Voice Over IP: Robert Warnke

Voice over IP
Robert Warnke
Session Number
Presentation_ID
2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Voice over IP Fundamentals

PacketCable Overview
PacketCable Multimedia
Current Status of PacketCable Residential VoIP
Solution
Presentation_ID
Why Voice over IP?

Traditional TDM
High recurring maintenance costs
Monolithic switch design with proprietary interfaces
Uses dedicated, voice-only bandwidth in HFC network
IP
Many services, one network
Leverages existing data infrastructure
Enhanced services
Open standards
Presentation_ID
Why VoIP over Cable?

Deployed architecture
Existing Physical network
Existing Data Network
Available bandwidth
Widely accepted standards

DOCSIS, Euro-DOCSIS
Enables construction of networks with Best of breed
equipment dont have to buy everything from one vendor
Provides MSOs with Triple Play of Video, Data

and Voice helping to reduce customer churn
Presentation_ID
Traditional Telephony Network

SCP
STP
Class 4 Tandem
STP
IMT
Class 4 Tandem
IMT
Class 5
GR-303
STP
IMT
Class 5
GR-303
COT
COT
GR-303
GR-303
RDT
RDT
Twisted Pair
Presentation_ID
STP
Twisted Pair
Traditional Telephony Network

Class 5 Switch
Provides line-side connectivity
Implements call features (*69, *72, Call-waiting, etc.)
Acts as SS7 Signaling Switch Point (SSP)
Bearer traffic carried on Inter-Machine Trunks (IMT)
Line Side Concentration

Facilitated by GR-303
4 to 1 concentration 4 subscribers per DS0
RDT aggregates analog twisted-pair lines
End-to-end connection
DS0 (64kbps PCM) is allocated on all links in network for
duration of call, forming a virtual circuit.
Presentation_ID
VoIP and Traditional Telephony Network

Interconnection
SCP
STP
STP
Class 4 Tandem
STP
Class 4 Tandem
IMT
IMT
IMT
Class 5
GR-303
COT
Class 5
GR-303
COT
Signaling GW
GR-303
RDT
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
GR-303
RDT
MGC
V
DOCSIS 1.1
NCS EMTA
HFC Plant
Presentation_ID
NCS EMTA
CMTS
Provider Backbone
CMTS
HFC Plant
MG
Voice Sampling and CODECs

Digitally encoded audio
Audio is sampled at 8000 samples/sec
Samples for regular time intervals (time slices) are
assembled into frames, frame size varies according to
Codec (codec = coder/decoder)
Sample data may be compressed depending on Codec
Example Codecs
G.711 corresponds to PSTN DS0 64kbps low complexity
G.729A 8x compressed - 8kbps - medium complexity
G.729E enhanced 11.8kbps high complexity
G.728 16kbps high complexity
Each packetization interval, sampled audio is

encapsulated into an IP packet and transmitted
Presentation_ID
Packetization Interval Tradeoffs

Short interval
Lowers end-to-end latency
Lost packet contains smaller amount of actual voice data,
less impact on voice quality
Higher overhead, less efficient use of network bandwidth
Long interval
Greater network bandwidth efficiency
Fewer packets = less stress on packet forwarding network
elements
Most deployments use 20ms packetization interval
Presentation_ID
VoIP Transport
Packet Encapsulation
RTP Real Time Protocol
Provides timestamp and packet sequence numbering
so destination applications can reassemble and
playback speech
UDP User Datagram Protocol
Provides port number addressing, so that the correct
destination application can receive the packet
Provides data integrity via CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
Check)
IP Internet Protocol
Provides routing info for packets to get to appropriate
destination
Provides packet prioritization
Presentation_ID
10
Building a Voice over IP Packet

(G.711u, 20ms)
20 ms
20 ms
6
18
20
8
12
DOCSIS 802.3 IP UDP RTP
MAC
Presentation_ID
20 ms
160
Voice Data
= 224 bytes
11
Network Requirements
Deliver a service that approximates that provided
by the synchronous PSTN, on an inherently
asynchronous IP network
In simplest terms, ensure the following:
Low latency (minimal delay in delivering packets)
Low jitter (expected arrival vs. actual arrival time)
Very few dropped packets
Presentation_ID
12
Agenda

Solution
Presentation_ID
13
Founded in late 1997 to address the need for a
multimedia architecture
Requires a DOCSIS 1.1 access network with cable
modem and CMTS as the core delivery components
Addresses issues such as:
Signaling for services
Media transport at variable QoS (Quality of Service) levels
Security
Provisioning of the client device
Billing
Network Management
Presentation_ID
14
Packet Cable Architecture Highlights

Focus is on a standards based solution
Flexible Architecture, ability to plug and play
different components
Each functional element of the solution is described
individually, allowing for the MSOs to implement best of
breed
At the same time credence has to be given to a solution
that is also operable as one end to end solution, and that
needs to be weighed when defining the solution
PacketCable certifies different features and

functionality during its certification waves
Cert Waves include CMS, MGC, MGW, eMTA, Calea etc
Basic Interoperability is tested
Presentation_ID
15
PacketCable Reference Architecture
SS7
The
TheSwitch
Switchand
andGateway
GatewayComponents
Componentsare
are
Fundamental
Fundamentalto
toCall
CallControl
Controland
andSpeech
SpeechTransmission
Transmission
Presentation_ID
16
PacketCable Network Architecture

MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
STP
CMS/
SoftSwitch
CM
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
V
MG
CMTS
NCS EMTA
(NID)
PSTN
HFC Plant
Provider Backbone
Voice Path
Signaling
Billing Events
CUST. DB
Provisioning Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
Provisioning
Presentation_ID
CALEA
ANN
SRV
CONF
SRV
VM
Media Servers
17
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
MTA has specialized

Telephony hardware and
software
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
Provider Backbone
CUST. DB
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
Provisioning
CALEA ANN CONF VM

SRV SRV
Media Servers
CPE is considered outside the

trust boundary
Three types Embedded
(inside house), NID (outside
house), Non-Embedded
Black-phone (RJ-11)) capability with support for standard audio codec

speeds (e.g. G.711, G.729E, G.728)
Supports secure provisioning from the back office
NCS (Network-based Call Signaling) to the CMS (Call Management Server)
based on MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol)
Support for QoS interaction with DOCSIS-level QoS is required
Presentation_ID
18
Headend (CMTS)
MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
Provider Backbone
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
CMTS (Cable Modem

Termination System) provides
the DOCSIS 1.1 access to CMs
on the HFC network
Provides connectivity to the
Managed IP Network
CMTS is the first entity within
the trust boundary
Support for Electronic

Surveillance as required by
CALEA
CMTS plays a central role in setting up QoS.
CUST. DB
Provisioning
CALEA ANN CONF VM

SRV SRV
Media Servers
PacketCable uses dynamic QoS (dQoS)

Uses DOCSIS mechanisms on the access side, and IP (e.g. DSCP) on the core
Implemented using gates, functional components that classify and enforce QoS
policy per voice session as directed by a gate controller
Event messages are generated for billing purposes (QoS info only)
Presentation_ID
19
PacketCable functionality on the CMTS

CMS
Gate
Controller
RKS
COPS
Gate
Control
CM
Radius
Event
Msgs
CALEA
DF
RTP
Multicast
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
Dynamic Service
Policy Enforcement
HFC Plant
NCS EMTA
(NID)
Presentation_ID
CMTS
Provider Backbone
DQoS Gate
Database
20
Call Management Server (SoftSwitch)

MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
Provider Backbone
CUST. DB
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
Provisioning
CALEA ANN CONF VM

SRV SRV
Media Servers
Provides call control and

signaling (NCS, MGCP) for
setting up voice sessions
and invoking telephony
features
Maintains the state of all
calls. Provides Line Side
Features (e.g., Call Forward)
Includes a Gate Controller
initiating DQoS set-up
Supports call routing both on-net (terminating on an IP endpoint) and offnet (routed to the PSTN Public Switched Telephony Network)
Generates most of the event messages used for billing per voice session
Enables Electronic Surveillance as required by CALEA
May support such telephony features as directory listings, local number
portability, E911
Presentation_ID
21
PSTN Connectivity
MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
MGC (Media Gateway

Controller) manages access
to the PSTN
DOCSIS 1.1
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
Provider Backbone
CUST. DB
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
Provisioning
CALEA ANN CONF VM

SRV SRV
Media Servers
MG (Media Gateway)
provides bearer channel
access to the PSTN (e.g., T1
trunks)
SG (Signaling Gateway)
provides signaling to an SS7
network
MGC is often part of the CMS controls the MG and SG using PacketCabledefined signaling protocols and maintains call state
Generates event messages (interconnect-related) used for billing per voice
session
Enables Electronic Surveillance as required by CALEA
Presentation_ID
22
Back-office Server Components

MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
Provider Backbone
CUST. DB
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
Provisioning
CALEA ANN CONF VM

SRV SRV
ANS (Announcement Server)

manages and plays customized
informational messages
Consists of an ANC
(Announcement Controller) and
an ANP (Announcement Player)
Media Servers
CALEA Server allows for lawful electronic surveillance to be initiated:

Provides a gateway to the law enforcement entity (e.g., the FBI)
Initiates surveillance per subscriber with the CMS
Collects call detail information from the CMS, CMTS, and PSTN gateway
Collects call content information from the CMTS and PSTN gateway
Other back-office servers may include servers for such functions as

voicemail and directory listing
Presentation_ID
23
Operations Support Systems (OSS)

Components
MGC
RKS
LNP
Signaling GW
CM
CMS/
SoftSwitch
STP
NCS MTA
NCS EMTA
DOCSIS 1.1
MG
NCS EMTA
(NID)
HFC Plant
CMTS
PSTN
RKS (Record Keeping Server)

collects event messages
From CMS, MGC and CMTS
and interfaces with a billing
system
DHCP server allocates IP
addresses
Provider Backbone
CUST. DB
Provisiong Server
DNS/DHCP
TFTP
TOD
KDC
DNS is required for naming

the PacketCable components
CALEA ANN CONF VM
SRV SRV
KDC (Key Distribution

Server) for security keys
A provisioning server supporting SNMP-V3 drives the MTA initialization and
provisioning from subscriber data using PacketCable Provisioning MIBs.
Provisioning
Media Servers
CMS provisioning support is described but not fully specified

TFTP is used to download device configuration files (driven by provisioning)
Network Management at the DOCSIS level is required. Minimal PacketCablespecific MIBs exist for network management, fault and performance.
Presentation_ID
24
Interfaces Defined by PacketCable

Network-Based Call Signaling (NCS) Interface
between MTA and CMS, a MGCP profile
Trunking Gateway Control Protocol (TGCP) Interface
between MG and MGC, a MGCP profile
Event Messages Interfaces event message carries
network info over RADIUS for CDR (from CMS, CMTS,
& MGC to RKS) & CALEA (from CMS, CMTS, & MGC
to DF)
Dynamic QoS Specification (DQoS) various QoS
interfaces defined between PacketCable components.
Common Open Policy Service (COPS) Transports
DQoS between Gate Controller (QoS management
component in CMS) and CMTS (IETF RFC 2748)
Presentation_ID
25
Voice Signaling Interfaces

NCS
TGCP
SIP
COPS
SSH
PSTN
CMS/MGC
Internet
Cable User
SS7 A-Link
M
M
Router
MGW
MTA
Cable IP Infrastructure
STP
IMT
Class 4/ EO
MF, FGD
911 AT,
OPS
Cable User
MTA
Announcement,
VM and IVR Server
Presentation_ID
CALEA
26
Bearer/Data Path
Internet Data
Voice RTP
CMS/MGC
SS7 A-Link
Internet
Cable User
PSTN
M
M
Router
STP
IMT
MGW
MTA
Class 4/ EO
MF, FGD
911 AT
OPS
Cable IP Infrastructure
Cable User
MTA
Announcement,
VM and IVR Server
Presentation_ID
CALEA
27
Bearer Traffic Highlights

Bearer traffic goes directly to the trunking gateway
for off-net calls or to the terminating MTA for on-net
calls
Traffic follows the best path defined by the network
and the IP routing protocols
Bearer Traffic is not forced through a central
location but rather through the optimum path to its
ultimate destination, minimizing jitter and delay
Presentation_ID
28
PacketCable DQoS
Dynamic Quality of Service, arguably the single most
important PacketCable specification
Creates an association between application specific
signaling (NCS), subscriber information, and use of
DOCSIS 1.1 QoS
Participating network elements include CMS, CMTS and
eMTA
Introduces Concepts of Gates on the CMTS
COPS(Common Open Policy Server) signaling for Gate-Alloc
and Gate-Set messages
RADIUS signaling for Gate Open and Gate Close messages
Presentation_ID
29
DQoS Gates
Ephemeral (exist _only_ for duration of call)
Will automatically be deleted if not used
eMTA _must_ send DOCSIS DSA/DSC within short timeframe identifying Gate-ID to be used.
Coordinated
When both endpoints are on the cable network, Gate Open,
Gate Close messages are sent by CMTS such that other
CMTS knows far-end call leg has been constructed.
DOCSIS DSA/DSC must be within QoS limits

specified within Gate spec.
Presentation_ID
30
PacketCable dQoS
CMS
Allocate/Set Gate,
Start Gate Timers
Initiate Call
Continue Call Sgnlg,
Signaling (NCS)
w/ GateID
NCS EMTA
DSA, DSC with GateID

CMTS verifies DSX
against Gate, stops
Gate Timers
Presentation_ID
CMTS
HFC Plant
DOCSIS 1.1
DOCSIS 1.1 UGS

Active !
31
PacketCable Electronic Surveillance

Supported by protocol elements of NCS, COPS
Gate signaling and TGCP
CMS is made aware of subject under surveillance,
informs other elements via call signaling
Bearer traffic is encapsulated by CMTS/MG and
sent to the Delivery Function (DF)
Presentation_ID
32
PacketCable Electronic Surveillance

MGC
RKS
CMS
LNP
Signaling GW
STP
NTFY
Gate Set
NCS EMTA
DSX
NTFY
NCS EMTA
HFC Plant
Call Ans.
MG
Provider Backbone
CMTS
PSTN
Sig Start
QoS Start
Call Content
CALEA DF
Presentation_ID
33
Circuit Switch (TDM) to VoIP Component

Decomposition
TDM Switch
SCP
VoIP over Cable
TDM Switch Fabric

SIGTRAN
SS7
Network
Control Plane
A-Link
IPRTP
Network
SS7 GW
PSTN
T1/T3
IMT
Trunk
Cards
Application
Server
SIP
DQoS
TGCP
PSTN
Gateway
VoIP Control
Softswitch
(CMS/MGC)
CPU & Call
Processing
Software
DOCSIS
CMTS
NCS
HFC
MTA
Line
Cards
Analog
Phone
OAM&P
Presentation_ID
34
Agenda

Solution
Presentation_ID
35
Introducing PacketCable MultiMedia

New and Improved way
of obtaining QoS!
Signaling Agnostic
More Generic
MSO generated Policy Controls
Dumb devices = less $$
Presentation_ID
36
Prescribes how DQoS and BW can be used to create services that

are formidable competitive weapons.
Provides a generic application framework for enabling cable QoS for
non-QoS-aware devices.
Soft-phones
X-Box/Playstation gaming consoles
Residential S-MTA
Business-class IADs, IP Phones
Builds upon Docsis and PacketCable*, enabling numerous voice,

video, and data applications:
Bandwidth on Demand
Low-latency Gaming
Gaming with Audio/Video
Video Telephony
IM/Chat with QoS voice and video
Presence-based voice/video
* Not required for all PCMM Apps
Presentation_ID
37
New Components
Application Manager
Any service controlling host which has detailed knowledge of the applications
bandwidth requirements
Gaming Server
SIP Proxy Server
PacketCable CMS
Policy Server
Host which polices Application Manager Requests
Communicates directly with the CMTS
MSO driven rule set
Presentation_ID
38
Sample Call Flow

Step 1. User A is initiating
a session to User B
Application Manager
Id like to play Quake

with Brian
Policy Server
You
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
39
Sample Call Flow (cont)

Step 2. AM sends 2 Gate-Set
to the Policy Server (one for
each flow direction)
Application Manager
Gate-Set
Policy Server
You
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
40

Step 3. If the AM requests
pass the MSO policies, the
PS will forward the requests
to the CMTS.
Application Manager
Policy Server
You
Gate-Set
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
41

Step 4. CMTS initializes the
service flows to the CM if they
pass admission control
Application Manager
Policy Server
You
DSA
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
42

Step 5. CM responds
to the CMTS
Application Manager
Policy Server
You
DSA-RSP
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
43

Step 6. CMTS finishes the 3
way handshake
Application Manager
Policy Server
You
DSA- ACK
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
44

Step 7. CMTS responds to
the PS
Application Manager
Policy Server
You
Gate-Set-Ack
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
45

Step 8. PS responds to the AM
Application Manager
Gate-Set-Ack
Policy Server
You
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
46

Step 9. The AM tells the user
that the flow is ready
Application Manager
Go for it
Policy Server
You
DOCSIS 1.1
CM
Presentation_ID
CMTS
47
PCMM benefits:
CPE can be any application (SIP, Game Consoles)

CM is off the shelf DOCSIS 1.1 cable modem
Neither the CM nor the CPE need to be PacketCable QoS aware
Policy servers allow the MSO to build flexible rules regarding which
applications are allowed
Presentation_ID
48
Agenda

Solution
Presentation_ID
49
Status of Packet Cable Residential Voice

over Cable NA
Over the past several years, several MSOs have
been evaluating, trialing and now deploying a
PacketCable compliant Residential Voice solution
All Tier One, Two and Three MSOs have been
considering a residential voice solution
Several of the Tier Ones and smaller MSOs have
already rolled out a solution
The solution is here TODAY!
Over 300K+ subscribers are currently being served on
PacketCable based residential Voice solutions
Presentation_ID
50
Cisco
Adoption
MSO
Adoption
Status Report Where We are Today

Cable Telephony Systems Adoption Lifecycle
Establish the
Market
Operationalize
and Scale
MSO
MSO Business
Business Case/
Case/
Market
Market Validation
Validation
MSO
MSO Operations
Operations
Optimization
Optimization
Technology
Technology Incubation
Incubation
&
& Validation
Validation
1998
Services
Services Scaling
Scaling and
and
Partner
Partner Enablement
Enablement
First
Customer
Launch
2001
Advanced
Advanced Application
Application
Deployment
Deployment
Management/Systems
Management/Systems
Operations
Operations Maturity
Maturity
Voice
Voice Solution
Solution Validation
Validation
First
Customer
Trial
Differentiate the
Services
1M Cisco
Cable Voice
Lines
(Est 7/05)
2004
2007
2010+
Today
Cable
Presentation_ID
Town Hall

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
51
Cisco
Adoption
MSO
Adoption
Where The Industry Focus is Heading Towards
Establish the
Market
Operationalize
and Scale
MSO
MSO Business
Business Case/
Case/
Market
Market Validation
Validation
MSO
MSO Operations
Operations
Optimization
Optimization
Technology
Technology Incubation
Incubation
&
& Validation
Validation
1998
Services
Services Scaling
Scaling and
and
Partner
Partner Enablement
Enablement
Cable
Presentation_ID
Town Hall
First
Customer
Launch
2001
Advanced
Advanced Application
Application
Deployment
Deployment
Management/Systems
Management/Systems
Operations
Operations Maturity
Maturity
Voice
Voice Solution
Solution Validation
Validation
First
Customer
Trial
Differentiate the
Services
1M Cisco
Cable Voice
Lines
(Est 7/05)
2004

2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
2007
2010+
52
Presentation_ID
53

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Voice over IP

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Voice over IP Fundamentals

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Voice over IP?

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why VoIP over Cable?

Widely accepted standards

Provides MSOs with Triple Play of Video, Data

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Traditional Telephony Network

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Traditional Telephony Network

Line Side Concentration

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

VoIP and Traditional Telephony Network

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Voice Sampling and CODECs

Each packetization interval, sampled audio is

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Packetization Interval Tradeoffs

Most deployments use 20ms packetization interval

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Building a Voice over IP Packet

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Voice over IP Fundamentals

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Packet Cable Architecture Highlights

PacketCable certifies different features and

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

PacketCable Reference Architecture

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

PacketCable Network Architecture

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

MTA has specialized

CALEA ANN CONF VM

CPE is considered outside the

Black-phone (RJ-11)) capability with support for standard audio codec

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

CMTS (Cable Modem

Support for Electronic

CALEA ANN CONF VM

PacketCable uses dynamic QoS (dQoS)

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

PacketCable functionality on the CMTS

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Call Management Server (SoftSwitch)

CALEA ANN CONF VM

Provides call control and

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

MGC (Media Gateway

CALEA ANN CONF VM

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Back-office Server Components

CALEA ANN CONF VM

ANS (Announcement Server)

CALEA Server allows for lawful electronic surveillance to be initiated:

Other back-office servers may include servers for such functions as

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.