Integration

Reminders: f(x) = x2 f '(x) = 2x

f(x) = x2 + 1 f '(x) = 2x
f(x) = x2 4 f '(x) = 2x
f(y) = 3y4 f '(y) = 12y3
f(y) = 3y4 + 7 f '(y) = 12y3
f(t) = 6t f '(t) = 6
f(t) = 6t + 2 f '(t) = 6
f(z) = 9 f '(z) = 0
f(z) = 12 f '(z) = 0
In reverse:

f '(x) = 2x
f '(y) = 12y3
f '(t) = 6
f '(z) = 0

f(x) = x2 + c
f(y) = 3y4 + c
f(t) = 6t + c
f(z) = c

c is a
constant

The process of finding f(x) from f '(x) is called integration.

The function f(x) is the integral of f '(x).
c is called the constant of integration.
The examples above can be written:
2x dx = x2 + c
12y3 dy = 3y4 + c
6 dt = 6t + c
0 dz = c

2x dx is read:
'the integral of 2x
with respect to x'

In general:
xn dx =

xn + 1
n + 1

+ c, where n 1

page 1 of 8

Examples:

x dx
8

x dx =
-3

x9
9 +c
x 2
2

+c

1
+c
2x2
3

1
2

dp =

p2

+c

3
2
3

2 p2
3

+c

74

dy =
=

y 4
34

4
3

+c
+c

3y 4

[Note: Answers are written with positive indices]

p164 Exercise 9G qu.1(a-c), (g-i), (m-o)
If a is a constant,
axn dx = a xn dx
ax n1
=
+ c, (n 1)
n 1

Also:

(f(x) + g(x)) dx = f(x) dx + g(x) dx

Examples: 1. 6x3 dx =
=
2. 5y3 dy =
=

6 x4
4
3
2

+c

x4 + c

5 y 2
2

+c

5
+c
2 y2

page 2 of 8

3.

2x

4
5

dx

2 x 5
4
5

10 x 5
4

5 x 5
2

4.

4t

3t

1
2

dt

c
3

3t 2

4
= t

6t 32
3

4t 4
4

3
2

4
= t 2t 2 c

5.

dx

= x3 dx
=
=

6.

x 2
2

+c

1
+c
2x2

5t 2 4t 2
dt =

t

5t 2 4t 2
t 12 t 12 t 12 dt

5t
5

=
=

5t 2
5
2

3
2

4t 2 2t
3

12

dt

4t32 2t1 2 c
2

5
10t 2

5
5

3
8t 2

4t 2
1

= 2t 2 83 t 2 4t 2 c
5

= 2 t 83 t 4 t c
p164 Exercise 9H
p165 Exercise 9I

page 3 of 8

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If f(x) dx = F(x) + c,

then

f(x) dx = F(b) F(a),

a x b

f(x) dx is called a definite integral, and a and b are the lower and upper

limits of integration.

Example: 1.
=

x3
3

3x 2 dx

32x 2 x 1

43
3

3( 4 ) 2
2

2(4)

13
3

3(12) 2(1)
2

= 53 13 3 56
= 49 12
2.

16

34 x dx =

16

3x 4 dx
16

3x 4
54 1
5

76 54 2 52

74 52

124 x
5

16

124 16
5

1225
5

12 4 1
5

1215
5

page 4 of 8

3. Find the positive value of k for which

(2 x 3) dx = 4

(2 x 3) dx = 4

2 x2
2

3 x 3 = 4

3 x 3 = 4

(k2 + 3k) ((3)2 + 3(3))

k2 + 3k 0
k2 + 3k 4
(k + 4)(k 1)
k+4=0
k = 4

=
=
=
=

4
4
0
0

k1=0
k=1

So positive value of k is 1

p169 Exercise 9L qu.1(a-f), 2(a-c)(i-l), 3(a-c)(f)(i)(l), 4(a-c)

The area between the x-axis and y = f(x) from x = a to x = b can be found using
integration:
y

y = f(x)

Area =

f(x) dx

x
y

y = x2 3x + 7

Example: Evaluate the shaded area:

page 5 of 8

2
1 ( x 3x 7) dx =

32x 7 x 1

x3
3

3(62) 7(6)

63
3

13
3

3(12) 7(1)

= 60 5 65
= 54 16
So area = 54 16
Important: When calculating an area below the x-axis, the integral gives a
negative value, although clearly any area must be positive.
So areas above and below the x-axis must be calculated separately,
then added together, ignoring any negative signs.
y

Example:

First we must find where the graph

y = x 1 crosses the x-axis:
1
2

-6

Crosses x-axis when -axis when y = 0

1
2

Below:

x2
4

( 12 x 1) dx

1 2
x
2

22
4

Above:

x2
4

x 6

x 6

( 6 ) 2
4

(6)

1
2

1 2
x
2

52
4

x 1 = 0
1
2 x = 1
x = 2

x 1) dx

5
2

5
2

= 1 15

= 1 14 (1)

= 16

= 2 14

22
4

So area = 16 + 2 14 = 18 14
Note: Simply evaluating

( 12 x 1) dx gives the wrong answer .-13 14

p172 Ex9N qu.1, 2

page 6 of 8

The Area Between Two Curves

The area enclosed between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) from x = a to x = b is
given by
y
y = f(x)

i.e.

f(x) dx

g(x) dx

(f(x) g(x)) dx

y = g(x)

when a x b and f(x) g(x), i.e. f(x) is above g(x) when x is between a and b.
This can be remembered as

(top bottom)

Mention that the problem of negative 'areas' will only arise if f(x) is below g(x)
it is not necessary to consider whether or not the curve is above the x-axis for
these questions.
Example:

Calculate the
shaded area
in this diagram.
y = x2 2x + 7

y = 11 x2
x

y = 11 x2
y = x2 2x + 7

Intersect when x2 2x + 7
2x2 2x 4
2(x2 x 2)
2(x 2)(x + 1)
x2=0
x=2

=
=
=
=

11 x2
0
0
0

x+1= 0
x = 1

Top curve is y = 11 x2; Bottom curve is y = x2 2x + 7

page 7 of 8

Shaded area =

top bottom

11 x x

11 x

4 2 x 2 x

4x

2 x 7 dx

x 2 2 x 7 dx

2 x2
2

23x

2
= 4x x

2
1

2
2 x3
3 1

2( 2)
2
= 4(2) (2) 3

4(1) (1)

2( 31)

= 6 23 (2 13 )
= 9
p174 Ex9P qu.1, 2(b,d)

Differential Equations
Example: Find the equation of the function y = f(x) for which
the graph passes through (0,1).
y

(0, 1)
x

= (2x2 + 3) dx
=

2 x3
3

2 ( 0 )3
3

= 1

2
3

+ 3x + c
+ 3(0) + c

x3 + 3x + 1

p176 Exercise 9Q qu.2-5

p177 Exercise 9R qu. 7, 8, 10
page 8 of 8

dy
dx

=2x2 + 3, and