L7 Capacitor Inductor

Capacitors and Inductors
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1
Capacitors and Inductors
Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
Introduction
Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

energy only
Two important passive linear circuit
elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
Capacitor and inductor can store energy

only and they can neither generate nor
dissipate energy.
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
A
d
r 0
8.854 10
12
(F/m)
Capacitors - cont..
A
C
d
Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.
Types of Capacitors
(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor
Variable Capacitors
Variable capacitors
Symbols
Charge in Capacitor
Charge in Capacitors
The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q
1F 1 C/V
Cv
q
Linear
Nonlinear
10
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

Since q = Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.
11
I-V Relation of Capacitor

+
v
q Cv, i
i
C
dq
dt
dv
C
dt
12
Physical Meaning
i
dv
C
dt
i
C
when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant

voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
13
Capacitor Voltage
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.
Abrupt change
14
Capacitor Voltage
i
v(t )
dv
C
dt
1
C
t
to
v(t )
idt v(to)
1
C
idt
v(
) 0
v
v(to)
q(to) / C
i
C
The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.
15
Energy Storing in Capacitor

p
vi
pdt
w(t )
w(t )
dv
Cv
dt
dv
v dt
dt
1
Cv 2 (t )
2
v (t )
v(
( v(
vdv
q 2 (t )
2C
0)
1 2
Cv
2
+
v
v (t )
v( )
i
C
16
Model of Practical Capacitor
17
Examples #1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
18
Example #1 Solution
Solution:
(a) Since q Cv,
q
3 10
12
20 60pC
(b) The energy stored is

w
1 2
Cv
2
1
12
3 10
400 600pJ
2
19
Example #2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
By definition, the current is
i
dv
C
dt
d
5 10
(10 cos 6000t )
dt
6
5 10 6 6000 10sin 6000t
0.3sin 6000t A
20
Example #3
Determine the voltage across a 2- F capacitor if the
current through it is
i (t )
6e
3000t
mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.

Solution:
Since v 1 t idt v (0) and v (0) 0,
1
2 10
(1 e
0
t
6
e
0
3000 t
3000 t
dt 10
3 10
e
3000
3000 t t
0
)V
21
Capacitors connected in Series
C eq
C 1 C 2 C 3 .... C N
22
Series and Parallel Capacitors

i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
dv
dv
dv
dv
i C1
C2
C3
... C N
dt
dt
dt
dt
N
dv
dv
CK
Ceq
dt
dt
k 1
C eq C1 C 2 C 3 .... C N
The equivalent capacitance of N parallelconnected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
23
Capacitors connected in Parallel
1
Ceq
1
C1
1
C2
1
C3
...
1
CN
24
Series Capacitors
v(t )
1
Ceq
q(t )
Ceq
v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )
t
id
q(t )
C1
1
(
C1
1
C2
1
1 t
...
) id
C3
CN
q(t )
q(t )
C2
CN
The equivalent capacitance of seriesconnected capacitors is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.
C1C2
1
1 1
Ceq
C1 C2
Ceq C1 C2
25
Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y connection and its transformation
26
Example #4
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit below.
27
Example #4 Solution
Solution:
20 F and 5
F capacitors are in series :

20 5
4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors :
4 6 20 30 F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq
F 20 F
30 60
28
Example #5
For the circuit below, find the voltage across
each capacitor.
29
Example #5
30
Example #5 Solution
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:
Ceq
Total charge
1
1 1 1
60 30 20
Ceq v 10 10
mF 10mF
30 0.3 C
This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF capacitors,

because they are in series with the 30-v source. ( A
crude way to see this is to imagine that charge acts
like current, since i = dq/dt)
31
Example #5 Solution
q
0
.
3
Therefore,
v1
15 V,
3
C1 20 10
q
0.3
v2
10 V
3
C2 30 10
Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
v3
30 v1 v2
5V
Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors

are in parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and their
combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
v3
q
60mF
0.3
60 10
5V
32
Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire
33
Inductors cont..
N2 A
l
r
0
10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeabili ty of the core
34
Inductors cont
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
35
Flux in Inductors
The relation between the flux in inductor and
the current through the inductor is given below.
Li
Linear
1H 1 Weber/A
Nonlinear
36
Energy Storage Form

An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.
37
I-V Relation of Inductors

An inductor consists of
a coil of conducting
d
wire.
dt
di
L
dt
L
-
38
Physical Meaning
v
d
dt
di
L
dt
When the current through an inductor is a constant,

then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
39
Inductor Current
An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
40
Inductor Current cont..

di
1
vdt
L
1
L
t
to
1
L
v(t )dt
+
v
v(t )dt i(to)

-
The inductor has memory.
41
Energy Stored in an Inductor

di
L
i
dt
P vi
pdt
i (t )
L i(
i
di
)
di
L idt
dt
1 2
1 2
Li (t )
Li (
2
2
+
v
L
-
) i(
) 0,
The energy stored in an inductor
w (t )
1 2
Li (t )
2
42
Model of a Practical Inductor
43
Example #1
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
v 0.1 (10te 5t ) e 5t t ( 5)e 5t e 5t (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w
Li
(0.1)100t 2 e 10 t 5t 2 e 10 t J
2
2
44
Example #2
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t 0
v(t )
0,
t 0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
Solution:
1 t
and
L
5
H
.
Since i
v
(
t
)
dt
i
(
t
)
0
Lt
3
1 t
t
2
3
i
30
t
dt
0
6
2
t
A
50
3
0
45
Example #4
The power p
60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
vi
t 5
w
pdt 0 60t dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
5
Eq. in page 42, by writing
1 2
1
w(5) w(0)
Li (5)
Li (0)
2
2
1
3 2
(5)(2 5 ) 0 156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
46
Example #5
Consider the circuit
shown. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.
47
Example #5 Solution
Solution:
(a) Under dc condition : capacitor
open circuit
short circuit
inductor
12
i iL
2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b)
wc
wL
1
1
Cvc
(1)(102 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
Li
(2)(22 ) 4J
2
2
48
Inductors in Series
Leq
L1
L2
L3 ... L N
49
Inductors in Parallel
1
Leq
1
L1
1
1
L2
LN
50
Series and Parallel Inductors

Applying KVL to the loop,
v1 v 2
v3 ... v N
Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di
di
di
di
v L1
L2
L3
... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di
LK
Leq
dt
dt
K 1
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... L N
51
Parallel Inductors
Using KCL, i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
But ik 1 tt vdt ik (t0 )
i
1
Lk
Lk
t
t0
1
1 t
vdt i1 (t0 )
vdt is (t0 ) ...
t
LN
L2
1
L1
N
k
1
1 Lk
1
L2
t
t0
1
...
LN
N
vdt
t
t0
t
t0
vdt iN (t0 )
vdt i1 (t0 ) i2 (t0 ) ... iN (t0 )
1
ik (t0 )
Leq
1
t
t0
vdt i (t0 )
52
Summary
The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.
53
Comparison Table
54
Example #6
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown below.
55
Example #6 Solution
Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
42H
7 42
6H
Parallel :
7 42
Leq 4 6 8 18H
56
Practice Problem
57
Example #7
Find the circuit below, i (t ) 4(2 e )mA.
1 mA, find : (a) i (0)
If i2 (0)
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
10t
58
Example #7 Solution
Solution:
(a ) i(t ) 4(2 e
10 t
)mA
i(0) 4(2 1)
4mA.
i1 (0) i (0) i2 (0) 4 ( 1) 5mA

(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq
2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di
10 t
10 t
v(t ) Leq
5(4)( 1)( 10)e mV 200e mV
dt
di
10 t
10 t
v1 (t ) 2
2( 4)( 10)e mV 80e mV
dt
10 t
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e mV
59
Example #7 Solution
1 t
(c) i
v
(
t
)
dt
i
(
0
)
L 0
1 t
120 t 10 t
i1 (t )
v
dt
i
(
0
)
e
dt
5
mA
2
1
40
4 0
10 t t
3e
5 mA
3e 10 t 3 5 8 3e 10 t mA
0
1 t
120 t 10 t
i2 (t )
v dt i2 (0)
e dt 1mA
0 2
0
12
12
10 t t
10 t
10 t
e
1mA
e
1 1 e mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
60
THE END
61

L7 Capacitor Inductor

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Capacitors and Inductors

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Capacitors and Inductors

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

Capacitor and inductor can store energy

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

I-V Relation of Capacitor

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Energy Storing in Capacitor

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Model of Practical Capacitor

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

(b) The energy stored is

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

5 10 6 6000 10sin 6000t

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

Capacitors connected in Series

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Series and Parallel Capacitors

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

Capacitors connected in Parallel

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

The equivalent capacitance of seriesconnected capacitors is the reciprocal of the

BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1

L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS