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Department of Oil and Gas processing
Ferrous metals
Iron technology was widely applied by
500B.C.
Steel used in automotive industries, bar
and plate, construction, cans and
containers, farm and electrical
equipment
Phase diagram
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of Pure Iron
phase diagram
At atmospheric pressure:
Below 770oC: alpha iron (bcc
structure): magnetic
Above 770oC: nonmagnetic
Above 912oC: gamma iron (fcc)
Above 1394oC: delta iron (bcc)
The delta phase melts at
1538oC
Ferrous metals
Steel:0.06-2%C
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of
Iron structure
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram of
Iron structure
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology
Ferrous metals
Phase diagram - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
Steel - Terminology
Steels
0.005%
Pure Iron
Soft, ductile,
weak
0.06%
2%c
Steel Rolling,
forming,
shearing
4%
Cast Iron
5%
Pig Iron
Pig Iron
Steels
Bessemer
furnace,
blasted air in
molten iron
Basic Oxygen
Furnace, 1960,
25%scrap, 75%
molten pig iron,
pressurized oxygen
Open hearth
Furnace, 50%scrap,
50% molten pig
iron, pressurized
air
Electric Furnace,
scrap, electric arc
through carbon
electrode
Steels
Steel take largest fraction of steel production
Carbon max 2%, silicon max 0.6%, copper max 0.6%, manganese max
1.65%
Forms: sheet, strip, bar, plates, tube, pipe, wire
Applications: automobiles, appliances, base plate of machines,
housings, chutes, structural members
Steels
Steel alloy:
Carbon max 1%, all alloy content max 5%, copper max 0.6%,
manganese max 1.65%,Silicon max 0.6%
Alloy ingredient: aluminum, chromium (max 3.99%), cobalt,
molybdenum, nickel, titanium,
Applications: structural components, axle shaft, gears, hand tools,
Steels
High strength low alloy:
Applications: sheet, bar, plate, structural shapes
Yield strength: 60-90ksi
Other steels: tool steels, steels for pressure, vessel and boilers, millheat treated (quenched, tempered, normalized)
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
Alloy steels
strength
Alloy steels
strength
hardness
To be
continued