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Trn dynasty was able to throw back the invasion and ultimately re-established the peace in i Vit in December
1257.[6][7]
Returned to the capital Thng Long, Trn Thi Tng decided to cede the throne to Crown Prince Trn Hong,
now Trn Thnh Tng, on the 24th day of the second lunar month (March 30) 1258. After the coronation, Thnh
Tng changed the era name to Thiu Long ( , 1258
1272).During his reign, the emperor had one more era
name, which was Bo Ph ( , 12731278).[8] Although
passing the throne to his son, Thi Tng continued to rule
the country with Thnh Tng in the position of Retired
Emperor (i thng hong) from 1259 to his death in
1277.[1]
2 As emperor
1
After the enthronement, Thnh Tng and his father began to rehabilitate both the countrys economy and administrative system, which had been heavily damaged by
the Mongol invasion and the troubled time at the end of
the L dynasty. In June 1261 the Emperor opened an
examination for scholars who wanted to be appointed as
mandarins of the administrative system. The examination comprised two abilities of writing and calculating.[9]
In the royal court, Thnh Tng proved to be a skilled
ruler with his often right appointment of ocials such
as his brother Prince Chiu Minh Trn Quang Khi for
the position of grand chancellor[10] or L Ph Trn and
Prince Hng o Trn Quc Tun for the position of military commander.[9][11] For members of the royal family,
Thnh Tng had them hire the poor to cultivate their land
and thus created a social reform.[6][12]
Thnh Tng was born on September 25 of the lunar calendar 1240 as Trn Hong,[1] the second prince but the
rst natural son of the Emperor Trn Thi Tng and Empress Consort Thun Thin. He had a half-brother on
the mothers side, Prince Tnh Quc (Vietnamese: Tnh
Quc i vng) Trn Quc Khang, who was born after
the forced marriage by Trn Th between the Emperor Nhn Tng and Princess Thun Thin. In fact, although being Thi Tngs rst prince, Trn Quc Khang
was the son of his elder brother Prince Hoi Trn Liu,
therefore ocially he was not chosen by Thi Tng as
the heir, a position which ultimately belonged to prince
Trn Hong.[2] Besides Prince Tnh Quc, Trn Hong
had some other younger brothers including Prince Chiu
Minh Trn Quang Khi, who was also given birth by Empress Thun Thin, Prince Chiu Quc Trn ch Tc or
Prince Chiu Vn Trn Nht Dut.[3]
AS RETIRED EMPEROR
about military actions of the Yuan dynasty, the potential Yuans side including Thnh Tngs own brother, Prince
threat for i Vit.[12][14]
Chiu Quc Trn ch Tc and Trn Kin who was son of
After the death of the Retired Emperor Trn Thi Tng Prince Tnh Quc Trn Quc Khang. For the safeness of
on April 1 of Lunar calendar, 1277, the Emperor Trn Thnh Tng and Nhn Tngs retreat, Princess An T was
Thnh Tng ocially began to reign as the sole ruler of oered as present and diversion for prince Toghan while
i Vit,[15] but only one year later, he decided to pass the Marquis Bo Ngha Trn Bnh Trng was captured and
in the Battle of Mc in defending the two
throne to his crown prince Trn Khm, now Trn Nhn later killed[23]
In the southern border, Trn Quang Khi
emperors.
Tng, took up the post of Retired Emperor on the 22nd
also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetus navy and
[16]
of the tenth lunar month (November 8) 1278.
the defection of the governor of Nghe An.[24] Despite the
repeated problems, the royal family and royal court of the
Trn dynasty still kept their harmony and determination
3 As retired emperor
owing to accurates decisions and actions from the leaders
Thnh Tng, Nhn Tng,[25] Trn Quc Tun and Trn
Quang Khi.[26]
3.1 Second Mongol invasion
In 1279, the Yuan dynasty had the decisive victory over
the Song dynasty in the Battle of Yamen which marked
the end of the Song dynasty and the total control of Kublai
Khan over China.[17] As a result, Kublai Khan began to
expose his attempt to take over the southern countries like
i Vit or Champa. Aware of the situation, Thnh Tng
and Nhn Tng began to prepare the Trn dynasty for the
obvious and inevitable war while tried to keep a exible
policy with the Yuan dynasty.[18] Firstly, Prince Chiu
Vn Trn Nht Dut was appointed for the mission of
pacifying the revolt led by Trnh Gic Mt in Giang
by diplomatic means in order to keep the country in stability before the war. With his knowledge of minority peoples language and culture, Trn Nht Dut successfully
accomplished his task in 1278, hence, the Trn dynasty
had free hand to deal with the threat from the North.[19]
In October 1282, the Retired Emperor Trn Thnh Tng
and the Emperor Trn Nhn Tng gathered all members
of royal family, Trn clan and ocials in royal court in
Bnh Than to discuss about the unadvoidable war.[20] Two
prominent generals of the i Vit army who were noticed on this occasion were Trn Khnh D, former commander of the army but was deprived of all titles after his
guilt, and Trn Quc Ton, a marquis who was only sixteen years old.[20] In 1283, Prince Hng o Trn Quc
Tun was appointed as commander in chief (Quc cng
tit ch) of i Vit army, the Retired Emperor and the
Emperor began to hold military exercises with their generals and troops.[20]
In December 1284, the second Yuan invasion of i
Vit was opened under the command of Kublai Khans
prince Toghan.[21] i Vit was attacked in two directions, Toghan himself conducted the infantry invaded
from the northern border while the Yuan navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through
Champa's territory.[22] In the beginning of the war, Thnh
Tng and Nhn Tng had to order the army retreat to
avoid the pressure from the Yuan force when Prince
Chiu Minh Trn Quang Khi commanded troops try
to stop Sogetus eet in the Ngh An Province. During
this time, there were several high-ranking ocials and
members of royal family of the Trn dynasty defected to
6.1
Notes
Family
Legacy
6
6.1
References
Notes
6.2
Bibliography
Ng S Lin (1993), i Vit s k ton th (in Vietnamese) (Ni cc quan bn ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
National Bureau for Historical Record (1998),
Khm nh Vit s Thng gim cng mc (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
Trn Trng Kim (1971), Vit Nam s lc (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
Chapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from
Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing
Group, ISBN 0-313-29622-7
REFERENCES
7.1
Text
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