22CL 8.gas Migration

Gas Migration Control
Client Cementing Seminar
An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of

Schlumberger. Other company, product, and service names may be
trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of others.
Schlumberger Private
Schlumberger 2009
Revision History
Description
Prepared by
Reviewed by
1.0
Revise content and slide master
Tanvi Chikara
Shailesh Dighe
Sep 27, 2011
Rev Date
.
Agenda
Gas Migration Process:
Why gas migration occur ?

Types of gas migration
Lab Testing
Gas migration severity matrix
Gas Migration solutions
Gas Migration
Gas Migration is the invasion of formation fluids into the annulus, due
to a pressure imbalance at the formation face ( loss of Hydrostatic
pressure)
Pf
>
Ph
When P Formation > P
Gas
Hydrostatic
will Migrate
Consequences of Gas Flow
Poor zonal isolation

Lost production
Stimulation out of zone
Contamination of nearby formations
Overpressured shallow formations
Environmental Damage
Aquifers
Surface
Blow-out
Lost Production
Danger to personnel
Damaged or lost equipment
Catastrophic
Gas Migration Theory

All three factors are required for Gas Migration to occur.
Path to
Migrate
Gas
Migration
Space
for Entry
Pann < Pfm
When Gas Migration Occurs
Minutes
Immediate
Gas Migration
Post-placement
-
Hours
Short Term
Gas Migration
Post-setting
-
Days
Long Term
Gas Migration
Our focus has always been on short-term.

We need to consider long-term as well.
Months/Years
Placement
Paths & Causes of Gas Migration

Channel
Failure to remove mud
Free fluid
Loss of seal between cement and casing or formation

Cake dehydration
Shrinkage
Downhole stresses
Loss of hydrostatic pressure

Gelation
Shrinkage
Fluid loss
A Path for Gas - Channel

A channel can be cause by
Failure to effectively displace the drilling fluid
Excessive Free Fluid in Inclined Wells
Poor mud removal
Temperature
Gas Invasion during Setting Cement
Phase1: Fully LiquidPhase2: Early Gelation

Phase3: Hydration Phase4: Set Cement
Cement particles touchPore space isolated
Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Pore Pressure
After this point Gas
can Invade, PDL
Cement Set No
Gas can Invade
Critical Hydration Period
Four Phases in
the Setting
Process of a
Cement Slurry
Pre-Mature Gelation
Points of possible
Gas Invasion
Pore Pressure
Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Early Gelation
Time
Critical Hydration Period
Phase1: Fully LiquidPhase2: Early Gelation

Phase3: Hydration Phase4: Set Cement
Cement particles touchPore space isolated
Fluid Loss
Dynamic
Increased rheology
Change in other slurry properties
Static
Loss of overbalance
Promote early gelation
Bridging
Accelerated hydration kinetics
Recommended fluid loss: < 50 mL/30 min
Set Cement Fail Shrinkage
Debonding @ cement/rock interface

Shrinkage due to cement hydration process
58% Water
18% Water-filled
micro-porosity
100%
Slurry
42%
Cement
75%
Set Cement
(solid)
1 3 % reduction
4 - 6 % void
A Path for Gas Set Cement Failure
Set Cement may crack or debond;

Down hole stresses
Change in Temperature
Change in Pressure
Poor Interfacial Bonding (Microannulus)
High Shrinkage
Set Cement Fail Down hole Stresses
Tensile cracks due to Well bore stress changes :
Poor Interfacial Bonding (Microannulus)

Pressure variation
Temperature variation
Casing movement
Temperature & Pressure

Mechanical (Perforation etc.)
Cement expansion
Successful Cementing of Gas Wells

GAS MIGRATION CONTROL A complex problem with a corresponding:
Hierarchy of solutions
Important Rule: Prevention is better than

cure
Requirements to Prevent Flow

Prevent channels
Delay entry of gas
Impede propagation of the gas
Prevent microannuli
Preserve the integrity of the set cement
No easy Paths for Gas

Good Mud Removal is a key factor in the Prevention of Gas
Migration
Centralization
Conditioning of mud to follow the
Density and viscosity hierarchy
Pipe movement during placement
Displacement regime and rate
Spacers/Pre-flushes
WELLCLEAN II* Engineering Solution

No easy Paths for Gas
No Path for Gas during cement setting

Ideal Slurry Properties minimize the gas
migration during cement setting
During Placement
After Placement
Appropriate density for hydrostatic

pressure
Low Fluid Loss to avoid early

Gelation
Appropriate Rheology for good

mud/spacer removal
Short transition time from CSGS

to 500 lb/100ft2
Zero Free Fluid (Inclined Section)
Pore throat plugging materials
Fluid Loss less than 50 ml/30min
GASBLOK* - No Path for Gas
No Path for Gas in Set Cement

Set Cement Requirements
Cement that can withstand cyclical stress variations
Good bonding to the casing and the formation, No shrinkage
FlexSTONE*/FUTUR*????
very important when large temperature or pressure variations are

expected during the life of the well
very important when large variations in field stresses are expected
e.g. formation subsidence
Physical Means
Annular Pressure
Multistage Cementing
ECP / CFP
Casing seal ring
Increase mud density
Reduced cement column length
ECP & CFP
Inflation of ECP
Inflation of CFP
Solutions to Gas Flow

Compressible Cements
Thixotropic cements
Right angle set cements
Expansive cements
Microsilica Cements
Impermeable cements
Evaluate the Gas Migration Risk
Compressible Slurries
Concept
Attempt to maintain cement pore pressure
above the formation gas pressure
Methods
In-situ Gas generation
Foamed cement
Gas Bubbles
Disadvantage
Safety hazard, stability which may cause
gas channeling itself, time dependent
Cement Matrix
Thixotropic Slurries
Concept
Gel strength strongly binds particles before cement set, gas cannot break
structure and is prevented from forming macroscopic channels
Methods
Secondary Ettringite generating
Polymers crosslinked
Disadvantages
Limited to low pressure gas zones
Very poor fluid loss control
Right Angle Set Cement
Concept
Slurry sets so rapidly, no time for gas to invade, shorten transition period
Methods
Disadvantage
Difficult to accomplish < 250oF (120oC)
Accelerated hydration kinetics
Right Angle Set Cement

100
Bc Units
50
RAS
Slurry
Time
Gelified
Slurry
Expansive Slurries
Concept
Volumetric expansion of the cement closes gas channels and improves
interfacial seals
Methods
Crystal growth
Gas generation
Disadvantage
Expansion occurs after gas migration started, controlled expansion is
required
Can result in unsoundness
Microsilica cements
Concept
Methods
Reducing permeability to gas
Disadvantage
No very efficient under severe conditions
The extremely small microsilica particles appear to pack between the

larger cement particles, and create a physical blockage, which can
prevent gas from mobilizing the pore water
Impermeable Slurries
Concept
Reduce the cements matrix permeability during the liquid-to-solid
transition time
Methods
Reducing slurry porosity
Reducing pore pressure drop (Fluid loss)
Disadvantage
Latexes are very sensitive to temperature
Proper stabilization of latexes particles
Low Permeability
Make matrix of cement impermeable as a liquid and solid
Incorporate fine solids into slurry
Microsilica
Latex
Microgels
Particle size technology (CemCRETE)
Note: other excellent properties must be maintained!
Slurry Optimization
Free fluid
Fluid loss control
Gelation control (Static Gel Strength Development)
Thickening time
Hydration kinetics
Slurry density (overbalance)
Special properties
Porosity
Shrinkage
Permeability to gas
GASBLOK Design
D500
D600G
D700
200
BHCT
300
400
16.0
19.0
D500
D600G
D700
10.0
D701 stabilizer
13.0
Density
100
Laboratory Testing - Recommended Lab test
As per API RP 10B specifications
No Path for
Gas
Thickening Time
Compressive Strength
Fluid Loss
Rheology
Slurry Stability
Free Fluid & Sedimentation or Settling
Static Gel Strength Development
Gas Flow Test
Gel Strength Evolution: Vane Rheometer or SGSA

Measures true static gel strength
Uses body of Baroid fluid loss cell
strength
Turns at 0.01 rpm
Detects deflection in shear stress
Stops turning immediately after breaking gel strength
Vane recognized as best configuration for measuring gel
Gel Strength Development
1000
500 lb/100 ft2
CWSS
100
10000
CHP
10
0
50
100
Time in min
150
200
250
Gel strengh (lb/100sqft)
G el stren g h (lb /100sq ft)
10000
1000
500 lb/100 ft2
CWSS
100
CHP
10
0
50
100
Time in min
150
200
Static Gel Strength Analyzer (SGSA) By Chandler
Non-destructive testing technology

Determines the gel strength
development of cement over time
UCA analysis capabilities can be
added to the Model
Acoustic waveform translated into a
change in energy to the static gel
strength measurement.
Vane Rheometer
Static Gel Strength Development
Tests for Gas Flow Control
Three test devices

Fluid Migration Analyzer (Beirutes device)
Cement Hydration Analyzer (Schlumberger)
Lab Testing
CHA
FMA
Lab Testing
CHA
FMA
Slurry A - Failure
35
2.5
Temperature
30
P [bar] & T
[oC]
15
1.5
1
Slurry pressure
10
0.5
5
0
0.00
Gas rate
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Time [hrs]
14.00
16.00
18.00
0
20.00
20
Gas rate
[sccm]
Confining
pressure
Gas
pressure
25
Slurry A - Success
39
2.5
P [bar] & T
[oC]
24
1.5
Gas
pressure
19
14
9
Slurry pressure
0.5
4
-1
0.00
Gas rate
5.00
10.00
15.00
Time [hrs]
20.00
0
25.00
29
Gas rate
[sccm]
Confining
pressure
Temperature
34
Gas Migration Advisor

Risk of gas migration based on PDL
Medium
Other factors must be considered as well:

Mud removal, formation properties, etc.
Low
High
Holistic Approach
Successful control of gas flow requires
Preparation of the hole
Proper slurry design, considering
Effective mud removal
Proper treatment design and execution
Timely testing and minimization of destructive stresses
Short-term gas migration

Long-term pressure leakage

22CL 8.gas Migration

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Gas Migration Control

Client Cementing Seminar

An asterisk is used throughout this presentation to denote a mark of

Revise content and slide master

Sep 27, 2011

Why gas migration occur ?

Gas Migration solutions

When P Formation > P

Consequences of Gas Flow

Poor zonal isolation

Gas Migration Theory

Pann < Pfm

When Gas Migration Occurs

Our focus has always been on short-term.

Paths & Causes of Gas Migration

Loss of seal between cement and casing or formation

Loss of hydrostatic pressure

A Path for Gas - Channel

Failure to effectively displace the drilling fluid

Excessive Free Fluid in Inclined Wells

Poor mud removal

Gas Invasion during Setting Cement

Phase1: Fully LiquidPhase2: Early Gelation

Critical Hydration Period

Critical Hydration Period

Phase1: Fully LiquidPhase2: Early Gelation

Recommended fluid loss: < 50 mL/30 min

Set Cement Fail Shrinkage

Debonding @ cement/rock interface

A Path for Gas Set Cement Failure

Set Cement may crack or debond;

Set Cement Fail Down hole Stresses

Tensile cracks due to Well bore stress changes :

Poor Interfacial Bonding (Microannulus)

Temperature & Pressure

Successful Cementing of Gas Wells

Important Rule: Prevention is better than

Requirements to Prevent Flow

Delay entry of gas

Impede propagation of the gas

Preserve the integrity of the set cement

No easy Paths for Gas

Pipe movement during placement

Displacement regime and rate

WELLCLEAN II* Engineering Solution

No Path for Gas during cement setting

Appropriate density for hydrostatic

Low Fluid Loss to avoid early

Appropriate Rheology for good

Short transition time from CSGS

Zero Free Fluid (Inclined Section)

Pore throat plugging materials

Fluid Loss less than 50 ml/30min

GASBLOK* - No Path for Gas

No Path for Gas in Set Cement

Cement that can withstand cyclical stress variations

Good bonding to the casing and the formation, No shrinkage

very important when large temperature or pressure variations are

Casing seal ring

Increase mud density

Reduced cement column length

ECP & CFP

Solutions to Gas Flow