Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted To:
Kawser Ahmed Shiblu
Lecturer
Department of Finance
Jagannath University.
Submitted
BY:
SL
Name
ID
01
Ritu Ahmed
M150203755
02
Anik Bhowmick
M160203547
03
Apurba Sarkar
M160203541
04
Sujoner Rahman
M160203543
05
Mezbah Uddin
06
Al-Imran Patwary
M160203548
07
M160203536
M160203533
Letter of Transmittal
Dear sir,
We are pleased to submit the report you have assigned to us. The report paper was
to prepare the term paper on the course named Business Mathematics course
code # FIN 6207, as a part of our academic activities. This is the report on
Applications of mathematics in business. The report reviews that how the
business firms solve the real problems arise. And we focused how to solve the
problems when we enter in business world. We tried our best to prepare this report
a fault free, but it is not possible. We hope that you will take any mistake with kind
consideration.
Thank you.
Sincerely
Mezbah Uddin
(On behalf of group)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report paper entitled Applications of Mathematics in business is submitted
as the requirement of a part of the study of Business Mathematics in the MBA
program conducted by Department of Finance, Jagannath University. To prepare
this report an intensive study was made covering various terminologies with the
help of books named Mathematics with Applications in Management and
Economics by Gordon D. Prichett and John C. Saber and Business Mathematics
by D.C. Shancheti and V.K. Kapoor.
At first we want to pay our gratitude to all mighty Allah for preparing the report
successfully. We are extremely grateful to our honorable course teacher Kawser
Ahmed Shiblu, Department of Finance, Jagannath University for her painstaking
guidance, suggestion and all type of support & supervision to prepare this report
paper. He continuously reminded us for the preparation of this report paper and
finally gave an outline to write down the paper spending her valuable time.
Without His untiring efforts, completion of this report paper would have been
impossible. Above all this report paper is a combined effort of the sincerity,
efficiency and determination of all the group members.
Table of Contents
TOPICS
Acknowledgement
Executive Summary
Origin of the Report
Objectives of the Report
Scope of the Report
Methodology and Sources of the Report
Limitations of the Report
Introduction
Description of Linear Equation
Examples of Linear Equation
Description of Arithmetic Progression
Example of Arithmetic Progression
Description of Geometric Progression
Example of Geometric Progression
Logarithm
Set theory
Coordinate geometry
Findings
Conclusion
PAGES
3
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
10-19
20-29
31-34
35-36
37-38
39-40
41-47
48-54
55-58
59
60
Executive Summary
The mathematics is used by business & commercial enterprises to record and
manage business operations within the world. Commercial organizations use
mathematics in accounting, inventory management, marketing, sales forecasting
and financial analysis like analysis of annual report. Mathematics typically used in
commerce includes elementary arithmetic, elementary algebra, statistics and
probability. Business management can be made more effective in some cases by
using more advanced mathematics such as arithmetic progression, geometric
progression and linear programming.
The practical applications typically include checking accounts, price discounts,
markup and markdowns, payroll calculations, simple and compound interest,
consumer and business credit and mortgages.
Much emphasis is placed on using mathematical techniques in business. It gives
additional credence to business decisions and helps managers and executives
justify their actions. Potential and excellent managers are separate from their
average peers by the use of their experience when considering quantitative data.
In this report we use linear equation, arithmetic progression and geometric
progression which are very important because those are really used in finding out
of an organizations general account.
Introduction
Mathematics has entered into many aspects of our life. People in every field use
mathematics to accomplish their objectives. Here in this report we have focused on
the applications of business mathematics in practical life. Mathematics is used by
business organizations to record and manage business operations. Commercial
organizations use mathematics in accounting, inventory management, marketing,
sales forecasting, and financial analysis.
Mathematics typically used in commerce includes elementary arithmetic,
elementary algebra, statistics and probability. Business management can be made
more effective in some cases by use of more advanced mathematics such
arithmetic progression, geometric progression and linear programming. Many
types of businesses use mathematics for management and operational purpose.
Service business like banks and other financial institutions use mathematics to
develop financial formulas that help them to operate efficiently. Manufacturing
businesses also use mathematics for decision-making purpose.
So we can see that every business has some need of mathematics that means
mathematics has entered into business world with great importance. And this
importance is increasing day by day. Now we will give a short description on the
applications of business mathematics in practical life. After that we will begin main
discussion where we selected three tools for solving problems.
Linear
Equation &
Its Application
Definition
Linear equations are equations whose terms (the parts separated by plus, minus,
and equal signs) are a constant, or a constant times one variable to the first power.
Thus,
2x-3y=7
is a linear equation because it consists of the constant 7, the term 2x (which is the
constant 2 times x to the first power), and -3y, which is also a term consisting of a
constant times one variable to the first power.
The highest power of any term in a linear equation is one. These equations have
graphs that are straight lines. Linear equations can have one or more variables.
Linear equations occur with great regularity in applied mathematics.
A common form of a linear equation in the two variables x and y is
y=mx+b
Now a very important thing here is to determine m that is the slope of the equation.
Slope:
Numerically, the slope of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical change (rise or
fall) to the horizontal change (run) between two points in the line, where the rise or
fall is the vertical separation and the run is the horizontal separation of the two
points. Slope represents the dependent variables rate of change with respect to the
independent variable.
Slope = Vertical change (rise)/Horizontal change (run)
m = Difference of ys/Difference of xs
=
=1
The equation of a line expressed as y = mx + b is called the slope- intercept form.
Here, as mentioned before x and y are variables, m is the slope and b is the yintercept. The y-intercept or b is where the line cuts the y-axis when x equals to
zero.
= 0.92
So the slope of the segment 0.92, when written with a denominator of 1, represents
the rate of change in consumption expenditures per one Tk. of additional income.
Another way of saying this is that Tk. 0.92 out of every additional 1 Tk. in income
will go to customer expenditures.
(575,537
)
5
Slope
4
3
1
(312,295
)
0.9
2
1
1
1
2 34
5
6
7
Disposable Income in billions
Disposable Income
cost is the sum of fixed cost and variable cost. Through linear equation we can
determine the cost function and draw the graph.
Revenue Function:
Manufacturers also use linear equations to determine the linear relationship
between total revenue and number of units produced which is called the revenue
function. Total cost consists of fixed costs and variable costs.
Fixed Cost:
Fixed costs are the component of cost that does not vary with the number of units
made. Fixed cost is the cost of making no units. Examples of fixed cost are indirect
labor, rent payable, heating and lighting, and fixed asset depreciation based on
straight line or reducing balance method. These costs are described as fixed`
because they remain constant, at least within given limits. Beyond those limits,
they may vary. For example, a manufacturing may have to acquire additional
premises and plant and machinery if it is to increase output beyond a given level.
The result will be an increase in rent payable or depreciation of premises, and
increased plant depreciation.
In Investments:
Variable cost:
Variable costs are the component of cost that changes as the number of units
produced changes. Examples are direct material, direct labor, royaltys payable on
units produced and commissions based on turnover.
Break-even analysis:
The main purpose of developing total cost function and total revenue function is
for break-even analysis.
Different Uses:
Profit =0.
Example: 1
In the following example we will see that how service related business
organizations like gas or electricity distribution company makes cost functions to
determine the charges for their service and the graphical presentation of the
function. We will also see how to determine the average cost per unit of the service
and how to draw the cost function. In this example we will use piecewise linear
functions.
Sometimes an equation will consists of more than one section or piece, each of
which is linear. For Example,
Y=
Describes a function composed of 2 linear pieces, the first being x for all values
less than 2 , and the second being x is greater or equal to 2.Such a function is
called a piecewise linear function.
Problem:
Padma Gas Company limited charges its customers according to their usage of gas
as follows: a Tk.6.71 customer charge, Tk.0.7376 per therm for the first 60
therms, and Tk.0.6800 per therm for each therm over 160.
a) Determine the cost function and draw the graph.
b) What is the charge for using 120 therms?
c) What is the charge for using 200 therms?
d) How many therms were used if the charge was Tk.355.93?
e) What is the average charge per therm?
Solution:
a) The charge for the first 160 therms consists of the Tk.6.71 customer charge plus
the Tk.0.7376 charge per therm. We denote the number of therms used by t ,so
this charge becomes,
(1)
Now if the customer uses more than 160 therms, the charge from (1) for the first
160 therms will be
To this must be added the charge of Tk.0.6800 for each therm over 160, resulting
in a charge of
(2)
Putting (1) and (2) together, we get the cost function,
500
400
300
200
t
100
200
300
400
500
C(t)
(160,124.726)
Answer.
b) If the customer uses 120 therms, the charge is determined from the first piece
since 120<160. It is
Answer.
c) If the customer uses 200 therms , the charge is determined from the second
piece (since 200>160) to be
d) Now if the charge is $355.93 , the 4 customer must have used more than 160
therms because the cost of the first 160 therms was determined to be 124.726.
So from the first piece of the cost function, we have
Or,
This means that 500 therms were used.
Answer.
e) Here the total charge for the 120 therms used was determined to be Tk.95.22 ,
resulting from a customer charge of Tk.6.71 and a Tk.0.7376 charge per therm
used . On the other hand , the average charge per therm used is
.
So the average charge per therm is 0.7935 Tk.
Answer.
EXAMPLE: 2
In the following example we will present break-even interpretations from the point
of view of a manufacturer. On the production side the total cost or the cost of
production, as we have seen earlier, is made up of the fixed cost plus the variable
cost for the number of units produced. The revenue depends on the selling price
and the number of units sold. For simplicity we assume that the number of units
made and sold is the same.
Problem:
A manufacturer of jute bags has a fixed cost of Tk.10, 000 and variable
cost of
Tk.7 per furniture made. Selling price is Tk.10 per bag. He wants to determine the
following:
a) The revenue, cost and profit functions
b) The profit if 4000 bags are made and sold?
c) The profit if 1,000 bags are made and sold?
d) At what number of bags made and sold will the manufacturer break-even?
e) At what sales volume (revenue) will break-even occur?
Solution:
a) We denote the number (quantity) of jute bags made and sold by q. Then since
bags are sold Tk.10 a piece, the revenue function is
R (q) =10q
R (q) = 12
Now since the variable cost per bag Tk.7, the variable cost of making q bags will
be 7q. Adding the fixed cost of Tk.10, 000, the cost function becomes
C (q) = 7q+10000
C (q) = 7q +10,000.
intercept of Tk.10, 000. The dotted horizontal line shows that this fixed cost is
constant at all levels of operation. The variable cost, which is the 7q in the cost
function (not the Tk.7 variable cost per unit, which is constant) is the vertical
distance from the fixed cost line to the total cost line; it of course increases as more
units are produced. To the left of the break-even point (3333, Tk.33330), the cost
line is above the revenue line; the vertical separation at any point represents the
associated loss. On the other hand, to the right of the break even point, the vertical
separation represents the associated profit. Break-even charts are a helpful graphic
aid. They are frequently used in planning business operations.
Revenue
R(q)=10q
50
0
40
(3333,33330)
Break Even
Cost
C(q)=7q+10000
30
0
20
Variable
Cost
10
Fixed Cost
1
Figure: Break-even
Arithmetic
Progression &
Its Application
Definition
Arithmetic progression is an important topic of mathematics. Its practical
application is seen in most of the business organizations and personal life.
Arithmetic progression is a special type of series with sequences increasing or
decreasing by an absolute quantity designated as arithmetic progression.
Thus, if the first term and common difference are known, the A.P. is completely
known. The A.P. a,(a+d),(a+2d),(a+3d), whose first term is a and the
common difference is d, is designated as the standard form of an arithmetic
progression.
The nth term of an A.P. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
Then,
First term (U1) = a
Second term (U2) = a+d
Third term (U3) = (a+d)+d=a+2d
.
The sum of a series in A.P. is an important quantity which yields many other
related results. We denote the sum of n terms by Sn and the first and the last terms
of the sequence by a and l respectively.
The formula used for finding out the sum of a series in A,P is
S=n/2(2a+(n-1)d) .(2)
Mr. Anwar Hossain works as an assistant secretary in Prime Islami Life Insurance
Company. He joined the company in 1997 after completing his MBA from Dhaka
University. After working two years he gradually realized to save money for his
future life. He discussed elaborately the matter with his friends who had already
started saving.
After getting inspiration from his friends he started saving in Popular Life
Insurance Company. He saved tk.1, 65,000 in ten years. In each year after the first
he saved tk.1000 more than he did in the preceding year. He saved tk.12000 in the
first year. To find his saving in the first year he used the summation formula of
Arithmetic Progression.
Problem:
Anwar Hossain saved tk.160, 500 in 10 years. In each year after the first he saved
tk.1000 more than he did in the preceding year. How much did he save in the first
year?
Solution:
This problem can be solved by using arithmetic progression. At first we have to
define all the mathematic terms found in the problem.
Here,
n = number of years = 10
[This is the period of his saving i.e. he saved tk.160, 500 within 10 years. This time
period may vary from person to person.]
Again,
d = common difference = 1,000
That means in each year after the first he saved tk.1000 more than he did in the
preceding year. This amount is constant or same for the long 10 years. If it varies
then the law of arithmetic progression will not work.
Now,
Sn = Sum of money saved = tk. 16, 500
In arithmetic progression sum of amount is calculated by a special formula i.e.
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1) d]
Here, the sum of the amount is found out by this formula.
At last, a = saving in the first year =?
This is the amount which he first saved. This amount is to find out. To find out the
savings in the first year we have to use the formula of sum. That is
Sn = n/2 [2a + (n-1) d]
Or, 1, 65,000 = 10/2 [2a + (10-1) 1000]
0r, 165,000 = 5 [2a + 9000]
Or, 165,000 = 10a + 45000
Or, 10a = 165,000-45,000
Geometric
Progression &
Its Application
Definition
A geometric Progression is a sequence whose term increase or decrease by a
constant called common ratio. A series is geometric progression thus is a
multiplicative series whose common ratio can be found by dividing any term by its
preceding term.
If for a sequence, un+l remains constant for all natural numbers n, then the
sequence is called G.P.
The sum of n terms of a series is G.P. can be found out using the following formula
:
Sn = a (rn-1)/r-1, when r>1
Or, Sn =a(1-rn)/1-r,when 1>r
depreciated by 25 percent annually, what will be its estimated value at the end of 8
years if its present value is Tk. 204800 ?
Solution:
Geometric progression can be used to solve the problem. After simplifying the
problem partially we can use geometric progression. At first we have to define all
the terms given in the problem. That will help us to calculate the problem properly.
Here,
Present value of car = Tk. 204800
Present value means the value which is available now i.e. which is not depreciated
through use.
Again,
Value of machine deprecated annually =25%
Now, If the present is 100, then value after one year = Tk. 75
If the present is 1, then value after one year
= 75/100
We also note that values at the end of second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and
eighth years from a G.P. with common ratio, = 75/100 =
Common ratio is a fundamental characteristic of G.P. on the other hand common
difference is for A.P.
Now, value at the end of eight year can be found out by using the formula from
G.P.
The formula is ar n-1
Therefore, ar n-1
=ar 7
=153600 ( 3/4)7
= Tk. 20503.125
So, the estimated value will be Tk. 20503.125 at the end of 8 years.
Answer.
LOGARITHM
& Its
Application
Mr. Islam bought a photocopier on July1, 2006 cost Tk.120000 by borrowing the
amount from a financial company. Here we have used logarithm for calculating the
interest.
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the
base must be raised to produce the number.
So, this loan will be paid after 5 years. Interest rate for this loan is 10% and
interest will be compounded quarterly but interest will be paid yearly.
Interest Calculation on Dec 31, 2010
Here,
Principal, P = Tk. 120000
Interest Rate, i = 10%=0.1
Years = 3.5 years
Number of time interest compounded within a year, m = 4
A = P (1+i/m)mn
=) A = 120000(1+.1/4)4*3.5
=) A = 120000(1+0.025)14
=) A = 120000(1.025)14
=) log A = log 120000 + 14 log 1.025 (taking logarithm on both sides)
=) log A = 5.0792 + 0.1502
=) log A = 5.2294
=) A = antilog 5.2294
=) A = 169590
So compound interest on December 31, 2010 = 169590- 120000
= Tk. 49590
Calculation of total payment:
A = P (1+i/4)mn
=) A = 120000(1+0.1/4)4*5
=) A = 120000(1+0.025)20
=) A = 120000(1.025)20
=) log A = log 120000+ 20 log 1.025 (taking logarithm on both sides)
=) log A = 5.0792 + 0.2145
=) log A = 5.2937
=) A = antilog 5.2937
=) A= 196653
So Mr. Islam will have to pay total Tk. 196653
From the managers view point the dollar amounts of markup on numerous
individual items which will vary widely are very useful in planning and controlling
operations what is useful is the overall markup percentage on all items. For
comparability in different items, markup is viewed in one of the two ways, a
function of the cost or a function of the retail price.
So in current example
Markup = markup / cost
=50/150 =.33 =33%
On other hand, in financial statements, accounts use the concept of margin, which
is the mark up percentage on retail price, in this example,
Margin = markup / retail price
=50 / 200 = .35 =35%
In our book house we use the concept of Margin. Here our average cost of books is
130 and the retail price is 200.
So, Margin = markup / retail price = 70 / 200 = .35 =35%
To find out the Break-even Point we need the Cost function, Revenue function and
the Profit Function.
Let S is the quantity of the product.
So the Cost function would be:
C(S) = FC. + VC.
Here FC. is Fixed Cost and VC. is Variable Cost.
The Revenue function would be:
R(S) = P*S
Here P is the Price or retail price.
We know the profit is the difference between the revenue ant costs, so the Profit
function would be:
P(S) = R (S) C(S)
Now, the fixed costs of our books are
1. the depreciated value of the furniture and equipment in 2010 ( 5000 )
2. the yearly fare of the room of the shop ( 60000 )
3. the depreciated value of the photocopy machine in 2010 (8000 )
4. The yearly salary of the salesman(36000)
So the total FC. is =1, 09, 000
Let the quantity of the product is = S
Per unit selling price is = 1 Tk
So, the Revenue function:
R(S) = 1 * S
Our margin is = 35%
So, the cost of goods sold or the total cost = 1 .35 =.65
Total cost function:
C(S) = FC. + VC.
= 109000+.65 * S
So the Profit Function:
P(S) = R(S) C(S)
= S .65S 109000
In break-even point profit will be 0.
.35S -109000 = 0
.35S = 109000
S = 109000 / .35
S = 311430
So S= 3, 11, 430 is the break-even sales taka volume.
So he should sell tk.311430 to get breakeven point.
So to earn profit he needs to sale more than tk.311430 of products.
Set Theory
& Its
Application
Theory of Sets
Set theory is a mathematical abstract concerned with the grouping of sets of
numbers that have commonality.
A Set is a collection of well defined & well-distinguished objects. It is
almost a convention to indicate sets by capital letters ; like A,B,C etc. and to
enclose is elements by Second Bracket {}.
Characteristics of Sets :
= {1,2,3,..}
= {0,1,2,3,..}
The easiest way to solve problems on sets is by drawing Venn diagrams, as shown
below.
As it is said, one picture is worth a thousand words. One Venn diagram can help
solve the problem faster and save time. This is especially true when more than two
categories are involved in the problem.
Every student is learning at least one language. Hence there is no one who fall in
the category neither.
So in this case, n(EF) = n().
It is mentioned in the problem that a total of 18 are learning English. This DOES
NOT mean that 18 are learning ONLY English. Only when the word only is
mentioned in the problem should we consider it so.
Now, 18 are learning English and 8 are learning both. This means that 18 8 = 10
are learning ONLY English.
n() = 30, n(E) = 10
n(HV) = 10
n(CV) = 5
n(CHV) = 10
No. of students who played atleast one game
n(CHV) = n(C) + n(H) + n(V) n(CH) n(HV) n(CV) + n(CHV)
= 50 + 50 + 40 5 10 5 + 10
Total number of students = 130.
No. of students who played only cricket = n(C) [n(CH) + n(CV) +
n(CHV)] = 50 (5+5+10) = 30.
No. of students who played only hockey = n(H) [n(CH) + n(HV) +
n(CHV)] = 50 (5+10+10) = 25.
No. of students who played only volley ball = n(V) [n(HV) + n(CV) +
n(CHV)]=40-(10+5+10) = 15.
Subtracting the values in the intersections from the individual values gives us the
number of students who played only one game.
Coordinate
Geometry
& Its
Application
Definition
Coordinate geometry is one of the most important and exciting ideas of
mathematics. In particular it is central to the mathematics students meet at school.
It provides a connection between algebra and geometry through graphs of lines and
curves. A system of geometry where the position of points on the plane is described
using an ordered pair of numbers.
Recall that a plane is a flat surface that goes on forever in both directions. If we
were to place a point on the plane, coordinate geometry gives us a way to describe
exactly where it is by using two numbers.
On the x-axis, values to the right are positive and those to the left are negative.
On the y-axis, values above the origin are positive and those below are negative.
A point's location on the plane is given by two numbers,the first tells where it is on
the x-axis and the second which tells where it is on the y-axis. Together, they
define a single, unique position on the plane. So in the diagram above, the point A
has an x value of 20 and a y value of 15. These are the coordinates of the point A,
sometimes referred to as its "rectangular coordinates". Note that the order is
important; the x coordinate is always the first one of the pair.
For a more in-depth explanation of the coordinate plane see The Coordinate Plane.
For more on the coordinates of a point see Coordinates of a Point
Findings
In the report we present application of linear equation and matrix in business. After
making the report we get some findings.
Business organizations frequently use mathematics to solve their problems.
Linear equations are used to determine revenue, total and marginal cost and
to make break-even analysis by manufacturing companies.
By using Set theory we can calculate the customer demand of this product in
this market also know the position of this product in this market.
Service related company uses linear function to determine cost function and
to present the function graphically.
Linear functions also used by common business persons to make different
calculations related to business.
Arithmetic progression is used to find savings, salary & interest.
Arithmetic progression is also used to find out increase & decrease of
production.
Geometric progression is commonly used in depreciation.
Conclusion