Sequential Multiphysics Coupling:

Data transfer and interpolation methods

Franois Chapuis
Sadek Cherhabili
ANSYS FRANCE
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2011 ANSYS, Inc.

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2014

Agenda
General context
Comprehensive Multiphysics
Method of coupling physics
Mapping status in WB
Overview of existing mapping tools (R13)
New mapping algorithms In R14
Additional practical tools in R14
Imported load functionality External data component
Mechanical/Thermal Demo1
Fluid Structure interaction (FSI one-way) Demo2
Two-way FSI
System coupling (Fluent/ANSYS) in R14
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General context
Comprehensive Multiphysics

2011 ANSYS, Inc.

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Comprehensive Multiphysics

What is Multiphysics?
Simulation of multiple physics!

1 Way FSI

Deformation/Stress increase ~15%

Mulitphysics is not new

Part of core technology for decades
Thermal Stress
Complex thermoelectric-fluidic calculation

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2 Way FSI

ANSYS Multiphysics : Built on a Strong Foundation

Paramterization

Meshing

MULTIPHYSICS

Fluids
Structural

BREADTH

CAD
Import

DEPTH

ANSYS technical depth and

breadth, provides the foundation
for true multiphysics simulation.
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Thermal

In-house
Solution

Emag

Postprocessing

Workflow

ANSYS Multiphysics : Robust, Scalable, Proven

ANSYS Multiphysics Advantages
Highly scalable and robust solutions
Built on proven simulation technology
Single simulation environment
Flexible simulation methods for many applications
Supports parameterization and design optimization
Proven fluid-structure interaction
Structural
Fluids
Thermal

Multi-Field Solver
Sequential solution
Separate model & mesh
Separation of expertise

Emag

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Structural
Thermal

Fluids
Emag

Direct Coupled Field

Element-level coupling
Highly coupled physics
Single model & mesh

Multiphysics Simulation Portfolio

Product Capabilities

ANSYS
Multiphysics

ANSYS
Mechanical/
CFD-Flo

ANSYS
Mechanical/
Emag

ANSYS
Mechanical

Structural

Heat Transfer

Fluid Flow

Low Frequency
Electromagnetics

High Frequency
Electromagnetics

Acoustics

Direct Coupling

Multi-field Solver

ANSYS CFD

Multi-field solver is available when purchased in conjunction with an ANSYS Mechanical license.
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Methods of Coupling Physics

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Methods of Coupling Physics

Direct Coupling
A single analysis employing a
coupled-field element
containing all the necessary
DOFs to solve the coupledfield problem.
Load Transfer
Two or more analysis are
coupled by applying results
from one analysis as loads
in another analysis.

Structural Fluids
Thermal Emag

Structural
Fluids
Thermal
Emag

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Direct Coupling
Element-level coupling
Highly coupled physics
Single model & mesh

Load Transfer
Sequential solution
Separate model & mesh
Separation of expertise

Direct Coupling Options

Continuum Elements
2-D and 3-D solid elements
General analysis
Discrete Elements
Electromechanical transducer,

thin fluid film elements, discrete

circuits
General analysis
Reduced order modeling

MEMS Switch - actuation voltage, mechanical contact

and fluid damping effects are simulated using electromechanical transducer and thin fluid film elements.

Silicon Ring Gyroscope

Harmonic response including
thermoelastic damping
solved with direct coupledfield elements.
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Load Transfer Options

One-way Load Transfer

One-way data exchange sufficient

Temperatures

Two-way Load Transfer

Two-way data exchange required

Implicit sequential coupling

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Mapping status in ANSYS Workbench

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Global mapping options (in release 13)

Data type
conservative data: force, heat flow, heat generation, etc.
non-conservative data: displacement, velocity, temperature, heat flux, force
density, etc.

Type
Surface-Surface
Volume-Volume
Method
Point-Point (point cloud method)
Point-element (Bucket search)
Element-element (GGI based)
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Overview of available mapping tools (R13)

Point cloud mapping 2D &3D

surface and volumetric

Point-Point

Bucket search based 2D&3D

surface or volume mapping

Point-element

GGI (general grid interface)

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3D surface mapping
Element-element

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Point cloud mapping (triangulation)

Algorithm

Binary search algorithm

creates intermediate triangle(2D) or tetrahedral element on the source
side
use the distance of the target node to source nodes as interpolation
weights

Advantages

Robust
no element needed
no element type restrictions

Disadvantages

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Less accuracy in case of very different node densities between the source
side and target side

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Bucket search based mapping

Algorithm
node to element mapping
linear interpolation
Advantages
Mesh only needed on one side
support more element type than GGI method
suitable for non-conservative data transfer
Disadvantages
Can not guarantee both profile preserving and global conservation for
conservative data (compare with GGI based)

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GGI based 3D surface mapping (exclusive to CFD)

Algorithm
Octree search method
element-element mapping through control surface
Advantages
Robust and accurate
Able to handle non-overlap interpolation
Profile preserving and global conservative for conservative quantities
Disadvantages
Need element information on both sides
complicated and cost more memory and computing times
Mapping information can not directly used for constrain conditions
Very limited element shapes
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New enhancements in Release 14

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New Mapping/interpolation Methods

At R14, we have expanded the weighting options to include:
Point Cloud/Triangulation
Works well in many cases.
Can give poor results if target points not found within the source point cloud
-> More options in R14

Kriging (R14)
Regression-based interpolation technique
that can give smoother mapping

Distance Based Average (R14)

Simple robust method
give a mapping when other weightings fail

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Mapping onto surface with default settings (R13)

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New triangulation transfer type (R14)

Volumetric
Previously only option available in R13
Uses tetrahedrons during mapping
Not good for shells and surface mapping
Surface
Uses triangle during mapping
Produces smoother contours when mapping to shells or surfaces

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Surface transfer type effect on mapping nodal

temperature
Volumetric mapping (R13)

Surface Transfer (R14)

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Triangulation with projection for outside nodes

(R14)
Projection of outside
nodes using 8 closest
points

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More Outside options for Triangulation (R14)

Triangulation weighting
attempts to locate a target point inside tetrahedrons constructed from the
source points
Sometimes the target points may lie outside
Several options to handle this situation

Options to handle Outside Points include

Projection back into the volume
Use distance weighted average
Ignore outside points
Extrapolation limits can be set
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Kriging (R14)
Regression-based
interpolation technique
that assigns weights to
surrounding source points
according to their spatial
covariance values

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Example: Kriging vs. Triangulation

In this example, due to curvature, the nodes fall outside on the ends

Smooth contours

R13

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Distance based average mapping (R14)

Using 3 point

Using n closest points and

use the distance from the
target node to the source
node(s) to calculate a
weighting value

Using 8 points

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Distance based average for outside nodes (R14)

Using 1 point

Using 4 points

Using 8 points

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Increasing the number of

points to use for distance
based average of nodes
found outside improves
quality of mapping

Additional practical tools in R14

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New mapping validation options

Added new tree object (right mouse click on External Load or Imported
Thickness and select Insert -> Validation

Reverse Mapping Validation

Map results of mapping back onto source and compare to original inputs
Distance Based Average Comparison
Compare results to distance based average mapping results
Source Values
Plots the source data which can allow for visual comparison against mapped
data (done in preview 3)
Invoked by right mouse click on Validation and select Analyze

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Validation settings
File Identifier
Choose identifier (i.e. variable imported)
Items provided by parent external load or external
thickness object

Type
Reverse Mapping
Distance Based Average Comparison
Output Type
Absolute Difference
Relative Difference

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Validation settings: Graphics Controls

Display
Colored Points (default) or Colored Spheres are drawn using 6

colors based on Display Minimum and Display Maximum inputs

Scaled Spheres are spheres drawn based on Display Minimum
and Display Maximum inputs

Scale
Colored Spheres and Scaled Spheres sizes are controlled by this
input

Display Minimum and Display Maximum

Must be within the range of the Minimum and Maximum
statistics.
Items outside these boundaries will not be drawn

Display In Parent
When On, items will be drawn on the parent object in the tree
(i.e. External Load or External Thickness)

Number Of Items
Currently displayed number of items shown in the graphics
window. This number will change based on the Display
Minimum and Display Maximum values

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Validation Example for Reverse Mapping

Validation showing relative difference of reverse
mapping back on the source points

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Displayed in Parent

Source Value Validation

New Source Value
validation draws source load
values directly on model.

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Source Value Validation (cont)

Displaying In Parent helps
show how well mapping
performed.

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External data Component

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Importing External Load into Mechanical

1
2

3
Edit

Edit

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External Load - Details

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3D Face & Body Temperature Mapping

2
3D Face

3D Body

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2D Edge & Body Temperature Mapping

2D Bodies

2D Edge

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3D Face Pressure Mapping

1
Using Magnitude & Normal
Using X Y Z Components

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2D Edge Pressure Mapping

Using Magnitude & Normal

Using X Y Z Components

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Convection Load Mapping 3D Face

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Mapping 2D Results onto 3D Model

2D Results
2D Results Mapped on 3D Model using
cylindrical coordinate system

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Thermal-Stress Analysis (Dissimilar Mesh)

Temperature distribution bleed

across the body boundary
with All bodies selected

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With Manual option user can choose

the body using material IDs to produce
more accurate results

Multiple File Mapping

Often users need to map multiple sets of data

WB must provide a way for users to easily setup whether mapping 1 file or
a 100

External Data now supports

Ability to handle multiple files
Multi-edit to specify file formatting
Ability to designate Master File to re-use XYZ data(leads to much faster
mapping)

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Multi File Mapping : multiple select

By Multiselecting the
files, properties for all
files can be set at once

Columns can be
sorted for more
efficient editing

Multi row specification

can be set at once
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Data Identifiers can be copied into

Mechanical

Multiple File Mapping: Example

Source results taken from two separate analyses
Geometry is oriented on arbitrary coordinate
system
Results from each analysis are generated in
separate files and added to a single External Data
System
Transformations are applied to get source data
into target system

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Multiple File Mapping: Example (cont)

Multiple imported loads can be
inserted to correspond with files
from External Data System.

Identifiers are available

for each file contained in
upstream External Data
system.

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Target Geometry

Imported Loads
from each file

Multiple File Mapping with Master

Transient results exported to separate

files. Each file contains all nodes with
results at different time points.

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Master file selected.

Nodes from all other
files will not be read.

Single connection
from External Data
to Mechanical

Multiple File Mapping with Master (cont)

Single Imported
Load from
External Data.
Since master file
is selected, nodes
will be read only
once reducing
memory
footprint and
much quicker
mapping

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Multiple loads can

be imported and
applied at different
time steps.

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Activation/Deactivation Support for Imported

Loads
Ability to allow activation or deactivation of Imported Loads per load step. This allows
the user to turn off an imported load in a subsequent load step.
User can choose to activate/deactivate the loads using the RMB option that is available in the timeline
(Graph) and tabular data
Available for all imported loads

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Imported Data Export Functionality

New Export option allows writing tab delimited
data to a file. Accessible from Imported Loads and
Imported Thicknesses.

Nodal Data
Element Centroid Data

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Demonstration

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External Data
For FSI one-way

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One-way Data Transfer (R13)

In Workbench both thermal and structural loads can be

transferred from CFX/Fluent to ANSYS
Temperature
Either as a surface or a body load

Wall Heat Transfer Coefficient

As a surface convection coefficient

Pressure
Surface load which includes both normal (Pressure) and tangential (Shear)
components
In fact, force data that comes directly from the solution of the momentum equations is
used

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The data is interpolated in the background using CFD-Post

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Pressure/temperature/HTC Transfer to
Mechanical Systems (R13)

Mechanical/thermal nodal values

are transferred by linear
interpolation from the surrounding
CFD nodes

If interpolation process cannot find

a face to map to, then closest point
is chosen

Mapping can be slow for large

cases
Octree mapper orexternal data can
be used instead, discussed later

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One-way data: Integrated Process in Workbench

(R13)
Example Project Schematic

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Geometry

CHT Mesh

CFD CHT Solution

Thermal Loads

Pressure Loads

Thermal Stress Solution

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New Octree mapping CFD-Post (R14)

1-way FSI ()

New Octree mapping method

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Significantly faster algorithm

Improved handling of nodes outside selected
region
Need to set Option in CFD-Post
1-way FSI in ANSYS Workbench uses CFD-Post
under-the-hood
Will use mapping option set by user in CFD-Post
(which is stored in user preferences)
Status message with diagnostics report will
indicate use of new mapping method is being
used

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External Data Component for FSI (R14)

Allows pressure, temperature and heat transfer coefficient to be imported
into ANSYS Mechanical from an external ASCII file
Can be used as an alternative to the standard 1-way mapping

Export a data file from CFD-Post, then import via External Data

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External Data Component for FSI R14 (cont)

Consider using External Data when:
You want to map a non-standard variable, e.g. a transient average
You want to use lower resolution data from CFD results instead of mapping every node
Create a Point Cloud in CFD-Post then export data

Fluid and structural geometries are in different coordinate frames

Export data using a local coordinate frame in CFD-Post

A workflow based on a single project is not convenient

E.g. fluid and structural groups

You dont have a CFD-Post license available when importing the data into Mechanical
The interpolation is too slow using the standard approach
Could also use the Point Cloud method to speed up

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External Data Component (cont)

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The main disadvantage of using External Data is that the workflow is

disconnected no automatic data updates

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Demonstration

CFD Solution

Standard
transfer WB

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External Data

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System Coupling 14.0

Two-way FSI with FLUENT
and Mechanical

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Fluid-Structure Interaction Applications

Fluid-structure interaction problems encompass a wide range of

applications in many different industries.
Aerospace, automotive, power generation, biomedical, etc.
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Fluid-Structure Interaction
The solution to two-way fluid-structure interaction requires co-simulation
between computational fluid dynamics and structural mechanics.

Applications such as air foil flutter, flow induced vibration from wind loading,
membrane valves, pumps, elastic artery modeling and fuel tank sloshing
require a two-way fluid-structure interaction solution to accurately predict
the behavior of the design.

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Iterative Coupling*

A transient 2-way FSI simulation has three levels of iterations:

Time Loop
Coupling / Stagger Loop
Field Loop

End Field Loop

The transient loop each loop/step moves

forward in time, as in a standard CFD or
FEA transient simulation.
Loads / displacements are
updated between the FEA
and CFD solvers.
The usual inner loop, used to converge
the field(s) within a solver named
Coefficient Loops in CFD and Equilibrium
Iterations in FEA.

End Coupling / Stagger Loop

End Time Loop
Existing for ANSYS CFX since R11
Now for ANSYS FLUENT with System Coupling (R14)
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System Coupling 14.0

Facilitates simulations that require tightly integrated couplings of analysis
systems in the ANSYS portfolio
Extensible architecture for range of coupling scenarios
(one-, two- & n-way, static data, co-simulation)
ANSYS Workbench user environment and workflow
Standard execution management and data interfaces

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System Coupling 14.0 A Broad Range of

Features
Two-way surface force/displacement coupling with ANSYS Fluent and

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ANSYS Mechanical
Steady/static and transient two-way FSI
Workbench based setup and execution
Windows and Linux
Execution from command line outside of Workbench including crossplatform execution
Integrated post-processing with ANSYS CFD-Post
Parallel processing for both CFD and structural solutions with ANSYS
HPC
Restarts for fluid-structure interaction
Parameterization, design exploration and optimization

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System Coupling Schematic Setup

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System Coupling Controls the Participant Solvers

for Transient and Steady/Static Solutions
Solution update can ONLY be done via System Coupling
System Coupling ensures that the time duration and
time step settings are consistent across all participant
solvers

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Setup Transient Structural Model

Setup transient structural

solution, structural
boundary conditions and
Fluid Solid Interface
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Setup Fluid Flow (FLUENT) Model

Setup transient fluid solution, fluid

boundary conditions and specify
System Coupling Dynamic Mesh
Zone for fluid-structure interaction
motion
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System Coupling Motion Type

System Coupling motion

identifies zones that may

participate in System Coupling
Allows user-defined motion to be
combined with System Coupling
motion
Defaults to stationary motion
type when not connected to
System Coupling

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Update Setup Cells for Transient Structural and

Fluid Flow (FLUENT)
State of System Coupling setup cell will be
Upstream data is now available for SC Setup

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System Coupling Setup GUI

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Outline

Chart
Monitors

Details

Solution Information
Text Monitors

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System Coupling Analysis Settings

Coupling End Time
Coupling Step Size
Minimum Number of Iterations

per Coupling Step

Maximum Number of Iterations
per Coupling Step

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System Coupling Participants are Transient

Structural and Fluid Flow (FLUENT)
Region and variable information
is generated automatically via
Update when analysis systems
are first connected to System
Coupling
For FLUENT, all regions of type
Wall are shown in SC Setup
For Mechanical, all regions of
type Fluid Solid Interface are
shown in SC Setup

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Recommended Way to Create Data Transfer

Regions
Use Ctrl key to select a FLUENT

and Mechanical region pair and

select Create Data Transfer from
right-click pop-up menu
Automatically fills in the details
for the data transfer region
Data transfers can be one-way
(i.e. only transfer force or only
transfer displacement) or twoway

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Create Data Transfers

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Data Transfer Defines the Details for the

Source, Target and Data Transfer Controls
Participant
Region
Variable
Transfer At
Start of Iteration only
Under Relaxation Factor
Convergence Target

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Execution Control
Co-Simulation Sequence
Transient or Static Structural will
always be first in the co-simulation
sequence

Debug Output
Different levels of debug output for
analysis and data transfers

Intermediate Results File Output

Controls the intervals for writing
restart file information

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Executing System Coupling

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Alternative Method for Executing System

Coupling
From schematic select Update using right-click menu

on System Coupling solution cell

Solution progress (% complete) can be monitored using
View Progress menu

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Solution Information
Build information
Complete summary of coupling

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service input file

Analysis details
Participant summaries
Data transfer details
Mapping diagnostics
Time step and iteration summary
Solver field equation
convergence summary
Data transfer convergence
summary
FLUENT/MAPDL solver output

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Chart Monitors

Default chart monitors

show convergence
history for all data
transfers.

X-axis can be
coupling time,
step or
iteration.
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Adding Charts and Variables

Add charts by selecting Create Convergence Chart
Variables can be added or removed from charts
Data transfers, CFD and structural convergence
norms
Chart properties are editable in same manner as other
charts within ANSYS Workbench

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Post Processing System Coupling

Transient Structural or Fluid Flow (FLUENT) Results cell
for solver-specific post-processing
Add a Results System (ANSYS CFD-Post) for unified
post-processing of structural and fluid results

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Post Processing System Coupling

Oscillating Plate Verification
Excellent correlation between
System Coupling, published
data and MFX solver

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Data Transfer Type

Conservative
CFX GGI technology. Locally and globally conservative and preserves profiles.
Should be used when sending flows (Heat Flows, Total Force)

Profile Preserving
Used for non-conservative data and fluxes (Displacement, Temperature, Wall Heat Flux)

The appropriate option is automatically chosen

If defining your own data to send need to pick the appropriate option

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System Coupling Examples

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Fuel Tank Sloshing

Transient free
surface flow in
a fuel tank
with internal
baffles.

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Mitral Valve
Transient blood
flow through a
three leaf mitral
valve, nonNewtonian fluid
and anisotropic
hyperelastic
tissue. Solution
includes remeshing of the
fluid domain and
nonlinear
contact.

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Reed Valve
Transient
response of
reed valve
opening and
closing.
Solution
includes remeshing of the
fluid domain,
large
deformations
and nonlinear
contact.

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Vibrating Rod
Transient
response of
vibrating rod
including
vortex
shedding.

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Summary
In Release 14:

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More options/enhancements for existing mapping methods

New mapping/interpolation methods

Extension to CFD users for FSI (Surface and Volume loads - One-way
coupling)

System Coupling for two-way FSI for CFD users

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Questions and Answers

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Appendix A1
More on mapping

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Mapping Diagnostics: Named Selection

Creation
Option to create nodal based named selections for mapped

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nodes, unmapped nodes, and outside nodes.

Can help the user better understand the
mapping.

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Source Point Morphing

Users desire to morph the locations of the source points. This allows more
precise mapping between dissimilar geometries.
External Data now exposes Morphing
Can be done in X/Y/Z or R/th/Z.
Default is no morphing(i.e. x=x)
Morphing supports a number of intrinsic functions for moving nodal
locations. Below is a list of supported functions:
sin(arg)
cos(arg)
tan(arg)
exp(arg)
max(arg list)
abs(arg)
sign(arg)
PI, pi constant
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asin(arg)
acos(arg)
atan2(arg1,arg2)
log10(arg)
min(arg list)
fabs(arg)
floor(arg)
E, e constant

sinh(arg)
cosh(arg)
tanh(arg)
log(arg)
nint(arg)
pow(value, exponent)
ceil(arg)

atan(arg)
loge(arg)
int(arg)
sqrt(arg)
round(arg)

Source Point Morphing (using constants)

Unmorphed nodes

Source Results(cylinder)
Target Model (ellipse)
External Data Morphing
Inputs

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Morphed nodes

Source Point Morphing (using functions)

Original nodes in XY Plane

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Nodes morphed using function on z coordinate

Imported Thickness From External Data

An Imported Thickness group is created for each External Data
system linked to the Model cell under Geometry
Support for 3D Shells and 2D Planar
Additional Imported Thickness objects can be added to the
group via the context-menu
Mapping is performed to calculate the thickness on the mesh.
Thickness value is mapped from imported data to each node on
the scoped surface body/face.
For a 2D analysis, an average thickness per element is calculated
from the nodes which is sent to the solver as real constant for
every element.

User can modify final thickness via the Scale and Offset
entries.
Applied thickness = (Imported values * Scale) + Offset
Shell Offset is only available for 3D Shell models only

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File containing point cloud

data of thickness at
various XYZ locations

Visualization of Imported Thickness(3D)

Select Imported Thickness node in
the tree to visualize contours

Select Mesh node in the tree to

visualize Thickness on the Mesh

Note variation

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Imported Thickness(2D Planar)

Note 2D Geometry
Contour on Imported Thickness Object

Verify correct solve via user

defined result(NMISC1 on
PLANE182)
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Shell thickness and offset when mapping data to shells

Shell Thickness Factor property allows you to account for the offset and thickness at each
target node (surface bodies) when mapping data from an upstream External Data
system
This value is multiplied by each target nodes physical thickness and used along with the
nodes offset to determine the top and bottom location of each target node. A positive
value uses the top location of each node during mapping, while a negative value uses
the bottom location of each node.
All target nodes projected to top and then mapped

Target geometry overlay with source points

All target nodes mapped at default surface body location

Target shell elements overlay with source points

top

All target nodes projected to bottom and then mapped

bottom

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Offset Type - Middle

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User input thickness value for all unmapped

nodes
A thickness value can be applied to target nodes that fall outside the
threshold of the mapping settings and cannot be mapped.

Source points are from

model with larger hole
radius

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Unmapped
nodes that will
get default value
1.5e-2 (m)

User input thickness value for all unmapped

nodes
Contour plot of imported thickness

Mesh shell thickness plot using imported

thickness (nodes along hole are using
1.5e-2 (m) default thickness value)

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Appendix A2:
More Examples/illustrations

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Solution comparison between 3D shells and 2D Plane

Stress Elements
2d plane stress analysis provides almost same solution as 3d shells with same imported thickness with in plane loading
Equivalent Stress

2D Planar

3D Shells
Total Deformation

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3D Shells

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2D Planar

Input file for Imported thickness

Global thickness

Imported thickness

2D Plane
Stress

Sending global thickness per body

Sending global thickness per body
Overriding global thickness by
sending imported thickness
per element

Sending global thickness per body

3D Shell
Model
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Sending global thickness per body

sending imported nodal
thickness table

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Overriding global
thickness by sending
imported nodal
thickness table

Imported thickness restrictions for a 2D plane

stress analysis:
Imported thickness can be applied in a 2d analysis for a plane stress model only. It will be marked under
defined if 2d behavior is not set to plane stress. Solving such an analysis will throw an error:

Imported thickness values for all nodes should be positive.

If imported data has negative values, then user may use appropriate offset so that imported thickness is
positive.
Importing non positive values will throw an error:

User is not allowed to apply force load on an edge which is being shared by the scoping of an imported
thickness. Solving such an analysis will throw an error:
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Example: Triangulation with Projection

Results in smoother
mapping as compared
to V13

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Thermal results on curved surface to be used in

mapping
Thermal result to be
transferred to
Structural mesh
Results are only on
surface

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Reverse mapping validation

Absolute difference using Volumetric

transfer type
0.04 C to 0.209 C

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Absolute difference
using Surface transfer
type
0.04 C to 0.068 C

Reverse mapping validation

Relative difference
using Volumetric
transfer type
1.0e-2% to 7.9e-2%
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Relative difference
using Surface transfer
type
1.0e-2% to 2.6e-2%

Distance based average comparison

Absolute Difference Volumetric

transfer type

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Absolute Difference
Surface transfer
type

Distance based average comparison

Relative Difference Volumetric

transfer type

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Relative Difference
Surface transfer
type

Multiple File Mapping with Master (cont)

Imported loads at 1, 3, and 5

seconds.

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