Determination of Log Kow Values For Four Drugs SI

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes
Harris, Logan (2013)

Analytical Chemistry Lab
INSTRUCTOR NOTES
Determination of logKow for Four Drugs
MATERIALS
Sulfanilamide, 99%
Caffeine
Acetaminophen, 99%
Phenacetin
1-Octanol, 99%+
Deionized water
Volumetric flasks with stoppers
Sigma Aldrich, CAS 63-74-1

Alfa Aesar, CAS 111-87-5
100 mL
Volumetric pipets
5, 10, 25 mL
Separatory funnels with stoppers

Erlenmeyer flasks with stoppers
Ring stands with ring clamps
Micropipetters and tips
Microcentrifuge tubes
Vortex mixer
UV appropriate cuvettes
UV-Vis spectrophotometers
50 to 125 mL
25 to 50 mL
P1000, P200
ThermoElectron Evolution 60
5 mg solid per pair of

students
100 mL per pair of students
200 mL per pair of students
1 per pair of students
1 of each size per pair of
students
3-5 per pair of students
1 per 8 pairs of students
1 pair per pair of students
1 per 4 pairs of students
HAZARDS
1-octanol is combustible and has a strong, thick odor; it should be used in the fume hood and
kept away from flames. Caffeine and acetaminophen, the drugs that students will most likely be
familiar with and for which students might assume an inappropriate familiarity, are toxic by
ingestion, with caffeine having the most acute toxicity. Phenacetin is a carcinogen, and allergies to
sulfanilamide are somewhat common. All drugs are used in very small quantities below harmful
levels, but gloves should be worn and caution exercised when the drugs are weighed out.
LAB PREPARATION
Octanol pre-saturated with water and water pre-saturated with 1-octanol must be prepared
ahead of time as solvents in this experiment. A simple set-up is to stir water and octanol together
in a large, covered beaker (1 L) for several hours. The mixture can then be poured into a large
separatory funnel and dispensed into separate glass bottles for student use. This set-up and
subsequent use of the octanol should all be done in a fume hood due to octanols persistent smell.
Students prepare their own stock solution for their drug. In general, 5 mg of drug powder is
dissolved in water pre-saturated with 1-octanol and diluted to 100.00 mL in a volumetric flask.
Shaking is necessary to ensure complete dissolution of the drug. The following shaking times are
suggested:
Phenacetin:
Acetaminophen:
Sulfanilamide:
Caffeine:
Shake
Shake
Shake
Shake
20 min to dissolve
5 min to dissolve, shake an additional 5 min to be sure
5 min
a few minutes, dissolves immediately
It is suggested that students prepare these solutions a week in advance so that less shaking is
necessary (particularly for phenacetin) and complete dissolution can be assumed.

PRELAB LECTURE NOTES

Background
Kow represents the equilibrium of a solute between an organic and aqueous phase and is
defined as:
K ow =
[ Drug ]organic
[ Drug ]water
Traditionally, the organic phase is 1-octanol, a molecule that provides a simple model of the
surfactants that form cell membranes. A 1-octanol/water biphasic system is thus used to assess
the extent to which an orally-ingested drug would undergo passive diffusion in the body, passing
through various hydrophobic and hydrophilic barriers to reach the bloodstream.
Figure S-1 can be used to explain why Kow is important in characterizing a medicinal drug.
An orally-ingested drug must pass from the intestine through a cell membrane into the aqueous
cytosol of the cell. From there, the drug continues through another cell membrane into the
bloodstream to eventually have the desired pharmaceutical effect. The cell membrane, itself, is
composed of a phospholipid bilayer, arranged so that the exterior of the membrane is hydrophilic
while the interior is hydrophobic. Though Figure S-1 provides a simplistic view of this process, the
important concept is that a drug undergoing passive diffusion must show affinity for both organic
and aqueous phases.
Figure S-1. A cartoon representation of a layer of cells separating the intestine from the
bloodstream. An orally-ingested drug must pass through a cell to enter the bloodstream,
encountering both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments in the process.

Extraction Part of the Lab

Why are presaturated solvents being used?
Answer: water and octanol have slight solubility in each other and so presaturating them
will prevent the drug concentrations from being different than what is calculated.
PRESATURATED WATER = water that was mixed with some octanol
PRESATURATED OCTANOL = octanol that was mixed with some water
Note to Students: You should record the volumes of aqueous solution and octanol added to a
separatory funnel since this information may be needed for calculations. (Note to Instructor: the
volumes are indeed necessary in the calculations.)
Lets talk about the part in the protocol that says Repeat this procedure two more times using
different amounts of the stock solution and presaturated octanol each time.
(w = water; o = octanol)
If your original trial (with 10 w + 10 o) resulted in an absorbance of ~0.2, what sort of 2nd
and 3rd trial would you do? Well, dont do 10 w + 30 othat will just draw out even more
drug from the water phase making your absorbance too small to be accurately measured.
A suggestion would be 20 w + 10 o.
If your original trial (with 10 w + 10 o) resulted in an absorbance of ~1, what sort of 2nd and
3rd trial would you do? Well, dont do 30 w + 10 othat will just draw out even less drug
from the water phase making your absorbance too large to be accurately measured.* A
suggestion would be 10 w + 30 o.
*If this happens, you could dilute your sample.
What do you expect to happen to the Kow as you change volumes? How does Kow depend on
volume?
Answer: Kow (an equilibrium constant) does not depend on volume. Changing volumes
should not impact Kow or logKow.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy Part of the Lab

What is an appropriate blank to use in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
Answer: Presaturated water.
Note to Students: Be sure to measure the path length of the cuvettes. Wipe sides clean of finger
prints and liquids. Keep the same path length for both the blank and the sample.
Cuvettes often come in pairs. The same cuvette should be used as a blank while the other should
be used for samples. Pipet every last drop of a previous sample out and rinse cuvette with next
sample before filling with actual sample. Cuvette needs to be ~2/3 full (or more).
Dilution Part of the Lab
The drug stock solution will most likely be too concentrated to obtain a reliable absorbance
reading (0.2-1) at max. The same may be true of the drug solution following extraction with
octanol. When this situation arises, students are to dilute their samples with a micropipetter. The
goal is to make enough sample to fill a cuvette (~2 mL) and obtain a reliable absorbance reading.
While volumetric pipets and flasks could be used, the micropipetter approach reduces waste and
saves time.

The flow charts below can be used to explain to students when dilutions might be
necessary and how to predict their outcome. If, for example, an extraction leads to the aqueous
layer having an absorbance of 1.5 (too high), a dilution would be necessary to obtain a reliable
measurement.
A possible solution would be to dilute in a microcentrifuge tube 600 L with 1,400 L of

water pre-saturated with octanol to obtain a total of 2,000 L (= 2.000 mL). This diluted solution
might then yield an absorbance of 0.45 (just right). The dilution factor would be 3.33 and could be
used to calculate the original concentration prior to dilution.
Micropipetters are needed for dilutions involving these small amounts. Students can be
trained to use them by watching a video made by the University of Leicester and posted on
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEy_NGDfo_8 (Accessed Sept 2013).
A students understanding can be tested using a quiz like the one on the next page. The quiz
can be quickly graded: 100% means a student can start the lab; <100% means the student needs
to rewatch the video.


Micropipetter Quiz
P20
P200
P1000
Name:
(2 20 L capacity)
(20 200 L capacity)
(100 1000 L capacity)
1. List one thing you should NOT do in using a micropipetter.
2. What are the volumes represented by each of the following settings?

P20
0
5
2
P200
0
3
4
P1000
0
3
4
Volume:
3. To dispense 1600 L, use a P-20 / P-200 / P-1000 ( circle one) set to
4. To pipet 700 l, use a
and then
and set the dial to read
5. What are the volumes represented by each of the following settings?
P20
1
5
7
P200
1
5
7
P1000
0
7
8
Volume:
6. To dispense 1400 L, use a P-20 / P-200 / P-1000 ( circle one) set to
7. To pipet 500 l, use a
and then
and set the dial to read

DOS AND DONTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

Be consistent in your extraction technique in terms of time and vigor.
Dont under mix your octanol/water/drug mixture as you may not achieve
equilibrium between the two layers.
Dont over shake your mixtureif you observe an emulsion, you shook too much.
Make sure you use the same pair of cuvettes in your experiment.
Make sure you rinse your sample cuvette several times with both solvent and (as a
final rinse) the solution being analyzed to ensure that no residual of the previous
sample remains.
Think about what makes sense in terms of absorbance. Extracting a drug from the
water layer should lead to a lower absorbance. If this is not the case, consult with the
instructor about possible issues with your extraction and analysis techniques.
LAB RESULTS & CALCULATIONS
Information for how to do the calculations is purposely not given in the lab protocol.
Students are told to assume that any drug that disappears from the aqueous phase is now in
the octanol phase. Simple stoichiometry and unit conversion should then lead to the correct
calculation.
Using Beers Law and accounting for dilutions, students can determine the concentration of
drug in the water phase both before and after extraction. Knowing these concentrations allows
them to calculate the amount of drug in the octanol phase and eventually Kow.

!" #$"
!" #$"
%
%
&
%

A general equation (provided in the article) can also be derived using the explanation given
below.
Abbreviations Used:
MW
gi
Ai
Vw
DFi
gf
Af
DFf
go
Vo
Molecular weight of solute

Initial grams of solute in aqueous solution, pre-extraction
Initial measured absorbance, pre-extraction
Volume of the aqueous solution that is extracted
Dilution factor used for measurement of Ai
Final grams of solute remaining in aqueous layer, post-extraction
Final measured absorbance, post-extraction
Dilution factor used for measurement of Af
Grams of solute in octanol layer, post-extraction
Volume of octanol used for extraction
Pre-extraction, the grams of solute in the water layer are:

' ! "(. . * +!" !,-'./ ' !"!-' -'./Since A = bc (Beers Law),
0
1
3 4 ./
2*

The Ai value is determined prior to extraction (i.e., without consuming any volume of solution
being used for extraction). The assumption is that, upon extraction, the initial grams of solute is
partitioned between the water layer (gf) and octanol (go).
Post-extraction, the grams of solute left in the water layer are:
0
1
3 4 ./
2*
Post-extraction, the grams extracted into the octanol layer are assumed to be:

0
1
1
3 4 ./ 0
3 4 ./
2*
2*

Since &
'56 /86-
./'1 4 1 4 2*
, the following can be written:
'59 /8: -
&
./'1 4 1 4 3

2 *

./ 1 4
0
3
2 *
0
and simplified to:

&
'1 4 1 4 -

1 4
Below are experimental values obtained by the instructor for the experiment.
Drug
Caffeine
Sulfanilamide
Acetaminophen
Phenacetin
max (nm)
273
259
243
245
(M-1cm-1)
10,230
16,050
9,150
11,140
logKow
-0.106 to -0.125
-0.657 to -0.813
0.318 to 0.340
1.53 to 1.56
Higher logKow = higher Kow = more affinity for organic phase

Sulfanilamide (most hydrophilic) < caffeine < acetaminophen < phenacetin (most hydrophobic)
LAB LOGISTICS
Students work in pairs and should make their stock solutions a week (or several days)
beforehand. The actual lab can take up to ~3.5 hours for 5 extractions (with an additional 30
minutes for prelab). (Fewer extractions = shorter lab.)
The experiment has been implemented three times: 2011 (34 students), 2012 (45
students), 2013 (40 students). Each offering consisted of 3 lab sections with a maximum of 16
students per section.
Supporting Information: Student Lab Protocol
Harris, Logan
Determination of LogKow Values for Four Drugs

Pharmaceutical drug design involves creating a molecule that will target a general region or site and have a
therapeutic effect on the patient. Such properties depend on the drugs structure as well as its affinity for
different phases in the body. When orally ingested, a drug moves from the stomach into the small
intestine. From there, a drug must pass through a layer of cells before it can enter the bloodstream (this
process is called absorption) and be distributed throughout the body. This requires crossing through a
largely non-polar cell membrane twice, first to enter the cell from the intestine side and then to exit the cell
for entry into the bloodstream.
Solubility properties have a large influence on the drugs ability to navigate this trek. The drug must be
polar enough to convey water solubility so that it does not precipitate out in the water solution that is, well,
us. For it to be absorbed into the bloodstream, however, a drug must be non-polar enough to pass through
a non-polar lipid bilayer that forms the membranes of cells.
A lipid is an organic molecule that can be extracted from living tissues using non-polar organic solvents. A
lipid bilayer is a thin membrane made of two lipid layers; the bilayer forms a spherical non-polar barrier
separating the inside of a cell from the outside of a cell. The types of lipids that are found in cell
membranes (most commonly phospholipids (Figure 1)) are amphiphilic molecules consisting of hydrophobic
(water-fearing) and hydrophilic (water-loving) parts. In lipid bilayers, these amphiphilic molecules
arrange themselves such that the inside of the bilayer is hydrophobic while the outside (which faces the
aqueous intracellular and extracellular environments) is hydrophilic (Figure 2).
O
O
N+
P
O
O
O
O
O
Figure 1: A phospholipid containing a

hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.
Figure 2: A cartoon representation of a

layer of cells separating the intestine
from the bloodstream. An
orally-ingested drug must pass through a
cell to enter the bloodstream,
encountering both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic environments in the process.
As stated, for a drug to pass from the small intestine to the bloodstream, it must cross the lipid bilayer,
move though the aqueous cell, cross the other side of the spherical lipid bilayer, and then exit into the
aqueous blood stream. The drug must thus show some affinity for both aqueous and organic phases.
The partition coefficient (P) is an equilibrium constant for a process in which a solute is partitioned between
two phases. In medicine, this value is useful in estimating the distribution of drugs within the body.
8
Harris, Logan
Hydrophobic drugs with high partition coefficients are preferentially distributed to hydrophobic areas (such
as fat tissues) while hydrophilic drugs with low partition coefficients prefer hydrophilic regions (such as
blood serum). Partition coefficients can also be useful in predicting metabolic stability, as extremely
hydrophobic drugs are often metabolized to more polar compounds to increase their water solubility for
more effective urinary excretion.
Given the complexity of cells, it is very difficult to directly measure partitioning of a compound between the
aqueous and lipid components of a cell, particularly if evaluating the tens of thousands of compounds that
might be investigated in a new drug development program. Hence, a simpler model system can be used in
which 1-octanol serves as a mimic of the amphiphilic membrane lipid molecules, and water as the aqueous
component. (In some cases, buffer solutions at particular pH values are used to better mimic cellular
conditions). The partition coefficient P, often denoted as the Kow, specifically describes the degree to which
a drug prefers octanol (o) or water (w). Knowing the Kow of a drug is crucial to predicting its pharmokinetic
properties (i.e., what the body will do to the drug). For convenience, a logKow value is more typically
reported than Kow itself.
In this experiment, we will investigate the ability of several drugs to move between aqueous and organic
phases. These drugs are sulfanilamide (an antibiotic), phenacetin (an analgesic), acetaminophen (an
analgesic), and caffeine (a stimulant) (Figure 3). We will determine logKow by measuring the equilibrium
concentrations of the drug in the aqueous and organic phases using UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Figure 3: Structures of the drugs for which we will determine a partition coefficient.
Hazards
1-Octanol is combustible and has a strong, thick odor; it should be used in the fume hood and kept away
from flames. Caffeine and acetaminophen are toxic by ingestion, with caffeine having the most acute
toxicity. Phenacetin is a carcinogen, and allergies to sulfanilamide are common. All drugs are used in very
small quantities below harmful levels, but gloves should be worn and caution exercised when the drugs are
weighed out.
Harris, Logan
Procedure
For this experiment, you will work in pairs. You and your partner are encouraged to submit one lab report.
You will be assigned one drug for which you will follow the procedure described below.
WARNING: If you have a known adverse reaction to any of the drugs, be sure to inform your instructor so
that you can be assigned a different one. You will be working with minute quantities but it is still a health
effect to consider.
Throughout this study, you will use deionized water presaturated with octanol (presaturated water) as your
aqueous phase. You will also use octanol presaturated with water (presaturated octanol) as your organic
phase. Presaturating the aqueous and organic phases with each other corrects for any solubility of water in
octanol or octanol in water.
DETERMINATION OF MAX AND MOLAR ABSORPTIVITY ()
Prepare a stock solution consisting of 5 mg drug (measured to the nearest 0.1 mg) dissolved in 100.00 mL of
presaturated water.* Determine the absorbance of your drug at its max using the UV-Vis spectrometer.
Scan from 220 to 400 nm at a 1 nm interval (fast scan speed). Dont forget to prepare an appropriate blank.
*Suggestions for preparing stock solutions:
Phenacetin:
Acetaminophen:
Sulfanilamide:
Caffeine:
Shake 20 min to dissolve

Shake 5 min to dissolve, shake an additional 5 min to be sure
Shake 5 min
Shake a few minutes, dissolves immediately
If the absorbance is less than 0.2, you will need to remake your stock solution, making it more
concentrated. A suggestion would be to aim for an absorbance of ~0.8.
If the absorbance is higher than 1, you will need to dilute your stock solution such that it falls within the
0.2-1 absorbance range. (See Appendix for advice on diluting your solutions.) A suggestion would be to
aim for an absorbance of ~0.6.
You will use this information to calculate the molar absorptivity () of your drug. This value may be of use
to you as you keep track of concentrations and subsequent dilutions.
DETERMINATION OF LOGKOW THROUGH EXTRACTION
Add 10 mL of the drug stock solution to 10 mL of presaturated octanol in a separatory funnel. Measure
both volumes to the nearest 0.1 mL. Swirl the mixture with vigor for 5 minutes with frequent venting. (Do
NOT shake the solutionyou will obtain an emulsion that might require several hours to separate.)
Let the layers separate for 2 minutes and then determine the absorbance of the aqueous layer at max.
(Since you now know your max, you can do a Fixed Wavelength scan rather than a full spectrum scan.)
Again, use an appropriate blank. Repeat this procedure twice.
Repeat the extraction two more times using different amounts of the stock solution and presaturated
octanol each time. For this step, you only need to do each trial once (not 3x).
You will thus conduct 5 extractions total. If any of your absorbance readings are higher than 1, you will
need to dilute your aqueous layer. (See Appendix for advice on diluting your solutions.)
Waste Disposal: Dispose all chemicals in the appropriately marked waste bottle.
10
Harris, Logan
Lab Report Summary

Please provide a summary (250 words or less) that addresses the questions below. As usual, all calculations
that are part of your data analysis are to appear in your spreadsheet, starting with raw data.
1. Report the max and molar absorptivity () of your drug.
2. Report the logKow (as medicinal chemists do) of your drug for the 10/10mL extraction as an average
standard deviation. How does your reported logKow compare to the literature value?
The partition coefficient (Kow) can be determined using the following equilibrium expression:
&
%

Knowing the molar absorptivity of your drug, you can calculate the concentration of the drug that remains
in the aqueous phase, following a single extraction.
Assume that any drug that disappears from the aqueous phase is now in the organic phase (and not at
the interface between the two phases). Based on this assumption, you can determine the concentration
of the drug in the organic phase. Be sure to account for any dilutions you may have done.
3. Report the logKow values obtained for the other two trials using volumes other than 10/10 mL. What
should these values be in comparison to the logKow obtained for the 10/10 mL trials? If your values do not
match what you would expect, provide a possible explanation as to why this discrepancy is observed.
4. Using the spreadsheet posted on Sakai, determine the values for logKow obtained by everyone in the
course. What is the trend? How does a drugs polarity affect the logKow determined for each drug?
5. Many of you are prehealth and/or BIO or BCH majors and should (hopefully) find this experiment
interesting. Please provide some background on partition coefficients and their application to medicine,
the environment, or another topic of your choice.
This background, however, is not to be a simple copy n paste from Wikipedia or the like. Look in the
scientific literature and find a study (within the past 10 yrs) that involves partition coefficients. Summarize
this study in 1-2 sentences as part of your background description. (Be sure to cite your reference!)
Suggestions would be to use Web of Science (www.isiknowledge.com/), the American Chemical Society
(www.pubs.acs.org), or another search engine of your choice.
When you cite your reference, you are to do so according to American Chemical Society (ACS) guidelines.
Include a superscript number in your text to denote when you are citing a reference (see end of this
sentence for an example).1 The full citation should appear at the bottom of your page/summary using the
following format:
1
Reiter, G.; Sommer, J. U. Polymer crystallization in quasi-two dimensions. I. Experimental results.

J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 4376.
(Authors. Title of article. Accepted abbreviation for journal title. Year, volume, page.)
You are encouraged to use outside references in this and other lab reports. If you do so, be sure to cite
your sources. (Citations for these references are not part of your word limit.)
11
Harris, Logan
logKow Literature Value (n-octanol/water)a
Drug
Acetaminophen
Values range from 0.310-0.640 (depending on

temperature, pH)
pH= 7.4, phosphate buffer, not ion-corrected:
0.310
Caffeine
0.0800
Phenacetin
Values range from 1.060-1.650

(depending on temperature, pH)
pH= 7.4, phosphate buffer, not ion-corrected:
1.640
Sulfanilamide
O
NH2
Values range from -1.050 to -0.600

(depending on temperature, pH)
S
O
Measured over pH range of 2.00 to 10.0, ioncorrected: -0.720
H2N
a
Literature values compiled from ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0.2.1076.
12
Harris, Logan
APPENDIX
How to Dilute Your Solutions like a Medicinal/Biochemist
1. A scenario you will encounter in this experiment is that you may have a solution whose absorbance at a
certain wavelength is too high to be measured or considered reliable. This situation arises because your
concentration is too high.
If the concentration you are using, be it of your stock solution or an extracted layer, is too high to
accurately measure an absorbance, fear not. All is not lost. All you need to do is dilute the sample in
question until you are able to obtain a reliable absorbance. You can then use this absorbance, your
dilution factor, and the molar absorptivity to determine what the concentration of the original sample is.
(Think Beers Law.)
2. Analytical chemists typically use volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes to carry out dilutions. Today,
however, we will be acting more like medicinal or biochemists. We will instead use micropipetters for our
dilutions. These micropipetters will:
allow us to use smaller quantities/less solvent since we ultimately need only enough sample (2 mL) to
fill a cuvette for UV/Vis spectroscopy. This generates less waste so we are environmentally more
friendly.
enable us to be quick/more efficient.
teach us micropipetting skills which we will most likely find useful in a future biochem course or in an
internship where we want to impress others with our laboratory savvy.
3. You will have several micropipetters available, with capacities ranging from 20 to 1,000 L. Use these to
do your dilutions. Keep in mind the following:
You only need to make 2 mL of a diluted solution (ie, enough to fill up your UV/Vis cuvette).
If the absorbance of a solution is ~2 (which is not a reliable measurement), you might aim to dilute the
solution by a factor of 4 so that your resulting absorbance is ~0.5. Your absorbances should be within
the range of 0.2-1.0.
To dilute by a factor of 4, you could pipette 500 L of your stock solution (using a P1000 micropipetter)
and add 1,500 L of solvent (measuring out 1,000 L and 500 L in two separate measurements). This
will give you a diluted solution that is 2 mL in volume and 1/4 of its original concentration.
This recipe represents a dilution factor of 4 which can be determined either in your head or by dividing
the total volume that you wish to make (2 mL = 2,000 L) by the volume you intend to dilute (0.5 mL =
500 L).
You will have small 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes that you can use for your dilutions. (While you can
make more than 2 mL of solution, you would need to use a larger container to do so.) A 2 mL volume
is recommended as its (1) what you need for UV/Vis, (2) a nice easy number to work with in terms of
calculations and (3) a volume that can fit in the clean, brand new microcentrifuge tubes.
4. Information on how to use micropipetters can be found in an informative video produced by the University
of Leicester: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEy_NGDfo_8
Please watch this video before lab. The instructor will ask you to answer some simple questions to
demonstrate that you watched this video as part of your prelab.
13
Supporting Information: Literature Values
Table S-1. Compilation of logKow values obtained for four drugs used in lab experiment.a
logKow
Drug
Literature Conditionsc
Reference
Valueb
Measured over a pH range of 2.00 to 10.0; ion-1.050
(1)
corrected
pH 7.5, phosphate or ringer buffer; not ion-0.890
(2)
corrected
-0.830
pH 5.4
(3)
pH 7.4, phosphate buffer; 37oC; not ionSulfanilamide
(4)
-0.760
corrected
-0.750
pH 6.0
(5)
-0.720
At a pH where only the neutral form is present
(6)
-0.720
(7)
-0.600
(8)
d
(9)
-0.09
Caffeine
-0.07d
(10)
0.0800
(11)
0.250
(8)
0.310
pH 7.20; phosphate buffer
(12)
0.310
3 phase water/octanol/water; buffer 6.5/7.4
(13)
Acetaminophen
0.360
(14)
0.510
pH 2.0
(15)
0.510
pH 7.4; phosphate buffer; not ion-corrected
(15)
o
0.640
37 C
(16)
1.060
(17)
1.560
(14)
1.570
pH 2.0
(18)
1.570
(18)
Phenacetin
1.580
(6)
1.630
pH 2.0
(15)
1.640
37oC
(16)
1.650
(15)
a
All values were obtained in an octanol/water system.
b
Unless otherwise indicated, all literature values were compiled from ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0,
upon generating a chemical properties report for a given compound.
c
Conditions are those reported by ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 for a given value.
d
Values not found in ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0.
14
Literature Cited
1. Terada, H. Partition behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and sulfonamides at various pH values.
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1972, 20, 765-771.
2. Abel, G.; Connors, T. A.; Goddard, P.; Hoellinger, H.; Nguyen, H. N.; Pichat, L.; Ross, W. C.
J.; Wilman, D. E. V. Cytotoxic sulphonamides designed for selective deposition in malignant
tissue. Eur. J. Cancer 1975, 11, 787-793.
3. Kakeya, N.; Yata, N.; Kamada, A.; Aoki, M. Biological activities of drugs. VIII. Structureactivity relation of sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1969, 17,
2558-2564.
4. Kishida, K.; Otori, T. A quantitative study on the relationship between transcorneal
permeability of drugs and their hydrophobicity. Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 1980, 24, 251-259.
5. Kitao, K.; Kubo, K.; Morishita, T.; Yata, N.; Kamada, A. Absorption of drugs. VII.
Absorption of isomeric N1-heterocyclic sulfonamides from the rat small intestine and relations
between physicochemical properties and absorption of unionized sulfonamides. Chem. Pharm.
Bull. 1973, 21, 2417-2426.
6. Hansch, C.; Anderson, S. M. The effect of intramolecular hydrophobic bonding on partition
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16

Determination of Log Kow Values For Four Drugs SI

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Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

Harris, Logan (2013)

Sigma Aldrich, CAS 63-74-1

Separatory funnels with stoppers

5 mg solid per pair of

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

Harris, Logan (2013)

PRELAB LECTURE NOTES

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

Harris, Logan (2013)

Extraction Part of the Lab

UV-Vis Spectroscopy Part of the Lab

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

Harris, Logan (2013)

A possible solution would be to dilute in a microcentrifuge tube 600 L with 1,400 L of

Harris, Logan (2013)

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

1. List one thing you should NOT do in using a micropipetter.

2. What are the volumes represented by each of the following settings?

3. To dispense 1600 L, use a P-20 / P-200 / P-1000 ( circle one) set to

4. To pipet 700 l, use a

and set the dial to read

5. What are the volumes represented by each of the following settings?

6. To dispense 1400 L, use a P-20 / P-200 / P-1000 ( circle one) set to

7. To pipet 500 l, use a

and set the dial to read

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

Harris, Logan (2013)

DOS AND DONTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

Molecular weight of solute

Pre-extraction, the grams of solute in the water layer are:

Harris, Logan (2013)

Supporting Information: Instructor Notes

 ./'1 4  1 4 2*

, the following can be written:

 ./'1 4  1 4 3

and simplified to:

'1 4  1 4 - 

Higher logKow = higher Kow = more affinity for organic phase

Supporting Information: Student Lab Protocol