EXERCISE 4 Chapter 5.

Local Area Networks and Networks of LANs

1. Consider the transfer of a file containing 1 million characters from one
computer to another. Transfer consists of a sequence of cycles. For one
cycle, a = (time for data packet + propagation) + (time for ack packet +
propagation). The throughput refers to the number of sequences
required to transfer 1 million characters. Each character in its digital
form requires 8 bits. The two computers are D = 1 km apart, and each
generates a data rate of b = 1 Mb/s, with a packet size s = 256 bits,
which includes 80 bits of overhead. The propagation speed on the bus is
200 m/sec. Find the total elapsed time using throughput and C for the
following two cases.
a. A bus topology, with each frame acknowledged with an 88-bit
frame before the next frame is sent.
b. A ring topology having a total circular length of 2D, with the two
computers D distance apart. Acknowledgment is achieved by
allowing a frame to circulate past the destination user back to
the source user. The ring has N = 100 repeaters, each of which
introduces a delay of 1 bit time.
Jawab :
a. 88 Bit Packet

Data Part = 88-80

Kecepatan Propagasi = 200 m/s

One cycle time = (transmission time+propagation time) for data
packet + (transmission time+propagation time)
for ack packet

256 b
103 m
88 b
103 m
+
+
+
b 200 106
b 200 106
106
106
s
s

)(

354 106 s

Total time = (one cycle time) (total bits)/data size of packet

b
8 10 ch )
(
ch
s)
b/ packet
6

( 354 106

167

= 16 s/packet
b. One cycle time = (transmission time+propagation time) for data
packet + (transmission time+propagation time)
for ack packet

(
=

( 1002 )1 b +

256 b+

10 6

b
s

)(

103 m
50 nodes 1 b /node
+
+
6
6b
200 10 m/s
2
10
s

366 106 s

Total time = (one cycle time) (total bits)/data size of packet

b
8 10 ch )
(
ch
s)
6

( 366 106

167 b / packet

= 16.54 s/packet
2. We want to design a coaxial LAN for 12 offices arranged on three similar
floors, each floor having two rows with 2 offices and the rows separated
by a hallway. Each office is 5 m x 5 m with a height of 3 m. The LAN
center is in the center of the ground floor beneath the three office floors.
Assume that each office requires two IP telephone lines and retrieves
two Web pages per minute at the average rate of 22 K per page.
a. Estimate the distance from each office to the LAN center.
b. Estimate the required available bit rate for the LAN.
Jawab :

a. Lantai 2 : d=5+3+5=13 m
Lantai 3 : d=5+3+3+5=16 m
Lantai 4 : d=5+3+3+3+3+5=19 m
b. VoIP rate tiap office = 64 x 2 = 128 Kb/s
Web rate tiap office =

LAN rate =

22

KB
page 1
8b

( 2 min ) =5.86 Kb /s
s
60
B

( 128+5.86 ) 12 office=1.6 Mb /s

3. Consider a 100 m bus LAN with a number of equally spaced computers

with a data rate of 100 Mb/s.
a. Assume a propagation speed of 200 m/s. What is the mean time
to send a frame of 1,000 bits to another computer, measured
from the beginning of transmission to the end of reception?
b. Assume a mean distance between pairs of computers to be 0.375
km, an approximation based on the following observation: For a
computer on one end, the average distance is 0.5 km. For a
computer in the center, the average distance is 0.25 km. With
this assumption, the time to send is transmission time plus
propagation time.
c. If two computers with a mean distance of 0.37 km start
transmitting at the same time, their frames interfere with each
other. If each transmitting computer monitors the bus during
transmission, how long does it take before it notices a collision?
Show your answer in terms of both time and bit time.
Jawab :
Make correction that 100 m to be 1 km
Data rate =
Kecepatan =

100 10 b/ s
200 m/s

Frame = 1000 b
Untuk pertanyaan a dan b akan dijawab sebagai a dan untuk jawaban c
akan dijawab menjadi b.
a. Jarak rata-rata = 0.375 km
total time/frame = (transmission time) + (propagation time)

103 b/ frame
100 10 6 b /s

11.87
b. Time is seconds = to sense a collision in the midpoint of two users
distance = total time to send a frame up to the midpoint leading to a
collision, and then sense back the collision = 0.5 (11.87 s) + 0.5
(11.87 s) = 11.87 s

107 b
=1.187 b
Time in bits = 11.87 11.87 s
s
4. Consider a 100 Mb/s 100BaseT Ethernet LAN with four attached users,
as shown in Figure 5.5. In a nonpersistent CSMA/CD algorithm, a user
normally waits 512g bit times after a collision before sending its frame,
where g is drawn randomly. Assume that a 96 bit times of waiting period
are needed for clearing the link from the jammed signal in the 100BaseT
Ethernet LAN. Assume that only user 1 and user 4 are active and that
the propagation delay between them is 180 bit times. Suppose that
these two users try to send frames to each other and that their frames
collide at the half-way LAN link. User 1 then chooses g = 2, whereas
user 4 picks g = 1, and both retransmit.
a. How long does it take for user 1 to start its retransmission?
b. How long does it take for user 4 to start its retransmission?
c. How long does it take the frame from user 4 take to reach user
1?
Jawab :
100 Mb/s
96 bit time to clear
tp = 180 b
a. g=2
Retransmission time =

( 96+512 2 ) 108 =1.12 105 s

b. g=2
Retransmission time =
c.

( 96+512 ) 108 =6.08 106 s

l
180 b
t p= =
=1.8 106 s
c 100 Mb /s

5. CD system, consider the throughput derived from Equation (5.15). Set

two parameters in this equation: = tp/T and = T.
a. Rewrite the throughput in terms of and , and denote it by Un.
b. Comment why Rn is in terms of frames/time slot and why can
be called "offered load" in this case.
c. Using a computer, sketch four plots all in one chart for Un in
terms of , given ={0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0}, and comment on the
behavior of the normalized throughput, Un.
Jawab :
a.

tp
T

=T

R=

Pt
=
t B +t

t p

T +2 t p

1e
1
+

t p
p

( T +2 t p ) + e

T
U n=
=
( T + 2 )+ e +2 + e
b.

c.

={ 0.001, 0.01,0.1, 1.0 }

0.001
e
T
Un1=
+2 ( 0.001 ) +e0.001

0.01
e
T
Un2=
+2 ( 0.01 )+ e0.01

0.1
e
T
Un1=
+ 2 ( 0.1 )+ e0.1

1
e
T
1
Un1=
+2 ( 1 ) + e

6. For a local area network using CSMA/CD, assume a 12 percent

frame error rate owing to noise and errors resulting from

collisions. Discuss how the throughput U could be affected.

7. A 10 Gb/s Ethernet LAN with ten users attached to it uses CSMA/CD. The
bus is about 10 meters, and users' frames are restricted to a maximum
size 1,500 bytes. Based on the statistics, four users in average are
active at the same time.
a. Find the frame propagation and transmission times.
b. Find the average utilization of the bus.
c. Find the probability that a user attempts to transmit frames in an
empty time slot.
d. Find the probability that a user attempts seven different times in
seven different empty slots to transmit its frame and is not
successful, owing to collision, but is successful on the eighth
attempt.
e. Find the average number of contentions.
Jawab :
a.

a=4

l=10
f =1500 byte x 8

n=10

b
=12, 00 b
1 byte

a.

l
10
tp= =
3.33 x 108 s
c 3 x 10 8

b.

u=

c.

n 1
pc = a
na

d.

na =7,i=7

f 12,000 bits
tr= =
=1.2 x 106 s
r 10 x 109 b/ s

tr
1.2 x 10 s
=
=0.973 s
tr+ tp 1.2 x 106 s+ 3.33 x 108 s
na1

( ) ( )
n a1
na

na1

41
4

71
7

=0.422

71

( ) ( )

pc =

41

=0.387

pi= pc (1 p c )i=0.387 (10.387)7=0.0116

e.

na =4
E [ c ]=

1p c 10.387
=
=1.5 2
pc
0.387

8. Using the CSMA details discussed in this chapter, sketch a block diagram
that represents the implementation of this algorithm for the following
cases:
a. Nonpersistent CSMA
b. p-persistent CSMA

Jawab :
a. Nonpersistent CSMA

b. p-persistent CSMA

9. Design (show only the network) a LAN system for a small five-story
building. One floor is dedicated to two mail servers and separated three
database servers. Each of remaining floor has four computers with
broadband access. Your design should meet the following restrictions
and conditions: three-input hubs, one bridge, and unlimited Ethernet
buses. The incoming broadband Internet access must be connected to a
six-repeater ring, no bus LAN is allowed outside of a floor, and a traffic
analyzer must be attached to the network.
Jawab :