping system with suction lift

Hgeo

P.

Fig. 2 Pumping system with positive sucllon

the operating point near Qopt (b.e.p.).

For pumps handling viscous liquids see sections 6 and 7.6.2

The characteristic curves apply to the density p and kinematic

viscosity v of water, unless stated otherwise.

2.6 Calculating the Power Consumption

2.6.1 Pump Power Input
(see exampie in 7.2.1)
The pump power input P of a centrifugal pump is the mechan
ical energy at the pump coupling or pump shaft absorbed
from the drive. It is determined using the following equation:
pgQH.
P ~ 1000. ~ tn kW
with p in kg/dm 3
9 in m/s2
Q in lis
H in m
~ between 0 and 1

==
,

~
~

~
~

I"

=
=
E

" =

\!S

100
q GPr 1411
180
180
eoIG13l14O

"'

"

57 ,

"" , ,

, ,
"

J"

The pump power input P in kW can also be directly read with

sufficient accuracy off the characteristic curves (see 2.7) where
the depsity p = 1000 kg/m'. The pump power input P must
be cdnverted (see 7.2.1) for other densities p.

.=

"

"'3,M:J:l

'"

="

";
,

-=
"
,.=
~

Since it is possible that the system volume flow, and thus the
operating point, will fluctuate, which could mean an increase
in the pump power input P, it is standard practice to use the
following safety margins when determining the motor size,
unless the customer specifies otherwise:
up to 7.5 kW approx. 20%

from 7.5 to
40 kWapprox. 15%

from 40 kW approx. 10%.

I""

I;:

2.6.2 Calculating the Drive Rating

(see example under 7.2.2)

I;:

/9'W1112U

with p in kg/dm 3
Q in m3 /h
H in m
367 conversion factor (constant)

""
""

"

&2,5_

pQH.
P = 367. ~ In kW

Z20
180
~

"

or another equation which is still used:

200

,.=

9101112131.<1:1

Flg.3 Centrlfugel pump characteristic curves

If extreme volume flow fluctuations are expected, the motor

size must be selected with reference to the maximum possible
pump capacity on the characteristic curves, taking the follow
ing into consideration:
impeller diameter required,
condition NPSH" <: NPSH"q (see 3.2),
permissible Pin values for the bearings.

Handling liquids with a high proportion of solids, as well as

handling pulp, means using special pumps andlor special

impellers.

The duty conditions determine which is the more favourable

- a flat or a steep curve. With a steep curve the capacity
changes less than with a flat curve under the same differen
tial head conditions t.H (see Fig. 4). The steep curve thus
possesses better control characteristics.

l!.Qsleep

aOUal

The only practical ways to modify the system characteristic

when handling solid-free, normal viscosity liquids are to
increase or reduce the pipe friction (i.e. by opening or closing
a valve, changing the piping diameter, incrustations etc.) or
to alter the static part (e.g. by increaslng'orredUcing the "
tank pressure or the water level).

-~

Capacity Q
Fig.4 Steep and lIe\ pump characteristic curves

2.8 System Characteristic (Piping Characteristic)

The system head HA is plolted against the capacity Q to give
the system curve (piping curve) (Fig. 5). This curve is made
up of the static and dynamic characteristics 01 the installation.

The static part consists of the static head Hgeo , which is

independent of the capacity, and the difference in pressure
head between the system inlet and outlet section PB - Pe.
p.g

r-----__"".:~B~I::::::::

~~

,------
I

,/'
/OHlines

B Operating point

n Speed

-------------------OiOl'~
Capacity Q

The lalter does not apply with open tanks (see Fig. 1 and 2).
Fig.6 Changing the position althe operating point/rom 81 to 82 on the system curve
HA by raising the pump speed n1 to n2

The dynamic part consists of the head loss H", which increases
quadratically with the capacity (see 4.1) and the difference in
velocity head between the system inlet and outlet section

Gale valve

further closed I

va? - Va?

2g

Gate valve open

B Operating point

-- f
SY51em curve HA

slatic pari = Hgeo + De - Pe

p 9

'------------------------'1=

Capacity Q

Fig. 5 System (piping) characteristic

Capacity

QIOQ

11"

Fig. 7 Changing the position of Ihe operating point trom e, to 82 on [he QH line by
progressively closing the valve

2.10 Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Pumps

Where one pump is unable to deliver the required capacity Q
at the operating point B, it is possible to have two or more
pumps working in parallel in the same piping system. The
pumps should preferably (for economic operation) be of the
same type (see 8.5 pump types) and have the same shut-off
head.
In the example (Fig. 8) each pump is designed for 0.5 X Q at
the same head.

NPSH av is defined as:

Pe+Pb-PD + ve'2
p.g
2g

NPSH..

H
V,s.

_ H
9geo'

However, with a cold liquid, e.g. water, and an open tank,

8 Operating point

HO Shut-off head

= 1 bar (= 10' N/m')

i.e. Pb
p,

'----------Q~,-o~Q-,,-l~-Q/2=------~Q-o~QLI+~

=
bar
= 1000 kg/m 3

g
= 10 mis' (incl. 2% error on 9.81 m/s')
ve2 /2g ~ can be eliminated because of the negligible
velocity head in the tank.

Capacity Q

Fig. 8 Parallel operation altwo similar centrllugal pumps with the same shut-oil head HO

The following simplified version is used in practice:

Fig. 9 shows an alternative solution: two pumps with the same
shut-off head Ho but different capacities Q 1 and Q II pumping
at a given operating point B in one piping system. Q 1 of
pump I and 011 of pump II combine to produce the total
capacity Q 1+ II at the same head H.

NPSH

= 10 - H - Hsgeo,

'.'

"

D~tum

.~.

HO

//

r""''''~;:::--7':::-'__

Pump II curve

//

:~_f!lP I + II curve

Fig. 10

--t---~i

Po' t,s,v.

./
lor suction lift opemtlon

b) Suction head operation; the pump is below the liquid level

(Fig. 11)

NPSH.. is defined as:

System curve

B Operating point

HO Shut-oil head

L----;e----------occ---~all

'1-',' ....

NPSH av

NPSH av =

01

Pe Pb

::-..::-_'--;:----:----.::---- =- --=------=_:=-_-=

t--

/'

H,g.o

Ij lank

Closed

Pb
Pe = 0

Opan
lank
Pump I curve

level

Pe + Pb- PD va'2
+ -2 - Hvs + Hz,,,.
p.g
g'

The following equation is used in practice, assuming the same

conditions as in a):
NPSH lIv = 10 - Hv,s + Hz geo

a"OI+OIl

Open
tank.

Capacity Q

Pb
Pe=O

Fig,9 Parallel operation of 2 pumps with the same shut-oil head HO

Closed

lank

Pe+Pb

3 Suction Characteristics
3.1 NPSH Required (= NPSH,,,)
(NPSH = Net Positive Suction Head)
Centrifugal pumps will only operate satisfactorily if there is no
build-up of vapour (cavitation) within the pump. Therefore the
pressure head at the NPSH datum point must exceed the
vapour pressure head of the medium handled. The NPSH
datum point is the impeller centre, Le. the point of intersection
between the pump shaft centreline and the plane at right
angles to the pump shaft and passing through the outer
points of the vane inlet edge.
The NPSH"q isthe value required by the pump and is expressed
in meters on the pump characteristic curves. The value often
includes a safety margin of 0.5 m.
B

H,g.o

Datum level

Fig.

11 NPSH av

'or suction head operation

In all cases the following is a prerequisite for cavitation-free

operation:
NPSH av ;;;;; NPSH req

Pv pipe friction loss,

A pipe friction coefficient,
U wetted periphery of section A through which the fluid
fiows,
L length of pipe,
p density of the medium pumped,
v

v' D
Re=-
v

for non-circular sections

v 4 A
vU

Re~--

flow velocity across a section A characteristic of the pres

where
v
kinematic viscosity.

sure loss.

Table 1: Mean peak-to-valley heights k (absolute roughness)

Material

Condition of pipe interior

Steel

new, seamless,

10

skin
acid-cleaned
galvanized

straightwelded,

500 1000

50 100

5000 104

skin
bituminized
galvanized
cemented

riveted

I-

used, moderately rusty

slight incrustation
heavy incrustation
after cleaning
Cast iron

new, with skin

bituminized
galvanized
cemented

1
~

used, moderately rusty

slight incrustation
heavy incrustation
after cleaning
Asbestos-cement
Heavy-clay (drain.)
Concrete
Spun concrete
Reinforced concrete
All concretes
1)

Glass, plastic
Rubber tubing
Wood

new
new
new, unfinished
with smooth
new, unfinished
with smooth
new, with smooth
used, with smooth

finish

~
~

finish
finish
finish

II

drawn
new, not embrittled
new

after long exposure to water

Masonry

k in
I) Nonferrous metals, light alloys

~m-

10

50 100

500 1000

5000 104
9

by ECK:

C>

A = 0.309 .
(Ig

In the region of 2320

1 %.

~e)'

0.005

< Re < 10' the deviations are less than

.~

t-.J'I

F':

1---

10'

468

2468

10'

10'

2468

2468

106

REYNOLDS number Re =

According to MOODY the following applies:

A = 0.0055

+ 0.15.

V~

Table 1 gives rough approximations of k.

4.1 Head Losses H. in Straight Pipes
Fig. 13 gives the losses of head H, per 100 m of straight pipe
run for practical usage. The head losses H" in this context are
'2
calculated according to
v

H,=( 2g

Fig. 13: Head losses In straight pines (casllron pipe, naw condition) from DN 15102000 mm
and for Capacities Q from 0.5 to 50000 m 3/h (flow velOCity v in mis, nom. bore In mm, waler
al200).

Nt ,,
"

--

Fig. 12 shows, that A is solely dependent on the parameter

D/k at relatively high REYNOLDS numbers; kiD is the "relative
roughness", obtained from the "absolute roughness" k and the
pipe bore diameter D, where k is defined as the mean depth
of the wall surface roughness (coarseness).

10

--<"<-I

t-''.oL

ii:

10'

4 6B

10'

vJl.
v

Fig. 12: Pipe trlcUon coolliclonl),. In function 01 REYNOLDS number and ot relative wall
roughness D/k

where
( loss coefficient,
v flow velocity,
g gravitational constant.

The values in Fig. 13 apply to clean water at 20C and to fluids

of equal kinematic viscosity, assuming the piping is completely
filled, and consists of new cast iron pipes, with an internal bi
tumen coating (k = 0.1 mm). The head losses H, of Fig. 13
should be multiplied by:
0.8 for new rolled steel pipes,
1.7 for pipes with incrustations (the reduced pipe cross
section due tothe incrustations is the determining factor),
1.25 for old slightly rusty steel pipes.

Assuming a rate of flow Q = 140 m3 /h and a new cast iron pipe,

inside diameter D 150 mm, we obtain: head loss H, ~ 3.25

m/100 m pipe length, flow velocity v ~ 2.2 m/s.

See viscosity for conversion of viscosity values.

4.2 Head Losses Hy in Plastic Pipes

Head losses In plastic pipes Hv K' The head losses of PVC and
poiylhene "hard" and "soft" (drawn) plastic pipes are approxi
mately equal. For the practical calculation of H'K' the respective
head losses for cast Iron pipes HVG (Fig. 13) should be multi
plied by the correction coefficients ~ of Rg. 14, which are de
pendent on the flow veiocity v. The head losses evaiuated in
this way apply to water at a temperature of 10C.

"JZ

"o

50 ~

65"'
80

If the water temperature is other than 10 cC, these head losses

must in addition be multiplied by a temperature factor <jl (Fig.
15).

100

".

ISO mm

Thus

00

where

HVK head losses in plastic pipes,

HVG head losses in cast iron pipes acc.

to Fig. 13,
~
correction coefficient ace. to Fig. 14,
Ip
temperature factor ace. to Fig. 15.
1.0

-- -

f-~ -

['-..;~

f-

>=

'""E
'0
'"

lffio
Q

1-

~ 0.7

I-

'.:::

0.6

0.5

0.2

1.0

,,

-- I

f-

10- 6

'C~

r---.

l-

~ 0.025

.
::
't3 C 0.030

~-

<3

i'

~ 0.8

::S

~ 0.9

'0

0.015

2 mls 5

; .5

0.035

a:::0. ~~

0.0(,0

>

llJ'hrn

'"
0

0,045

,a'

O,OSO

nOS5

Flow veiocity v

9~

~ 1.0

'"

1-

r\

~I

I- I-lI--

1'\

I--

,- - I -

1i 0.9

'"

~
I--

-1- -

~I--

OI'O'UI1

Fig. 16: ResisJence coefficIents}, lor flow of viscous fluids in straighl pipes

1-

Ii'-

I--

20

How to use figure 16 - an example:

= 100 m'lh, new cast iron pipe, inside

Given: capacity
diameter D = 250 mm, kinematic viscosity v = 2 . 10-4 m'/s.

Found in figure 13: H,w = 0.14 m/100 m.

It follows from figure 16 that: AFI = 0.08, Aw = 0.021.

I-
I-- I-

-~

T
I
40

'k
~+-

--
cC

'"

I-- 1
I-
I- I-
I- I-

r- 1-

I--~

0.8

1- -

i'" ' (

I-f-

t--

f-

fI-

r-

'"c

Fig. 14: Correction coellicient I-l for convarsion 01 head lossas in a cast Iron pipe at
20C weIer temperature to value:> In a plsstic pipe at 10C waler temperalura; ploUed
in lunctlon oillowvalocily v

1.1

.~

:
~

60

Temperature t
Fig. 15: Temperature factor <f> lor calculallon 01 head losses in plastic pipes al water
lemperatures between 0 arld 60 C

Increments of 20 to 30 Ofo should be added for sewage or un

treated water.

Thus, HYFI = 0.08 . 0.14 "'- = 0.53 m/100 m.

0.021100m
One qUite common viscous fluid is celluiose (pulp pumping),
the viscosity of which depends on the fiow velocity. since the
material in question is "non-NEwrONian"! Figures 17 a through
17 f offer reference values for the head losses H, per 100 m
iength of straight steel pipe run plotted against capacity
(H, = flO); nominal bore: 100, 150,200, 250, 300 and 350 mm)
for conveying unbleached sulfite cellulose at 15 "C, 26 cSR

11

m10
I

300
f----- 1- 200

Pulp density
in % bone dry

ON 100

7,

""

100

.0

r--
50
40
:i 30

,5
3,0
A

--- ---

~ 20
.Q

~ 10 1----.
I

--

I--

Fig. 17a

300
200
m

100m

100

--

-_ ...

--

'" 30 ;:::;

j!! 10

-----

I-

--

2
1
20 30

Pulp density

in % bone dry

-._.

2
10

20 30

50

Fig. 17 b

100
200 m
Rate of flow Q

200
--!!l.
100m

ON 200 --

-- f - - -

500

_.'

_l-g 10 V -:::::

I-

----

1
2.S

Fig. 17 c

12

2.5- f

1.5_ f
A

- --

"

100
200 m3 /h 5,00
Rate of flow Q

50

1000

350

2000

Pulp density
in % bone dry

",",,7.~=

-:.6.~_

;,....5.0_
_5.5_
5,0
4.5_
_4.0

__ 3.5

3.?-==
A ~2,5-

2.?-==

5
4

1.5
A

2H---:b4-1"fH+-t>-""""'I-H--+-:bH-Ft++++-t--I

1.5

1
20 30

,,!
100

2.0_ f

"0

2
50

1=
1=

3.0
A A

'" 10
~

30

l- I-

20

I-

,20

1.0
5.5
5.0
5.s
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5

2.0

1
10

50
40
30

- -

--

ON

3.0
A

100

Pulp d enSi~
in%b one ry

.Q

6.~_
5.~_

5.04.5
4.0- f 3,5_ f -

1000

100

50
40
:i 30
~ 20

6.~=

3 /h

in % bone dry

7,O----=--~

Fig. 17e

1.5

1000

A.Pulp density

ON 300 f--

5
4

2.5

~ A A

I-

50
100
200 m3 /h 500
Rate of flow Q

,20

3.0

-g

100

7.0
5.5
50
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5

-- -

50

'"

50

"0

-_ ... -

30

50
40
30

~ 10

:i 40

.Q 20

10
20 m3 /h
Rate of flow Q

ON 150

--

20

m
100m

3
2

100

,.-

Fig.17d

f-----

\5

"

1
10

"
"

--- --

r--

"0

2
1.5

4
3
2

5,5
,0

100m

--!!l.

--

200 m3 /h 500

Rate of flow Q

1000

Fig, 171

V
50

100

200 m /h 500

1000

2000

Rate of flow Q

Figs. 17a-f: sllow a plot oltha head losses Hv lor conveying sulphite cellulose a/various
pulp densities at a temperalure 01 150 QC and a grinding grade 0126 QSR (piPe dlameter6
DN 100 10 DN 350)
A-A= maximum velocity (2,44 or 3.05 m/s) in the discharge pipe loreconomical operation.

For an 18 % kaolin content, the head loss value will decrease

by 12 %, and for a 26.5 % kaolin content, it will decrease by
16 %.

Tables 2 to 4 and Figs. 18 to 24 give details of the indivi

dual loss coefficients ( and head losses Hv in valves and fitt
ings for operation with water.

4.4 Head Losses Hy in Valves and Fittings

10

'1

II

-/- -I 1/

/
/ / IV

IV

L -I

.;

IV

1/

) Y' ~

/
/

1/

7"-; 1/

0.2

"- r-

.3

o
o

0.4

_._.~

'.~

0.5

~tJ

-f-------_a Cl

with guide
vane cascade

-,.~

---

Outside radiused

~ 0.4

-'

-aoORK _

()

vv
V

/ 1/ /1
0.1

'" 0.8
'13
iE

"

V IV

/ 1/ Vv

7I

v'~JG~.
I/~

. _.

0.2
0.03 0.05

"-'

-"J~~

V
V V
V
1/ / / 1/ /
/

/
/

..,,,

V IV vv
Vv I I

/IV

1.2

<:>' ....'?j

1/ II /

-/ Iv

/
/ 1

....

1-- ,Ltt

0.3

IV

V IV ,y,'t IV II
7,~ IV IV
II V

I;

0.4

/7

~~~~I -j/

0.5

'/

~~.,
II/ V / 1/
f/~~" ~.,.. / / /
O:::>'rl\
/ 1/

,,"'/

~~

Inside radiused

0.8
Elbow radius RK
Duct width aD

g.

1.2

.'.

Fig. 20: Influence of rounding orr of concave and convex side on the 1055 coelflclent 01
elbows with quadrallc cr05S section

1.0 m 2.0 3.0

Head loss H,
10'

\\ .

Knee piece

-l45'

50'

Surface

~
.

90'

smoothl

rough

smoothl

,rOUgh

smoothl rough

0,25

0.35

0.50

0.70

1.15

1,30

JL~
r= ;

with sharp edges

rounded wllh
straight bollom
(= 0.7

spherical with
Inward-rounded
neck
I; =O.g

Fig. 19: illustration of IllIings wllh relaled 105S coeffiCients I;

,-

60 0
74
900

\\-'r-- I

JI~

CCI?

spherical

(=2.5104.9

1\-

--

'\, [\

"
~

,
" ,
I'

',- l- I-

0.5
Relative opening
angle ('1'0- '1')/'1'0

i_

<jJ

0.1 0

-l-

-0

- .......

i'-,

_._

-~

--v
0.2

I'" ~

I
I

~\;.\
I-

f~
c" "" "

k\

'
5

0.5

&

-.-.

'PO = 50
45 .

(=5

T pieces (subdivision or 1I0w)

(= 1.3

1-\

.~ 2
()

(=3

---..,

~~ \

iE
~ 10

.3

0100'10

"-' 5
C

i2
2.5

-0-

10'

Surlace

Surlace

Combinations with goo knee pieces

,=

1\

Fig. 18: Delermin~lion 01 he~d losses H v In valves and fillings: flow velocity v relating
\0 Ihe ~CIUEl.I croBB-sectlonal area through whleh the fluid flows

1.0

t=:v ytJ to
1-,

,',

- =::e
" T

0.5
Degree of
opening y/a

1.0

Fig. 21 Loss coelficients 01 butterlly valves, globe and gate valves in function 01 ope
ning angle or degrea 01 opening (position number5 according 10 Table 2, design)

13

...

min

10

min

full-bore valves
diaphragm valves

min

max

non-return valves,

slanted seat
fool valves

';1

18
19
filters
screens

17

16

15

hydroslops v = 4 mls
v= 3 mls
v=2 mls

min

max

swing-type check

valves

max

14

13

12

32

0.5
2.4

2.5
3.0

3.0
6.0
2.0
3.1
1.5
2.6
0.6
1.6
0.8
2.2
3.0
6.0
3.2
3.4

2.3

2.4

3.4

2.3

2.2

3.5

6.0
6.8

2.2

2.1

3.6

3.1

0.55 0.5

25

2.8
1.0

0.5
2.1

2.0

3.8

3.4

0.5

40

50

1.0
3.0
0.4
2.0
0.9
1.8
5.0

1.9

3.2
4.2

3.8

6.0

6.8

0.45
0.25
0.32
0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08
0.15
0.90 0.76

15
20
0.1
0.65 0.6

0.35
0.23
0.30
0.07

80

0.3
0.22
0.28
0.06

100

1.9

~9

1.7

3.7
5.0

4.1

1.8

0.8

1.6

5.0
6.4

4.4

1.8
3.0
4.0
6.0

0.7

1.5

7.3

8.2

4.7

0.60 0.50 0.42

0.4
0.24
0.31
0.07

65

1) If the narrowest shut-off diameter dE is smaller than the nominal diameter ON, the loss coefficien
2) In the case of partial opening, Le. low flow velocities, the loss coefficients increase
3) Designs: cf. page 15

1Il

i!!

min

min

max

non-return valves,
axially expanded

"'
B
c
'"
>

min

max

axial

min

max

non-return valves,

straight-seat

11

max
min
max
max

min

max

slanted-seat valves

angle valves

valves, cast

valves, forged

swing-type valves PN 5;;: 2.5

PN '" 40
min
max
min
max

Design 3 Loss coefficient (for DN =

min
max

varves (dE = DN)

cocks (dE = DN)

non-return valves,

(J)

"

.!.

.c

""'

""'>>

min
max

round-body gate

(dE=DN)

min
max

flat gate valves

Type of valve/fitting

Table 2: Loss coefficients (of valves and fittings (referred to the velocity of flow in the

11

12

14

13

15

17

16

10

19

18

Designs according to Table 2

The minimum and maximum values listed in Table 2 include

figures taken from the most pertinent trade iilerature and
apply to fully open valves and fittings under uniform conditions
of flow. The losses attributable to flow disturbances in a length
of pipe equalling ca. 12 x DN downstream of the valve or
fitting are also included in those values (cf. VDIIVDE guideline
2173). Nonetheless, the actual values are subject to wide
variance, depending on the conditions of inflow and outflow,
the model in question, and the design objectives.

Inlet pipe fittings:

D'1

GOllA
t
t
t
+

Inlet edge

sharp
, = 0.5
0.25
chamfered,

3
0.55 0.20 0.05

!"

,=

for"

... 'Of

75 60 45
0.6 0.7 0.8

,=

Discharge pieces:

1 downstream of an adequate length of straight pipe

with an approximately uniform velocity distribution in
the outlet cross-section.
, = 2 in the case of very unequal velocity distribution, e.g.
immediately downstream of an elbow, a valve etc.

Table 3: Loss coefficients for fittings

Elbows:
Cast elbows goo, R = D + 100 mm,
all nominal size, = 0.5
Pipe bends goo, R = 2 to 4 x D
Nominal size DN

50
= 0.26

100
0.23

If the deflection angle only

amounts to the above, values
should be multiplied by

Loss coefficients of flow meters:

200
0.21

300
0.19

0.85 0.7

500
0.18

0.45 0.3

Knee pieces:

Short venturi tube a = 30

Standard orifice plate

ffit[[J

fJJDJ
OI~O:l'l

, is related to the velocity v at diameter D.

Diameter

ratio diD

0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

Combinations of elbows and pipe bends:

Aperture

ratio m = (diD)'

o.Og 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.49 0.64

The, value of the single goo elbow should not be doubled,

but only be multiplied by the factors indicated to obtain the
pressure loss of the combination elbows illustrated:

6
Short venturi tube , = 21
, = 300 85
Standard orifice
plate

goo

Deflection angle
~

1.4

1.3

60
0.7

45 30
0.35 0.2

15
0.1

2
30

0.7
12

0.3
4.5

0.2

10

Water meters (volumetric meters) ,

In the case of domestic water meters, a max. pressure drop

of 1 bar is prescribed for the rated load, and in practice the

actual pressure loss is seldom below this figure.

1.6

1.8

Branch pieces: (Branch of equal bore)

a,

Expansion joints:

Bellows expansion joint with I without

guide pipe
, =
Smooth bore pipe harp bend
,
Creased pipe harp bend
, =
Corrugated pipe harp bend
, =

0.3/0.2
0.6 to 0.8
1.3 to 1.6
3.2 to 4

'd

The resistance coefficients " for the diverted flow

or
respectively for the main flow ad = a - a, relate to the velo

city of the total flow in the nozzle.

On the basis of that definition, " andlor

may take on

negative values, in which case they are indicative of pres

sure loss. Not to be confused with reversible pressure

changes according to BERNOULLI's equation (cf. annota

tion to Table 4).

'd

15

a,
Q

=
=
=

(d
~50 Qd

~Qa

(,
(d

0.17
0.68
-0.06

0.19
0.50
-0.04

0.09

-0.17

0.38
0.07

0.35
0.20

(= 16

0.48

k;

where
d reference diameter (nominal diameter) of the valve or

fitting in em.
5

Table 4: Pressure change coefficients in transition piece for

arrangements illustrated in Fig. 14
A coefficient f: in accordance with the values in the table below
applies to each ot the illustrated shapes of transition pieces/
reducers. If the pressure rises across the transition piece in
the direction of flow (divergent section), E is positive, and if the
pressure drops (reducer), E is negative.
Coefficients:
Expansion

rn v[t

diD = 0.5

(=
(=
8
II for
a = 15
(=
= 20
(=
III
(=
IV for 20 < a < 40 ( =

r=
ct

'0100:24'

III

II

Form

5.1 Changing the Speed

The same centrifugal pump has different characteristic curves
for different speeds; these curves are interconnected by the
similarity law. 11 the values for 0 1, H1 and P1 are known at
speed nj, then the new values for n2 will be as follows:

IReduction

~ ~
Form I

Changing the Pump Performance

0.56
0.07
0.15
0.23
4.80
0.21

IV

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.41
0.05
0.11
0.17
2.01
0.10

0.26
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.88
0.05

0.13
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.34
0.02

0.04
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.01

A change in the speed also causes the operating point to

shift (see 2.9). Fig. 22 plots three OH curves for the speeds
n1, n2 and n3, each curve is intersected by the system curve
HA at points B" B, and 8 3 respectively. The operating point
will move along the system characteristic HA from 8 1 to 8 3
when the speed is changed as indicated.

B,

Note:

In the case of branch pieces as per Table 3 and transition

~
r

pieces as per Table 4, differentiation is made between irrevers

ible pressure loss (= pressure reduction)

,/
/Hllnes

B Operating point

n Speed

P 'v'

P'=('T
on the one hand and reversible pressure changes involving
frictionless flow as per BERNOULLI's equation (fluid dynamics)

p, - p, = ~ (vl - v;)
on the other. In the case of accelerated flow, e.g. through
a pipe constriction, P2 - Pl negative. Conversely, it is positive in
pipe expansions. By contrast, the pressure losses ascertained

by way of the loss coefficients ( are always negative, if the

overall pressure change is calculated as the arithmetic sum
of P.. and P2- Pl'

'-------------------;;;u"o~
Capacity Q
Fig.22 Eltec\ of change in speed

5.2 Trimming the Impellers

Permanently reducing the output of a centrifugal pump oper
ating at constant speed (see Fig. 23) entails reducing the
impeller diameter D. The characteristic curve booklets contain
the pump curves of selected impeller diameters in mm.
When trimming radial flow impellers (see 8.4) (trimming is not
a geometrically similar reduction of an impeller since the
outlet width normally remains constant), the relationship
between 0, H and impeller diameter Dis:

In the case of water transport through valves and fittings,

the loss coefficients ( is occasionally neglected in favour of
the so-called k",-value:

- (0k; )'
'1000
p

P,-

16

D2

~ 1 ~,~
~D
~ D 1 I~'
-.
0,
H,

(see 8.4),
specific speeds nq of 6 to 45 1/min (see 7.6.1 and 9.12),
kinematic viscosities V z of 1 to 4000 . 10-6 m2/s (kinematic
viscosities below 22 . 10-6 m2 /s are normally disregarded).

H2

e--------------~

82
..

Capacity Q
Fig. 23 Influence of Impeller diameter

1,.~ft~~~i~i~I~~;

",.

10

6 Handling Viscous Liquids

As the viscosity v of the medium handled increases (at con
stant speed) the capacity Q, head H and efficiency ~ fall; at the
same time the pump power input P rises. The best efficiency
point shifts to smaller flow rates. The operating point Bw drops
to Bz (see Fig. 24).

,~

1::f-H--f+I+++i-=
:: 6;,,,~f,l:rl:l:rl:l:

r.~o>

Capacity Q
Fig. 24 Change In operating point when handling viscous liquids (Z) end waler (W)

The standard operating point for water Bw with Q w Hw and

~w (W = water) is converted to the viscous liquid operating
point Bz with Qz, Hz and ~z (Z = viscous liqUid) using the
conversion factors for viscous liquids fa, f H and fl] (see Figs.
25a and 25b).

" ... " ","

~.,J'--e'L'l'=~'"---c-"'~""

Capacity QZ,Betr. QW,oplln

m'

h;;

Fig. 25a Determining the conversion factors fa,w, [H Wand ['l,W lor handling viscous
liquids (enlarged version sae 9.1 0), II the operating pornt lor handling watar Is given

17

Density
Temperature
Kinematic viscosity

p, = 1.5 kg/dm 3

ts = 20C

Vs = 3.8 ' 10-6 m 2/s (can be

disregarded. see 6)
(p, and v, taken from standard reference tables)

The pump selected for this particular liquid is a CPK series

standardized chemical pump.

Technical data and characteristic curves for the CPK are given

in the characteristic curve booklet and selection booklet (Figs.

26 and 27 are extracts) .

Selecting the size of the pump:

Using the CPK/HPK characteristic curve booklet for 50 Hz
the selection charts give the following pump selections for

the specified operating data:

1/min and

1/min.

CPK 65-250 at n = 2900

CPK 150-250 at n = 1450

The CPK 65-250 is selected for reasons of economy.

Fig. 25b Determining the conversion faclors fa,z and fH,Z lor handling viscous liquids
{enlarged version see g,11}, If the operating pO,lnt lor handling viscous liquids IS given

10

U.S.gpm

20

30

10

200
-

40

Imp.g.p,~.

30

20

50
I
40 50

200
300
400 500
I
I,
I
, 200
300
400 500

'00
I
'00

r-
40~315

100

1/ 40-250

32-250

-~

-.I.

i'.

50

3Z -ZOO

- --- - - -- -

1/

50-250

50-200

/
..

- -- --- - - - - -

_..

--- -

t'--

------ ------

30

--

32-160

20

,......

"

~5

- - ----------

c'

/
2

4,

Fig. 26 CPK/HPK, selection chart n = 2900 1/mln

--

'0

4p 5.0

-----

"'

60-160

125-315

~-

It

200

1/

1/

100

'v I~ "- f
--

20

400
300

"125-250 /

100-200

100-250

80-200

80-250

----

t--r--(

1/

rv

i'-- -~
/
K.

K --- N

1/

--- ["'; -

1---

'J
/

65-160

500

100-:~'5

11-_____..

50-160

"- J

'--

)._65-200

r--

--

1/

Q[/s

"

/
'-

T--

I"< t',

65-250

-.......,

,......

t-- r

10

-----

;--

32-125
C~

---- --- - -

/"0-160

---

'--

~-

-r--:

80-315

"'N
1/

f::::: k

i'-

65-315

40-200

40

18

1/

50-315

-r-.

_ ..

1000

I"'"

---- r--.

i'-

+-

--

--

--- -

80

2000

1000

30

40

50

40

f--

50

'00

14

 Pin value must be Checked (see selection booklet, section

Technical Data).

in lis

in m

in kW

or an alternative frequently used in practice:

If the operating point temporarily changes to higher flow rate,

the motor rating must be increased accordingly, if necessary
up to the maximum possible pump power consumption.

p,QH
1.59080
P = 367 .~ = 367.0.68 1) = 43.3 kW

A recheck of the Pin value then becomes important as a

criterion for the bearing bracket.

with

p,

in kg/dm 3
in m3 /h
in m
in kW

The pump power input P can also be established with sufficient

accuracy from Fig. 27.

P is interpolated as = 29 kW for water, the value for sulphuric

acid is:

P = 29 .f'.L-= 29
Pwater

~= 43.5 kW,
1

'} Efllciency 11 (from Fig. 27) interpolated

..,

""'"

....

U~,Gp~

1M GPM

.. ..

..,:oqo

~_.L_L.L 1~ L L

'"

..

7.3 Catculating the NPSH.. (see 3,2)

To achieve cavitation-free operation of the pump the limit of

maximum possible suction lift He gao, max. or the minimum

required suction head Hz gao, min. must be adhered to.

!;:

~+

.. "" " .. .. .. " s

, '"

'"

'"

...

..
'"
...
..

.,

'"

!;:

"
'"

"

...

!l!

.: F

50
;;:

-r~

. "t

..
"'" ..
.,
...,
..

..

~-,-3llO

..
'"
..
..

.,
II!

..

"

'"

"
,
0

"

", '" '"

Fig. 27 Characlarlallc curvas CPK/HPK 65_250

..

"

.,"

;;:

7.3.1 Suction Lift from Open/Closed Tank

Here the pump is above the liquid level (see Fig. 10).

Selected pump is a CPK 65-250, technical data see 7,1.

Calculation of Hs gao, max. is based on following system and

pump data:
= 1500 kg/m 3

p
=1 bar=110'N/m'

Pb
= 0,0038 bar = 0.0038'10' N/m'

Po
(from reference table)

(60% sulphuric acid at 20 "C)

= 1.5 m (estimated from Fig. 13 for 10m suction

Hv.s
pipe ON 100, inci. fitlings and valves)
v,
can be disregarded because negligible
NPSH"q= 3.3 m (interpolated from Fig. 27 inci. 0.5 m safety
margin)
19

p ~O

Po?"

'I

~_~-_C1==~_-",_=

t--

He geo, max =

H"",, m" =
~

Po,t,s,v,

Pe+Pb-PO
Pe.g
- Hv,s - NPSH r8Q

0+110'-0.003810'
1500.9.81
- 1.5 - 3.3

(ace. to 3.2 with NPSH req = NPSH av)

H,goo,m,,=

6.77 -1.5 - 3.3

1.510'-0.003810'
1500.9.81
-1.5-3.3

= 10.17 - 1.5 - 3.3

=5.37 m.

= 1.97 m.

With He geo, max = 5.37 m, NPSH av = NPSH raq = 3.3 m;

therefore NPSHav ~ NPSH req requirements is satisfied.

With He geo, max = 1.97 m. NPSH sv = NPSH req = 3.3 m;

therefore NPSH av ~ NPSH req requirement is satisfied.

7.3.2 Positive Suction Operation from Open/Closed Tank

Here the pump is below the liquid level (see Fig. 11).
Selected pump is a CPK 65-250, technical data see 7.1 to
7,3.1,

::o,ep::::e:..on-.::ta"n"k"----:c-;-
Given: p, = 0 bar

,
I

p.~o

I.::C"loo::s:::;eood-.::ta"n"k'-----,c-::-:---,-::--:-:c::-:-:-:-:------
Given: p, + Pb = 1.5 bar = 1.5 . 10' N/m'
I P.+Pb

~---=et==: ---==,

t-v.,po ,t~

H'Qeo

Datum lavel

Hzgeo, min = NPSH req

H, "0, ml' = 3.3 + 1.5 -

0+110'-0.003810'
1500.9.81

+ 3.3 - 6.77
= -1.97 m.

= 1.5

+ HV,8

.....

e--.-JtoII

-J

~+~-~
-

Ps'g

H, "0, m" = 3.3 + 1.5 -

1.5 10' - 0.003810'

1500.9.81

=3.3 + 1.5 -10.17

= -5.37 m.
Negative heads -H zgeo ere suction lift heads +H aQeo of the
same value. The minus sign in the result tells us that the
centrifugal pump, with an open or closed tank. could draw
roughly the absolute amounts as in example 7.3.1 where the
requirement NPSH av ~ NPSH req is just about satisfied. This
requirement would be more than satisfied in example 7.3.2
with a positive static suction head (as shown in the diagram).

20

I iIJl3::3

0,

+ 1.5 - 0
=4.8 m.

= 3.3

~ 0 , . ~ = 240 . V;;.56 = 237 mm.

Turning the impeller down from 240 mm (0 , ) to 237 mm (0,)

restores the original duly given in 7.4.
It is, however, standard practice not to make such minor
changes (less than 5 mm) to the impeller diameter.

From 4.8 m upwards (Hzgeo,mln)the condition NPSHav~NPSHreq

is fulfilled.

7.6

7.4 Changing the Speed (see 5.1)

The CPK 65-250 selected in 7.1 but with the following per

Handling Viscous Liquids (see 6)

Schedule on page 44.

formance data (present duty: index 1, new duly: index 2)

0,
H,

25 lis (= 90 m'/h)
70 m
.
= 2900 1/min
at n,
and 0 , = 240 mm (impeller diameter)
is driven by a 55 kW three-phase motor with a nominal speed
(n,) of 2965 1/min. The higher speed shifts the operating
point, without considering the system characteristic HA , as

7.6.1 Calculation the Operating Point

The prodUct is a mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity Vz of
500 . 10- 6 m'ls and density pz = 0.897 kg/dm'.

We know the characteristic curve and operating data of a pump

handling water, where:

0, = 2900 . 25 = 25.56 lis (= 92.02 m'/h)

Ow = 34 lis (= 122.4 m'/h)

Hw = 18 m
n ~ 1450 1/min

2965)')
H, = ( 2900 . 70 = 73.2 m.

To obtain the new data for mineral oil, the pump data at the
b.e.p. must also be calculated and the following additiona
information must be known:

If this increase is not acceptable, the original duty can be

restored by e.g. reducing the impeller diameter (see 7.5).

Capacity

Q Woot

Head
Efficiency

Hw oot
llw oot

Speed
Kinematic viscosity

Vz

Density
Gravitational constant

pz
g

follows to:

2965

7.5 Trimming the Impeller (see 5.2)

The unacceptably high pump output (see 7.4) caused by the
higher motor speed is rectified as follows by trimming the

impeller (present duty: index 1, new duty: index 2).

31 1)
lis
20 1)
m
0.78 1)

1/min
1450
500.10-6 m2 /s
kgldm'
0.897
9.81
m/s 2

1) Irom Individual characteristic curve (aee Fig. 27)

4 points on the new characteristic curve can be established using the calculation chart below:
nQ,W from graph in 9.12

27

1/min

0.78
0.83

0.49

from Fig. 258

or sect. 9.10,

page 41

ffl,W

0/00

from charact.
curve booklet
~ for 4 points
'1w on curve

"""-

Qz = Ow' fQ,w
Hz

TJz = Tlw' f.."w

Pz=pzgHzQz
~z1000

2) if Hz

0
0
25

0.8
24.8
21.6

1.0
31

1.2
37.2

0.74

20
0.78

18.2
0.73

19.3

24.2

29

lis

=~

25'

') 18.5

0.36

16.6
0.38

15.1

0.36

8.7

9.3

10.7

kW

IX

> Hw, use Hz =

Hw

Hw fHW1.03 = HwfHW

lis
m

HwfftY'

,
H

HwBot

These velues meen

4 pointe on OH z end
Q"1z line plus :3 points
on the QP z line ere
establishsd,
Plotted over Q
(see Fig. 28)

Hz Btlr.

,.
Q z Stir, Q w BII.
0'0""

Calculation in graphic form

Use the following calculation table to convert to operating data with water and thereby find the appropriate pump size.
n selected
n,.w 3) from graph in 9.12

1450
27

1/min
1/min

~ from Fig. 25b or

0.8
0.86

38.8

lis

23.3

fH,l

section 9.11,
page 42

_ Q z Selr

W,Belr -

where

H Wlhtr.

az

_ Hz
1

W,Belr -

3)

Selr

HZ

QZ,Betr = Qopi )

Hz, Betr

approx.

= HOpl

Calculation in graphic form

The definitive operating data when handling water are thus:

25,,_ _

Qw.", = QW = 38.8 lis (= 139.7 m3 /h)

HW,Belr

20

Based on these data a suitable pump is seiected from the

sales documents selection chart. Using the curve thus estab
lished, follow section 7.6.1 to establish 4 points on the new
characteristic curve.

Hw
15

H,

These 4 points can now be used to establish the curve to be

expected for handling mineral oil, see Fig. 28.

1)

I
"0

'1.

<I)

80

ro

= Hw = 23.3 m

10

70
~w

60
50

40

~~,
0

10

30
20

40

2001/530

""

~
c

<I)

'0

"'w

General

8.1 National and International Standards for Centrifugal

Pumps

A series of national standards have been introduced in

Germany since the early sixties governing the manufacture,

0-

design, procurement and use of centrifugal pumps.

.S

These standards are drawn up by both operators and manu

facturers and are now established in virtually all sectors of
industry using and producing pumps (see Fig. 29, page 23).

P
'5 kW
0.

0
0.
0.

15

10

P,
--:::::::-- Pw

::J

0-

10

40

20 0 115 30

0101:1

Capacity Q
Fig. 26 Characteristic curves lor both water (W) and

22

VISCOUS

liquids (Z) (see 7.6.1)

This is particularly true of DIN 24256 "End suction centrifugal

pumps (PN 16) (chemical pumps)" which even in its first
edition was virtually identical to the international standard
ISO 2858 "End-suction centrifugal pumps (rating 16 bar)
- Designation, nominal duty point and dimensions".
These two standards occupy a central position because they
form the basis for a range of standards already in existence
and under preparation covering centrifugal pumps, access
ories, guidelines and specifications.

'"

"

TC 115/
Pumps

International
Organi:relion
for Standardization

:J

Normali
salion

d.

ICEN I
~m" }
Europeen

Committee
Mechanical
Engineering,
Pumps

German
Standards
Institute

EJ

DIN 24251

DIN 24252
Cenbifugal
pumps
with wear
plales
PN 10,
duties,
principal
dimensiaM

ISO 2656
Endsuc1ion
centrifugal
pumps
(rating
16 bJ.r)Designation,
nominal
duty point
and dimensions

suc1ion
centrifugal
pumps
PN 16
with
bearing
bracket,
designation,
nominai
duties,
principal
dimen
sions
suction
centrifugal
pumps
PN 10
with
bearing
bracket,
designa-
tion,
nominal
duties,
principal
dimensions

DIN 24256

Eod

Eod

DIN 24255

T.1
T.2
Machi!1ary
baseplates,
selection
I"
centrifugal
pumps 10
DIN 24256,
dimensions,
classifications

ISO 3661
Endsuction
centrifugal
pumps Baseplate
and installation
dimenSlons

DIN 24299
Pump
nameplates;
general
specifications

DIN 24259

Accessories

ISO 3069
EndsuctiOn
centrifugal
pumps Dimensions of
cavities
tor mechanical
seals and
for soft
packing

Mechanical seals;
shaft seal
chamber,
principal
dimensions,
designations and
materia!
codes

DIN 24960

------

Fig. 29 Charf 01 German and international standards for centrifugal pumps, accessories, guidelines and specifications (as 01 February

Side
channel
pumps
PN 40;
designalion,
nominal
duties,
principal
dimensions

DIN 24 254

Dimensional Standards - Pumps

VDMA
24253
Genbtfugal
pumpswiltl
ermQured
casing
(amoured
pumps);
single-flow,
singlestage with
axial inlet;
dUlies,
principal

dimensions

Coordinating
Committee

{ Standards
E""m

Drainage
pumps
with
heads
up to
1000 m

12 EC and 6 EFTA member countries

"0

"~

~0

Committee

Pump

Associatjon
of Gerrnan
Engineering

I VDMA I

Scope of Application
and Responsibilities

need minor or no changes in content even after the publication

of the corresponding ISO standard,

8.2 Shaft Deflection

Shaft deflection is principally caused by radial forces resulting
from the hydraulic thrust in the impeller plane generated by
the interaction between the impeller and pump casing (or
diftuser). The magnitude and direction of the thrust changes
with the rate of flow and affects the shaft and bearings.
The pump maker can favourably influence these hydraulic
radial forces by selecting the right casing (see Figs, 30 and 31),
This guarantees conformity with the specified maximum per
missible shaft deflection (e,g. API 610 or ISO) and also means
cost-effective sizing of shafts, especially seals and bearings.

V, V

q -1.0

10

20

40

30

rnln- 1

60

Spezlfic speed nQ

Fig. 31 Magnitude of lhe radial thrust coefficient K lor volule eaelng pumps es a
luncllon or the specific speed I1Q and the pump !low level q = Q/QoPI

8.3 Improving the NPSH Requirement

It is possible in special cases to reduce the NPSH require

ment of a pump to approx, 50-60% of the original level by

fitting an inducer in front of the impeller, for example when

a plant is extended and the available NPSH is inadequate or

where economic factors prevent the available NPSH being

increased (by raising the suction tank) or a lower speed

larger-sized pump (with lower NPSH requirement) being
fitled,

The radial thrust FR can be calculated with the help of the

equation

FR ~ K p' g . H . D,. b,
with
FR Radial thrust
K Radial thrust coefficient ace, to Fig, 31
p Density of the medium pumped
9 Gravitational constant
H Head
D, Impeller outside diameter
b, Impeller outlet width
Fig. 32 Centrlrugel pump titled With inducer

Circular casing

It must be noted that the reduction in the NPSH requirement

applies only to a particular section of the flow range and not
the complete range of the pump concerned (see Fig, 33),

i------

Volute casing

--

------

"'-pump characteristic curve

""""- Special circular

volute casing

-=:::::::::=..

I
Double voluta

1ij

0"
.c

casing

Ie.

CfJE

Q/Q o PI-1.0

a. ::>
za.

Flow level Q

Single volule
calling

Combined
cirCUlar
volute caelng

Circular ceslng

Double volute
casing

b
Capacity Q
a = NPSH req - without inducar
b = NPSHrllQ - with Inducer A
c = NPSHreq - with Inducer B
A and Bare dlflllrontlypes or inducers
Fig. 30 Radiallhtullt in centrifugal pumpll with various calling typell

24

Flg.33 NPSH raqulremanl with and without Inducer plotted egainstthe capacily

Single-vane impeller"J closed

Radial flow impeller")

\\

ft

Two-passage impeller") closed

Mixed flow impeller"J closed

Three-passage impeller"J closed

Mixed flow impeller open

8.4.3 Special Impellers

For contaminated and gaseous liquids.

Mixed flow impeller") closed, double enfry

Three-vane impeller open

Axial flow impeller

O} Front view with coverplate removed
H} Single-vane Impellers ere also available with slightly reduced passage for greater

oHlciency

Free flow impeller

25

Fig. 36 Multistage, suction and discharge side bearings, e.g. ring section high pressure
centrifugal pump

Star wheel for side channel pump

8.4.5 Peripheral Impellers

Used for clean media, low flow rates and high heads.

Flg.37 Close-c6upled, e.g. In-line pump

Peripheral impeller

8.5 Pump Types (typical examples)

Figs, 34 to 39 show the various main design features:

Fig. 34 Single-entry, single-siege, overhung, e.g. elanderdlz:ed chemlcel pump

Fig.35 Double-entry, suction and discharge side bearings, e.g. pipeline pump

26

Fig. 36 Verllcel shaft-driven sump pump, e.g. SUbmersible chemical pump

Fig. 39 Submersible close-coupled pump, e.g. sewage pump

Mb..-c~.>l!lIJ\fRno

horizontal

~~::_L~_
_

horizontal

~~~.~~w~

underneath

centreline

coaxial with coupling

I~~~mon

or gearbox

IbcoaSmemPolante

coaxial with coupling

or gearbox

baseplate

~~!==rr::"'=:::"::::=;l:,----+:-h-O"riz-o-n"t-al:-~-n-ea-t:-h-+W-i:-th-P-a-ra-II'-e:-'

-aX-i-s-a-bo-v-e-p-u-m-p-,+c-o-m-p-a-ct-,- -

~:J~j

belt drive

horizontal

~_~_D

:1;
Fig. 40 Examples

horizontal

1\
~ 'i'>

'Shaft

compact,

simple speed variation

close-coupled, forming a
water tight unit with pump

fully submersible

Feet

Drive

Remarks

vertical

above ground on drive stool

wet installation
al surface level discharge pipe

vertical

soleplate
beneath
discharge
nozzle

a) above ground on drive stool dry installation

b) above ground on drive stool
through cardan shaft
I c) below surface on drive stool

vertical

a) automatic
submersible close-coupled
engagement unit
with claw
b) on support
stand

~>

~ .J\'
d.1Il~

>bo

~"~

~~ ~
,

underneath

Alternative installation
a
b
c

----- --with parallei axis above pump

with belt drive and outboard
bearing or jackshaft

underneath

or horizonlallnslallaUon

simpie speed variation

wet installation
a) permanent
b) portable

.if

FIQ.41 Examples 01 vertical mounting

27

Motor rating above 30

max. 10/h

kW

Start-up frequency is calculated using:

3600 . Q w (Qm - Q w )
VN Q m

-'

- , ... \

,~wrong

Inle(
pipe

f-

'

"

..

where Z

no. of starts per hour

Q zu inlet flow in I/s
Q

e-' Sump

Qe+Qs,
m

'-

Q s capacity at switch-on pressure in I/s

"

Q, capacity at switch-off pressure in lis

VN useful volume of pump sump including possible

flowback volume in I

pas. deflector

Fig. 43 Piping arrangement to prevent air entrainment

The maximum start-up frequency occurs when am = 2 x Ow.

Le. when the capacity am is twice the incoming flow Q zu . The
max. start-up frequency is therefore:

With dirty liquids, soiids must be prevented from being de

posited and collecting in dead zones and on the floor. 450
walls, or better still 60 0 walls, help prevent this (see Fig. 42).

The medium handled must cover the suction pipe inlet to a

suitable depth, otherwise rotation of the liquid could cause
air-entraining vortices (hollow vortices) to form; starting with
a funnel-shaped depression at the liquid surface, a tube
shaped air cavity forms instantaneously, extending from the
surface to the suction pipe.
By ensuring that the medium handled always has a suitable
level (see Figs. 44 and 45) or by taking measures to prevent
vortices (see Figs. 46 to 48) this can be prevented. which is
the more important, the higher the flow rate is.

~~),;"'.:~

!.---_.

----.J /

-Suction pipe to pump

Fig. 44 Arrangement of pipes in the suction tank (eump) 10 prevent vortices

Suction pipe

The minimum liquid cover 8 mln in m must be the velocity

head plus a 0.1 m safety margin for non-uniform velocity
distribution. The maximum flow velocity Vii! in the suction pipe
or inlet pipe should not exceed 3 m/s; we recommend 1 to
2 m/s.

v'
S

8 mIn = 2 9 +0.1

Flg.42 Inclined sump walls 10 prevent solids from being deposited and collecting

28

with v, flow velocity in mls

8 mIn minimum liquid cover in m.

~
8,6
0,5

0,4

This is preferred
arrangement, -.>..~

0,3

--Jr--._. -1-7
f----/---I---I--I---Ic-+++-+-+-H-I----II----+--+ /' ~

0,2

rrti LJ~

r-+

+-+

..j..j~

+-1

Curves are for ---/;

~
this suction pipe
~W~
arrangement
-I-1-1

0.1

100
Fig. 45 Liquid cover S

8S a function of the piping bore DlII and capacity

7 8 9 1000
2
Capacity Q -----

Fig. 45 shows the interdependence between liquid cover S,

piping bore ON and capacity Q. The values obtained give
sufficient protection against vortices. The graph can be used
for the suelion pipe layout illustrated.

Figs. 46 and 47 show typical arrangements used to prevent

air-entraining inlet vortices where the minimum liquid cover
is either not available or cannot be ensured.
Fig. 48 shows a speciai arrangement which Is frequently
used - a round tank with a tangential inlet pipe which causes
the contents to rotate.

r
/"

Suction

'-.I......,.----,P'P'
'--

-=....J

Fig. 46 Raft \0 prevent lormElUon 01 vorHeBS

10 pump

Bema
Baffle
Radial baffle

8affle

\
Axial b&ffle

Fig. 47 Use 0' sWlrl-prevenling bellies

)
I

Suction
pipe

T,"',""@
o
to pump

II

Inlet

___

Flg.46 Use 01 bafflee in the lank 10 ensure disturbance-free flow 10 pump

29

Muff couplings,
Serrated couplings,
Split couplings (DIN 115),
Face plate couplings (DIN 758, DIN 759),
Flange couplings (DIN 760).

Flexible couplings to DIN 740 are elastic, slip-free connecting

elenlOnts between drive and driven machine which accom
modate ax-lal, radial and angular misalignment (Fig. 49) and
damp shock loads. The flexibility is usualiy achieved by the
deformation of damping and rubber-elastic spring elements
whose life is governed to a large extent by the degree of
misalignment.
Fig. 50 shows the most common types of flexible couplings.
Fig. 51 shows a spacer coupling between a pump and drive;
its function is to permit removal olthe pump rotating assembly
without disturbing the pump casing or drive (back-puli out
design).

FIQ. 50 Typical couplings

---1

9JfP
.

Fig. 49 Misalignment

30

-I

,!
ttl!}
'

. l
""'.11

Flg.51 Pump with spacer coupling

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

273.15
274.15
275.15
276.15
277.15
278.15
279.15
280.15
281.15
282.15
283.15
284.15
285.15
286.15
287.15
288.15
289.15
290.15
291.15
292.15
293.15
294.15
295.15
296.15
297.15
298.15
299.15
300.15
301.15
302.15
303.15
304.15
305.15
306.15
307.15
308.15
309.15
310.15
311.15
312.15
313.15
314.15
315.15
316.15
317.15
318.15
319.15
320.15
321.15
322.15
323.15
324.15
325.15
326.15
327.15
328.15
329.15
330.15
ij1.15
59
332.15
60
333.15

0.00611
0.00657
0.00706
0.00758
0.00813
0.00872
0.00935
0.01001
0.01072
0.01147
0.01227
0.01312
0.01401
0.01497
0.01597
0.01704
0.01817
0.01936
0.02062
0.02196
0.02337
0.02485
0.02642
0.02808
0.02982
0.03166
0.03360
0.03564
0.03778
0.04004
0.04241
0.04491
0.04753
0.05029
0.05318
0.05622
0.05940
0.06274
0.06624
0.06991
0.07375
0.07777
0.08198
0.08639
0.09100
0.09582
0.10086
0.10612
0.11162
0.11736
0.12335
0.12961
0.13613
0.14293
0.15002
0.15741
0.16511
0.17313
0.18147
0.19016
0.19920

0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.9999
0.9999
0.9998
0.9997
0.9997
0.9996
0.9994
0.9993
0.9992
0.9990
0.9988
0.9987
0.9985
0.9983
0.9981
0.9978
0.9976
0.9974
0.9971
0.9968
0.9966
0.9963
0.9960
0.9957
0.9954
0.9951
0.9947
0.9944
0.9940
0.9937
0.9933
0.9930
0.9927
0.9923
0.9919
0.9915
0.9911
0.9907
0.9902
0.9898
0.9894
0.9889
0.9884
0.9880
0.9876
0.9871
0.9866
0.9862
0.9857
0.9852
0.9846
0.9842
0.9837
0.9832

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120

334.15
335.15
336.15
337.15
338.15
339.15
340.15
341.15
342.15
343.15
344.15
345.15
346.15
347.15
348.15
349.15
350.15
351.15
352.15
353.15
354.15
355.15
356.15
357.15
358.15
359.15
360.15
361.15
362.15
363.15
364.15
365.15
366.15
367.15
368.15
369.15
370.15
371.15
372.15
373.15
375.15
377.15
379.15
381.15
383.15
385.15
387.15
389.15
391.15
393.15

0.2086
0.2184
0.2286
0.2391
0.2501
0.2615
0.2733
0.2856
0.2984
0.3116
0.3253
0.3396
0.3543
0.3696
0.3855
0.4019
0.4189
0.4365
0.4547
0.4736
0.4931
0.5133
0.5342
0.5557
0.5780
0.6011
0.6249
0.6495
0.6749
0.7011
0.7281
0.7561
0.7849
0.8146
0.8453
0.8769
0.9094
0.9430
0.9776
1.0133
1.0878
1.1668
1.2504
1.3390
1.4327
1.5316
1.6362
1.7465
1.8628
1.9854

0.9826
0.9821
0.9816
0.9811
0.9805
0.9799
0.9793
0.9788
0.9782
0.9777
0.9770
0.9765
0.9760
0.9753
0.9748
0.9741
0.9735
0.9729
0.9723
0.9716
0.9710
0.9704
0.9697
0.9691
0.9684
0.9678
0.9671
0.9665
0.9658
0.9652
0.9644
0.9638
0.9630
0.9624
0.9616
0.9610
0.9602
0.9596
0.9586
0.9581
0.9567
0.9552
0.9537
0.9522
0.9507
0.9491
0.9476
0.9460
0.9445
0.9429

122
124
126
128
130

395.15
397.15
399.15
401.15
403.15

2.1145
2.2504
2.3933
2.5435
2.7013

0.9412
0.9396
0.9379
0.9362
0.9346

132
134
136

405.15
407.15
409.15

2.8670
3.041
3.223

0.9328
0.9311
0.9294

138
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
340
350
360
370
374.15

411.15
413.15
418.15
423.15
428.15
433.15
438.15
433.15
448.15
453.15
458.15
463.15
468.15
473.15
478.15
483.15
488.15
493.15
498.15
503.15
508.15
513.15
518.15
523.15
528.15
533.15
538.15
543.15
548.15
553.15
558.15
563.15
568.15
573.15
578.15
583.15
588.15
593.15
598.15
603.15
613.15
623.15
633.15
643.15
647.30

3.414
3.614
4.155
4.760
5.433
6.181
7.008
7.920
8.924
10.027
11.233
12.551
13.987
15.55
17.243
19.077
21.060
23.198
25.501
27.976
30.632
33.478
36.523
39.776
43.246
46.943
50.877
55.058
59.496
64.202
69.186
74.461
80.037
85.927
92.144
98.700
105.61
112.89
120.56
128.63
146.05
165.35
186.75
210.54
221.2

0.9276
0.9258
0.9214
0.9168
0.9121
0.9073
0.9024
0.8973
0.8921
0.8869
0.8815
0.8760
0.8704
0.8647
0.8588
0.8528
0.8467
0.8403
0.8339
0.8273
0.8205
0.8136
0.8065
0.7992
0.7916
0.7839
0.7759
0.7678
0.7593
0.7505
0.7415
0.7321
0.7223
0.7122
0.7017
0.6906
0.6791
0.6669
0.6541
0.6404
0.6102
0.5743
0.5275
0.4518
0.3154

31

x
II

'i\

"i.

1;!

'-'
w

ro

E
w
r-

I,j

"'='
x

fj
u

x"
z
.~
0

E
E

'i1,

~
}j

.,.
0

>,

I,j

'-'
w

x
z

'-'
w

'~"

'-'
w

CO

'-'
w

d"

'iJ,

"i.
'-'
~

9:
x
'-'

"
ro

.~
0

"""i.
'-'

."

ro

-50

223
228

5.517
6.574

0.00319 0.409
0.545

0.103

0.0127

0.707
0.890

7.776
9.129

0.718
0.932

0.179

0.0255

1.115

-35

233
238

-30
-25

243
248

1.195

0.294

-20
-15

253

-10
- 5

O
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65

273
278
283
288
293

10.65

14.23
16.31
18.59
21.10
23.76
26.86
30.16
33.76

298

47.07

0.0293
0.0516
0.0856
0.115

0.1542
0.196
0.246
0.306
0.377
0.462

1.902
2.363

0.469

2.909
3.549
4.294 0.0159
5157
6.149 0.0306
7.283
8.572 0.0568

0691

1.103

0.0044

1.50

2.201 0.0606

0.389
0.481

0.0245 0.0085

2.069

3.119 0.0996

0.0419 0.0156

2824

4.232 0.1578

0.589
0.716
0.864

3.765

5.609 0.2412

10.03

0.562

11.67 0.1008
13498
15.54 0.1722

0.681
0.817

17.81
20.33

0.2836

4.98

1.55

8.14

2.08

1.047

90
95
100

353
358
363
368
373

2.76

105
110
115

378
383
388

120
125
130
135
140

393
398
403

32

0.150

2.889
3.405

0.247
0.311

343
348

145
150

0.748

1.613 0.0354

0.6979

408
413
418
423

0.0883

1.379
1.672
2.017
2.423

0.050

1.039

04519

70
75
80
85

0.483

1.516

1.118

333
338

0.0149

12.34

303

323
328

>,

iii

"

Vapour pressure Po in bar

37.75
42.15

308
313
318

.,.
0

258
263
268

}j

ro
a

-45
-40

'-'

:f:

'-'
~

'-'

"

:E

ro

~
~

01

E
a

'"

<n

'-'

0.1598
0.2157
0.2883
0.3805

0
0

ro

"~
0

If

0
0

ro
'-'

0.0335

0.4942
0.6355
0.8071
1.014

4.015
1.2611
4.684 0.0381 1.554
5.453
1.899
6339 0.0699 2.302
7.298
2.768
8.334 0.1227 3.305

0.1047

0.0129
0.0180
0.0246

0.1697

0.0330
0.0439

0.2648 0.017

0.0576
0.0746

0.0609

0.3996 0.0298

0.0956
0.1213
0.1527

1.228

9.489
3.9197
0.0688 0.0275 10.807 0.2068 4.619
12.219
5.411
0.1097 0.0464 13739 0.336 6.303

0.8306 0.0784

0.1907
0.2349
0.2876

1.702

15.455
7.303
0.1696 0.0754 17.269 0.5283 8.417

1.1466 0.121

0.3499
0.4228

1.549

0.1863

0.5057
0.6010

02689

0.7078
0.8296

0.3818

1.1169

0.5369

1.4828

0.7354

1.9505

0.9924

2.5164

1.267

3.1911

1.7407

3956

2.2457

4.945

2.824

6.073

0.8095

0.2549 0.1186 20.89

11.719 0.7301 0.0139

3.061

0.3733 0.1812 25.79

10.20

1.0052 0.0239

3.991

0.533

1.531

12.55

1.355

0.0389

5.121

360

2.184

15.40

1.795

0.0609

6.478

0.7439 0.3915 36.58

39.91
1.0159 0.556

3.384

4.65

3.045

1834

2.331

0.0922

8.092

0.774

4.595

5.89

4159

21.77

2.984

0.1327

9.992

1.059

6.131

7.38

5.572

25.69

3766

0.1926

12.209

1.423

8.050

4.694

0.2719

14.768

1.885

17.711

2.499

11.28

9.267 0.5188 0.0075

J;'

0.1157

2.306

9.15

6.37

7.257 0.3589 0.00319

0.269

0.5848 0.0489

1.1954

31.38 1.7298
34.127

2.700

2.445
4.333

6.999

10399

.2
I

9,

di:
u

E
m
>-

iii

i'l.

'"
w

m
c

I
M

z
~

E
E

S
"0
~

"
'"

>,

OJ
m

"?
c

u
m
c

!'l

"
~

OS
U

~
~

''""
U

~
~

"i.
u

8
~
u

8
:
u
u

.~

10

,j'

~
u

'"

u
m
c
~

'" "

:g
0

"'!j

>,

"

-100

173

0.5569 0920

- 90
- 60
- 70

163
193

0.5479
0.5367

203
- 60 213
- 50 223
- 40 233
- 30 243
- 20 253

0.5250
0.5125

- 10

0.4339
0.4117 0812

0.636

0.8080 0.6008 0.5635 0.9001 1.039

0.7990 0.5696 0.5716 0.6920

0.736

0.3665
0.3502 0.791

0.609

0.7902 0.5786 0.5590 0.6790 1.022

0.7815 0.5665 0.5462 06675

0.714

1.220

1.049

0.5300 0.610
0.5160 0.601
0.5015 0.792

1.026

0.4860 0.783
0.4690 0.774

0.676

1.192
1.164
1.169

263

0 273
10 283
20 293
30 303
40
50

313
323

60 333
70 343
60 353
90 363
100 373
110 363
120 393
130 403
140 413
150 423

Density P In kg/dm:.J

06900
0.6627

0.695

0.4700
0.4526 0.632

0.2860
0.765
0.756
0.740

0561

u
~
~

"e
"

~
~

."
~

0.6492
0.6400
0.6306 0.6156
0.6210 0.6052
0.6107 0.5940

0.7260 0.4848
0.7156 0.4660
0.7046 0.4492

0.6041
0.7927 0.951
0.7609

0.6927 0.4272
0.6791 0.4003

0.7692
0.7566

0.3620
0.2900

0.7440
0.7310

0.611

:g

:c

J"

~c

OJ

'i5
c

~
u

co
"0

;;;;"

0.9697
0.9604

0.6025
0.5910
0.5793

1.018
1.003

1.555

0.9509
0.9419
0.9327
0.9234
0.9141

1.509

0.5430

1.460
1.435

1.292

1.380

1.262

0.9049 1.670

0.980

0.4500 0.765
0.4326 0.755
0.4090 0.746
0.3764 0.736

0.960

0.3230 0.725
0.714

0.896

1.362

0.5660
0.5555

0.702
0.691
0.676
0.518

1.432

0.790

0.7726 0.5546 0.5340 0.6576

0.7634 0.5422 0.5196 0.6460 0.996

<E
u

0.6240
0.6134

0.7546 0.5264 0.5052 0.6357

0.7452 0.5146 0.4900 0.6246
0.7357 0.5003
0.6145
0.456

"<
I

0.642

0.6744
0.6663
06577

0.4993 0.868
0.4650 0.655

C;

1.110

0.6956
0.6863 1.630
0.8769

(1.105)
1.107
1.105

0.8677 1.565
0.8563
0.8469 1.545

1.100

0.8395
0.6301 1.505

1.090

0.8205
0.6110 1.460
0.6012
0.7914 1.420
0.7813
0.7710
0.7606
0.7501
0.7392 1.310

1.070
1.040

mm,
Volume

~m,.

..

dm , cm , mm 3 , . Em, cdm,. . m3
Fli_t-r"e'-(1'.:..1= 1dm3)
- - - - ~---- - - - - - - - - - -
Capacity,
Q,
m 3 /s
m3 /h, lis
lis and
volume flow
'(f
m3 /s
="-=~-"=--\-'------f------ f----- - - - - - - --=---+c-c--c----------
Time
t
s \ Second
s, ms, ~s, ns,... I
s
Basic unit
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~-----___+_--~
Illin, h, cl----f----------,r---,----jr------~---~tat. speed
n
1Is
~irl.......__ f - -_ _ 1.'1C-'/m=in'--__--l
_
Mass
III
kg
Kllogramme g, mg,
Pound,
kg
Basic unit.
I
ton
houndredThe mass of commercial
(1 t = 1000 kg) weight
commodity is described as
3

_____+-__-+__+
I

~g,...

'--c-c---+-----+---,---,~t___---__\___,___,---__t-------
Density

i:wC::-'-ei~g,h,t=_._ __,--c--------

-+.::-;::-+-------I------~--I----- ---~ ~,------~---

m--=-~-f--

tis, tlh, kg/,,--

kN, mN,

INewton

Mechanical

cr,'

stress
(strength) - - f - - - -
Bending
M,
moment,
T
torque
Energy,
W,
work, quantity Q
of heat _~
Head
H

Power

34

~ (= N/m')

+"
IPa

bar
(1 bar=10 5 Pa)

N/mm'

1 kp=9.81 N. The weight

force is the product of
mass m by the local
gravitational constant g.
1 at = 0.981 bar
= 9.81' 104 Pa
1 mmHg = 1.333 mbar
1 mm WS = 0.098 mbar
1 kp/mm' = 9.81 N/mm'

kp m,...

Nm

1 kp m = 9.81 N m

kpm
kcal, cal, WE

JundkJ

1 kpm=9.81 J
1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ

-tL-___
m'ls

MW,- kw'..

~ f----I------------

m.l.c.

--1I

ps- 'kw

The head is the work

done in J = N m applied to
the mass unit of the medium
pumped, reiated to the
weight force of this
mass unit in N.
1 kp mls = 9.81 W;
1 PS = 736 W

kp mis,
(=J/s
__-r=:-:-N,m..l..s=-)-c------+:---'---'--TCC----- f--------------

W - - Walt - -

(= N/m')

Nm

1
I

kp/cm', at,
bar
m WS, Torr,..

Pascal - - N/mm', N/cm', .. kp/cm',...

Joule
kJ,Ws, kWh,...
(= N m
1 kW h =
~--~W s) __ 1 600 k.J...........
m
Metre

IPascal

Pa

------~---

Temperature
difference
Kinematic
viscosity

iI/sand~ _~

kp, Mp,...

----L

!p

~N,...

(= kg m/s')

Pressure

kg/dm 3

__c----,
kg/dm 3
and
kg/m 3

The designation
"specific gravity" must no
longer be employed,
because it is ambiguous
(see DIN 1305).
------+-:----+---+----__t------+-----+-------t"-=-'-='-'-':=-c-="c----~-Moment of
J
kg m'
kg m'
Moment of inertia
inertia
2 grade

/vIass flow
Force

kg/m 3

Kelvin

"C

oK, deg.

__,

St (stokes),
E,...

Basic unit

m'ls

1 Sf = 10-1 m'ls
1 cSt = 1 mm'ls

I___-------+---------~---

Area

Volume

Basic unit gallon

for fluids

Basic unit bushel

for dry goods

Mass and Weight

Avoirdupois system
(trade and commerce
weights)

Troy system
(for precious metals)

(ft)
1 loot
= 12 in
(yd)
1 yard
= 3 ft = 36 in
1 fathom
(lath)
=2yd
1 rod
(rd)
1 chain
(eh)
1 furlon9
(fur)
1 mile
(mi)
(statute mile)
= 1760 yd
1 nautical mile
1 circular mil
1 circular inch
1 square inch (sq in)
1 square link (sq Ii)
1 square foot (sq ft)
1 square yard (sq Yd)
1 square rod (sq rd)
1 square chain (sq eh)
1 rood
1 acre
1 square mile (sq mil
1 cubic inch (eu in)
1 board foot (fbm)
1 cubic foot (eu ft)
1 CUbic yard (eu yd)
1 re91ster ton (RT) = 100 eu ft
1 British shipping ton = 42 eu ft
1 US shipping ton
=40euft
1 minim
(min)
1 fluid scruple
1 fluid drachm
(11.dr.)
1 fluid dram
(fl.dr.)
1 fluid ounce
(f1.oz.)
1 gill
(gl)
1 pint
(liq pt)
1 quart
(liq qt)
1 pottle
1 gallon
(gal)
1 peck
1 bushel
1 US oil-barrel (for crude oil)
1 quarter
1 ehaldron
1 dry pint
(dry pt)
1 dry quart
(dry qt)
1 peck
(pk)
1 bushel
(bu)
1 dry barrel
(bbl)
1 grain
(gr)
1 dram
(dr avdp)
1 ounce
(02 avdp)
1 pound
(lb)
1 stone
1 quarter
1 eental
(sh ewt)
1 short hundredweight
1 hundredweight
(ewt)
1 long hundredweight
(I cwt)
1 short ton
(sh tn)
1 ton
1 long ton
(I tn)
1 pennyweight
(dwt)
1 troy ounce
(02 tr)
1 troy pound
(Ib t)

0.3048
0.9144
1.8288
5.0292
20.1168
201.168

m
m
m
m
m
m

0.3048
0.9144
1.8288
5.0292
20.1168
201.168

m
m
m
m
m
m

1.6093
1.8532
506.709
5.067
6.4516
404.687
929.03
0.8361
25.2929
404.686
1011.7124
4046.86
2.59
16.387
2.3597
28.3268
0.7646
2.8327
1.1897

km
km

km
km

I"m'
em'
em'
em'
em'
m'
m'
m'
m'
m'
km'
em'
dm'
dm'
m'
m'
m'

59.1939
1.1839
3.5516

mm'
em'
em'

1.6093
1.8532
506.709
5.067
6.4516
404.687
929.03
0.8361
25.2929
404.686
1011.7124
4046.86
2.59
16.387
2.3597
28.3268
0.7646
2.8327

1.1331
61.6119

28.4131
142.065
0.5683
1.1365
2.2730
4.5460
9.0922
36.3687

0.291
1.3093

em'
em'
dm'
dm'
dm'
dm'
dm'
dm'

64.7989
1.7718
28.3495
0.4536
6.3503
12.7006
45.3592

dm'
mg
g
g
kg
kg
kg
kg

50.8024

1016.0470
3~.1035

0.5506
1.1012
8.8098
35.2393
0.1156
64.7989
1.7718
28.3495
0.4536

g
g

m'
mm'
em'
em'
em'
dm'
dm'
dm'
m'

dm'
dm'
dm'
dm'
m'
mg
g
g
kg

kg

50.8024
907.1849

kg

em'
dm'
dm'
m'
m'

45.3592
kg

~ 1.5552

3.6967
29.5737
118.2948
0.4732
0.9464

3.7854
0.159

m'
m'

36.3687

I"m'
em'
em'
em'
em'
m'
m'
m'
m'
m'
km'

kg
kg

1016.0470
1.5552
32.1035
0.3732

kg
g
g
kg

35

Capacity
(rate of volume .flow)

Mass flow

Force
(weight force)

Pressure

Mechanical
stress

Work, energy,
quantity of heat,
internal (intrinsic)
energy and enthalpy
Power
(heat fiow)

1 foot per minute

1 yard per second
1 yard per minute
1 gallon per second
1 gallon per minute
1 cubic foot per second
1 cubic yard per second
1 ounce per second
1 ounce per minute
1 pound per second
1 pound per minute
1 short ton per hour
1 ton per hou r
1 long ton per hour
1 ounce (force)
1 pound (force)
1 short ton (force)
1 long ton (force)

Temperature

(gpm)
(cusec)
(olls)
(ollmin)
(Ibis)
(Ib/min)
(shtn/h)
(Itn/h)
(Ol)
(Ib)
(shtn)
(Itn)

0.00508
0.9144
0.01524
4.5460
0.07577
28.3268
0.7646
28.3495
0.4725
0.4536
0.00756

mls
mls
mls
lis
lis
lis
m3 /s
gls
gls
kg/s
kg/s

0.00508
0.9144
0.01524
3.7854
0.06309
28.3268
0.7646
28.3495
0.4725
0.4536
0.00756
0.2520

0.2822

kg/s

0.2780
4.4483
8.8964
9.9640

N
N
kN
kN

0.2822
0.2780
4.4483
8.8964
9.9640

N
N
kN
kN

kg/s

('b (force))
sq It

47.88025

Pa

47.88025

Pa

('b (force)) ( si)

sq In
,P

68.9476

mbar

68.9476

mbar

1 pound (force)
square inch
1 short ton (force)
square inch
1 foot-pound
1 Horse power hour
1 Brit. Thermal Unit

('b

1 foot-pound (av)

per second

1 pound (mass)
foot x second
1 pound (force) x second
square foot

(Sh tn (fOrCe)
sq'ln
(in H2 O)
(It H2 O)
(in Hg)

T = 9 t F + 255.37;

T=4tR+273.15;

bar

137.8951

bar

1.3558
2.6841
1.0558
1.3558

1.3558

0.7457

kW

0.7457

kW

(B:U)

1.0558

kW

1.0558

kW

('b (;:SS)

1.4882

Pas

1.4882

Pas

47.8803

Pas

47.8803

Pas

(fO~Ce))

sq In

(Sh tn (fOrCe)
sq In
(It Ib)
(Hp h)
(BTU)
(It

~b)

('b (force) s)
sq It

t = 9 (t F - 32)

t=4 tR

2.4909
29.8907
33.8663

137.8951

mbar
mbar
mbar
N
mm'
N
mm'
J
MJ
kJ

Conversion of temperature points:

0.006895
13.78951

2.4909
29.8907
33.8663

mbar
mbar
mbar
N
0.006895
mm'
N
13.78951
mm'
1.3558
J
2.6841
MJ
1.0558
kJ

Conversion of temperature differences:

/lT~/lt=9tdF

/IT=/lt=4/l tR
Where:
T thermodynamic temperature
t Celsius temperature
t F Fahrenheit temperature
t R R~aumur temperatur

Conversion of the specific speed (type number) K customarily

used in English-speaking contries into n,acc. to ISO 2548:
K = n,/52.919
36

mls
mls
mls
ils
lis
lis
m3 /s
gls
gls
kg/s
kg/s
kg/s

1 pound (force)
square foot
1 pound (force)
square inch
1 short ton (force)
square inch
1 inch H2 O
1 foot H2 O
1 inch Hg

1 Horse power(Hp)
1 British Thermal Unit
per second
Dynamic
Viscosity

(lt/min)
(yd/s)
(yd/min)

in K
in C
in OF
in OR

.
a
.~

n
u

';

'b,

..

."
~"'E

"

<"~

'!!

CD

a>

....

37

{]

.~
u

+'

"::

".-.h- .

I-i,: I j +
E

38

,
.

" "

39

.... 'f.....

40

""+t~~R=m~HP=+=1
......
....; :-" ::0
......
o+++++t+:!+++~UU~
0.1-1-+
"
l'

O.9t-+

"'

"
I
+-+-HH-+-+-+-t-++-+-ttt-H"'TI"'l""''''''-+-+-1

lo. +-H-+-+-H-+-+
lawa.s

" nq.w 30 20 '10

o"t-t-t-f-H-t-t-t-+++-++++-+"'l-Plf",I"'Ir!-I
'"0
...... I I
0.'
0.'
'.oa&l;;;;;.,....m~! ~ ;:~
H-+-f~

0.'

0.7t-t-t-r-HH--+'
0.8 Q wopl

Q wopl

1.20 Wopt

I~,w

0.6

...

1/ Yr/ '/
1/ /,
1// r/ 1/
1/
1/,

1/

1/ /
/
/
/
1<\./

.J' (/

1/.
1/

1/
l/

/: '/

1/

r/ '/

'/,

r/

1/

r/

'/

1/

/.

1// '/1/
/
1/

1/
/

1/,

1)</

1/

/
/
f/
/ / /
/
/X/V
/ '// /
/. '/ 1/
1// /.
1/ /
'/ / /
'/ /
/
/ I/V
1/

"
I

/ 1/
1/ V
0,1, 0.5
!

I I I

,
,
,
I

/ / /

//.

1/

'/ 1\:7
'/.'7'
~/ '/J /
1/
'/.
1// /,
1/ /.
1/
1/
"// '/
f/
'r /
y/ /
',(
////

/ I/o V
'/. '/ f/
/// /,

'"

10

I I I I

/!/.I/
30

40

f 10
II )

~o

m"h

II.

20

IDa

30
,I

200

40 80
I, I

Capacity QZ,Belr, QW,optln

JOO

"

2000

1000

400 500

:too

100

,I

m' I
h;;

300

I,

400

~o

I ,I

3000

~OOO 5000

1000

[!

.J

"""

'""'"

41

'..

L0r-rp~~~~l+P=+=1
0.9+-+
r-.
I't:--t:-- I--

0.'

+-+--H-i--+ -+--+-+-+--F"':;:::h~3'-<c-t-P-kjH--+--+
,,1''

0.' t-t-H---1--+-+-+-+-++++f~~~~H

Io't-H-+-+-+-H-f--I-I- -- -

'O'o.'t-H--+-+++-+-+-H--+-+++++-.p.",""!2~~,

,.

0.4 ---

-10

,I,::
+-f-t-f--H-+-+-+-+++-H+-+F:::-"I'F:::~~<'I-----d~-t'-
-'0.' t-H--+-+-+--I --t-H-+-+--+J+-+-H"--"!,;'j-~-....l.ct-.J--1

Qwopt

3O.c12,~

---

::e~lgt~~'~~l--it1t:-~I--ItiE"I-3'-"3

we.t'

0 28 .".

r-::

~ I'-. ' "

I-- --- """,;;C-f-.2I'-d-+-H

45

0.'

30 "120'

~o

nq.w

'"0

/ ,X/ r/
1/. /
1/. r/ V
1/
1/,

1/

1/

,,,

000
1/ /
1000
/
/ /
/
1500
G./
1/
. -ff!AIf--Jt-t 2000
.J' (/
'"00
3000
WW~I'cI/fflf-WHJ'1-./ 1/ 1/
N
l/
r/
./ /
r-..:
'Ii' '/ 1/
r/ y//
1/
/
1/ '/ /
~ooo

;<''''

'/IA
/(7

,/ r/,
/.V 1/,
/,1/.
1//1/,
/
'/

//
/

/ 'I,

/
/
0.3

-.L!

, ,

0,10 0.6
I

I!

'/V/
/
'/ /

1
!

I I

'IXI
1/ 'I.
iI! /,r/

/1/ 1/

1//, /.

"

20
4

5
, I ,!

30
,

40
10

"I

50

'" Ih

lis

:10

I,

200

100
30
I

~o

50
I

Capacity QZ,Belr, OW,opt in

42

300

400
100

,I

rna I

h;;

1000

~oo

200
!

100
I

2000
400 6DO
!
I

3000 4000 ~ooo

1000
I

10000
lODO

10000

1/

8000

2000

6000

1.

h
4000

1000

;~

3000

800

800

2000

400
300

1000

800

'"'

"

IX '/

"
't-0
200 _p.-rr;o

,,-,'

800

o? ...::1.'o~

"

C:!-...'Ii

<>

400

aa

.~

300

'00
80

200

80

0
0

~ 200

'l.

30

"-

20 /0:

lImln

"

60
40
10
30

20

IV

'l

'y

30

~/J
~oll

"V

60
40

IA"

vv

:/

'00
60

,<>
it)

./

"
v

""

'"

10

400

~ 300

"-

40
100
80

500

'l.~

~"iJ,l

,<><>

20

'0
6

8
~

.~

500

600 700800

1000

1500

I
1450

I
960

Equations

4000 lImin

Qapl

HOPI

Units

nq

m3 /s

l/min

l/min

~ 333 . n . -v'Qopt

m3 /s

1Is

m/s2

~ 5.55 . n . -v'Qopt

m3 /s

l/min

m/g2

(g . Hopt) 31'

10000

15000

20000 25000

9.81

n
nq

6000

2900

(g . H opt ) 31'

6000

Speed n

nq

n . -/Oopll 1
(H opt 11) 31'

2000 2500 3000

DIN 24260

All equations give numerically equal results.

With multistage pumps use the stage head.

With double-entry impeller pumps use only half the capacity.
Example:

Q opt =

66 m 3 /h

18.3 lis; n = 1450 l/min;

Hopi =

17.5 m.

Established: no = 23 l/min

43

Operating Point
To determine the new operating data it is also necessary to
calculate the data at b.e.p.

Available data:
Capacity

lis
m
1/min
m2/s
kg/dm 3
m/s2

Qw
Hw

Head
Speed
Kinematic viscosity

n
Vz

Density

pz

Gravitational constant

9.81

Capacity

OWOO!!)

Head
Efficiency

HW ,ODl 1)

lis
m

tlw oot 1)

I) lrom Individual characteristic curve

Procedure
nq , w from graph in
section 9.12

1/min

~ from section
9.10
~

fn,w

0/00 I

~ from curve

I::IYL

booklet for
4 points
on curve

0
0

0.8

1.0

1.2

lis

Qz=Qw' fa w

lis

Hz =

=Hw

~w

= HwfH w1 ,03

'I~~--

------

Theee values mean

T)W' f11 ,w

pz=pzgHzQz

.........

Hw

=HwfHW =HwfHW

')
T)z

'lIwopt

'Hz

4 points on QH z and
Q11z line plus 3 points
on the OP z line are

."

established.
PloUed over Q.

'w

kW

~z1000

o.aQ WOpl QWOPI

2) If Hz > Hw, use Hz = Hw

1.2Q wopt

Calculation in graphic form

Pump Size
Available data:

Capacity

Q z Selr

Head

Hz Setr

Kinematic viscosity
Density

Vz

lis
m
m2/s
kg/dm 3

pz

Procedure

1/min
1/min

n selected
na.w 3) from section 9.12

~ from section 9.11

1Hz
_ QZ,Betr
W,Betr - 1 Z
0

lis

W,Setr -

where

44

HZ,Betr
Z

QZ,Selr
Hz, Belr

Hw

Hz Bev.

3)

Hr---~
,

'w
Oz Blv. Ow

= Q opt ) approx.

H ept

Bltr.

Calculation in graphic form

i
45

-------------------------_.

__ .

46

Sector: Industrial Enginnering, Conventional and Nuclear

Power Stations
Location and factory: Pegnitz
Butterfly Valves Division
Butterfly valves with soft and metallic seat, swing check valves
and actuators for building services, industrial applications,
chemical and process engineering as well as for conventional
and nuclear power stations.
Location: Bagnolet
Factory: la Roche Chalais
Building Services Division
Heating and industrial water pumps. Submersible motor pumps
for the handling of sewage, eftluent and faeces lifting plants,
pumps for water supply, complete pump sets for pressure
boosting and fire-fighting, pumps for irrigation and sprinkling,
garden pumps. Systems for pump speed control.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Frankenthal, Neuvy, Pegnitz
Engineered Pumps Division
Centrifugal pumps for conventional and nuclear power plants:
boiler feed and circulating pumps, condensate pumps, main
coolant pumps, reactor feed pumps, cooling water pumps,
pumps for seawater desalination plants, pumps for onshore
and offshore applications as well as for refineries and the
petrochemical industry.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, Annecy

Components and systems for sewage treatment. Services to

the planners and operators of the plants.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Pegnitz, Bremen, Lille
Industrial and Process Pumps Division
Standardized pumps and mUlti-stage pumps tor heat transfer
and industrial water. Process pumps for the chemical and
petrochemical industries, for refineries, high-temperature
heating systems and cryogenics. Pumps for flue gas desulphurization plants and for air and gas purifiers. Non-clogging
centrifugal pumps tor paper, cellulose, sugar and foodstuffs
industries and for the handling of solids.
Location: Pegnitz
Factories: Pegnitz, CMteauroux, Deville, Frankenthal
Water Pumps Division
Multi-stage submersible motor pumps for municipal and
industrial water supply, irrigation, building services, offshore
and mining applications as well as all special appliccdions.
Borehole shaft-driven pumps for irrigation, water supply, firefighting, and industrial applications.
Single-stage bearing pedestal mounted pumps for irrigation
duties.
Vertical propeller pumps for irrigation, water supply and
agricultural drainage duties.
Horizontal and vertical multi-stage pumps for irrigation and
water supply systems.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Homburg (Saar), CMteauroux, Annecy

New Technologies
Development and manufacture of new pump types, valves,
systems and electronic controls as well as engineering
services in the fields of hydrodynamics, materials technology,
measurement techniques, open and closed loop control,
plastics technology, cold-drawing methods for chrome nickel
steel, machine dynamics, product and packing design, patent
rights.
location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, CMteauroux

'b.)'" """,",.", , ""

Postfach 1725
D-6710 Frankenthal

Telephone: (06233) 86-0

Fax:
(06233) 863401
Teletex:
62333=KSBFT