1

GRAMMAR

2
GRAMMAR

The commonest adverbials of frequency are:

always

never

normally

occasionally

rarely

seldom

sometimes

usually

often

We usually put adverbials of frequency in front of the main verb:

We often spend Christmas with friends.
I have never enjoyed myself so much.
but they usually come after the verb be:
He was always tired in the evening.
We are never late for work.
We use the adverbial a lot to mean often or frequently. It comes at the end of
the clause:
We go to the cinema a lot.
but before another time adverbial:
We go to the cinema a lot at the weekend.
We use much with a negative to mean not often:
We dont go out much. (= We dont go out often)
We use how often or ever to ask questions about frequency. How often comes at
the beginning of the clause:
How often do you go to the cinema?
How often have you been here?

ever comes before the main verb:

Do you ever go to the cinema at the weekend?
Have you ever been there?
Longer frequency phrases, like every year or three times a day usually come at
the end of the clause:

I have an English lesson twice a week.

She goes to see her mother every day.

Time expressions with simple

present tense
The simple present tense is used to talk about things that
happen regularly, repeatedly or all the time. As a result of this,
we often use some adverbs of frequency with the simple present
tense to state how often somebody does something.
Adverbs commonly used with the simple present tense
are: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally,
rarely and never. Note that the adverbs of frequency usually go
before the verb.
He often visits his grandparents.
I often buy comics.
We usually go to Singapore in April.
I usually get up early.
She always carries an umbrella.
He never gets angry.
I sometimes read foreign periodicals.
They rarely watch TV.
She frequently buys detective stories.
It sometimes gets very hot here.

Days of the Week and Times of the Day

Days of the week are often used with s when we talk about
repeated actions.
We dont eat meat on Fridays.
I play tennis on Saturdays.
Do you mind working on Sundays?
Times of the day
We usually use at with clock times.
The train arrives at 3.30.
We use in with parts of the day.
He plays tennis in the evening.
He gets up early in the morning.
Days of the week
We use on with particular days.
See you on Monday.
Please share this post if you like it, or comment below if you have questions.

FUENTE: http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exerciseenglish-2/exercise-english-111110.php

3
GRAMMAR

Prepositions of Place
The chart demonstrates some of the most common prepositions of place in
English.
Prepositions of Place are used to show the position or location of one thing with
another.
It answers the question "Where?"
Below we have some more examples of Prepositions of Place:

In front of

A band plays their music in front of an audience.

The teacher stands in front of the students.

The man standing in the line in front of me smells bad.

Teenagers normally squeeze their zits in front of a mirror.

Behind
Behind is the opposite of In front of. It means at the back (part) of something.

When the teacher writes on the whiteboard, the students are behind him
(or her).

Who is that person behind the mask?

I slowly down because there was a police car behind me.

Between
Between normally refers to something in the middle of two objects or things (or
places).

There are mountains between Chile and Argentina.

The number 5 is between the number 4 and 6.

There is a sea (The English Channel) between England and France.

Across From / Opposite

Across from and Opposite mean the same thing. It usually refers to something
being in front of something else BUT there is normally something between them
like a street or table. It is similar to saying that someone (or a place) is on the
other side of something.

I live across from a supermarket (= it is on the other side of the road)

The chess players sat opposite each other before they began their game.
(= They are in front of each other and there is a table between them)

Next to / Beside
Next to and Beside mean the same thing. It usually refers to a thing (or person)
that is at the side of another thing.

At a wedding, the bride stands next to the groom.

Guards stand next to the entrance of the bank.

He walked beside me as we went down the street.

In this part of town there isn't a footpath beside the road so you have to
be careful.

Near / Close to
Near and Close to mean the same thing. It is similar to next to / beside but there
is more of a distance between the two things.

The receptionist is near the front door.

This building is near a subway station.

We couldn't park the car close to the store.

Our house is close to a supermarket.

On
On means that something is in a position that is physically touching, covering or
attached to something.

The clock on the wall is slow.

He put the food on the table.

I can see a spider on the ceiling.

We were told not to walk on the grass.

Above / Over
Above and Over have a similar meaning. The both mean "at a higher position than
X" but above normally refers to being directly (vertically) above you.

Planes normally fly above the clouds.

There is a ceiling above you.

There is a halo over my head. ;)

We put a sun umbrella over the table so we wouldn't get so hot.

Our neighbors in the apartment above us are rally noisy.

Over can also mean: physically covering the surface of something and is often used
with the word All as in All over.

There water all over the floor.

I accidentally spilled red wine all over the new carpet.

Over is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

Under / Below
Under and Below have a similar meaning. They mean at a lower level. (Something is
above it).

Your legs are under the table.

Monsters live under your bed.

A river flows under a bridge.

How long can you stay under the water?

Miners work below the surface of the Earth.

Sometimes we use the word underneath instead of under and beneath instead
of below. There is no difference in meaning those they are less common nowadays.
Under is often used as a Preposition of Movement too.

FUENTE: http://www.grammar.cl/rules/prepositions-of-place.htm

4
GRAMMAR

There is - There are

Positive Sentences
We use there is for singular and there are for plural.

There is one table in the classroom.

There are three chairs in the classroom.

There is a spider in the bath.

There are many people at the bus stop.

We also use There is with uncountable nouns:

There is milk in the fridge.

There is some sugar on the table.

There is ice cream on your shirt.

Contractions
The contraction of there is is there's.

There's a good song on the radio.

There's only one chocolate left in the box.

You cannot contract there are.

There are nine cats on the roof.

There are only five weeks until my birthday.

Negative Form
The negative is formed by putting not after is or are:

There is not a horse in the field.

There are not eight children in the school.

There is not a tree in the garden.

There are not two elephants in the zoo.

We almost always use contractions when speaking.

The Negative contractions are:

There's not = There isn't

There are not = There aren't

There aren't with ANY

When we want to indicate that a zero quantity of something exists we use there
aren't any.

There aren't any people at the party.

There aren't any trees in my street.

We also use this structure with uncountable nouns:

There isn't any water in the swimming pool.

There isn't any sugar in my coffee.

Questions
To form a question we place is / are in front of there.
Again we use any with plural questions or those which use uncountable nouns.
We also use there is / are in short answers.

Is there a dog in the supermarket? - No, there isn't.

Are there any dogs in the park? - Yes, there are.

Is there a security guard in the shop? - Yes, there is.

Are there any polar bears in Antarctica? - No, there aren't.

Is there any ice-cream in the freezer? - Yes, there is.

How Many with Are There

If we want to find out the number of objects that exist we use How many in the
following form:
How many + plural noun + are there (+ complement).

How many dogs are there in the park?

How many students are there in your class?

How many countries are there in South America?

How many Star Wars films are there?

FUENTE: http://www.grammar.cl/Present/ThereIsThereAre.htm

5
GRAMMAR

6
GRAMMAR

Present Continuous questions

Positive

Positive Short Form

I am sleeping

I'm sleeping

you are sleeping

you're sleeping

he is sleeping

he's sleeping

she is sleeping

she's sleeping

it is sleeping

it's sleeping

we are sleeping

we're sleeping

they are sleeping

they're sleeping

We can make the negative by adding 'not':

Negative

Negative Short Form

I am not sleeping

I'm not sleeping

you are not playing

you aren't playing

he is not reading

he isn't reading

she is not working

she isn't working

it is not raining

it isn't raining

we are not cooking

we aren't cooking

they are not listening

they aren't listening

Questions are also really, really easy. Just like we made the question with
'be' in the present simple, here we also put 'am', 'is', or 'are' before the
subject to make a 'yes / no' question:

Yes / No Questions

am I eating chocolate ?

are you studying now ?

is he working ?

is she doing her homework ?

is it raining ?

are we meeting at six ?

are they coming ?

Wh Questions

Why am I eating chocolate ?

What are you studying now ?

When is he working ?

What is she doing ?

Why is it raining ?

Who are we meeting ?

How are they travelling ?

FUENTE: http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/presentcontinuous.html

7
GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PAST

Yes / No Questions

Para formular preguntas cuya respuesta slo pueda ser Yes / No

en Past Simple usamos el verbo auxiliar did para todas las personas, a continuacin
va el sujeto y despus la raz del verbo.
El orden de la frase es:

Frecuentemente la contestacin a este tipo de preguntas es una respuesta breve.

Tambin podemos contestarlas con respuestas largas:
Did you get the job?
No, I didnt. / Yes, I did.
Yes, I got the job.

EXAMPLE
The Wilsons invite all their friends? (Los Wilson invitaron a todos sus amigos?)
Did they stay home?
Did Margaret clean the house?
Bob paint the fence?
Did Margaret Paint the Fence?

(se quedaron en casa?)

(Margaret tena limpio la casa?)
(Bob pintava la cerca?)
(Margaret tena pintar la cerca?)

EXAMPLE
did he work inside the house?

(Trabaj en el interior de la casa?)

she wash the floors?

did she bak apple pies for dessert?
postre?)

(ella lavo los pisos?)

(ella orneo pasteles de manzana para el

did they stay in the kitchen all afternoon? (se quedaron en la cocina toda la
tarde?
did they finish all their work at six O' clock? (tenan que terminar todo su
trabajo a las seis en punto?)
did bob dust the furniture and clean the basement? (Bob desempolvo los muebles
y limpio el stano?
did he cook spaghetti for dinner?
cena?)

(el cocino espaguetis para la

FUENTE: http://simplepast-yesnoquestion.blogspot.com/

9
GRAMMAR

To Be - Past Tense
The past tense of To Be in English has two forms: WAS and WERE

To Be - Affirmative
Subject

To Be

Examples

was

I was tired this morning.

You

were

You were very good.

He

was

He was the best in his class.

She

was

She was late for work.

It

was

It was a sunny day.

We

were

We were at home.

You

were

You were on holiday.

They

were

They were happy with their test results.

To Be - Negative Sentences
The negative of To Be can be made by adding not after the verb (was or were).
Subject

To Be

Examples

was not

I was not tired this morning.

You

were not

You were not crazy.

He

was not

He was not married.

She

was not

She was not famous.

It

was not

It was not hot yesterday.

We

were not

We were not invited.

You

were not

You were not at the party.

They

were not

They were not friends.

To Be - Negative Contractions
The can make negative contractions of the verb To Be in the Past tense by joining
the verb (was or were) and n't(e.g. were not = weren't). We don't make a
contraction of the subject and the verb (e.g. I was).
I was not tired this morning.

OR

I wasn't tired this morning.

You were not crazy.

OR

You weren't crazy.

He was not married.

OR

He wasn't married.

She was not famous.

OR

She wasn't famous.

It was not hot yesterday.

OR

It wasn't hot yesterday.

We were not invited.

OR

We weren't invited.

You were not at the party.

OR

You weren't at the party.

They were not friends.

OR

They weren't friends.

To Be - Questions
To create questions with To Be, you put the Verb before the Subject.
Affirmative

Question

You

were

Subject

Verb

Were

you

Verb

Subject

Affirmative

Question

I was late

Was I late?

You were sick.

Were you sick?

He was surprised.

Was he surprised?

She was from Italy.

Was she from Italy?

It was a big house.

Was it a big house?

We were ready.

Were we ready?

You were early.

Were you early?

They were busy.

Were they busy?

happy.

happy?

Before the verb you can also have a WH- Question word (Why, Who, What,
Where etc.)
Were you happy? Yes, I was.
Why were you happy? Because I was promoted at work.

To Be - Short Answers

In spoken English, we usually give short answers in response to questions.

Was he from Japan? - Yes, he was (from Japan). The last part (from Japan) is not
necessary. We use shorts answers to avoid repetition, when the meaning is clear.
Question

Short Answers**

Short Answers

Was I late?

Yes, you were.

No, you weren't.

Were you sick?

Yes, I was.

No, I wasn't.

Was he surprised?

Yes, he was.

No, he wasn't.

Was she from Italy?

Yes, she was.

No, she wasn't.

Was it a big house?

Yes, it was.

No, it wasn't.

Were we ready?

Yes, we were.

No, we weren't.

Were you early?

Yes, we were.

No, we weren't.

Were they busy?

Yes, they were.

No, they weren't.

FUENTE: http://www.grammar.cl/Past/To_Be.htm

10
GRAMMAR

Simple Past wh- questions

WH questions are very
common in English.
The lesson below shows
you how to use WH
questions correctlty.
The links at the side and
bottom take you to the
exercises.

STRUCTURE
WH questions in simple present use do or be:

WH Questions with "do"

WH

DO/DOES

SUBJECT

VERB
Examples:
* Where do you work?
* When does she wake up?
* Who is your brother?

WH Questions with "be"

WH

BE

SUBJECT

Examples:
* Where are you from?
* Who is that man?
* When is your class?
WH Questions are similar to YES/NO questions,
but they have
WH words at the start.

Let's look at an example:

Are you from Canada?

* Where are you from?
Here are some example questions and answers:
* Where are you from?
* I am from Japan.
* What is your name?
* My name is Jacob.
* When do you wake up?
* I wake up at 7:30 am.
* Why are you angry?
* I am angry because I did not pass my exam.See more at: http://www.learnenglishonline.com/grammar/whquestions.html#sthash.Ra
mNS2ij.dpuf

11
GRAMMAR

Be going to
Positive & Negative Sentences
The positive and negative structures for Be Going To are as follows:
Positive

Negative

I am going to

I am not going to

You are going to

You are not going to

He is going to

He is not going to

She is going to

She is not going to

It is going to

It is not going to

We are going to

We are not going to

You are going to

You are not going to

They are going to

They are not going to

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English.

We use this structure:
1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the
future. (Prior Plan)
The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

I'm going to India next year.

We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen.

(Evidence)
Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.

It's so cold! I think it is going to snow

3. When something is about to happen:

Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

Questions with BE GOING TO

Questions are formed by changing the order of the subject and the verb BE:
Affirmative

Question

You

are

going to

Subject

BE

GOING TO

Are

you

going to

BE

Subject

GOING TO

win the race.

win the race?

You are going to be sick if you eat that. (Positive sentence)

Are you going to be sick if you eat that? (Question)
We are going to take orange juice to the party. (Positive sentence)
Are we going to take orange juice to the party? (Question)

BE GOING TO in the Past Tense

When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was
going to happen but in the end it did not happen.
Examples:

I was going to call you but I lost your phone number.

It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared.

We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds.

You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiance.

Gonna
Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is
grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English. You will also
occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics.
I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow.
= I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow.
He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party.
= He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.

FUENTE: http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Going_To.htm

12
GRAMMAR
WH- questions with be goingto; object pronouns

Questions: wh-questions

Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who, whom,

which, whose, why and how. We use them to ask for information.
The answer cannot be yes or no:
A:

When do you finish college?

B:

Next year.
A:

Who is your favourite actor?

B:

George Clooney for sure!

Forming wh-questions
With an auxiliary verb
We usually form wh-questions with wh- + an auxiliary verb (be,
do or have) + subject + main verb or with wh- + a modal verb +
subject + main verb:

Be: When are you leaving?

Whos been paying the bills?

Do: Where do they live?

Why didnt you call me?

Have: What has she done now?

What have they decided?

Modal: Who would she stay with?

Where should I park?

Without an auxiliary verb

Warning:
When what, who, which or whose is the subject or part of the
subject, we do not use the auxiliary. We use the word order
subject + verb:

What fell off the wall? Which horse won?

Who bought this? Whose phone rang?
Compare

Who owns this

bag?

Who is the subject of the sentence and this bag is

the object. We use no auxiliary verb.

Who do you
love most?

Who is the object of the sentence and you is the

subject. We use the auxiliary verb do.

Responding to wh-questions
Wh-questions ask for information and we do not expect a yesno answer to a wh-question. We expect an answer which gives
information:
A:

Wheres the coffee machine? (We expect an answer about the

location of the coffee machine.)

B:

Its in the room next to the reception.

A:

How old is your dog? (We expect an answer about the age of the
dog.)
B:

Shes about five. Im not very sure.

Adding emphasis to wh-questions

We can add emphasis to wh-questions in speaking by stressing
the auxiliary verb do. We usually do this when we have not
already received the information that we expected from an
earlier question, or to show strong interest.
When the wh-word is the object of the sentence,
the do auxiliary is stressed to make it more emphatic:
A:

How was your weekend in Edinburgh?

B:

I didnt go to Edinburgh.
A:

Really. Where did you go?

B:

We decided to go to Glasgow instead.

When the wh-word is the subject of the sentence, we can add

the auxiliary do to make it emphatic. We stress do:
A:

Ronald Price lives in that house, doesnt he?

B:

No. He moved out.

A:

So who does live there? (non-emphatic question: So who lives

there?)
B:

Actually, his son is living there now.

See also:

Intonation and wh-questions

Negative wh-questions
When we ask negative wh-questions, we use the auxiliary
verb do when there is no other auxiliary or modal verb, even
when the wh-word is the subject of the clause:

Affirmative with no auxiliary

Negative with auxiliary do

Who wants an ice cream?

Who doesnt want an ice cream?

Which door opened?

Which door didnt open?

Adding a wh-word at the end of a statement to make a

question
Spoken English:
In speaking, we can sometimes turn wh-questions into statement
questions:

Whats todays date? or Todays date is what?

We do this especially when we are checking information that we
have already been given or when we want to quickly check a
particular detail. These are less formal than full wh-questions:
A:

So were all going to be there at eight?

B:

Right, Im travelling with Larry.

A:

Youre travelling with who? (more formal: Who are you

travelling with?)
B:

With Larry. Were actually going on our bikes.

A:

Is your sister here too or just your mother?

B:

Just my mother.
A:

And shes here until when? (more formal: And when is she here
until? or even more formal: Until when is she here?)
See also:

Questions: statement questions (youre over 18?)

Questions: echo and checking questions

Intonation and wh-questions

The intonation of wh-questions is normally falling. The falling
intonation is on the most important syllable:

Where are the keys to the back door?

Why are the lights red?
When we ask wh-questions to check or clarify information that
has already been given, we may use rising or fall-rising
intonation:

What did you say the time was? (I know youve told me before
but Ive forgotten.)
Who paid for the meal?
See also:

Adding emphasis to wh-questions

Prepositions and particles with wh-questions

We can use wh-words and phrases after prepositions in more
formal questions:

Where will the money come from?

From where will the money come? (formal)
Spoken English:
In informal styles, especially in speaking, the preposition may be
separated and placed at the end of the question clause:

What will I talk to her about?

Who should we send the invitation to? (informal)
Whom should we send the invitation to? (formal)
To whom should we send the invitation? (more formal)
For what reason did she leave him? (formal: preposition + whphrase)
When we make questions shorter, we usually put the preposition
and its complement together:
A:

Were all meeting up tonight.

B:

At what time?
Not: What time at?
See also:

Questions: short forms

When we ask questions using verbs consisting of a main verb +

particle, e.g. get up, set out (phrasal verbs), we do not separate
the verb from the particle or preposition:

When did you wake up this morning?

Not: Up when did you wake?
See also:

Verbs: multi-word verbs

(Questions: wh- questions from English Grammar Today Cambridge University

Press.)

FUENTE:
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/gramatica/gramati
ca-britanica/questions-wh-questions