MATEMATIKA TEKNIK (TEI 101)

Chapter I

Preliminary

Warsun Najib, S.T., M.Sc.

Department of Electrical Engineering and

Information Technology
Universitas Gadjah Mada

1 Real Number and Lines

Definition: A member of any of the further sets of mathematical
objects,

such as negative integers and real numbers.

Real Number
Real numbers are numbers that can be expressed as decimals,
for instance:

The real numbers can be represented geometrically as points on

a number line called the real line.

Real line

The symbol R denotes either the real number system or,

equivalently, the real line, such as:
R
The properties of the real number system fall into three
categories:
algebraic properties the real numbers can be added,
subtracted, multiplied, and divided (except by 0) to
produce more real numbers under the usual rules of
arithmetic. Some algebraic rules :

Asosiatif : (a + b) + c = a + (b + c);(ab)c = a(bc)

Komutatif : a + b = b + a;ab = ba

Distributif : a(b + c) = ab + ac

order properties
The order properties allow us to compare the size of any
two numbers. The order properties are:
For any a and b, either a b or b a or both

If a b or b a then a = b

If a b and b c then a c

If a b then If a + c b + c

If a b and If 0 c then ac bc

completeness the real numbers correspond to all points

on the line, with no holes or gaps.. You will study this in
detail later on.
We can further categorize real number into:
1. The natural numbers, namely 1, 2, 3, ...
2. The integers, namely 0,1,2,3,...
3. The rational numbers, namely the numbers that can be
expressed in the form of a fraction
integers and n 6= 0, Examples are

,where m and n are

The rational numbers are precisely the real numbers with

decimal expansions that are either
(a) Terminating (ending in an infinite string of zeros), for example,
(b) Eventually repeating (ending with a block of digits that repeats
over and over), for example
4. Irrational numbers, characterized by having non-terminating
and non-repeating decimal expansions, such as .

Set
A set is a collection of objects, and these objects are the
elements of the set. Some useful notation about set and
element:
If S is a set, the notation a S means that a is an element
of S,and a / S means thata is not an element of S.
If S and Tare sets,ST then is their union and consists of
all elements belonging either to S or T (or to both S and T).

 The intersection S T consists of all elements belonging

to both S and T.
The empty set is the set that contains no elements Try
to read this:

A = {x | x is an integer and 0 < x < 6}

Intervals
A subset of the real line is called an interval if it contains at
least two numbers and contains all the real numbers lying
between any two of its elements. For example 0 < x < 10. The
detail of the interval is as follow:

Type of intervals

Absolute Value
Some properties of absolute value are:

and also

2 Lines, Circles, and Parabolas

Cartesian Coordinates in the Plane
The cartesian coordinate is given below:

Increments and Straight Lines

Increments can be understood for example in a case of a
moving particle from A (4,3) to B (2,5), thus
The run= x = x2 x1,= 2 4 = 2
The rise= y = y2 y1 = 5 (3) = 8
The slope(m)
Meanwhile, if point (x1,y1) and slope m are known, then the
line can be expressed as
y = y1 + m(x x1)
Note: Do some exercise in the text book to construct line
equation. There are some useful properties about line y =
y1 + m(x x1):
intersection with y-axis is at (0,
intersection x-axis is at (

y1 mx1), while

,0)

if two line are parallel, then they have the same slope (m1
= m2).
if two line are perpendicular, then the product of slope is
equal to -1(m1m2 = 1).

Distance and Circles in the Plane

The distance between points in the plane is calculated with a
formula that comes from the Pythagorean theorem:

A circle of radius a is the set of all points P(x,y) whose

distance from some center C(h,k) equals a). See the figure
below

Parabolas
General equation
y = ax2 + bx + c
if a > 0 the the parabola opens upward and if a < 0, the
parabola open downward. The axis line is expressed as:

factor a is also functioning as scaling factor. The smaller |a| is,

the wider the parabola will be. Figure below shows the different
values of a

Parabolas

3 Functions and Their Graphs

Functions; Domain and Range
General expression: y = f(x)
x is independent variable and y is dependent variable.
Definition: A function from a set D to a set Y is a rule that
assigns a unique (single) element f(x) Y to each element x
D
The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the
function. The set of all values of f(x) as x varies throughout D is
called the range of the function. Example of function domain

Various common function:

Linear function
General equation: y = f(x) = mx + b

Linear function


Power function
General equation: y = f(x) = xa

(a) a = n, n positive integer

(b) a = 1 or a = 2

and

Some examples of power function

Piecewise-Defined Functions

Piecewise functions
8


Polynomial function
General equation: y = anxn + an1xn1 + ... +
a1x + a0

Polynomial function
Rational function
Rational function is ratio of two polynomials
General equation:

Rational function
9


Trigonometric function

Exponential function

Exponential function
Even and Odd Function
Definition: A function y = f(x) is an
even function of x if f(x) = f(x)
even function of x if f(x) =
f(x)
10


for every x in function domain.

11

(a) y = x2, an even function (b) y = x3, an odd function

4 Combining Functions; Shifting and

Scaling Graphs
Shifting a Graph of a Function
Any graph can be shifted toward any direction in the Cartesian
plane. There are some formulas for graph shifting:

(a) T
o
To shift the graphof f(x) =
x2 up (or down), we add
positive
(or
negative)
constants to the formula
for f

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Scaling and Reflecting a Graph of a Function

Scaling the graph can be performed by multiplying function f or
independent variable x with constant c. It simply stretch or
compress f according to the value c. Reflections across the
coordinate axes are special cases where c =-1 Some formulas
for performing these operations are:

Example

a)Verticallystretchingandcom
(
b)Horisontallystretchingandcom

pressingthegraph
y = x bya
pressingthegraph
y = x byafactor
factorof3
of3

(
c)Reflectionsofthegraph
y = x acrossthecoordinate
axes

Mathematical Models
Mathematical model is a representation of simplified real
phenomenon. It is used to observe the behavior of real system
when direct observation is not possible due to complex system
or costly. Since it is simplified representation, there will be a
discrepancy. However, the model should be as close as possible
to real system and retain the simplification. The process in
obtaining mathematical model from real world is given below:

Flow of modelling process

Acknowledgment
The material presented in this chapter is summarized from
Thomas Calculus by George B. Thomas Jr. Student is advised to
take a look in the book for further explanation.