MIXTURES

Homogeneous Matter
o
o
o
o
o
o

Looks the same throughout

Particles are evenly distributed
Properties are uniform
Appears to be a single substance but
really two or more substances dissolved
in a solvent
Very small particles
Never settle out

Insoluble substance that does NOT

dissolve in a solvent
***Solutes can be soluble in some
solvents but insoluble in others
Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in
one another.
Immiscible liquids are not soluble in
each other.

Heterogeneous Matter
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o

Does not look the same throughout

Particles are not evenly distributed
Properties are not uniform
Always a MIXTURE
2 or more PHYSICALLY combined
substances
Has two or more distinct phases that are
usually visible

A. SOLUTIONS
Well-mixed (uniform) single phase
homogeneous
transparent (if liquid)
cannot be separated by filter
do not separate on standing

Solute versus Solvent

o
o

A solute is the substance in a solution

that gets dissolved
A solvent is the substance in a solution
that does the dissolving

Exampl
e
Air

Carbona
ted water
Ocean
Water
Vinegar

Steel

Solv

ent

Nitr
ogen
Wat
er
Wat
er
Wat
er
Iron

Solut
Oxyge

n
Carbo
n dioxide
Oxyge
n Gas
Acetic
acid
Carbo
n

Examples of Solutions

Solubility
o Solubility is defined as the ability of one
substance to dissolve within another
substance.

Factors Affecting Solubility

The substance present in largest

quantity usually is the solvent. The
solvent can be either a liquid or a solid.
o The substance that is present in
smallest quantity is said to be
dissolved and is called the solute. The
solute can be eithe a gas, a liquid, or a
solid.

Soluble substance that dissolves

readily in a solvent
o

1. Nature of the Solute and Solvent

o Miscible and Immiscible
2. Pressure
o
The pressure above the
solution called, internal pressure, if
increase, can increase the solubility of gas
in any solvent.
o
Effervescence rapid
escape of gas
3. Temperature
o Solid solute in liquid solvent solubility
rises as temperature rises

Gas solute in a liquid solvent solubility

lowers as temperature rises

Kinds of Solutions based on

Saturation
Saturated solution contains all of the
solute it can hold at a given temperature.
If you add even one more molecule of the
solute, it will fall out of solution and rest
on the bottom
Unsaturated Solutions Contains less
solute than it can hold at a given
temperature. Can add more solute and it
wont fall out of the solution
Supersaturated Solution Solution that
holds more than it usually would at a
given temperature

A mixture that needs to be shaken

before use is probably a suspension.
o The particles are insoluble, they do not
dissolve in water to any noticeable
extent.
Examples:
Mud or muddy water, where soil, clay, or
silt particles are suspended in water
Snow globe (eventually settles)
Orange Juice (needs to be shaken before
use)

C. COLLOIDS

o Particles in a colloid are much

smaller than particles in a
suspension
o A mixture in which particles of material
are dispersed throughout a liquid or
gas, but the particles of a colloid are not
large enough to settle out
o Particles in a colloid scatter light

Properties of Colloids
o

Kinds of Solution based on

Concentration
(The
comparison of solute to solvent)
o
o

When there is small amount of solute

compared to solvent, the solution is
dilute
When there is a large amount of
solute compared to solvent, the solution
is concentrated

B. SUSPENSIONS
A mixture where the particles are
dispersed but are big enough to settle
out or be filtered out

1. Tyndall effect
o The path of light passing through dust in
the air inside your room points to the
colloidal property of colloids. The particles
are large enough to scatter the light.
o This effect was discovered by John Tyndall,
in 1987.

2. Brownian Movement
o Discovered by Robert Brown in 1827
o He observed the continuous movement of
minute suspended particle in water. The
particles move in jerky, random motion.
The movement is due to collision of
rapidly moving particles.


2. Decantation

3. Adsorption
o Adsorption is the
adhesion of
atoms, ions, or
molecules from a
gas, liquid, or
dissolved solid to
a surface.

It requires you gently pour a

beaker of liquid into another beaker slowly
enough that the solid stays in the bottom
of the beaker and the water goes into the
other beaker.
When two immiscible liquids are
put together, the denser liquid settles
below the other. The less dense can be
poured out.

3. Evaporation
o

If you put water in an open container

under the sun, the water evaporates
leaving the salt behind. The process is
called evaporation.

Separating Components of Mixtures

1. Magnetic separation
o

A process in which substances that are

attracted by magnet are extracted from a
mixture using a magnetic force. In a
mixture of salt and iron filings, each
substance retains its own properties. A
magnet can remove the iron from the dry
mixture.

4. Filtration
o

When particles of a solid matter neither

dissolve nor settle in a liquid, the
mixture can be filtered using filter
paper cloth, or any material that is fine
enough to hold the solid particles.

 6. Chromatography
The mixture is dissolved in a liquid
or a gas, and the solution
dissolves quickly and travels up
toward a solid material. The
separate substances form bands
of color called chromatograms.

5. Distillation
o

Food scientists study

chromatograms to discover what
coloring a food contains.

A mixture of liquids is heated in a flask.

The liquid with the lower boiling point
evaporates, then it condenses, and it
will be collected. The liquid with a
higher boiling point and any solid
particles are left behind in the flask.