Impacts of Distributed Wind Generation on Distribution

Networks
N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

The University of New South Wales at Australian Defence Force Academy

(UNSW@ADFA), Northcott Drive, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
Email: N.Roy@student.adfa.edu.au, h.pota@adfa.edu.au,
Md.Mahmud@student.adfa.edu.au, m.hossain@adfa.edu.au

ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the impacts of distributed wind generation on distribution networks
of power systems. The analysis is done over a test distribution system representative of
the Kumamoto area in Japan. The detailed mathematical modelling of the system is also
presented. The power losses at various nodes of the system as well as in the whole
system with and without the integration of wind generator are presented. This paper also
provides simulation results showing the effects of higher and lower penetration of
distributed wind generation on voltage dynamics in a faulted system.
Keywords
turbine.

Distributed generation (DG), distribution system, eigenvalues, wind

INTRODUCTION
The integration of renewable power offers a promising solution, and is consequently the
subject of increasing research efforts around the world. During the next ten years,
renewable energy will emerge as a major enabler of the smart grid for the integration of
small and medium sized renewable energy into the Australian electricity grid. Multiple
mini-grids, connected into the distribution level network, will form new systems
exhibiting potentially new collective (emergent) behaviour. Distributed supply based on
renewable energy sources is one main element in all scenarios for the worldwide energy
supply in the future. Solar energy, wind energy, bio fuel, and hydro power will be the
basic components of a long-term sustainable energy supply. The integration of
distributed generators into supply networks has already become a relevant issue in many
countries. The costs of energy production of renewable sources will become more and
more competitive as compared to the increasing cost for fossil fuels in the coming years.
Important developments have occurred in the last few years in the fields of electrical
system technology for distributed generation; see Walmir Freitas et al. (2006), Stratis
Tapanlis and Michael Wollny (2009).
Some analytic and utility case studies on the impacts of wind power on existing power
systems are described by B. Parsons et al. (2003). A definite conclusion was not given
in this paper. A capacity credit of wind power is calculated by Yi Zhang et al. (2010).
An overview of dynamic models for transient stability analysis of transmission and
distribution systems with DG is given by Jens C. Boemer et al. (2009). The authors
state that the inclusion of squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) does not have a large
influence on transient stability. But it significantly affects the voltage stability of the
system; see Genevieve Coath and Majid Al-Dabbagh (2005), Ching-Yin Lee et al.
Solar2010, the 48th AuSES Annual Conference
1-3 December 2010, Canberra, ACT, Australia

N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

(2009). Problems related to voltage instability in power systems are one of the major
concerns in power system planning and operation; see Per-Anders Lf et al. (1993).
Recent work tends to focus on assessing how distributed generation can be integrated
into existing grids without compromising grid reliability or protection schemes or
causing other problems, consistent with the minimum standards for all connected
devices. However, the effect of a potentially rising penetration of DG upon the
distribution systems has attracted much less attention. Very little work has examined its
impact on distribution network. The aim of this proposed work is to discuss the
potential impact of the DG on distribution systems, i.e., how the integration of wind
generation affects the behaviour of the distribution system with line flows and losses.
Moreover, the effects of voltage rise under fault condition with different penetration of
DG are also analysed.
The organisation of the paper is as follows. Firstly, the mathematical model of a
distribution system with distributed generation (wind generation) is presented. Then the
simulation results of the test system with and without distributed generation are
presented and the power losses in the system are also described. The variations of
terminal voltage of wind generator for different levels of DG penetration are also
provided through simulation in this section. Finally, the paper is concluded with the
extension of the proposed analysis with different types of distributed energy resources
and loads.
1

15

14

13

12

11

10

W
Fig. 1: Single line diagram of Modified Kumamoto 15-bus distribution system; see
Fracisco M. Gonzlez-Longatt (2007)
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The basic features of a distribution system can be represented through the widely used
Kumamoto 15 bus distribution test system as shown in Fig. 1 which is a benchmark
system. For the analysis in this paper, we modified the 15 bus distribution system by
Solar2010, the 48th AuSES Annual Conference
1-3 December 2010, Canberra, ACT, Australia

N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

connecting a wind generator at bus 10. Moreover, we connected a small synchronous
generator at bus 1 and considered bus 15 as slack bus. The line and load data of the test
system are given in Appendix.
The most important components of a constant speed wind are rotor, drive train, and the
generator. The rotor of the wind turbine, with radius , converts the energy from the
wind to the rotor shaft, rotating at the speed
. The power from the wind depends on
the wind speed,
, the air density, , and the swept area
. From the available
power in the swept area, the power on the rotor is given based on the power coefficient
, which depends on the pitch angle of the blade, , and the ratio between the
speed of the blade tip and the wind speed ratio,

. The aerodynamic torque

applied to the rotor for the turbine by the effective wind passing through the rotor is
given as; see Ackermann et al. (2005), M. J. Hossain et al. (2010):
(1)
where

is approximated by the following relation; see Abdin and Xu et al. (2000):

(2)

A two-mass drive train model of a wind turbine generator system (WTGS) is used in
this paper as the drive train modelling can satisfactorily reproduce the dynamic
characteristics of WTGS. The drive train is attached to the wind turbine converts the
aerodynamic torque
on the rotor into the torque on the low speed-shaft, which is
scaled down through the gearbox to the torque on the high-speed shaft. The first mass
term stands for the blades, hub and low-speed shaft, while the second mass term stands
for the high speed shaft having the inertia constants
and
. The shafts are
interconnected by the gear ratio,

, combined with torsion stiffness,

, and torsion

damping,
and
resulting in torsion angle . The normal grid frequency is . The
dynamics of the shaft can be represented as follows; see Ackermann et al. (2005), M. J.
Hossain et al. (2010):
(3)
(4)
(5)
The induction generator gets the power from the gear box through the stiff shaft. The
relationship between the mechanical torque and torsional angle is given by:
(6)
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N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

The mechanical torque depends on torsion stiffness (Ks), torsion angle (), rotor speed
(g) etc. In this work, time domain simulation is carried out with full non-linear model
of the wind turbine generation system considering variable mechanical torque.
A transient model of a SCIG can be described by the following algebraic-differential
equations; see Mahmud, Hossain, and Pota (2010):
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Here,

is the transient reactance,

is the stator resistance which is

is the rotor reactance,

is the magnetizing reactance,

constant,

is the rotor open circuit reactance,

is the mechanical torque, is the slip,

is transient open circuit time

is the electrical

torque,

and

assumed to be zero,

are the direct and quadrature axis transient voltages respectively,

and
are the direct and quadrature axis currents respectively, and
synchronous speed.

is the

SIMULATION RESULTS
The Kumamoto 15-bus distribution network shown in Figure 1 is used to exhibit the
effectiveness of the proposed analysis. Firstly, it is modified by connecting a small
synchronous generator at bus 1 and considering bus 15 connected to the main grid
(infinite bus). The eigenvalues of modified Kumamoto test system without and with
wind generation are shown in Fig. 2. Here the base power is 10 MVA and the base
voltage is 6.6 kV, total load on the system is 6.3 MW, 0.0446 Mvar. The wind farm is
next installed at bus 10 to provide 20 percent of the total power. The nodal voltages
without and with installing DGs are given in Figure 3. The integration of wind generator
increases the voltage at the adjacent nodes. The eigenvalues of the system without and
with wind generator are given in Table-1. The participation matrix combines the right
and left eigenvectors according to I. J. Perez-Arriaga et al. (1992), Denis Lee Hau Aik
and Goran Andersson (1998) as follows:
(11)
Where,
: participation factor of the bus k in the i-th mode
: k-th element of the right-column and left-row eigenvector, respectively,
associated with the i-th mode eigenvalue .
The participation factors computed from the eigenvectors associated with the critical
mode provide information on the critical system location of instability. The mode which
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N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

dominates the behaviour of the system is called critical mode. In this case, the
marginally stable mode is critical mode.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2: Eigenvalues of modified Kumamoto 15 bus distribution test system (a) without
wind generation and (b) with wind generation

Fig. 3: Nodal voltages without and with distributed wind generation

From the eigenvalues, it can be seen that Modes 18 and 19 make the system marginally
stable compared to without wind generation. The participation factors of dominating
modes are given in Table-2 from which it is clear that direct and quadrature axis
transient voltages are responsible for this situation. Here, the marginally stable mode is
Solar2010, the 48th AuSES Annual Conference
1-3 December 2010, Canberra, ACT, Australia

N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

monotonic. From the participation factor, it is clear that it is related to reactive power
mismatch. The power losses at various nodes are given in Table-3. It is shown that total
power loss with DG is less than without DG. This is due to wind generator consuming
reactive power.
To analyse the voltage profile, the test system is tested with different penetration levels
of wind generation under fault condition with outage of the line connecting buses 3 and
12 for 2 sec. A fault is applied at t = 1 second and removed at t = 3 second. The terminal
voltage of wind generator for 20%, 50%, and 80% wind generation penetration under
pre-fault, faulted, and post-fault condition are shown in Figure 4. This shows that higher
penetration of distributed wind generation causes significant voltage rise and
oscillations in distribution system. However, in this analysis, the system returns to its
pre-fault condition in case of high penetration also. In other cases, it may become
unstable with high penetration in case of shortage of reactive power. It also depends on
the operating conditions, system configuration etc. The parameters of wind generator
are specified by M. J. Hossain et al. (2009).
Tab. 1: Eigenvalues of Kumamoto 15 bus distribution system without and with wind generator

Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Without wind generation

Real
Imaginary
-0.47818
3.5149
-0.47818
-3.5149
-0.68737
0.65034
-0.68737
-0.65034
-34.634
0
-27.142
0
-15.725
0
-3.3653
0
-1.5443
0
-0.74740
0
-0.15910
0

With wind generation

Real
Imaginary
-2.4659
39.639
-2.4659
-39.639
-1.3866
7.7508
-1.3866
-7.7508
-0.80380
4.7237
-0.80380
-4.7237
-0.70685
0.12431
-0.70685
-0.12431
-40.954
0
-30.928
0
-15.460
0
-9.6406
0
-8.4765
0
-5.0684
0
-2.3399
0
-1.9592
0
-0.51747
0
-0.16229
0
-0.11304E-04
0

Tab. 2: Participation factors

Modes
Participation factors
Eq= 1.0
Ed=0.38805
18
19
Eq=0.0001
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N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

Sending Node
1
2
3
4
5
4
7
8
9
10
3
12
13
14
Total

Tab. 3: Power losses at various nodes

Ending Node
Power loss without
DG (MW)
2
1.2610-4
3
1.2110-3
4
2.1610-2
5
2.7610-4
6
2.8210-5
7
8.7310-3
8
1.2610-5
9
2.5210-4
10
3.3910-2
11
1.2810-4
12
1.1310-2
13
6.310-3
14
0
15
110-3
0.0851

Power loss with DG

(MW)
0.023
3.0310-4
1.4910-3
2.8210-5
510-5
810-4
410-4
5.7110-5
0
4.4410-3
0
3.1710-4
7.3510-3
4.610-4
0.0387

Fig. 4: Voltage profile of bus 10 with different penetration level

CONCLUSION
We have investigated the impacts of wind farm dynamics on a distribution network. The
analysis shows that the integration of wind generation significantly affects the voltage
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N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

stability of the system. The penetration of wind generation has impact on the frequency
of the modes. The analysis also shows that the voltage rise has a significant impact on
the amount of DG capacity that can be connected to the distribution network. The total
power losses of the system with DG are less than without DG. The aim of the future
work is the dynamic analysis of distribution network with various types of distributed
energy sources and loads.
REFERENCES
B. Parsons et al. (2003), Grids impacts of wind power: summary of recent studies in
the United States, NREL/CP-500-34318, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Ching-Yin Lee et al. (2009), The Impact of SCIG Wind Farm Connecting into a
Distribution System, Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference
(APPEEC 2009), China.
Denis Lee Hau Aik and Goran Andersson (1998), Use of participation factors in
modal voltage stability analysis of multi-infeed HVDC systems, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 203-211.
E. S. Abdin and W. Xu (2000), Control design and dynamic performance analysis of
wind turbine-induction generator unit, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 15,
no. 1, pp. 91-96.
Fracisco M. Gonzlez-Longatt (2007), Impact of distributed generation over power
losses on distribution system, 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality
and Utilisation, Barcelona.
Genevieve Coath and Majid Al-Dabbagh (2005), Effect of Steady-State Wind Turbine
Generator Models on Power Flow Convergence and Voltage Stability Limit,
Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2005), Tasmania,
Australia.
I. J. Perez-Arriaga et al. (1992), Selective modal analysis with applications to electric
power systems, Part I: Heuristic Introduction, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus
and Systems, vol. PAS-101, no. 9, pp. 31173125.
Jens C. Boemer et al. (2009), Dynamic models for transient stability analysis of
transmission and distribution systems with distributed generation: an overview, IEEE
Bucharest Power Tech Conference, Bucharest, Romania.
M. A. Mahmud, M. J. Hossain, and H. R. Pota (2010), Investigation of critical
parameters for power system stability with dynamic loads, IEEE PES General
Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
M. J. Hossain, H. R. Pota, V. Ugrinovskii, and R. A. Ramos (2009), A novel
STATCOM control to augment LVRT capability of fixed speed wind generators, in 48th
IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Shanghai, P. R. China, pp. 7843-7848.
M. J. Hossain, H. R. Pota, V. Ugrinovskii, and R. A. Ramos (2010), Simultaneous
STATCOM and pitch angle control for improved LVRT capability of fixed-speed wind
turbines, IEEE Trans. on Sustainable Energy, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 142-151.
Per-Anders Lf, David J Hill, Stefan Arnborg, and Gran Andersson (1993), On the
analysis of long-term voltage stability, International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 229-237.
Stratis Tapanlis and Michael Wollny (2009), Advanced active and reactive power
control for mini grids, World Climate & Energy Event, pp.111- 117, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.
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1-3 December 2010, Canberra, ACT, Australia

N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

S. Li, Tomsovic, and T. Hiyama (2000), Load following functions using distributed
energy resources Proceedings of the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Seattle.
T. Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England,
2005.
Walmir Freitas et al. (2006), Comparative analysis between synchronous and
induction machines for distributed generation applications, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 301311.
Yi Zhang, Sadrul Ula and Yibin Zhang (2010), Wind power availability and increased
capacity credit for multiple wind farms, IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, USA.
Appendix:
Tab. 4: Line and load data of Kumamoto distribution system; see S. Li et al. (2000)
Sending
Ending
R
X
B
Pload
Qload
Node
Node
(p.u)
(p.u)
(p.u)
(p.u)
(p.u)
1
2
0.00315
0.075207
0.00000 0.02080 0.0021
2
3
0.00033
0.001849
0.00150 0.04950 0.0051
3
4
0.00667
0.030808
0.03525 0.09580 0.0098
4
5
0.00579
0.014949
0.00250 0.04420 0.0045
5
6
0.01414
0.036547
0.00000 0.01130 0.0012
4
7
0.00800
0.036961
0.03120 0.06380 0.0066
7
8
0.00900
0.041575
0.00000 0.03230 0.0033
8
9
0.00700
0.032346
0.00150 0.02130 0.0022
9
10
0.00367
0.01694
0.00350 0.02800 0.0029
10
11
0.00900
0.041575
0.00200 0.21700 0.0022
3
12
0.02750
0.127043
0.00000 0.01320 0.0014
12
13
0.03150
0.081405
0.00000 0.00290 0.0003
13
14
0.03965
0.102984
0.00000 0.01610 0.0016
14
15
0.01061
0.004153
0.00000 0.01390 0.0014
Bus voltage=6.6 kV, Base MVA= 10 MVA

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS

Naruttam Kumar Roy was born in Mymensingh,
Bangladesh in 1985. He received his B.Sc. degree in
Electrical & Electronic Engineering from Khulna
University of Engineering and Technology (KUET),
Bangladesh, in 2007. He is currently a PhD student in the
University of New South Wales at Australian Defence
Force Academy, Canberra, Australia.
His research interests include distributed generation,
renewable energy, smart grids, electrical machines,
artificial intelligence, power electronics, and control
applications.

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1-3 December 2010, Canberra, ACT, Australia

N. K. Roy, H. R. Pota, M. A. Mahmud, and M. J. Hossain

Hemanshu R. Pota received the B.E. degree from
SVRCET, Surat, India, in 1979, the M.E. degree from the
IISc, Bangalore, India, in 1981, and the Ph.D. degree
from the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, in
1985, all in electrical engineering.
He is currently an Associate Professor at the University
of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force
Academy, Canberra, Australia. He has held visiting
appointments at the University of Delaware; Iowa State
University; Kansas State University; Old Dominion
University; the University of California, San Diego; and
the Centre for AI and Robotics, Bangalore. He has a
continuing interest in the area of power system dynamics
and control, flexible structures, and UAVs.
Md. Apel Mahmud was born in Rajshahi, Bangladesh in
1987. He has received the B.Sc. in Electrical &
Electronic Engineering with honours from Rajshahi
University of Engineering and Technology (RUET),
Bangladesh, in 2008. He is currently a PhD candidate at
the University of New South Wales, Australian Defence
Force Academy.
His research interests are dynamic stability power
systems, solar integration and stabilization, voltage
stability, distributed generation, nonlinear control,
electrical machine, and HVDC transmission system.
M. Jahangir Hossain was born in Rajshahi, Bangladesh,
on October 30, 1976. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
Eng. degrees from Rajshahi University of Engineering
and Technology (RUET), Bangladesh, in 2001 and 2005,
respectively, all in electrical and electronic engineering.
He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at the
University of New South Wales, Australian Defence
Force Academy.
His research interests are power systems, wind generator
integration and stabilization, voltage stability, micro
grids, robust control, electrical machine, FACTS devices,
and energy storage systems.

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