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Institution

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File 1
The scenario, in my opinion, was due to an issue with human engineering. Human
Engineering coordinates the design of tools, machines, systems and physical working conditions
with the capacities, limitations, and requirements of the worker (Gosbee, 2002).
The goal of human engineering is to design tools and equipment for the practical use and
handling by people. The design process focuses on the needs of the user and the characteristics
(Gosbee, 2002). The design is changed repeatedly based on the feedback of the user from using
the equipment. This ensures that the device meets the intended purpose and operates in a manner
that is efficient. Early testing of the material guarantees the limitations of the system are
established before the system is taken to the field. In the scenario, no one was certain under what
grounds the monitor was placed in the demo mode. Assessing the manual and talking to the
biomedical engineering team, it was possible that the transport monitor could remain D mode
forever. Recreating the steps to change the system from in and out demo mode was quite a
challenge since the procedure was not clear. Additionally, following the steps on display was
quite a challenge. Many clinicians were doing work rounds that day, so it is possible that the
difficulty of establishing and treating unstable patients does not necessarily mean that the
interpretation of medical equipment is involved. Without proper knowledge of the consequences,
some managers were rewarding the health care providers who could interpret and master this
compact device.
To establish that this occurrence does not recur in the future, advancement of the design
of the equipment should be put into consideration as opposed to providing training to health care

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practitioners or labeling the device. For instance, the programming of the transport monitor
should be changed. Caution signs should also be put in place where only specific people are
allowed to operate the equipment.
File 2
IT project methodology
Project management is exclusively based on the fact that a plan or scheme should go
through various phases to take the project from beginning to the end. It is important to have
variables in the course of a project, that way you will not deviate from the primary goal.
Deliverables should be the primary concern in project elements and should involve a timeline
based on description and significance. Avoiding the procedure of target definition to establish
your project management could lead to project failure. To create the project deliverables, we
must determine the purpose of the projects, the expectation of the stakeholders at the end of the
project and approval of elements within the project. Having a project variable will help in
determining the schedule of the project. For instance, if illustrations are used and are noticeable
by every individual working on the project, then it plainly outlines the stages of the project and
anticipated dates of completion. This signifies that the final delivery of the plan will be more
fruitful (Schwalbe, 2015).
Life Cycle
Initiating: This marks the beginning of the project, and it describes the project
comprehensively. It is when the research will be conducted to establish whether the project is
achievable and if it should be carried out. An example is the water project management. This
project handles things in a series, from the idea and preparation stages through to the

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advancement, quality assurance and lastly the completion and conservation stages. This
methodology is mainly used in large-scale software development plans.
Planning: This stage concentrates on creating a path that everyone will follow. It typically
starts with setting goals to spearhead the progress of the project. An example is an agile project.
The project management centers on the flexibility to varying situations and continuous steady
feedback, whether its from the customers or team members. This project management is usually
suitable for minor software projects.
Executing: This is the stage that focuses on the development and completion of the
deliverables. A start marks the beginning of the execution of the project. For instance, the critical
path approach is geared towards solving the difficulties.
Controlling: This involves evaluating the progress of the project and making sure that
everything taking place are in line with the project management strategy. For instance, project
managers will use key performance indicators to establish if the project is on the right path.
Closing: This stage represents the conclusion of the project. People employed to work
particularly on the project are dismissed at this time. Valuable members of the team are
acknowledged. As soon as the plan comes to an end, the project managers will create a list of the
things that did not get done and work with the members to complete them.
File 3
IT Project Scope and Deliverables
Product scope takes account of the details of the product. It defines the appearance of the
product, how it will work as well as its features. These functions and features characterize a

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product or the results. For instance, if the product is a footbridge, the product scope might be its
measurement and dimensions. If it is a phone, the size, type of the camera, memory and the
speed of the processor will be put into consideration. The product scope links the user and the
organization. These qualifications should be made clear to avoid major issues in future stages of
the project. Project scope describes the requirements of the product and the effort needed to
make the product. It is also the effort made to deliver the product or the outcome with specific
features and functions. The project scope explains the results of the project and ensures that the
scope is attained. For instance, if you have been given a task, the project scope will guide you on
how to do it (Marchewka, 2014).
Project Scope
The first step is to plan a scope management. The procedure creates the scope
management plan. The plan defines the scope of the project and put its account how it will be
authenticated and controlled. This process leads to a plan that guides the team on how to manage
the scope throughout the lifecycle of the project. The next procedure is to collect the
requirements. This ensures that no stone is left unturned and leads to a comprehensive list of
what is needed. Defining the scope establishes what project will and will not accomplish. The
documents are revised to make sure that the project will satisfy its stated goals and objectives.
The resultant scope should state the shareholder's requirements and openly communicate the
prospects for the performance and presentation of the project. Creating a breakdown of the work
structure, validating the scope and controlling it helps in monitoring the status of the project and
the work results to ensure they conform to what is required.
File 4

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Critique of Implementation of Health Care system

When implementing the health care system, technology is necessary aspect as through it
the health care can be provided extensively throughout the country (Ross et al., 2016).
Technology introduces a particular aspect to the health care system known as e-health. This
means that proper implementation requires that communication technology as well as computer
technology be incorporated within some sectors of the health care system. Proper
implementation, especially through technology will ensure that problems that face the healthcare
systems are past (Ross et al., 2016).
When carrying out the implementation process, there are factors, which are critical and
need to be considered. Some of the factors include cost, complexity, adaptability, planning and
the key stakeholders involved. Some of the complexity issues concern the slow system
performance, the cumbersome software and hardware that need to be used and the need for
extensive software modifications (Ross et al., 2016). Upon considering the complex issues, the
performance of the system is boosted. For any successful implementation of a healthcare system,
there is need to have consider the financial implications of the system. Cost when not considered
can remain as a barrier to implementation process (Ross et al., 2016).
Annotated Bibliography
Bleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., & LaVeist, T. A. (2012). Health inequalities:
trends, progress, and policy. Annual review of public health, 33, 7.
The authors note that even though health inequalities have been documented for many decades,
they have been increasingly considered as policy targets in developed countries. In this paper,
there is description of the time trends in health inequalities. The trends changes are studied by

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sex, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Further, also the review describes the commitment
to reduce the health inequalities and the effort being made to reduce the existing inequalities in
health care in United States, United Kingdom and the other OECD countries. The time-trend data
in the United States is a pointer to the reducing gap between the best and worst-off groups in
some of the health indicators. The health indicators covered in the review include life
expectancy. Nonetheless, the time-trend data show a widening gap in other areas such as diabetes
prevalence. On the same note, the time-trend data in the United Kingdom show that there is
narrowing gap that occurs between the best and worst-off groups in regards to some indicators
such as hypertension prevalence even though the gap between the social classes has been on the
increase for life expectancy. From this research, it emerges that more research and better
methods need to be put in place to measure the relationships that occur between the stated policy
goals and the trends observed in as far as health inequalities are concerned.
File 5
Evaluating EMR Systems
A Regional Health Information Organization is a group of institutions within a particular
locality that electronically share health-related data by the accepted values. The work of the
RHIO is to watch over the means of information exchange among various provider settings. It is
one model that helps to achieve the recommended national health information network in the
United States. The Electronic Medical Records is one element of the health information
technology infrastructure.
1. To offer the necessary level of access to data, the RHIO taps into the patient's data that exist
in each institution. Using the central approach, the providers taking part and the IT salespersons

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decide the arrangement of patient data and establishes who can gain access to this information.
However, the decentralized approach is the best approach since it allows the RHIO participant to
view information across the association without building a central source. This strategy enables
would be RHIOs avoid many of the data possession battles that have hindered the progress of
these organizations (Kruse, Regier & Rheinboldt, 2014).
2. The following patient information should be provided to the Regional Health Information
Organization (RHIO): Laboratory reports, patients demographics that is their race, income,
education and employment status. Others aspects include clinical documents, emergency
department reports, radiology reports, hospital release summaries and EMS reports.
3. The Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) should make sure that
the medical information of the patients, as well as the electronic clinical records, are properly
secured and that their transmission and use are controlled appropriately controlled. As the
organization starts the information sharing process, they must pay close attention to creating the
final rules and procedures for warranting secure transmission and use of this data (AHRQ, n.d.
Evaluating the value of the health care information system is progressively important.
Obtaining and executing systems involves massive investments and investors as well as the
board of directors to know the future worth of these plans. Assessments must be regarded as an
essential constituent of every primary health information system.
Implementing the EMR system in the organization requires planning and preparation.
The group should start by appointing a team of experienced members as well as representatives
from central areas in the institution, especially areas that will be significantly affected by the use
of the new system. The primary users should examine the processes and procedures and make an

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endorsement for any changes. It is important that the champion of the scheme should be an
experienced physician to represent the views of the other members.
Under the influence of a highly competent team, some substantial activities should take
place. This team should take up the leadership role and ensure that the system is integrated
effectively on a daily basis. This will require the organization to:
a) Analyze the workflow and execute any compulsory process restructuring
b)

Perform and installation and execution of the system.

C) Train the members of staff

d) Take part in conversion of data
e) Test if the system is working efficiently
f)

Communicate any progress in the system using the proper forms in the institution
Consideration should be given to the details associated with backup procedures and

security plans should be established. The organization should have adequate staffs to help
operators and provide individual support where necessary. A steady and sufficient IT set-up
should be put in place to guarantee ample response time. The IT section or another representative
unit should have a proper mechanism developed for recording and amending faults in the system.
Once the scheme is on its feet, it is vital for the organization to have in place the
strategies and the resources required to preserve and support the new system. Mechanical
workforce and resources should be accessible to the user. Constant training should be an integral
part of the organization's strategy to provide support and additionally develop the new system.
Also, the leadership group should have in place a plan for assessing the execution process and

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significance of the health care implementation procedure. These include the cost, quality and
patient satisfaction.
Quality
If the organization has to move forward in implementing the system, it needs to evaluate
the existing medical record systems in the organization. Strategies for the evaluation include:
I.

Defining the problem.

II.

Laboratory testing.

III.

Doing trials under the influence of the original investigator.

IV. An accurate study on the efficiency of the system during routine operational use.
The first and second stages focus on the design of the software and ensuring that it
performs accurately to that design. Step three majors on the clinical analysis of the new system.
The most important aspect is to ensure that the system improves health care delivery regarding
accuracy, timeliness, communication and improvement in the quality of health care.
Cost
Evaluating the cost of the EMR system is quite a hard task. Some aspects are to be considered in
this exercise. They include:
a)

Select the correct software platform.

B)

Consider the current technology in devices.

C)

Have long-term budgets in mind.

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It is paramount to have in mind that the cost of an EMR system is more than the setting
up fee or the initial operating expenses. It is vital to take into account the long-term costs. These
include the amount incurred annually on a continuous basis, the maintenance the Accreditation
fee and the IT support group.
Patient Satisfaction
Discontent is primarily brought about by reduced quality in service of the health
information system. Developments to advance the present or the forthcoming projects should
mainly focus on refining the quality service such as in the power infrastructure, consumer
support, training and more machines in the organization. After service quality development, other
divisions should be encouraged as well, particularly the secondary ones and recommended on
how to use the Electronic Medical Record to avoid the reliance.

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References

AHRQ. (n.d.). Health Information Technology. Retrieved from Health Information Exchange
Policies. Retrieved from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/key-topics/health-informationexchange-policy-issues
Bleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., & LaVeist, T. A. (2012). Health inequalities: trends,
progress, and policy. Annual review of public health, 33, 7.
Gosbee, J. (2002). Human factors engineering and patient safety. Quality and safety in health
care, 11(4), 352-354. Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758019/pdf/v011p00352.pdf
Kruse, C. S., Regier, V., & Rheinboldt, K. T. (2014). Barriers over time to full implementation of
health information exchange in the United States. JMIR Medical informatics, 2(2), e26.
Retrieved from http://medinform.jmir.org/2014/2/e26/
Marchewka, J. T. (2014). Information Technology Project Management. John Wiley and Sons.
Ross, J., Stevenson, F., Lau, R., & Murray, E. (2016). Factors that influence the implementation
of e-health: a systematic review of systematic reviews (an update). Implementation
Science, 11(1), 146.
Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning.