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Experiment #01
Objective:
To determine the deflection at a point of
application of force on cantilever beam.
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus.
Description of apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus:
It consists of a light, stable frame
made of aluminium. The various supports are fastened to the lower
girder with clamping levers. The dial gauges are fastened to the upper
girder with holders.
The load weights are attached to the bar via movable riders . The riders can be
locked in position. The load can be adjusted in incre-ments of 25 N using weight
blocks.
The articulated supports are fitted with dynamometers . The height of the support
can be adjusted using a threaded spindle . The support can be locked in position by
the screw . This compensates deformation of the bar by its own weight or deflection
of the support caused by spring excursion of the dynamometer.
In statically undetermined systems, it is possible to demonstrate the influence of
support deflection on load distribution.
Dynamometer
Dial gauge
Scale on dynamometer
Theory of an experiment:
Fixed beam
3. Over hang: A simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
Over hang
Continuous beam
Cantilever beam
Trussed
Based on geometry:
A. Straight beam: Beam with straight profile.
Straight beam
Curved beam
Tapered beam
C-beam
T-beam
I-beam
i.
Determinate beam
ii.
Indeterminate beam
Based on materials:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Timber beam
Steel beam
Concrete beam
Aluminium beam
Cupper beam
Brass beam
Deflection :
It is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a
load .
It may refer :
Distance
Angular
Electronic gauges :
Electronic devices of various types have been
employed more frequently in recent years. These devices
can be expensive .they have many advantages in that data
can be obtained without having to get near the bridge &
projection can be showed on computer.
Electronic gauge
Dial gauges:
Dial gauges are fairly common, however extensive
experience indicates that these devices are extremely slow .
Dial gauge
Stick gauge
Tape measure:
Tape gauge
fFL
3 E Iy
10
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as shown in the diagram.
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The following table compares the results of the experiment with the results of the
mathematical calculation.
Table:
Lenght L
(mm)
Deflection
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
(mm)
Sample calculation:
Formula:
F = Applied load (N) =
L= length of the bar (mm) =
E= Modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) =
b = width (mm) =
h=height (mm) =
fFL
3 E Iy
12
Conclusion :
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Experiment #02
Objective:
13
Theory of an experiment:
Bar on two supports:
It act as simply supported beam having two
supports at their ends .
This experiment determines the supporting forces for a bar depending on the point
of application of the load x. The supporting forces A and B can be determined via
balances of moments.
Supporting force A
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A F 1 L
Supporting force B
BF L .
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as shown in the
diagram.
The following equipment is required:
Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
Rider for weight
Suspender for weights
3 weights 5N, 1 weight 2.5 N
2 articulated supports with dynamometer
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Table :
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Distance x from
support A
(mm)
Force on support
A
(N)
Force on support
B
(N)
Sample calculation :
Formula :
A= support at A point
F= load (N) =
L= length(mm) =
X= distance x from point A (mm) =
A = F(1 - LX) =
B = FLX =
Conclusion :
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Experiment #03
Objective:
To draw the elastic line of a cantilever beam.
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus
Theory of an experiment:
Elastic line for cantilever:
This experiment measures the elastic
line of a cantilever bar and compares it with the result of the mathematical
calculation.
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The equation for the elastic line of a cantilever bar loaded with a single force is as
follows for the loaded section II with 0 x2 a
In the unloaded section I between the point of application of the force and the free
end, the de-flection is a linear function of the length and the inclination in the point
of application of force. This is not bending, but slanting
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as
shown in the diagram.
The following equipment is required:
Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
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1. The deflection of the bar is measured with the dial gauge at intervals of 100
mm.
2. Dial gauges measure the deflection due to the dynamometer .
3. Relieve the bar
4. Apply the dial gauge at the required position and set to zero
5. Load the bar
6. Read the deflection value and record
7. Relieve the bar and move the dial gauge to the next position
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read the deflection value from the dial gauge and record
Relieve the bar, move the dial gauge to the next position, and repeat the
measurement.
X
(mm)
Deflection in
w(x)
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
w(x) (mm)
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Sample calculation:
Graph :
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Conclusion :
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Experiment #04
Objective:
To draw the elastic line for center loading of
a bar on two support
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus
Theory of an experiment:
Elastic line for centre loading:
This experiment measures the
elastic line of a bar on two supports and compares it with the mathe-matically
calculated result.The equation for the elastic line of a bar loaded in the
centre with a single force is as follows:
3
f=
FL
48 E Iy
23
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as
shown in the diagram.
The following equipment is required:
Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
Rider for weight
Suspender for weights
3 weights 5N, 1 weight 2.5 N
2 articulated supports with dynamometer
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16. Place the dial gauge in the required position and set to zero
17. Load the bar
18. The dynamometers experience spring excursion under load. In order to
prevent measurement errors as a result of this additional deflection f, the
supports should be returned to their original position.
19. Loosen the locking screw on the support.
20. Raise the support using the rotary knob until the dial gauges read zero.
21. Fasten the support using the locking screw
25
X
(mm)
Deflection in
w(x)
(mm)
Calculated
deflection
w(x) (mm)
Sample calculation:
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Graph :
Conclusion :
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Experiment #05
Objective:
To determine the Maxwell-Bettis influence
coefficient on a bar having two supports
Apparatus:
Straight beam deflection apparatus.
Theory of an experiment:
Maxwell-Bettis influence coefficients and law:
Influence coefficients link the deflection at a certain point in the bar to the loading of
forces Fj as follows:
This experiment is only intended to examine the effect of a force on points x 1 and x2
on the deflecti-on at points x1 and x2
w1 a11 F1
w1 a12 F2
w2 a21 F1
w2 a22 F2
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w1 a12 F2 w2 a21 F1
a a
21
12
a a
ij
ji
The two influence coefficients a11 and a22 indi-cate the deflection at the point of
force.
Procedure of an experiment:
The experiment is set up as shown in the diagram.
The following equipment is required:
Steel bar 6 x 20 x 1000 mm
Rider for weight
Suspender for weights
3 weights 5N, 1 weight 2.5 N
2 articulated supports with dynamometer
3 dial gauges with holder
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30
Sr #
Deflectio
n at poin
(mm)
Force at
point
(N)
Deflectio
n w (mm)
Influence
coefficien
t
(mm/N)
Sample calculation:
Conclusion :
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