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STUDENTS LEARNING RESOURCE MATERIAL
IN
Computer System Servicing
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 BIOS

What is BIOS ...
Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware.
Configuring the System BIOS .
Accessing the BIOS Setup Program
Selecting
Options.
1. Main Menu
a. Standard Features/Settings
PATA and SATA BIOS Configuration
System Information
b. Advanced BIOS Settings/Features
c. Integrated Peripherals
Onboard Devices
I/O Devices
PATA/IDE and SATA Configuration
2. Power Management
3. PnP/PCI Configurations
4. Hardware Monitor
Processor and Memory Configuration
5. Exiting the BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes
Power-On Self-Test and Error Reporting
Beep Code
BIOS update
General steps for performing a Flash BIOS
update:
1-2
3-4
LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Disk Operating System

o What is DOS?
o Two Types of DOS command
o Top 10 DOS Commands
o Internal DOS Commands Meaning
o External DOS Commands Meaning
o Most Commonly Used Internal DOS Commands
o Most Commonly Used External DOS Commands
o Common Errors DOS Command
o The Differences Between Dos And Windows
Display
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LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Booting and Files System

o Booting and System Files
o BASIC Bootstrap Loader
o What files are needed to boot a PC computer?
Command.com
Io.sys
Msdos.sys
Autoexec.bat
Config.sys
Himem.sys
System.ini
EMM386.exe
o Fdisk
o How to create Boot disk?
LEARNING OUTCOME 4 Operating System
o What is Operating System?
o Definition
o
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
o Types of Operating System

Single User and Single Task OS
Single User and Multitasking OS
Multiuser OS
Multiprocessing OS
Real Time OS
Embedded OS
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Operating System - Services
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What are the List of Microsoft Windows version

What is a File System?
Partitions
About Clusters
Files and Directories
Master Boot Record (MBR)
File Allocation Table (FAT) File System
FAT32 File System
FAT Limitations
New Technology File System (NTFS)
System requirement of Windows XP
Installation of Windows XP
Upgrading to Windows Vista from XP or 2000
What is Dual O.S.?
Step on Creating Partition
Step on how to Install another Operating Systems

o System requirement of Windows 2003
o Installation of Windows 2003
LEARNING OUTCOME 5 Hardware Device Driver Installation
What is a Device Driver?
Determining hardware model & Manufacturer

Viewing information about a device driver.
To view information about the device driver.
Views and characteristics
o How to Install / Update Device Driver in Windows XP.

o How to Manually Install / Update Device Driver in Windows
XP
Entry Requirements:
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Candidate/trainee must posses the following qualifications, must be:
Able to communicate both oral and written
Physically and mentally fit.
With good moral character.
Can perform basic troubleshooting and technical problem.
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Hands on
Direct observation
Practical demonstration
Oral and written exam
COURSE DELIVERY:
Lecture-demonstration
Self-paced instruction
Group discussion
INTRODUCTION
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This course is designed to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes of a

Computer Service Technician in accordance with industry standards. It covers basic
installation and common competencies such as configuring bios, installing operating
system, maintaining utilities software and drivers, diagnosing computer systems and
backup and system recovery.
LEARNING GUIDE
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware
LEARNING ACTIVITY
PAGE
LEARNING STEPS
RESOURCES
Read Information Sheet 1.1 on Understanding

BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware.
What is BIOS
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
Read Information Sheet 1.2 Configuring the

System BIOS on.
Configuring the System BIOS
Selecting Options

Configuring the System
BIOS.
1. Main Menu
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Understanding BIOS,
CMOS, and Firmware.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. Standard Features/Settings
System Information
b. Advanced BIOS Settings/Features
c. Integrated Peripherals
Onboard Devices
I/O Devices
Power Management
PnP/PCI Configurations
Hardware Monitor
Exiting the BIOS and
Saving/Discarding Changes.
Read Information Sheet 1.3 Power-On Self-Test

and Error Reporting on.

Power-On Self-Test and
Error Reporting.
Beep Code
Read Information Sheet 1. BIOS update on.

BIOS update
1. General steps for performing a Flash BIOS
update:

BIOS Updates.

Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware.
What is BIOS?
The basic input/output system (BIOS) is an essential component of the
motherboard. This boot firmware, also known as System BIOS, is the first code run
by a computer when it is booted. It prepares the machine by testing it during bootup
and paves the way for the operating system to start. It tests and initializes
components such as the processor, RAM, video card, magnetic disks, and optical
disks. If any errors occur, the BIOS will report them as part of the testing stage,
known as the power-on self test (POST).
The BIOS resides on a ROM chip and stores a setup program that you can
access when the computer first boots up. From this program, a user can change
settings in the BIOS and upgrade the BIOS as well. Within this chapter you will find
out about how the BIOS, CMOS, and batteries on the motherboard interact, and will
learn how to configure and upgrade the BIOS.
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You know what the CPU doesit does the thinking for the computer. But,
how does the CPU know what kinds of drives are connected to the computer?
What tells the CPU when the memory is ready to be read or written to? What turns
on the USB ports or turns them off? The answer to all these questions is the BIOS.
Next to the CPU, the BIOS (basic input output system) chip is the most
important
chip found on the motherboard.
The BIOS is a complex piece of firmware (software on a chip) that provides

support for the following devices and features of your system:
Selection and configuration of storage devices connected to the

motherboards host adapters, such as hard drives, floppy drives, and CDROM drives
Configuration of main and cache memory
Configuration of built-in ports, such as PATA and SATA hard disk, floppy disk,
serial, parallel, PS/2 mouse, USB, and IEEE-1394 ports
Configuration of integrated (built into the motherboard chipset) audio, network,
and graphics features when present
Selection and configuration of special motherboard features, such as memory
error correction, antivirus protection, and fast memory access
Support for different CPU types, speeds, and special features
Support for advanced operating systems, including networks and plug-andplay versions of Windows
Power management
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Hardware monitoring (processor temperature, voltage levels, and fan

performance)
Without the BIOS, your computer would be a collection of metal and plastic parts
that couldnt interact with one another or do much of anything but gather dust.
The BIOS also performs two other important tasks:
It runs the power-on self test (POST) when the system is started.
It establishes a list of locations that can be used by an operating system to
boot the computer (hard disk, CD or DVD drive, USB drive, floppy drive,
network) and turns over control of the system by using the Bootstrap loader
after completing its startup tasks.
The BIOS doesnt do its job alone. It works with two other important components:
CMOS memory
Motherboard battery (also called the CMOS battery)
In the following sections, youll learn more about how these components work
together to control system startup and onboard hardware.
When the battery starts to fail, the clock will start to lose time. Complete
battery failure causes the loss of all CMOS configuration information (such as drive
types, settings for onboard ports, CPU and memory speeds, and much more). When
this takes place, the system cannot be used until you install a new battery and reenter all CMOS configuration information by using the CMOS configuration program.
Because the battery that maintains settings can fail at any time, and viruses
and power surges can also affect the CMOS configuration, you should record
important information before it is lost.

Configuring the System BIOS.
The system BIOS has default settings provided by the system or motherboard
maker, but as a system is built up with storage devices, memory modules, adapter
cards, and other components, it is usually necessary to alter the standard settings.
To perform this task, the system assembler must use the BIOS setup program
to make changes and save them to the CMOS. Originally, the BIOS setup program
was run from a bootable floppy disk, but for many years most system BIOS chips
have included the setup program.
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On most systems built since the late 1980s, the BIOS configuration program
is stored in the BIOS chip itself. Just press the key or key combination displayed
onscreen (or described in the manual) to get started.
Although these keystrokes vary from system to system, the most popular keys
on current systems include the escape (Esc) key, the Delete (Del) key, the F1 key,
the F2 key, the F10 key, and various combinations of Ctrl+Alt+ another specified key.
Most recent systems display the key(s) necessary to start the BIOS setup
program at startup,
The splash screens used by many recent systems display the keystrokes
needed to start the BIOS setup program.
Selecting Options
On typical systems, you set numerical settings, such as date and time, by
scrolling through allowable values with keys such as + and - or page up/page down.
However, you select settings with a limited range of options, such as enable/disable
or choices from a menu, by pressing the Enter key on the keyboard and choosing
the option desired from the available choices.
Main Menu
When you start the BIOS configuration program for your system, you might see a
menu similar to the CMOS Setup Utility menu shown below. From this menu, you
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can go to any menu, select default settings, save changes, or exit the CMOS setup
menu.
A typical CMOS Setup utility main menu.

Standard Features/Settings
The Standard Features/Settings menu is typically used to configure the
systems date and time as well as drives connected to PATA (ATA/IDE), SATA, and
floppy drive interfaces on the motherboard.
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A typical CMOS Standard Features/Settings menu.

Most recent systems automatically detect the drive connected to each PATA
and SATA host adapter, as shown earlier. However, some systems might use manual
entry of the correct settings instead. These are usually listed on the drives faceplate
or in the instruction manual.
Typical PATA configuration menu.

System Information
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Some systems display system information such as processor type, clock

speed, cache memory size, installed memory (RAM), and BIOS information on the
standard menu or a submenu.
Viewing System Information.

Advanced BIOS Settings/Features
The Advanced BIOS Settings/Features menu typically includes settings that
control how the system boots.. Enabling Quick Boot skips memory and drive tests to
enable faster startup. Enabling Boot Sector Protection provides some protection
against boot sector computer viruses. Enabling Boot Up Num-Lock LED turns on the
keyboards Num Lock option.
The Boot Sequence submenu shown, is used to adjust the order that drives
are checked for bootable media. For everyday use, follow this order:
First driveHard disk
Second CD/DVD drive
ThirdFloppy Disk (Optional drive if present)
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A typical Advanced BIOS Features menu.
A typical Boot Sequence submenu configured to permit booting from a

CD/DVD or floppy disk.
The order shown in this figure is recommended for situations in which you
need to boot from a CD/DVD or floppy disk drive (installing a new operating system
or booting diagnostic software).
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Note: That if you have more than one drive in any category that you can select the
boot drive from the submenus below the boot device listing.
Integrated Peripherals
The typical system today is loaded with onboard ports and features,
and the Integrated Peripherals menu and its submenus are used to
enable, disable, and configure them.
A typical Integrated Peripherals menu.

Note: That most systems have separate settings for USB controller and USB 2.0
controller. If you connect a USB 2.0 device to a USB port on your system and you
see a This device can perform faster error message in Windows, make sure the
USB 2.0 controller or USB 2.0 mode is enabled. If USB 2.0 features are disabled in
the BIOS, all of your systems USB ports will run in USB 1.1 mode only.
Onboard Devices
The Onboard Devices submenu on this system, is used to enable or disable
newer types of ports, such as IEEE-1394 (FireWire), audio, and Ethernet LAN ports
(this system has two). The onboard LAN option ROM is disabled on this system, but
should be enabled if you want to boot from an operating system that is stored on a
network drive.
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A typical Onboard Devices submenu.

I/O Devices
Most systems separate legacy ports such as floppy, serial (COM), and parallel
port (LPT) into their own submenus, as in the I/O Devices submenu. Some systems
might also have a setting for the PS/2 mouse port on this or another CMOS/BIOS
menu.
The COM (serial) port is disabled on this system because there are no devices
connected to it (most devices that formerly used COM ports, such as modems,
pointing devices, and printers, now use USB ports; similarly, most mice that formerly
used PS/2 ports now use USB ports). The parallel (LPT) port is enabled because it is
used by a printer.
A typical I/O Devices submenu.

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The PATA/IDE and SATA configuration menus usually dont need adjustment, except
when you need to create a redundant array of inexpensive drives (RAID) array from
two or more drives.
Use the SATA configuration menu to enable, disable, or specify how many
SATA host adapters to make available; to enable or disable SATA RAID; and to
configure SATA host adapters to run in compatible (emulating PATA) or native (AHCI)
mode.
Typical SATA configuration menu.

Power Management
Although Windows includes power management features, the BIOS controls
how any given system responds to standby or power-out conditions.
Typical power management configuration menu.

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ACPI is the power management function used in modern systems, replacing

the older APM standard; it should be enabled. Most systems offer two ACPI standby
states: S1/POS (power on standby) and S3/STR (suspend to RAM). Use S3/STR
whenever possible, as it uses much less power when the system is idle than
S1/POS.
You can also configure your system power button, specify how to restart your
system if AC power is lost, and specify how to wake up a system from standby,
sleep, or hibernation modes.
Configuring Wakeup Events.
PnP/PCI Configurations
The PnP/PCI Configuration dialog is used to specify which graphics adapter is
primary (PCI Express versus PCI or AGP versus PCI), the IRQ settings to use for
PCI slots, the settings for the PCI latency timer, and which IRQ and DMA hardware
resources to set aside for use by non-PnP devices.
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Configuring PnP/PCI settings.

Hardware Monitor
As hot as a small room containing a PC can get, its a whole lot hotter inside
the PC itself. Excessive heat is the enemy of system stability and shortens the life of
your hardware. Adding fans can help, but if they fail, you have problems.
A typical Hardware Monitor screen.

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Some older processors, such as the Athlon XP, do not automatically configure the
system BIOS settings for processor clock multiplier and frequency, while newer
processors typically do. However, the processor configuration dialog
is found in performance-oriented systems and displays current settings
and enables the user to adjust these and other settings to overclock the system
(running its components at faster than normal settings).
Security Features
Security features of various types are scattered around the typical system BIOS dialogs.
These include
BIOS password BIOS Settings Password or Security dialogs
Power-on password Configured through the Security dialog
Boot sector protection Advanced BIOS Features dialog
A typical processor configuration screen.
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Exiting the BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes

When you exit the BIOS setup program, you can elect to save
configuration changes or discard changes. Choose the option to save changes if
you made changes you want to keep. Choose the option to discard changes
A)
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B)
Typical exit dialogs: saving changes (a) and discarding changes (b).

Every time you turn on your PC, the BIOS performs one of its most important jobs:
the POST (power-on self-test). The POST portion of the BIOS enables the BIOS to find and
report errors in the computers hardware. The POST checks the following parts of the
computer:
The CPU and the POST ROM portion of the BIOS
The system timer

Video display (graphics) card
Memory
The keyboard
The disk drives
You hope the POST always checks out OK. But what happens if the POST encounters a
problem? The system will stop the boot process if it encounters a serious or fatal error (see
the following Beep Codes section). During the POST process, the BIOS uses any one of
several methods to report problems:
Beep codes
POST error messages (displayed on the monitor)
POST (hex) error codes
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The next sections describe each method in detail.
Beep Codes
Beep codes are used by most BIOS versions to indicate either a fatal error or a
serious error. A fatal error is an error that is so serious that the computer cannot continue
the boot process. A fatal error would include a problem with the CPU, the POST ROM, the
system timer, or memory. The serious error that beep codes report is a problem with your
video display card or circuit. Although systems can boot without video, seldom would you
want to because you cant see what the system is doing.
Beep codes vary by the BIOS maker. Some companies, such as IBM, Acer, and
Compaq, create their own BIOS chips and firmware. However, most other major brands of
computers and virtually all clones use a BIOS made by one of the Big Three BIOS
vendors: American Megatrends (AMI), Phoenix Technologies, and Award Software (now
owned by Phoenix Technologies).
Because beep codes do not report all possible problems during the startup process,
you cant rely exclusively on beep codes to help you detect and solve system problems.
The most common beep codes youre likely to encounter are listed in Table 4-4.
NOTE :
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For additional beep codes, see the following resources:

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NOTE :
AMI BIOS http://www.ami.com/support/bios.cfm

Phoenix BIOS http://www.phoenix.com/
IBM, Dell, Acer, other brands http://www.bioscentral.com
Dont mix up your boops and beeps! Many systems play a single short boop
(usually a bit different in tone than a beep) when the system boots
successfully. This is normal.
POST Error Messages

Most BIOS versions do an excellent job of displaying POST error messages
indicating what the problem is with the system. These messages can indicate problems with
memory, keyboards, hard disk drives, and other components. Some systems document
these messages in their manuals, or you can go to the BIOS vendors website for more
information.
NOTE:
Keep in mind that the system almost always stops after the first error, so if a
system has more than one serious or fatal error, the first problem will stop the
boot process before the video card has been initialized to display error
messages.

BIOS Updates
The BIOS chip can be regarded as the glue that binds the hardware to the
operating system. If the BIOS doesnt recognize the operating system or the hardware it
communicates with, youre sure to have problems.
Because the BIOS chip bridges hardware to the operating system, you will need to
update the BIOS whenever your current BIOS version is unable to properly support
New hardware, such as large SATA and PATA/IDE hard drives and different
types of removable-storage drives
Faster CPUs
New operating systems and features
New BIOS options
Although software drivers can be used as workarounds for hard drive BIOS
limitations, a true BIOS update is the best solution for hard disk control, and the only solution
if your BIOS cant handle new processors or operating systems.
If you keep your computer for more than a year or so, or if you decide to install a new
processor, you might need to upgrade the BIOS. Back in the 1980s into the early 1990s, a
BIOS update required a physical chip swap and, sometimes, reprogramming the chip with a
device called an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)
burner. If the replacement or reprogrammed BIOS chip was installed incorrectly into the
socket, it could be destroyed.
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Fortunately, since the mid-1990s, a BIOS update can now be performed with
software. The Flash BIOS chips in use on practically every recent system contain a special
type of memory that can be changed through a software download from the system or
motherboard maker.
Although Flash BIOS updates are easier to perform than the older replace-the chip
style, you still need to be careful. An incomplete or incorrect BIOS update will prevent your
system from being accessed. No BIOS, no boot! Regardless of the method, for maximum
safety, I recommend the following initial steps:
Step 1.
Back up important data.
Step 2.
Record the current BIOS configuration, especially hard disk settings as

discussed earlier in this chapter.
CAUTION:
BIOS configuration information might need to be re-entered after a

BIOS update, especially if you must install a different chip. Flash BIOS
Update
So, youve decided you need a Flash BIOS update. Where do you get it? Dont ask
the BIOS manufacturers (Phoenix, AMI, and Award/Phoenix). They dont sell
BIOS updates because their basic products are modified by motherboard and system
vendors.
Here are the General steps for performing a Flash BIOS update:
Step 1.
TIP:
For major brands of computers, go to the vendors website and look for
downloads or tech support links. The BIOS updates are listed by
system model and by version; avoid beta (pre-release) versions.
If your system is a generic system (that is, it came with a mainboard or

motherboard manual and other component manuals rather than a full system
manual), you need to contact the motherboard maker. Some systems indicate the
maker during bootup. Others display only a mysterious series of numbers. You can
decode these numbers to get the motherboards maker. See the following websites
for details:
Wims BIOS page (www.wimsbios.com)

eSupport (www.biosagentplus.com)
American Megatrends BIOS Support page
(www.ami.com/support/bios.cfm)
You can also buy replacement flash BIOS code from eSupport if you are unable to
get updated BIOS code from your system or motherboard vendor.
Step 2.
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Download the correct BIOS update for your system or motherboard.

For generic motherboards, Wims BIOS page also has links to the
motherboard vendors websites.
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Step 3.
You might also need to download a separate loader program, or the

download might contain both the loader and the BIOS image. If the
website has instructions posted, print or save them to a floppy disk for
reference.
Step 4.
Next, install the BIOS update loader and BIOS image to a floppy disk.
Follow the vendors instructions.
NOTE: Some BIOS updates can be done within Windows XP and Vista. If this is
the case, just double-click the BIOS executable to begin the upgrade; a
system restart will be necessary.
Step 5.
After installation is complete, restart your system with the floppy disk
containing the upgrade; make sure the floppy disk is the first item in the
BIOS boot sequence. Press a key if necessary to start the upgrade process.
Some upgrades run automatically; others require that you choose the image from a
menu, and still others require the actual filename of the BIOS. The BIOS update might also
prompt you to save your current BIOS image to a floppy disk. Choose this option if possible
so you have a copy of your current BIOS in case theres a problem.
Step 6.
After the update process starts, it takes about three minutes to rewrite
the contents of the BIOS chip with the updated information.
CAUTION
While performing a Flash upgrade, make sure that you dont turn off
the power to your PC and that you keep children or pets away from the
computer to prevent an accidental shutdown (read: your four-year-old decides
to unplug the computer). Wait for a message indicating the BIOS update has
been completed before you even think about touching the computer. If the
power goes out during the Flash update, the BIOS chip could be rendered
useless.
Step 7.
Remove the floppy disk and restart the system to use your new BIOS
features. Reconfigure the BIOS settings if necessary.
TIP
Some motherboards have a jumper on the motherboard that can be set to

write-protect the Flash BIOS. Take a quick look at your documentation before
you start the process and disable this jumper first. Then,
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SELF CHECK 1.1

Name ________________________________
_______________
Date
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

____ 1. One of the most common uses of Flash Memory is for the BIOS of your
computer.
____ 2. For virtually every computer available the CPU makes sure all the other
chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together.
____ 3. The BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate
successfully.
____ 4. The BIOS softwares most important role is to load the operating system.
____ 5. POST stands for power on source test.
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
6. When you turn on the computer BIOS does the following EXCEPT
A. Check the CMOS settings
C. Determines which devices are bootable
B. Performs the POST
D. Cleans the read/write heads on the hard drive
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7. CMOS stands for _____________

A. Complementary metal oxide conductor
B. Computer maintenance ozone controller
C. Chin material operating system

D. Complementary metal operating
system
8. The BIOS typically displays information about
A. Processor
C. Memory
B. Hard drive
D. All of the above
9. When the floppy disk is in the drive during boot up, an error will appear. What
should
you do?
A. Leave the disk in there, nothing will happen C. Hold your breath.
B. Remove the disk and hit any key.
D. None of the above
10. Ni-cad batteries can supply enough power to last how many years.
A. 7
B. 10
C. 5
D. 1
MODEL ANSWER TO SELF CHECK 1.1

Basic Input/Output System Quiz Key
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
MULTIPLE CHOICE
6. D
7. A
8. D
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9. B
10. B
Activity title
Reading
Material
Lab 1: Getting into the BIOS
Information retrieved from howstuffworks.com
Student Name: _____________________________ Date: __________
To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key, or combination of keys,
during the initial startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "CtrlEsc," or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter the setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom
of the display that tells you to "Press ___ to Enter Setup."
Once you have entered the setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of
options. Some of these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS
manufacturer. Common options include:
System Time/Date Set the system time and date.
Boot Sequence The order in which the BIOS will try to load the operating system
Plug and Play A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; it should be set
to "Yes" if your computer and operating system both support it.
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Mouse/Keyboard "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect

Mouse"...
Drive Configuration Configure hard drives, CD-ROM, and floppy drives.
Memory Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address.
Security Set a password for accessing the computer.
Power Management Select whether to use power management, as well as the
amount of time for standby and suspend.
Exit Save your changes, discard your changes, or restore the default settings.
CMOS setup
BIOS
LEARNING GUIDE
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS)
LEARNING ACTIVITY
PAGE
LEARNING STEPS
Read Information Sheet 2.1 Disk

Operating System
o What is DOS?
o Two Types of DOS command
o Top 10 DOS Commands
o Internal DOS Commands Meaning
o External DOS Commands Meaning
o Most Commonly Used Internal DOS
Commands
o Most Commonly Used External DOS
Commands
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RESOURCES
Information sheet 2.1 on

Disk Operating System.
o Common Errors DOS Command:

o The Differences Between Dos And
Windows Display

Disk Operating System
What is DOS?
Short for Microsoft Disk operating
system, MS-DOS is a non-graphical
command line operating system derived
from 86-DOS that was created for IBM
compatible computers. MS-DOS originally
written by Tim Paterson and introduced by
Microsoft in August 1981 and was last
updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was
released. MS-DOS allows the user to
navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate
files on their computer from a command line
instead of a GUI like Windows.
Today, MS-DOS is no longer used;
however, the command shell, more
commonly known as the Windows
command line is still used by many users.
The picture to the right, is an example of
what a MS-DOS window more appropriately referred to as the Windows command
line looks like running under Microsoft Windows.
Most computer users are only familiar with how to navigate Microsoft
Windows using the mouse. Unlike Windows, MS-DOS is a command-line and is
navigated by using MS-DOS commands. For example, if you wanted to see all the
files in a folder in Windows you would double-click the folder to open the folder in
Windows Explorer. In MS-DOS, to view that same folder you would navigate to the
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folder using the cd command and then list the files in that folder using the dir
command.
Cursor gives our position.

In MS-DOS, keyboard shortcuts involving handy ones like Functional keys, arrows
along with ESC are of great help for recalling to searching to clearing command line
etc., Here are few of them:
UP () and DOWN () arrows recall previously entered commands.
ESC clears the present command line.
F7 key displays command history and ALT+F7/ESC hides it.
F9 is used to selects a command by number. Just enter the command number

and it fetches the command line for you.
Two types of DOS Command

1. Internal DOS command
2. External DOS command
TOP 10 DOS COMMANDS
Below is a listing of the top 10 MS-DOS commands most commonly used and that
you will most likely use during a normal DOS session.
1. cd
2. dir
3. copy
4. del
5. edit
6. move
7. ren (rename)
8. deltree
9. cls
10. format
Internal DOS Commands
Internal Commands are located in memory and do not require and futher
disk access when they are used.
Ex. Copy, DEL, DIR, VER, TYPE, PRINT
External DOS Commands
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They reside on the DOS disk and require a disk access to be used
Ex. Chkdsk, Format, Diskcopy, MD, CD,RD
Most Commonly Used Internal DOS Commands
DATE
This command is used to display
the system current date setting
and prompt you to enter a new
date. The syntax is: DATE [/T |
date]
If you type DATE without parameters then it displays current date and
prompts to enter new date. We should give new date in mm-dd-yy format. If
you want to keep the same date just Press ENTER. DATE command with /T
switch tells the command to just output the current system date, without
prompting for a new date.
TIME
This command is used to displays or set the system time.
The syntax is: TIME [/T | time]
Same as DATE command, typing TIME
with no parameters displays the current
time and a prompt for a new one. Press
ENTER to keep the same time. TIME
command used with /T switch tells the
command to just output the current
system time, without prompting for a
new time.
COPY CON
It is used to create a file in the
existing directory. Syntax
is: COPY CON
filename after that press
Enter and start typing your
text and after you're done
typing your text, to save and
exit hit F6 key.
TYPE
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This command is used to display the contents of a text file or files. The syntax
is: TYPE [drive:][path]filename
Now, lets try to display the contents of the file named filename we've created
earlier using COPY CON command.
CLS - It is used to clear the screen. Syntax is CLS
REN - This command is used to change/modify the name of a file or files.

Syntax is: REN [drive:] [path] filename1 filename2.
Here, filename1 is source file for which you wanted to change the name, and
filename2 will obviously becomes your new file name. Also note that you
cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination file.
DIR - This command displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory.

Syntax is: DIR [drive:] [path] [filename]
[/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L]
[/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q]
[/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
Here,
[drive:][path][filename]
/A:attributes
Displays files with specified

attributes. The possible attributes are
as follow: D Directories, R
Read-only files, H Hidden files,
A Files ready for archiving, S
System files, - Prefix meaning not
/B
display in bare format with no

heading information or summary
/C
Using this attribute with dir by

default displays the thousand
separator in file sizes. To disable
display or separator use /-C
/D
Displays file list sorted by column.
/L
Uses lowercase in listing file names
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and sub-directories.
/N
Display in new long list format

where filenames are on the far right.
/O:sortorder
Displays list by files in sorted order.

The sortorder attributes are as
follow: N By name (alphabetic),
S By size (smallest first), E
By extension (alphabetic), D By
date/time (oldest first), G Group
directories first, - Prefix to reverse
order
/P
Display page wise pausing after

each screenful of information and
prompts to press any key to
continue.
/Q
Displays the owner of a file or files.
/S
Displays files in specified directory

and all subdirectories. Bear caution
in using this in your root directory
as you may end up in overflowing
information. To stop the screen
overflow at any point hit PauseBreak key.
T:timefield
This sorts and displays the list based

on time field specified. C for
Creation, A for Last Access, W for
Last Written
/W
Displays list width wise or wide list

format.
/X
This is used to display the short

names generated for non-8dot3 file
names.
VER This command displays the

version of the Microsoft Windows
running on your computer
VOL It displays the disk volume

label and serial number, if they exist
in the drive specified. If no drive is
specified it displays for the active
drive
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Syntax is: VOL [drive:]

DEL/ERASE Use to delete one or more files.
Syntax is: DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
Names
Specifies a list of one or more files or directories. Wildcards * and ?

may be used to delete multiple files. * indicates group of unknown
characters whereas using wildcard ? in file-names is for single
unknown character. And using this command if a directory is specified,
all files within the directory will be deleted.
/P
Prompts for (Y)es/(N)o confirmation before deleting each file.
/F
Used to force delete read-only files.
/S
Delete specified files from all subdirectories. If Command Extensions

are enabled DEL and ERASE change while using /S switch such that it
shows you only the files that are deleted, not the ones it could not find.
/Q
Delete in quite mode and do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard
/A:attributes
Delete files based on specified attribute. The attributes are: R for Readonly files, S for System files, H for Hidden files, A for files ready for
archiving and - Prefix meaning not.
COPY This command is useful in copying one or more files to another file or
location. Syntax is: COPY [/D] [/V] [/N] [/Y] [/-Y] [/Z] [/A] [/B] source [/A
| /B]
[+ source [/A | /B] [+]] [destination [/A | /B]]
Source
It specifies the file or files to be copied.
/A
Indicates an ASCII text file.
/B
This switch indicates a binary file.
/D
This allows the destination file to be created with decryption.
destination This specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file or files.
/V
Helps to verify new files to be written correctly.
/N
Specifying this switch uses short filename, if available, when copying a

file with a non-8dot3 file name.
/Y
If destination file already exists, this switch suppresses prompting to

confirm you want to overwrite it and does it a.s.a.p.
/-Y
Contrary to above switch, these causes prompting to confirm you want to

overwrite an existing destination file.
Copies networked files in restartable mode.
/Z
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MD, CD and RD
o MD command stands for make directory and is used to create a
directory. Syntax is: MD [drive:]path
o CD (or CHDIR) command stands for create or change directory. It
allows the user to display the name of the directory or change the
current directory. Syntax is: CD [/D]
[drive:] [path].
Using /D switch changes current drive in

addition to current directory for a drive.
RD (or RMDIR) command removes or deletes a directory. There are
two conditions to remove any directory: 1. Directory to be removed
must be empty and 2. User must be outside the directory to be deleted.
Syntax is: RD [/S] [/Q] [drive:]path
Using the switch /S removes a directory tree meaning it removes all
directories and files in the specified directory in addition to directory
itself. And using /Q is the quiet mode that doesnt ask for approval to
remove a directory tree.
Most Commonly Used Internal DOS Commands

1. EDIT - This command is used to modify or change the data file.
Syntax is: EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [filename(s)]
Using switch /B you can force the edit in monochrome mode. /H displays the
maximum number of lines possible for your system hardware. Whereas
using /R and /S one can load files in read-only mode and force the use of short
filenames respectively. [filename(s)] is used to specify file(s) to go to edit. You
can use (* and ?) wildcards to specify multiple files.
2. XCOPY - This command is used to copy files and directory trees from one disk
to another disk.
Syntax is: XCOPY source [destination]
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3. Label - It is used to create, change or delete the volume label of a disk.

Syntax is: LABEL [drive:] [label]
4. CHKDSK
This command is used to check a disk and display a status report with
properties of the disk like serial number, volume, label, memory and other
properties along with errors in the disk if any.
Syntax is: CHKDSK [volume path]
Common Errors DOS Command:

There are hundreds of error messages in DOS. Messages that generally occur
more frequently are explained below:
Access denied
The file you are deleting is protected or is in use by another application.
Bad command or file name
Means that DOS does not understand the command you entered, or it cannot find
the program you asked it to run.
Data error reading drive X
Means that an area of the disk is unreadable. Press R to retry. Most likely, you'll
have to press A to stop (abort). If the data or program is critical and there's no
backup, use a utility program to try to reconstruct the damaged area.
Duplicate file name or file not found
Means that you are referencing a file that does not exist or that you are renaming
a file to a file name that already does exist.
It may also mean that the file you are renaming is being used by someone else on
the network. The file must be closed by that user(s) in order for you to rename it.
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Exception error 12
Means that DOS does not have enough room to handle hardware interrupts.
File Not Found
Means DOS cannot locate the file you have specified. Use the Dir command to
check its spelling. It may be also be in another directory.
General failure reading drive X
Abort, Retry, Fail?
Usually means that an unformatted floppy is being used. Press A to Abort, format
the floppy and try again. You'll also get this if you try to read a high-density disk
in a low-density drive. High-density disks require high-density drives.
Incorrect DOS Version
Means that the command you are using belongs to another version of DOS.
Somehow an earlier or later version of a command is on your hard disk.
Commands from one DOS version often do not work in other versions.
Internal Stack Failure
Means that DOS has gotten completely confused. Turn off the computer and
restart.
Invalid directory
Means that you entered the name of a directory that does not exist.
Invalid drive specification
If you get this message on a valid drive such as C:, it may mean that your hard
disk has become corrupted.
Invalid file name or file not found
You have probably used an invalid character in a DOS file name, or you have used
wild cards when they are not applicable. For example, type *.* will produce this
error, because you cannot Type more than one file at a time.
Invalid media type
DOS does not recognize the format of the drive being referenced. This means that
the disk has been corrupted in some manner and is not readable. You will also get
this message if you low-level formatted a new disk, performed the Fdisk
procedure, but forgot to high-level format it with the Format command.
Invalid parameter
Means DOS does not understand the command line. It indicates that a switch is
used incorrectly. If you're typing path names, be sure to use a backslash (\), not a
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forward slash (/). The forward slash is used to enter parameters.

Non-system disk or disk error
Replace and press any key when ready
Usually means there's a non-bootable floppy in drive A. The computer looks for
DOS on a floppy before it looks for DOS on the hard disk. If an ordinary floppy is
in drive A at startup, it causes this error. Remove the disk and press any key.
Not ready reading drive X

Abort, Retry, Fail?
Means the drive door is left open, or the floppy disk is not in the drive. Either put
the appropriate floppy disk in the drive or close the drive door (turn lever) and
press R.
To switch to another drive, press F, and type in the drive letter you want to go
back to when you get the "Current drive is no longer valid>" message. In DOS
versions prior to 4.0, type I for Ignore rather than F for Fail.
Not ready writing device PRN
Abort, Retry, Fail?
Means the printer is turned off or unavailable. Press A to cancel, or turn the
printer on and press R. You might also check the cable connection to the printer.
Path not found
Means that you entered an invalid path name.
Stack overflow
Means that DOS does not have enough room to handle hardware interrupts.
You can also get this message when other things go haywire; for example, a bad
expansion board or one that isn't seated properly in the slot can cause erratic
signals eventually leading to this message.
System Halted
Means the computer could not continue due to a hardware or software problem.
It can occur if a memory parity error is detected or if a peripheral board goes
awry. A program bug can also cause this as well as a virus.
Testing memory, testing for viruses and removing peripheral boards one at a time
are ways to isolate the problem.
Write protect error
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Means that the floppy disk has been protected and data cannot be recorded on it.
Either unprotect it or use another disk.
The Differences Between Dos And Windows Display
DOS
Windows
The Differences Between Dos And Windows Display

No
Disk Operating System
Windows
1
Command-line
Icon based
2
difficult to use because it requires exact
Easy to interact with
spelling, syntax or a set of rules of entering buttons, icons and other
commands and punctuation.
graphical objects to issue
commands.
3
Single tasking
Multi- tasking
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LEARNING GUIDE
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Booting and System Files

LEARNING ACTIVITY
PAGE
LEARNING STEPS
RESOURCES
Read Information Sheet 3.1 Booting and
Information sheet 3.1
System Files
on Booting and
System Files
o Booting and System Files

o BASIC Bootstrap Loader
o What files are needed to boot a PC

computer?
Command.com
Io.sys
Msdos.sys
Autoexec.bat
Config.sys
Himem.sys
System.ini
EMM386.exe
o Fdisk
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Booting and System Files
Everything about starting a PC revolves around the Master Boot Record
(MBR) and the process of joining the motherboard BIOS to the operating system.
COMMAND.COM works IO.SYS and an optional CONFIG.SYS file, before passing
control to MSDOS.SYS, the third of the three critical system files. We've tried to
focus your attention on important points by using Exam Alerts, but you should also
work with a computer and pay attention to everything taking place when you turn on
the power.
When you turn on the PC's power switch, the POST routine in the ROM BIOS
chip initializes the system and runs a test of all the system components. Prior to Plug
and Play, you had to physically turn off the computer before plugging in a new
peripheral. Even now, you'll often still be required to shut down and restart Windows
while it updates Registry settings. Hot swapping means that you can add or remove
a device while the machine is running
BASIC Bootstrap Loader
The boot sector also contains a very small program written in BASIC. This
program calls a small part of IO.SYS called the bootstrap loader, which either loads
the so-called DOS kernel (system files) into memory at startup, or writes the
message "Non-system disk or disk error.
Replace and press any key when ready," to the screen. The DOS kernel
manages system level functions, such as file management and memory
management. For the computer to understand itself and for the kernel to be loaded,
the DOS system files must be present in the boot disk's root directory.
The bootstrap loader works in conjunction with the system files and must be in
the boot sector. Simply copying COMMAND.COM and the two hidden system files to
a floppy disk won't extract the bootstrap loader. The only way to install the bootstrap
loader into the boot sector is with FORMAT.COM
Ex. (FORMAT [drive:] /S) or SYS.COM.
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What files are needed to boot a PC computer?

The computer needs the minimum of the below three files to boot to a DOS prompt.
Note: The above files are the absolute minimum. If an external command
such as FDISK needs to be performed, that file also needs to be copied to the
disk or drive. See the BOOT DISK page for additional information and
recommendations on what files to copy or how to create a bootable diskette.
Command.com
The command interpreter is a file responsible for handling and processing
the command done at the MS-DOS or Windows command line interface. For
example, the command interpreter for earlier Microsoft operating systems is the file
command.com, later versions of Windows use the cmd.exe file.
AUTOEXEC.BAT
The autoexec is a system file originally found in MS-DOS. It is plain-text batch
file that resides in the root directory. The file name stands for automatic execution.
The AUTOEXEC.BAT executes commands on system startup.
CONFIG.SYS
Config.sys is used with MS- DOS, and its loaded each time the computer first boots up. The
CONFIG.SYS controls components of computer that are connected. CONFIG.SYS
control memory and other hardware devices.
Himem.sys
The himem.sys is a driver file first included with MS-DOS 5.0 and included
with Windows up to Windows 98 that manages extended memory. Versions of
Microsoft Windows after Windows 98 only utilized the memory manager included
with Windows. To load the himem.sys, add the below lines into your config.sys.
Io.sys
The io.sys file is a MS-DOS and Windows 9x hidden system file that is used to
load the operating system each time the computer boots. Computers running MSDOS with our without Windows 3.x required the io.sys and msdos.sys as well as
other system files in order to load MS-DOS.
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With the introduction of Microsoft Windows 95 the executable msdos.sys file

was merged into the io.sys file and was still a required file to boot the computer into
Windows 95 or Windows 98. The msdos.sys file can still exist on computers running
either of these versions of Windows however is now a configuration text file and not
an executable file.
Later versions of Windows no longer required this file to boot and do not have
the option to boot into MS-DOS. However the file can still be found on Windows ME
computers for users that need to create a bootable diskette.
Msdos.sys
Microsoft-DOS and early Windows boot file that should be located in the root
directory of the boot drive or boot disk file.
System.ini
Initialization file used with Microsoft Windows 3.x, Windows 95, and Windows
98 to initialize system settings for the computer, such as the fonts, keyboard,
language, and other settings. The system.ini file is located in the
C:\windows directory and its backup is the system file. Users looking to view or edit
the system.ini file can use the sysedit or msconfig utilities.
Users who are running Windows NT 4.0, 2000, XP, or later operating systems
no longer have a system.ini. Instead of storing these settings in this file they are
stored in the system registry. For backwards compatibility Windows 2000 and
Windows XP may have a very basic system.ini.
EMM386.exe
Extended Memory Manager used with
Microsoft-DOS file.
Receiving error Missing command
interpreter
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A command interpreter is part of a computer that handles each of the

commands on the computer and if this file on the bootable device you will encounter
this error. Below are some of the most common causes for this error.
Non bootable CD or diskette in drive
It is possible that the computer may be attempting to boot from a device other
than your hard drive. Verify that no floppy diskette or CD is in the computer.
Boot option setup improperly
Verify that the boot options are setup properly within CMOS. We recommend
that the boot options be similar to the example shown below.
1. Floppy
2. Hard Drive
3. CD-ROM
4. Network
The command.com, msdos.sys, io.sys or drvspace.bin is missing or corrupted

Use a bootable floppy diskette with sys.com on it. The first MS-DOS diskette,
Windows 95, or Windows 98 diskette also works.
1. Boot from the floppy diskette and get to a A:\> prompt.
2. Once at the prompt type sys c: and press enter
3. This should give you the message system transferred. Once the system
has been transferred, remove the floppy diskette and reboot the computer.
This issue can only be resolved with a bootable diskette. If you do not have a
bootable diskette refer to our boot diskette page for information on how to create
one. See the boot disk page for further information about creating a boot disk.
Bad hard drive
Finally, it is possible that the hard drive may be going or already is bad. If after
following the above steps, you are still receiving errors about the command
interpreter or the command.com being missing or bad, we recommend that you
follow the instructions below.
1. Boot the computer with a bootable floppy diskette.
2. At the prompt type fdisk /mbr and press enter.
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3. This returns to a prompt with no message.

4. Once back at the prompt, reboot the computer.
5. If the same issue occurs we recommend that you delete and recreate the
partition, and reinstall the operating system back onto the computer.
Fdisk
is an external MS-DOS utility that is used to configure the computers fixed

disk drives. With Fdisk, you're able to delete, create, and partition different portions
of the hard drive. Fdisk was first made available in MS-DOS 3.3x and was also
available in all earlier versions of Windows including Windows 95, Windows 98, and
Windows ME. With the introduction of Windows XP, Fdisk was replaced with the
graphical Windows Disk Management utility and recovery console disk part
command.
About fdisk
Fdisk is used to delete and create partitions on the hard drive in earlier versions of
MS-DOS and Windows.
MS-DOS 3.3x and below used fdisk.com
MS-DOS 4.x and above, including Windows use fdisk.exe
Availability
The fdisk command is an external command that is available in the below
Microsoft operating systems.
All Versions of MS-DOS

Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME
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SELF CHECK 3.1

Name ________________________________
_______________
Date
True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

____ 1. One of the most common uses of Flash Memory is for the BIOS of your
computer.
____ 2. For virtually every computer available the CPU makes sure all the other
chips, hard drives, ports and CPU function together.
____ 3. The BIOS is the third type of software your computer needs to operate
successfully.
____ 4. The BIOS softwares most important role is to load the operating system.
____ 5. POST stands for power on source test.
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the
question.
6. When you turn on the computer BIOS does the following EXCEPT
C. Check the CMOS settings
C. Determines which devices are bootable
D. Performs the POST
D. Cleans the read/write heads on the hard drive
7. CMOS stands for _____________
C. Complementary metal oxide conductor
D. Computer maintenance ozone controller
C. Chin material operating system

D. Complementary metal operating
system
8. The BIOS typically displays information about
C. Processor
C. Memory
D. Hard drive
D. All of the above
9. When the floppy disk is in the drive during boot up, an error will appear. What
should
you do?
C. Leave the disk in there, nothing will happen C. Hold your breath.
D. Remove the disk and hit any key.
D. None of the above
10. Ni-cad batteries can supply enough power to last how many years.
A. 7
B. 10
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C. 5
D. 1
MODEL ANSWER TO SELF CHECK 3.1

Basic Input/Output System Quiz Key
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
MULTIPLE CHOICE
6. D
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. B
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Activity title
Reading
Material
Lab 3: how to use Fdisk in Windows 9x
Student Name: _____________________________ Date: __________
1. Boot-up your computer with the Startup Floppy.

You may have to "tell" the CMOS to boot to the floppy drive first instead of
the hard disk.
2. Use FDISK to create a new partition on your new hard disk as follows:
If you remove partitions, you will destroy everything on them, or, at the
least, make it very difficult to recover any data. I use Western Digital's WD
DIAGS write zero's capability to take Western Digital drives down to "bare
metal." This eliminates possibility any lingering, overlapping partition/boot
track problems which sometimes crop up. You could also use FDISK to
remove existing partitions on your old hard disk and then proceed with the
following steps to clean-install Windows 98. Be absolutely sure you have a
good back-up first. Don't trust just one tape if using a tape drive.
A:\>fdisk
Will produce the following screen:
Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windows
includes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficient use of
disk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 GB to be formatted as
a single drive.
IMPORTANT: If you enable large disk support and create any new drives
on this disk, you will not be able to access the new drive(s) using other
operating systems, including some versions of Windows 95 and Windows
NT, as well as earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS. In addition, disk
utilities that were not designed explicitly for the FAT32 file system will not
be able
to work with this disk. If you need to access this disk with other operating
systems or older disk utilities, do not enable large drive support. [this is
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usually not a problem]

Do you wish to enable large disk support (Y/N)...........? [Y]
3. Push the Enter key to accept the default [Y] for FAT32. You will get the
following menu:
FDISK Options
Current fixed disk drive: 1
Choose one of the following:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
Enter choice: [1]
Press Esc to exit FDISK
4. Press Enter to select the default [1]. The following screen will be
displayed:
Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive

Choose one of the following:
1. Create Primary DOS Partition
2. Create Extended DOS Partition
3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
Enter choice: [1]
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Press Esc to return to FDISK Options
5. Again, press Enter to select the default. The following will be displayed
Create Primary DOS partition
Current fixed disk drive : 1
Verifying drive integrity, xx% complete.
Do you wish to use the maximum available size for a primary DOS partition
and make the partition active (Y/N) ....................? [Y]
At this point you can press the Enter key and make the entire drive one
partition, your C: drive, or enter N and make a partition which occupies less
than the entire drive. If you have a large drive, you may want to consider
putting more than one partition on it; i.e., make you C: drive 1-2 GB and
the rest of the drive (a second partition) your D: drive. You will find that a
smaller C: drive will run faster and take a lot less time to defrag. I leave
putting more than one partition on the drive as an exercise for the more
adventurous. Just be sure the partition for the C: drive is set active and
logical drives are assigned to each of the partitions. You may want to
experiment...
6. After creating an active partition on the hard drive reboot the computer
to the Startup Floppy and format the drive as follows:
A:\> format c:
Do not use the /s flag with the format command. We do not want to
transfer the system files from the floppy to the hard disk. Windows 98 will
not install on the hard disk if it already has the system files on it.
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LEARNING GUIDE
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
LEARNING OPERATING SYSTEM (O.S.)
LEARNING ACTIVITY
LEARNING STEPS
PAGE
Read Information Sheet 4.1 Operating

System
o What is Operating System?
RESOURCES
Operating System.
o Definition
o
Memory Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Job accounting
Coordination between other software

and users
Read Information Sheet 4.2 Types of

Operating System
o Types of Operating System
Single User and Single Task OS
Single User and Multitasking OS
Multiuser OS
Multiprocessing OS
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Operating System.
Real Time OS
Embedded OS
o
What are the List of Microsoft Windows

version
What is a File System?
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Partitions
About Clusters
FAT32 File System
FAT Limitations
Read Information Sheet 4.3 Installation of

Operating System
o System requirement of Windows XP
o Installation of Windows XP
o Upgrading to Windows Vista from XP or
2000
o What is Dual O.S.?
Step on Creating Partition
Step on how to Install another

Installation of Operating
System
Operating Systems
o System requirement of Windows 2003
o Installation of Windows 2003

What is Operating System?
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An operating System (OS) is an intermediary between users and computer

hardware. It provides users an environment in which a user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently.
In technical terms, It is a software which manages hardware. An operating System
controls the allocation of resources and services such as memory, processors,
devices and information.
Definition
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
Memory Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Job accounting
Coordination between other software and users
Memory Management
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Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory.

Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own
address.
Main memory provides a fast storage that can be access directly by the CPU. So for
a program to be executed, it must in the main memory. Operating System does the
following activities for memory management.
Keeps tracks of primary memory i.e. what part of it are in use by whom, what
part are not in use.
In multiprogramming, OS decides which process will get memory when and

how much.
Allocates the memory when the process requests it to do so.

De-allocates the memory when the process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.
In multiprogramming environment, OS decides which process gets the processor
when and how much time. This function is called process scheduling. Operating
System does the following activities for processor management.
Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. Program responsible for this
task is known as traffic controller.
Allocates the processor(CPU) to a process.
De-allocates processor when processor is no longer required.
Device Management
OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. Operating System
does the following activities for device management.
Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the
I/O controller.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage.
These directories may contain files and other directions. Operating System does the
following activities for file management.
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Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities
are often known as file system.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.
Other Important Activities

Following are some of the important activities that Operating System does.
Security -- By means of password and similar other techniques, preventing

unauthorized access to programs and data.
Control over system performance -- Recording delays between request for

a service and response from the system.
Job accounting -- Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs
and users.
Error detecting aids -- Production of dumps, traces, error messages and

other debugging and error detecting aids.
Coordination between other softwares and users -- Coordination and

assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the
various users of the computer systems.
Information sheet 4.2 on Operating System

Types of Operating System
OS are classified into different types depending on their capability of processing
1. Single User and Single Task OS is for use by a single user for a standalone
single computer for performing a single task (Figure 7.1). Operating system for
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Personal Computers (PC) are single-user OS. For example, if the user is editing a
document, then a document cannot be printed on the printer simultaneously. Single
user OS are simple operating system designed to manage one task at a time. MSDOS is an example of single user OS.
Figure 7.1. A single user performing a single task

2. Single User and Multitasking OS allows execution of more than one task or
process concurrently. For this, the processor time is divided amongst different tasks.
This division of time is also called time sharing. The processor switches rapidly
between processes. For example, the user can listen to music on the computer while
writing an article using a word processor software. The user can switch between the
applications and also transfer data between them (Figure 7.2). Windows 95 and all
later versions of Windows are examples of multitasking OS.
Figure 7.2. A single user performing multitasking (issuing print command and
making drawings)
3. Multiuser OS is used in computer networks that allow same data and applications
to be accessed by multiple users at the same time (Figure 7.3). The users can also
communicate with each other. Linux, UNIX, and Windows 7 are examples of
multiuser OS.
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Figure 7.3. Multiple users working on connected computers
4. Multiprocessing OS have two or more processors for a single running process.

Processing takes place in parallel and is also called parallel processing. Each
processor works on different parts of the same task, or, on two or more different
tasks. Since execution takes place in parallel, they are used for high speed
execution, and to increase the power of computer. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7 are
examples of multiprocessing OS.
5. Real Time OS are designed to respond to an event within a predetermined time.
These operating systems are used to control processes. Processing is done within a
time constraint. OS monitors the events that affect the execution of process and
respond accordingly. They are used to respond to queries in areas like medical
imaging system, industrial control systems etc. LynxOS is an example of real time
OS.
6. Embedded OS is embedded in a device in the ROM. They are specific to a device
and are less resource intensive. They are used in appliances like microwaves,
washing machines, traffic control systems etc.

An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the
programs.
It provides programs, an environment to execute.

It provides users, services to execute the programs in a convenient
manner.
Following are few common services provided by operating systems.
Program execution
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I/O operations
File System manipulation
Communication
Error Detection
Resource Allocation
Protection
Operating System - Properties

Following are few of very important tasks that Operating System handles
Batch processing
Batch processing is a technique in which Operating System collects one programs
and data together in a batch before processing starts. Operating system does the
following activities related to batch processing.
OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands, programs

and data as a single unit.
OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any manual
information.
Jobs are processed in the order of submission i.e first come first served
fashion.
When job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output for
the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.
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Multitasking
Multitasking refers to term where multiple jobs are executed by the CPU
simultaneously by switching between them.Switches occur so frequently that the
users may interact with each program while it is running.
Multiprogramming
When two or more programs are residing in memory at the same time, then sharing
the processor is referred to the multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a
single shared processor. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing
jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute.
Following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming system.
Interactivity
Interactivity refers that a User is capable to interact with computer system. Operating
system does the following activities related to interactivity.
OS provides user an interface to interact with system.
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OS managers input devices to take inputs from the user. For example,
keyboard.
OS manages output devices to show outputs to the user. For example,

Monitor.
OS Response time needs to be short since the user submits and waits for the
result.
What are the List of Microsoft Windows version

In this section, a client version of Windows is a version that can be purchased and
installed on personal computers (desktop computers, laptops and workstations) or
purchased with these computers.
Release
date
Windows 8.1
Windows 8
18 October
2013
26 October
2012
Release
version
Editions
number
NT 6.3
NT 6.2
Windows 8.1
Windows 8.1 Pro
Windows 8.1
Enterprise
Windows 8
Windows 8 Pro
Windows 8
Enterprise
See Windows 8 editions

Windows 7
22 October
NT 6.1
Windows 7 Home
Basic
Windows 7 Home
2009
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Premium
Windows 7
Professional
Windows 7
Enterprise
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows Thin PC
See Windows 7 editions
Windows Vista
30 January
2007
Windows Vista Home

Premium
Windows Vista
Business
Windows Vista
Enterprise
Windows Vista
Ultimate
NT 6.0
See Windows Vista

editions
Windows XP
25 October
NT 5.1
2001
Windows XP Starter
Windows XP Home
Windows XP
Professional
Windows XP
Professional x64
Windows XP 64-bit
Edition
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Windows
Fundamentals for
Legacy PCs (8 July
2006)
See Windows XP editions
14
Windows ME
September
4.90
N/A
2000
Windows 2000
17 February
2000
25 June
Windows 98
1998
Windows NT
24 August
4.0
1996
Windows 95
24 August
NT 5.0 Professional
4.10
NT 4.0
4.00
1995
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Windows 98
T E C H N O L O G Y
Windows 98 Second
Edition (23 April 1999)
Windows NT 4.0
Workstation
Windows 95
Windows 95 SP1 (31

December 1995)
Windows 95 OSR1
(14 February 1996)
Windows 95 OSR2
(24 August 1996)
Windows 95 USB
Supplement to OSR2
(27 August 1997)
Windows 95 OSR
2.1 (27 August 1997)
D E P A R T M E N T
Windows NT
3.51
Windows NT
3.5
30 May 1995 NT 3.51

21
September
NT 3.50
1994
Windows 3.2
Windows for
22 November
1993
November
Workgroups
1993
3.11
Windows NT
3.1
3.2
Windows 95 OSR2.5
(26 November 1997)
Windows NT 3.51
Workstation
Windows NT 3.5
Workstation
Simplified Chinese only
3.11
N/A
27 July 1993 NT 3.10 Windows NT 3.1

Windows 3.1
Windows 3.1
April 1992
3.10
Windows for
Workgroups 3.1
(October 1992)
What Is a File System?

The organizational method used by an OS to store files and
folders on a secondary storage device
FAT (file allocation table) file system
Files and directories
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File naming conventions

File organization
Partitions and logical drives on a hard drive
Partitions
Partitions
Low-level formatting is done at the factory. It marks off the

disk into sectors and cylinders, and defines their placement
on the disk.
FDISK is used to partition a hard drive (high-level).
When the hard drive is divided into more than one partition,
the first partition is referred to as the primary partition and
the second is called the extended partition.
The primary partition is usually the active partition, or the

partition Windows refers to during the boot-up process.
A hard disk can have up to 4 separate primary partitions, or

3 primary and 1 extended.
Fat16 can only address a maximum of 2 gigabytes (GB) of

hard disk space.
FAT32 increases the limit to 2 terabytes (TB) of hard disk

space.
Only the primary partition on any hard drive can be

designated as active.
DOS, Windows 95, and Windows 98 can only manage 1

primary partition per hard drive.
There can be only 1 extended partition per disk.
Unlike the primary partition, it can be subdivided into a

maximum of 23 sections called logical drives.
In Windows, in addition to the drive letter, each drive can be

assigned a name called a drive label. The drive label can be
up to 11 characters long.
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Primary Partition and Active Partition:

A primary partition is in which an Operating System can be installed. One hard disk
may contain a maximum of 4 primary partitions. An active partition is based on
primary partition. Any one of the 4 primary partitions can be set as active partition.
Since there can be 4 primary partitions with 4 different Operating Systems installed,
one of the partition that is marked active is used for the initial booting. The active
partition contains the boot loader (such as ntldr or bootmgr) to load operating
systems from a disk.
Extended Partition:
Because the primary only can be created four maximum, this need to use extended
partition to break the limitation of 4 partitions. In an Extended Partition you can
create unlimited logical partition. You can store data in the logical partitions similar
with primary partition, but the extended partition is not used to store data, because
the Extended Partition is used to hold logical partitions, at the same time, there is
one extended partition on a disk.
Logical Drive / Logical Disk

A logical disk is a device that provides an area of usable storage capacity on one or
more physical disk drive components in a computer system. Other terms that are
used to mean the same thing are partition, logical volume, and in some case
a virtual disk (vdisk).
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The disk is described as logical or "virtual" because it does not actually exist as a
single physical entity in its own right. There are many ways to define a logical disk or
volume. Most modern operating systems provide some form of logical volume
management which allows the creation and management of logical volumes.
About Clusters
Have you ever wondered what all those little boxes are when you defrag your
hard drive? These boxes are clusters; they are storage units on the hard
drive.
This applies mostly to the file systems FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32. FAT Stands
for file allocation table.
FAT12 is only seen on floppy disks and very small storage media, while
FAT16 is the older version of FAT from the Windows 95 days, and FAT32 is
newer, from the Windows 98 days.
NT, 2000, XP, Vista, and Windows 7 can use all the FAT file systems, plus the
NTFS (New Technology File System)
A hard drive is organized into groups of files stored in directories. The first directory
is called the root directory. All directories can have child directories or subdirectories. In Windows, a directory is called a folder.
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The Master Boot Record, created when you create the first partition on the hard disk,
is probably the most important data structure on the disk. It is the first sector on
every disk.
The location is always track (cylinder) 0, side (head) 0, and sector 1.
The Master Boot Record contains the Partition Table for the disk and a small amount
of executable code.

The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system is a simple file system originally
designed for small disks and simple folder structures.
The FAT file system is named for its method of organization, the file allocation
table, which resides at the beginning of the volume.
To protect the volume, two copies of the table are kept, in case one becomes
damaged. In addition, the file allocation tables and the root folder must be stored in a
fixed location so that the files needed to start the system can be correctly located.
FAT32 File System
FAT32 is a derivative of the File Allocation Table (FAT) file system that
supports drives with over 2GB of storage. Because FAT32 drives can contain
more than 65,526 clusters, smaller clusters are used than on large FAT16
drives. This method results in more efficient space allocation on the FAT32
drive.
The largest possible file for a FAT32 drive is 4GB minus 2 bytes.
The FAT32 file system includes four bytes per cluster within the file allocation
table. Note that the high 4 bits of the 32-bit values in the FAT32 file allocation
table are reserved and are not part of the cluster number.
FAT Limitations
FAT type
Max Clusters
Cluster sizes
FAT12
4,086
0.5 to 4KB
FAT16
65,526
2KB to 32KB
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Max volume size

16,736,256 bytes (16MB)
2,147,483,648 bytes (2GB)
D E P A R T M E N T
FAT32
268,435,456
4KB to 32KB
8,796,093,022,208 bytes (8TB)
Each FAT type has its limits; this table displays these limits:

NTFS is a high-performance, self-healing file system proprietary to Windows XP and
later. Features include
file-level security, compression, and auditing
support for large volumes and powerful storage solutions such as builtin RAID support
the ability to encrypt files and folders to protect your sensitive data
more efficient drive management due to its smaller cluster size

capabilities
support for very large drives made possible by its 64-bit clustering
arrangement
recoverable file system capabilities

Installation of Operating System
System Requirement of Operating Systems

A computer without an operating system is useless. The process of preparing
for an operating system installation includes
Verifying that your system has sufficient resources and free disk space for the
Installation.
Verifying that you have drivers for the devices and peripherals you want to
use
With the operating system.
Preparing the appropriate startup disks (when required) to prepare the hard
disk
and start the installation.
Determining the location of the operating system if you are installing the new
operating system as a dual-boot configuration that will enable you to minimum
requirements for Windows Vista, Windows XP, and Windows 2000 Professional.
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Booting from the Windows XP Distribution CD
Installation of Operating Systems

This section describes how to install Windows Vista and Windows XP and
how to make sure your computer meets the minimum requirements for those
operating systems. In it we also delve into the different methods of installation
including using a DVD or CDROM, installing over the network, imaging a drive, and
using recovery discs.
To start the install process from the Windows XP distribution CD, follow these steps:
1. Restart your computer, upon rebooting tap or press F2 or Delete key to
access the BIOS of your computer. (Note: Not all computers use the same
key to access BIOS it depends on your computer or your motherboard)
2.
Inside the BIOS, locate the BOOT Device Priority of your computer and
assign CD/DVD Rom as the First Boot Device.
3.
Put your CD installer of OS (Ex. Windows XP) in the CD/DVD drive and then
Press F10 to save and exit in the BIOS. The computer will reboot now.
4.
Upon rebooting, if you see Press Any key to Boot from CD, press Enter or
any key you want to start the installation of your operating system. (Note: You
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should wait for this carefully because this will last for 5 seconds only for you to
press a key.)
5.
Be patient in waiting for your OS as it loads the necessary files for installation,
when the computer ask you what to do after loading the necessary files choose
Press Escape key on your keyboard to Install fresh Copy of Windows XP.
6.
In the License Agreement part, press F8 key to agree.
7.
On the Disk Partitioning part, you can Delete/Create new partitions depends
on the size you want to do. To DELETE partition press D and L to confirm the
deletion, to CREATE partition press C and assign the size you want and press
Enter.
8.
Choose Drive C: after creating the partition and choose Format using NTFS
file system Quick or you can also select the full formatting. (Note: Make sure
you choose the NTFS file system.)
9.
After formatting, Windows XP will start the installation now. When the
computer asks you the Product Key of your OS, supply the correct and valid
Product/Serial key.
10. In the Network Settings choose Typical Settings and for the WorkGroup name
do not change the WORKGROUP for the default settings.
11. Windows XP will now complete the installation and the computer will restart
automatically again.
12. After rebooting, It will ask now if you want to turn-on Automatic Updates or
not and this will be depend on you.
13. And then the computer will ask for the User Name/Account of the computer
this will also be depends on your choice.
14. Lastly, the computer will ask you if you want to Register with Microsoft Now?
If you dont have Internet connection you can choose Not Right Now option.
15. Congratulation you successfully install a fresh copy of Windows XP operating
system.
Upgrading of Operating System
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Here you learn how to upgrade to Windows Vista and Windows XP. This
section describes the preparations you should make prior to upgrading, gives you
step-by-step upgrade processes, and explains how to troubleshoot upgrades.
Upgrading to Windows Vista from XP or 2000

There are two installation options when attempting to upgrade to Windows
Vista. The first is an upgrade in-place which means that you can install Windows
Vista and retain your applications, files, and settings. This is usually how an upgrade
is accomplished from Windows XP. The second is a clean install. This means that
you should use Windows Easy Transfer to copy files and settings to an external
source before starting the upgrade. This second option is necessary if you wish to
upgrade from Windows 2000 Professional to Vista. Keep in mind that once a
computer has been upgraded to Windows Vista, it cannot be downgraded back to
XP or 2000, the way that older Microsoft operating systems could be; the only way to
revert back to the older OS would be to reformat the hard drive and reinstall the older
OS.
To start the Window Vista upgrade process from Windows XP or 2000, do the
following:
Step 1.
Insert your Windows Vista DVD into the DVD-ROM drive while your
old version of Windows is running.
Step 2.
Unless youve disabled Autorun, the Windows Vista splash screen is

displayed (refer to Figure 14-11). If you do have autorun disabled, go to
your DVD-ROM drive and double-click setup.exe. It is recommended
that you choose Check Compatibility Online.
Step 3.
After checking compatibility (if necessary), click Install Now.
Step 4.
Next is the updates screen. It is recommended that you select the first
option Go Online and Get the Latest Updates for Installation as
shown in Figure 14-13. There is also an option to send anonymous
information back to Microsoft during the install. If you do not want to do
this, leave the I Want to Help Make Windows Installation Better
checkbox blank.
Step 5.
Type in the product key. This should have come with your upgrade
disc.
Step 6.
Next, accept the terms of the license (otherwise the installation will
end).
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Step 7.
In the next window you have two options: upgrade or custom. Select
the first option to upgrade the previous version of Windows to
Windows Vista, as shown in Figure 14-14. If you receive any type of
compatibility report window (like the one in Figure 14-15) that says you
have potential issues, consider stopping the installation for now, and
finding out what hardware or software needs to be replaced using the
websites listed previously.
Then start the upgrade again when you have fixed any issues. In some
cases when you receive a compatibility report, the installation will not
let you continue, and in other cases you can proceed at your own risk;
but be warned, these devices or applications might not function when
the upgrade completes.
Step 8.
Next, Vista will copy files, gather files, expand files, install features and
updates, and finally, complete the upgrade. This might require several
restarts and will take at least several minutes to several hours to finish,
depending on the computers resources. Let the upgrade continue
unhindered until you get to Step 9.
Step 9.
After the final restart you should see the Help Protect Windows
Automatically screen.
Step 10.
Then you will need to configure the time zone, time, and date.
Step 11.
Finally, select the location for the computer, and click Start to begin
using Windows Vista.
Figure 14-14 Selecting Upgrade as the type of installation.

TIP
Another upgrade option for Windows Vista is called Windows Anytime

Upgrade. This allows a user to upgrade from a lower edition of Vista to
a higher edition, for example from Windows Vista Home Premium to
Windows Vista Ultimate.
What is Dual Operating System?

A dual boot system is a computer system in which two operating systems are
installed on the same hard drive, allowing either operating system to be loaded and
given control. When you turn the computer on, a boot manager program displays a
menu, allowing you to choose the operating system you wish to use. A boot manager
works by replacing the original Master Boot Record (MBR) with its own so that the
boot manager program loads instead of an operating system. Some popular boot
manager programs are LILO, System Commander, and Partition Magic. Common
combinations of operating systems used on dual boot systems include Linux and
Windows NT and Windows 98 with one install of Windows being in a different
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language, such as Spanish. Since more than two operating systems can be installed
on a computer, the term multiboot system is sometimes used
Step on how to Creating Partitioning
1. Right-click the "Computer" icon on your desktop.
2. Select the "Manage" option.
3. Click on the "Disk Management" option under the "Storage" heading on the
left side of the window.
4. Locate your hard drive in the list presented to you. Right-click on the name of
the drive and select "New Partition."
5. Click the "Next" button when the "New Partition Wizard" screen appears.
6. Select "Primary partition" and click the "Next" button.
7. Type in the size you want your new partition to be and click "Next."
8. Assign a drive letter to your new partition and click "Next."
9. Select the "Format this Partition with the Following Settings" option. Select
your file system and type in your volume label. Click "Next."
10. Click "Finish" after the "New Partition Wizard" is complete.
Step on how to Install Operating Systems
1. Insert the CD, DVD or other media into your computer that contains the first
operating system.
2. Launch the installation file and follow all of the instructions that appear on the
screen.
3. Determine the partition that you want to use for the operating system. Direct
the installation program to install the OS's files only within the partition that
you specify.
4. Repeat the process for each operating system that you want to install on your
hard drive.
System Requirement Windows 2003 Server

Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft.
Introduced on March 28th, 2003 as the successor to Windows 2000 Server, it is
considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System
line of business server products.
Windows Server 2003 is well-known for its good stability, security and user
friendliness compared to other server operating systems or even its precedessor
Windows 2000. According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 takes less time to set
up and is much easier to configure than Windows 2000.
Here is how to set up Windows Server 2003:
Before you install Windows Server 2003 on a computer, particularly in cases when
you are creating a new network infrastructure, you should create a map of what your
network will look like. The server's role, such as acting as a domain controller or a
multihomed router (a Windows Server 2003 configured with more than one network
interface card) or a NAT server, dictates not only the server's hardware configuration,
but also the configuration of that server (and the services that it provides).
Server Hardware Requirements

Windows Server 2003 requires a minimum hardware configuration to run.
Microsoft's suggested minimum hardware requirements (and some Microsoft
recommendations) for Windows Server 2003 (Standard) are listed here:
* CPU speed: 133MHz (550MHz recommended)
* RAM: 128MB (256MB recommended; 4GB maximum on Standard Server)
* Disk space for setup: 1.5GB
* CD-ROM drive: 12X
* Monitor: Super VGA capable of providing 800 x 600 resolution
Using Supported File Systems
Windows Server 2003 supports the entire range of file systems supported by
Microsoft operating systems. This ability was first introduced with Windows 2000
Server. You can have FAT, FAT32, and NTFS partitions or volumes on your server's
hard drives. A description of each file system follows:
* FAT-FAT volumes use a file allocation table that provides the name of the file and
the location of the actual clusters that make up the file on the hard drive. FAT is a
holdover from the days of DOS. I see no compelling reason to use FAT volumes on
your servers.
* FAT32-FAT32 is an extension of the FAT file system. It uses disk space on a drive
more efficiently than FAT and was designed for Windows 95/98.
* NTFS-NTFS 5 is the newest version of the NT file system (NTFS 5 was first
introduced with Windows 2000 Server). It provides increased security for files on
NTFS volumes and supports more robust file system recovery. Microsoft
recommends that you use NTFS as your file system on your Windows servers. It is
also required if you want to install Active Directory on a server to make it a domain
controller. It really makes sense to use NTFS volumes on your servers unless you
need to create a dual-boot server on which a legacy operating system requires a FAT
or FAT32 partition to run on the server. Actually, in most cases, it doesn't make sense
to deploy a server on a network that was configured for dual-boot. NTFS provides
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the stability, the security, and other bells and whistles that makes it the appropriate
choice for your server drive implementations.
Installation of Windows 2003 server

1. Insert the Windows 2003 installation CD1 into your CD-ROM drive, then restart
the machine.
2. The server boots to the CD. Windows Setup will check the computer's
configuration, prompt you to press the F2 key to start system recovery (don't
press this key), and load core files into memory. When Windows Setup prompts
you to Setup Windows, use the Recovery Console, or Exit, press Enter to
continue the installation process.
3. The Windows Licensing Agreement appears. After reading the licensing
information, press F8 to continue.
4. Windows Setup will display the disk partition screen. * If the hard disk is
unpartitioned, you can create and size the partition on which you will install
Windows Server 2003.
5. You are asked to format the new partition. You are provided with a choice of
NTFS or FAT. Because domain controllers require an NTFS partition to run the
Active Directory, you typically want to select NTFS. Select the file format (using
the error keys) and then press Enter.
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6. The setup program formats the partition and then copies installation files to the
server. After the appropriate files are copied, the server reboots. This ends the
command-line portion of the Windows Server 2003 setup. The graphical phase of
the installation will begin.
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7. It will then begin to load device drivers based upon what it finds on your
computer. You don't need to do anything at this stage.
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8. Windows Setup will prompt you to set regional and language options. Click
the Customize and Details buttons, select the appropriate check boxes for the
correct regional options, then click Next.
9. On the next screen, provide your name and organization. Then click Next to
continue.
10. Enter the product key, then click Next.

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11. The next screen asks you to select your licensing method. You can license
your network either per server or per seat. If you select Per Server (the default),
specify the number of concurrent connections using the spin box. After you select
the licensing mode, click Next
12. Enter a computer name for the server and an Administrator password. If you
attempt to use a password that doesn't meet Windows 2003's definition for a
strong password (e.g., at least six characters; doesn't contain "Administrator" or
"Admin"; contains uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and nonalphanumeric characters), Windows Setup will warn you and you'll have to
click Yes to continue with your chosen password. Click Next.
13. The next screen enables you to set the time zone for your computer and the
current date and time (if necessary). After you set these parameters, click
Next to begin the network installation phase.
14. After the network installation phase performs several checks and detects your
network settings, confirm your TCP/IP settings when prompted.
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Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), then click Properties.
After you finish modifying the TCP/IP settings, click OK, then click Next.
15. You can choose whether this server belongs to a workgroup or a domain. The
default setting is that the computer is not on a network or is on a network with a
workgroup instead of a domain. The default workgroup name is WORKGROUP.
Whether you will use the server in a workgroup or a domain, at this point it is best
to go with the default and complete the Windows Server 2003 installation and
configuration. Press Next to continue.
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16. The installation will continue without further user input. This final phase of the
installation includes further configuration, including copying of files, creating
the Start menu, registering components, and finalizing the settings.
17. After the installation is complete, the server reboots.
After the server restarts, press Ctrl+Alt+Del.

18. At the password prompt, supply the password you set for the Administrator
account during the installation process. You will be logged on to the server.
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LEARNING GUIDE
LEARNING OUTCOME 5
LEARNING Hardware Device Driver Installation
LEARNING ACTIVITY
LEARNING STEPS
PAGE
Read Information Sheet 5.1 Hardware

Device Driver Installation
Determining hardware model &
Manufacturer
Viewing information about a device
driver.
To view information about the device
driver.
o How to Install / Update Device Driver in
Windows XP.
o How to Manually Install / Update Device
Driver in Windows XP.
o DxDiag
o What is the Control Panel?
o What is the Control Panel Used For?
o The Computer Management Console
o Control Panel Views

Hardware Device Driver Installation
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RESOURCES
Hardware Device Driver
Installation

Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating
systems. It allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer.
When a piece of hardware is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted for
the user to deal with. The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria.
For each device, users can:
Supply device drivers
Enable or disable devices
Tell Windows to ignore malfunctioning devices
View other technical properties

First introduced with the release of Microsoft Windows 95, the Windows Device
Manager is a Windows feature that allows a user to view detected hardware devices
and the status of each device. Device Manager is available in Microsoft Windows 95,
98, ME, 2000, 2003, XP, Vista, 7, and 8. Below is an example of what the Device
Manager may look like in your version of Windows.
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Windows 7 Device Manager
Windows XP Device Manager

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When you use this procedure, a shortcut to Device Manager is created that you can
use to open Device Manager.
Viewing information about a device driver
To get information about the driver for a device, perform the following steps:
1. Double-click the type of device you want to view.
2. Right-click the specific device and then click Properties.
3. On the Driver tab, click Driver Details.
To view information about the device driver
This information helps determine the file version of the device driver. An icon
appears next to device drivers that are digitally signed.
Windows device drivers and operating system files have been digitally signed
by Microsoft to ensure their quality. A Microsoft digital signature is an
assurance that a particular file is from that manufacturer, and that the file has
not been altered or overwritten by another program's installation process.
Depending on how your computer is configured, Windows either ignores
device drivers that are not digitally signed, displays a warning when it detects
device drivers that are not digitally signed (the default behavior), or prevents
you from installing device drivers without digital signatures.
The views and their characteristics are available in the following options with
descriptions:
Devices by Type displays devices by the type of device installed, such as
Monitor or Mouse. The connection name is listed below the type.
Devices by Connection displays devices by how they are connected in your
computer. Each device is listed under the hardware to which it is connected.
For example, if a small computer system interface (SCSI) card is listed, the
devices attached to the SCSI card will be listed beneath it.
Resources by Type displays the status of all allocated resources by the type
of device using these resources. The resources are direct memory access
(DMA), channels, input/output ports (I/O ports), interrupt request (IRQ), and
memory addresses.
Resources by Connection displays the status of all allocated resources by
connection type. The resources are: DMA channels, I/O ports, IRQ, and
memory addresses.
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Show Hidden Devices includes non-Plug and Play devices (devices with
earlier Windows device drivers).
How to Install / Update Device Driver in Windows XP

1. Put your CD that contains the device driver in your CD / DVD-ROM.
2. If AutoRun is enabled in your Computer wait for the Installation Wizard, if not,
Open My Computer and double-click the ROM where you inserted your CD
driver.
3. Click Install and follow the Installation Wizard.
4. Click Finish when the driver is installed in your Computer
5. If the Computer asks you to Reboot or Restart your system do so.
How to Manually Install / Update Device Driver in Windows XP

1. Right-click My Computer on your Desktop (or click Start on your Taskbar then
right-click My Computer)
2. Choose Properties
3. Click the Hardware Tab
4. Click on Device Manager
5. Choose the hardware category your hardware relates to and click the +
symbol next to it.
6. If you found the Unknown Device or the Device that you want to update, rightclick it and choose UPDATE Driver
7. Browse the location where the driver files reside. This will install a new driver
or update an existing driver for your hardware.
8. Sometimes you need to reboot your Computer to apply the changes that you
made to your system.
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The Computer Management Console

The Computer Management console consists of a window divided into two panes.
The left pane contains the console tree; the right pane contains details. When you
click an item in the console tree, information about that item is displayed in the
details pane. The information that is displayed is specific to the item that you select.
The administrative tools in Computer Management are grouped into the following
three categories in the console tree:
System Tools
Storage
Services and Applications
Each category includes several tools or services.

System Tools
Event Viewer
Use the Event Viewer tool to manage and view

events that are recorded in the Application,
Security, and System logs. You can monitor the
logs to track security events and to identify
possible software, hardware, and system
problems.
Shared Folders
Use the Shared Folders tool to view

connections and resource in use on the
computer. You can create, view, and manage
shares, view open files and sessions, and close
files and disconnect sessions.
Local Users and Groups
Use the Local Users and Groups tool to create

and manage your local user accounts and
groups. Local Users and Groups is available
only in Windows XP Professional.
Performance Logs and

Alerts
Use the Performance Logs and Alerts tool to

configure performance logs and alerts to
monitor and collect data about your computer's
performance.
Use Device Manager to view the hardware
devices installed in your computer, update
device drivers, modify hardware settings, and
troubleshoot device conflicts.
Device Manager
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Storage
Removable Storage
Use the Removable Storage tool to

track your removable storage media
and manage the libraries, or datastorage systems, that contain them.
Use the Disk Defragmenter tool to
analyze and defragment volumes on
your hard disks.
Use the Disk Management tool to
perform disk-related tasks such as
converting disks or creating and
formatting volumes. Disk
Management helps you manage
your hard disks, and the partitions
or volumes that they contain.
Disk Defragmenter
Disk Management
Services and Applications

Services
Use Services to manage services on

local and remote computers. You
can start, stop, pause, resume, or
disable a service.
WMI Control
Use WMI Control to configure and
manage the Windows Management
Instrumentation (WMI) service.
Indexing Service
Use Indexing Service to manage the
Indexing service, and to create and
configure additional catalogs to
store index information.
NOTE: The actual set of tools and services that is listed in Computer
Management depends on the services that are installed on the host
computer.
How to Use Computer Management on the Local Computer

NOTE: You must be logged on as Administrator or as a member of the
Administrators group view and modify most properties and perform most
computer-management tasks.
To start and use Computer Management on the local computer:
1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel. Click Performance
and Maintenance, click Administrative Tools, and then doubleclick Computer Management.
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The Computer Management window for the local computer is

displayed. "Computer Management (Local)" is displayed at the root
of the console tree.
2. In the console tree, expand System Tools, Storage, or Services
and Applications to view the tools and services in each of these
containers.
3. Click the item that you want (for example, Event Viewer) to use
the tool, and then view the information that is associated with it.
How to Use Computer Management on a Remote Computer

NOTE: You must be logged on as Administrator or as a member of the
Administrators group to view and modify most properties and perform most
computer-management tasks.
To connect to and use Computer Management on another computer:
1. Click Start, and then click Control Panel. Click Performance and
Maintenance, click Administrative Tools, and then double-click Computer
Management.
2. Right-click Computer Management (Local), and then click Connect to
another computer.
3. Click Another Computer, and then type the name of the computer that you
want to manage remotely, or click Browse to locate the computer.
Click OK and then click OK to return to the Computer Management window.
The Computer Management window of the remote computer is displayed.
The name of the remote computer is displayed at the root of the console
tree.
4. In the console tree, expand System Tools, Storage, or Services and
Applications to view the tools and services in each of these containers.
5. Click the item that you want (for example, Event Viewer) to use the tool,
and then view the information that is associated with it.
How to Use Help in Computer Management

To use Computer Management Help or to use the Help files for any of the individual
administrative tools that are contained in Computer Management:
1. Start Computer Management.
2. Use either of the following steps:
o In the console tree, right-click the item that you want (for
example, Computer Management or Device Manager), and then
click Help.
o Click the item in the console tree (for example, Device
Manager or Computer Management), and then click Helpon
the Action menu.
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DxDiag
Short for DirectX diagnostics, DxDiag is a Microsoft tool included with
DirectX that allow you to view system information and DirectX information
relating to your video card and sound card. This tool is helpful when
needing to troubleshoot driver related issues being encountered by
DirectX. Below, is a picture of the DirectX Diagnostic Tool window. As can
be seen in the picture, DxDiag has system, display, sound, and input
information tabs and gives you access to save all DirectX information to a
text file by clicking the Save All Information button at the bottom of the
window.
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How to run DxDiag

>>>To run DxDiag, >>>click Start, >>> in the run line,
>>>type dxdiag and press enter.
What is the Control Panel?

The Control Panel is centralized configuration area in Windows.
What is the Control Panel Used For?

The Control Panel is used to make changes to nearly every aspect of Windows
including keyboard and mouse function, passwords and users, network settings,
power management, desktop backgrounds, sounds, hardware, program installation
and removal, speech recognition, parental control, etc.
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Think of Control Panel as the place to go in Windows if you want to change

something about how it looks or works.
How To Access the Control Panel

Control Panel can be accessed in Windows 7 and Windows Vista by
clicking Start and then Control Panel.
You may be able to access Control Panel in Windows XP in the same way or you
may need to click onStart, then Settings, and finally Control Panel. This depends
on how you have your Windows XP Start Menu configured.
Control Panel can also be accessed in any version of Windows by
executing command from a command line interface like Command Prompt.
How To Use the Control Panel
The Control Panel itself is really just a collection of individualControl Panel
applets so to use the Control Panel really means to use an individual applet to
change some part of how Windows works.
See my Complete List of Control Panel Applets for more information on the individual
applets and what they are for.
If you're looking for a way to access the areas of Control Panel directly, see my List
of Control Panel Commands in Windows for the commands that start each applet.
Here are a few of the thousands of individual changes that are possible from within
Control Panel:
Change Your Password
Change Another User's Password
Change AutoPlay Settings
Create a Password for Your Account
Adjust the Date and Time
Remove Your Password
Setup Windows Backup
Start Device Manager
Change Internet Explorer Settings
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Configure Regional and Language Settings
Configure Text to Speech and Speech Recognition Settings
Install Windows Updates
Change Network Settings
Adjust Color Quality
Adjust Screen Resolution
Change Your Monitor's Refresh Rate
Adjust Keyboard and Mouse Settings
See the Windows Service Pack You Have Installed
Create a Password Reset Disk
Change Background, Screensaver, and Windows Sounds Settings
Show Hidden Files
Add a Printer
Configure the Start Menu and Taskbar
Configure Windows Firewall Settings
Hide Hidden Files
Change Your Product Key
Manage Windows Gadgets
See if You're Running a 32-bit or 64-bit Version of Windows
Change the Default Program for a File Extension
Disable Error Reporting
Reinstall a Program
Control Panel Views

The applets in Control Panel can be viewed in two major ways: by category or
individually. All Control Panel applets are available either way but you may prefer
one method of finding an applet over the other:
Windows 8 & 7: Control Panel applets can be viewed by Category which groups
them together logically, or in the Large icons or Small icons view which lists them
individually.
Windows Vista: The Control Panel Home view groups applets while the Classic
View shows each applet individually.
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Windows XP: Category View groups the applets and Classic View lists them as
individual applets.
Generally, the category views tend to give a bit more explanation about what each
applet does but sometimes makes it hard to get right to where you want to go. Most
people prefer the classic or icon views of Control Panel as as they learn more about
what the various applets do.
Control Panel Availability

Control Panel is available in nearly every Microsoft Windows version
including Windows 8,Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000,
Windows ME, Windows 98, Windows 95, and more.
Note: Even though Control Panel is available in almost every Windows operating
system, some small differences do exist from one Windows version to the next.
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STUDENTS LEARNING RESOURCE MATERIAL

LEARNING OUTCOME 1 BIOS

LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Disk Operating System

LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Booting and Files System

Control over system performance

Error detecting aids

Coordination between other software and users

o Types of Operating System

Operating System - Services

What are the List of Microsoft Windows version

Step on Creating Partition

Step on how to Install another Operating Systems

What is a Device Driver?

Determining hardware model & Manufacturer

o How to Install / Update Device Driver in Windows XP.

Candidate/trainee must posses the following qualifications, must be:

Able to communicate both oral and written

Physically and mentally fit.

With good moral character.

Can perform basic troubleshooting and technical problem.

This course is designed to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes of a

Read Information Sheet 1.1 on Understanding

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Read Information Sheet 1.2 Configuring the

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

Read Information Sheet 1.3 Power-On Self-Test

INFORMATION SHEET 1.3

Read Information Sheet 1. BIOS update on.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.4

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1

Understanding BIOS, CMOS, and Firmware

The BIOS is a complex piece of firmware (software on a chip) that provides

Selection and configuration of storage devices connected to the

Hardware monitoring (processor temperature, voltage levels, and fan

INFORMATION SHEET 1.2

A typical CMOS Setup utility main menu.

A typical CMOS Standard Features/Settings menu.

Typical PATA configuration menu.

Some systems display system information such as processor type, clock

Viewing System Information.

A typical Advanced BIOS Features menu.

A typical Boot Sequence submenu configured to permit booting from a

A typical Integrated Peripherals menu.

A typical Onboard Devices submenu.

A typical I/O Devices submenu.

PATA/IDE and SATA Configuration

Typical SATA configuration menu.

Typical power management configuration menu.

ACPI is the power management function used in modern systems, replacing

Configuring Wakeup Events.

Configuring PnP/PCI settings.

A typical Hardware Monitor screen.

Processor and Memory Configuration

A typical processor configuration screen.

Exiting the BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes

INFORMATION SHEET 1.3

The system timer

The next sections describe each method in detail.

For additional beep codes, see the following resources:

AMI BIOS http://www.ami.com/support/bios.cfm

POST Error Messages

INFORMATION SHEET 1.4

Back up important data.