INTRODUCTION

In aerospace industry, flow visualization is very important since we work

on air flow usually to make aircrafts.Thus, many scientists work for flow
visualization. For example, The observation and investigation of fluid flow
by visualization methods was started in modern scientific form by
Leonardo around 1500. Reynolds and Prandtl belong to the first group of
his followers (see a History of Flow Visualization: Chronology, K.C Cheng)
[1]. And we know that many technics to visualize flow, which of them is
using the hydrogen buble technic. Thus, in this experiment, our purpose is
visualization of flow by using hydrogen buble technic to see seperation
region of flow. Also in this experiment, we can see how separation region
of flow influence by changing shape of object and how separation region of
flow influence by changing velocity of flow. Thanks to visualize seperation
region of flow, we can design a aerodynamic object since we know that we
can make an inference drag types by visualizing seperation region of flow.
If we know drag types, then we can calculate drag force so we can design
some part of aerodynamic object that I want according to these
informations. In this experiment, also we expect visualization of vortexes
since we know that vortexes have a role on drag force.

1.1.

Theory

Aerospace engineers make big objects and they can not make
experiments for these big objects. Thus, Reynolds number is very
important for aerospace engineers since we can work on experimental
objects, that is, we can make experiment on a small object and then we
apply results of experiment on small object for real (big) object if small and
big (real) object have same Reynolds number. And formula of reynolds
number is :

Aslo when we design a new aerodyanmic object, of course we should

calculate drag force for this new aerodynamic object and we shold know
drag types to calculate drag force. Then we can introduce drag types as;

Form (Pressure) Drag: Form drag or pressure drag arises because of

the shape of the object. The general size and shape of the body are the
most important factors in form drag; bodies with a larger presented crosssection will have a higher drag than thinner bodies; sleek ("streamlined")
objects have lower form drag. Form drag follows the drag equation,
meaning that it increases with velocity, and thus becomes more important
for high-speed aircraft.
Form drag depends on the longitudinal section of the body. A prudent
choice of body profile is essential for a low drag
coefficient. Streamlines should be continuous, and separation of the
boundary layer with its attendant vortices should be avoided [2]
Skin Friction Drag: That part of the drag which is caused by shear stress at
all points on the body concerned where it is touched by the fluid in which it
is immersed, it acts tangentially to the surface. It is due entirely to
the viscosity of the fluid in which the body is immersed.[3]
Profile Drag: Profile Drag is the sum of Form drag and Skin Friction drag.[4]
Induced Drag: Induced drag is dependant upon lift production and is not
usually associated with viscous effects. In fixed wing terms the induced
drag is caused by part of the lift vector being inclined rearward due to the
downwash created by the formation of vortices at the trailing edge which
causes the relative wind to be inclined downwards, reducing the angle of
attack of the aerofoil.[5]
Furthermore, we know that vortexes influence drag force so they influence
our aerodynamic desgin, of course. Now we are aware of vortex types,
which are Karman vortex and starting vortex.
Karman vortex: Karman vortex is a repeating pattern of
swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of
a fluid around blunt bodies.[6]

Starting vortex: We know that pressure distributions change for above the
wing and behind the wing. Thanks to greater pressure behind the wing, we
get lift force. Since pressure is lower above the wing, velocity is greater
above the wing and this greater velocity provide circular motion around

the wing. Thus, if airfoil accelerates; starting vortex can occurs behind of
airfoil.

In addition to these, seperation concept is very important for aerodynamic

design. We can explain seperation concept as;
We make experiments by changing velocity of fluid and by changing shape
of object to see seperation region of fluid since velocity of fluid and shape
of object influence seperation region of fluid. This is seperation concept
and seperation concept is very important for aerospace engineers since
seperation region of fluid influnce drag coefficient. The reason of this,
seperation region of fluid influence pressure distributions around the
object, and thus, pressure drag coeeficient changes as seperation region
of fluid changes so pressure drag changes as seperation region of fluid
changes.
Now time to explain important concept for aerospace engineers, which is
flow visualizations. We make flow visualization to understand the
behaviour of flow motion. These are pathlines, streaklines, streamlines and
timelines.
When the flow is steady, pathlines, streaklines and streamline are same.
Hovewer, there are difference among these if the flow is unsteady. If the
flow is unsteady,
Pathline is the line traced out by a given fluid particle as it moves from one
point to another.
Streakline is the line formed in time by fluid particles passing by a given
point in space.
Streamline is the line in a flow field that is tangent to the velocity vector at
every point at a given time instant.
Also we can seperate flow types as laminar and turbulent flow;

Laminar flow is the flow that velocity of flow is constant at every point of
flow since laminar flow is regular flow, that is, path of laminar flow is
smoot path so there is no disruption along the path.
Turbulent flow is the flow that velocity of flow is not constant at every
point since turbulent flow is irregular flow, that is, path of turbulent flow is
not smooth so there is disruption along the path.