(Scilab Textbook) Electric Power Distribution System Engineering - T. Gonen

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electric Power Distribution System

Engineering
by T. Gonen1
Created by
Manoj A
B.Tech, Third Year
Electrical Engineering
NIT, Karnataka
College Teacher
NA
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya Potti
May 26, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Author: T. Gonen
Publisher: McGraw Hill, New York
Edition: 1
Year: 1986
ISBN: 0-07-023707-7
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
2 Load Characteristics
3 Application of Distribution Transformers
29
4 Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations

50
5 Design Considerations of Primary Systems
60
6 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
69
7 Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations
77
8 Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
92
9 Distribution System Voltage Regulation
99
10 Distribution System Protection
120
11 Distribution System Reliability
130
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Exa 2.13
Exa 2.14
Exa 2.15
Exa 3.1
Exa 3.2
Exa 3.3
Exa 3.4
Exa 3.5
To find the load curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To determine the annual power loss . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the diversified demand . . . . . . . . . .
To determine copper losses of the feeder . . . . . . . .
To determine the diversity load diversity and coincidence factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the class distribution factors . . . . . . .
To determine the annual average power demand . . . .
To determine the annual load factor on the substation
To detemine the annual loss factor . . . . . . . . . . .
To calculate thirty min annual maximum demand . . .
To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified . .
To find monthly load factor Rating of distribution transformer monthly bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the instantaneous demands and the average demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine instantaneous demands and average demand for transformer type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine watt VAr and VA demands . . . . . . .
To Evaluate all the required impedances of a 25kVA
Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the fault current in the distribution transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the service drop and the length of the cable
To determine the maximum load carried by the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3 phase
load of 200kVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
6
8
8
9
9
11
12
15
15
16
18
20
24
25
26
29
30
31
33
34
Exa 3.6
Exa 3.8
Exa 3.9
Exa 3.10
Exa 3.11
Exa 4.1
Exa 4.2
Exa 4.3
Exa 4.4
Exa 4.5
Exa 4.6
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.7
4.8
4.10
4.11
Exa 5.1
Exa 5.2
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa 5.5
Exa 6.1
Exa 6.2
Exa 6.4
To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3 phase

load of 100kVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer bank
To Determine phasors and phasor diagrams when loaded
with a balanced resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Voltage Rating of the respective windings of the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the parameters of two single transformers
To determine the constant K for 16kV feeder . . . . .
To Calculate the percent voltage drop in the main for a
lumped load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Calculate percent voltage drop in the main for a
uniformly distributed load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Calculate percent voltage drop in the main for a
uniformly increasing load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Compare the results the percent voltage drop ratio
for different loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the substation parameters for various Load
densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Find feeder properties of TL and VDL . . . . . . .
To determine the better susbstation site . . . . . . . .
To find the substation spacing and load on transformers
To Compare the method of service area coverage with
four feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the circuit parameters of a radial express
feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the percent voltage drops . . . . . . . .
To find voltge drop percents for a self supporting aerial
messenger cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the percent voltage drops using nomnial
operating voltage as base voltage . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the percent voltage drop at the ends of the most
remote laterals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Compute the Economical Sizes of the Transformer
and its Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the coeffcient matrix for a unbalanced load
To determine the circuit parameters of an unbalanced
load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
37
40
42
45
46
50
51
51
52
52
53
55
56
57
58
60
61
63
65
66
69
72
73
Exa 6.5
Exa 7.2
Exa 7.3
Exa 7.4
Exa 7.5
Exa 7.7
Exa 7.8
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.9
7.10
7.11
8.1
Exa 8.2
Exa 8.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.4
8.5
9.1
9.2
Exa 9.3
Exa 9.4
Exa 9.5
Exa 9.6
Exa 9.8
Exa 9.9
Exa 9.10
To find the pu voltages and tolerable and favourable

voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the voltage drop or voltage regulation of
a 3phase system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Calculate the Voltage Drop and Verify The Cable
Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To find the voltage dip in per units for motor starting
To Find the Total Load and Total steady state voltage
drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the percent drop from the substation to
various points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the percent drop from the substation to
various points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the location of the substation . . . . . .
To Determine the Annual Energy Loss . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Line to Line Voltage at point a . . .
To Determine the Capacitor Size to improve the power
factor to a 700kVA Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the Capacitor bank required to correct
power factor of induction motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the power factors of a 2point4 kV phase
circuit feeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the necessity of additional capacitors . .
To Determine the savings in kilowatt losses . . . . . .
To Determine the parameters of the system regulation
To Determine the distance at which the regulator must
be located . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Necessary minimum kilovoltampere
size of the regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To specify the best settings for regulation . . . . . . .
To determine the setting of the regulator so that the
voltage criteria is met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the number of steps of buck and boost the
regulators will achieve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the necessary settings of Regulators . .
To Determine the Design Parameters of a Distributed
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the proper 3 phase capacitor bank . . .
6
75
77
79
80
82
83
85
88
89
90
92
93
94
95
96
99
102
104
106
110
111
112
113
116
Exa 9.11
Exa 9.12
Exa 10.1
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
10.2
10.3
10.4
11.1
Exa 11.2
Exa 11.3
Exa 11.4
Exa 11.5
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
To Determine the Voltage dip due to 10hp single phase

motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the voltage dip due to the motor start for
a 100 hp 3Phase Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the necessary realy and recloser coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Fault parameters of Rural Substation
To Determine system parameters for various stabilities
To Determine the sequence impedance values . . . . .
To Determine the Approximate value of the component
reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the fault components of the system . . .
To Determine the Annual Fault properties for A B C
Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Equivalent System Reliability of Each
configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Design the system to meet the given Equivalent System Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Find The Probability on the reliability of transformers
To Determine Probabilities Using Markovian Principle
To Determine the Conditional Outage Probabilites . .
To Determine the vector of state probabilities at a specific time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
118
120
121
123
127
130
130
132
133
135
137
138
140
143
List of Figures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
To find the load curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To determine the diversity load diversity and coincidence factor
To determine the annual average power demand . . . . . . .
To determine the annual load factor on the substation . . . .
To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified . . . . . .
To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified . . . . . .
7
10
13
14
21
22
3.1
3.2
To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer bank . .

To Determine phasors and phasor diagrams when loaded with
a balanced resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Voltage Rating of the respective windings
of the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
3.3
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
To Determine the parameters of the system regulation . . .

To Determine the Necessary minimum kilovoltampere size of
the regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To specify the best settings for regulation . . . . . . . . . . .
To specify the best settings for regulation . . . . . . . . . . .
To determine the setting of the regulator so that the voltage
criteria is met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Determine the Design Parameters of a Distributed System
42
44
100
105
107
108
109
114
10.1 To Determine system parameters for various stabilities . . .
123
11.1 To Determine Probabilities Using Markovian Principle . . .

11.2 To Determine the Conditional Outage Probabilites . . . . .
139
141
Chapter 2
Load Characteristics
Scilab code Exa 2.1 To find the load curve

1 //To f i n d t h e l o a d c u r v e
2 // Page 39
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 t =[0:1:24];
7 SL
=[100 ,100 ,100 ,100 ,100 ,100 ,100 ,100 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,100 ,100 ,100
8 R
=[200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,300 ,400 ,500 ,500 ,500 ,500 ,500 ,500 ,500
9 C
=[200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,200 ,300 ,500 ,1000 ,1000 ,1000 ,1000 ,1200
10 Tl = SL + R + C ;
11
12 //To d i s p l a y t h e Load b a r c u r v e d i a g r a m
13 bar (t , Tl ,0.5 , r e d )
Figure 2.1: To find the load curve
10
14
15
16
title ( Example 2 . 1 , f o n t s i z e ,3)

xlabel ( Time i n h r s , f o n t s i z e ,2)
ylabel ( Load i n kW , f o n t s i z e ,2)
Scilab code Exa 2.2 To determine the annual power loss

1 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e a n n u a l power l o s s
2 // Page 46
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Fls =0.15;
7 Ppl =80*(10^3) ; // Power L o s s a t peak l o a d .
8
9 Avgpl = Fls * Ppl ; // A v e r a g e Power L o s s
10 TAELCu = Avgpl *8760; // T o t a l a n n u a l e n e r g y l o s s
11
12 printf ( a ) The a v e r a g e a n n u a l power l o s s = %g kW\n
,( Avgpl /1000) )
13 printf ( b ) The t o t a l a n n u a l e n e r g y l o s s due t o t h e
c o p p e r l o s s e s o f t h e f e e d e r c i r c u i t s = %g kWh\n
,( TAELCu /1000) )
Scilab code Exa 2.3 To determine the diversified demand

1 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e d i v e r s i f i e d demand
2 // Page 47
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 TCDi =[9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9 ,9]; // Load f o r e a c h h o u s e
kilowatt
7 DFi =0.65; // Demand f a c t o r
11
a l l in
8 Fd =1.1; // D i v e r s i t y f a c t o r
9
10 Dg = sum ( TCDi ) * DFi / Fd ;
11
12 printf ( The d i v e r s i f i e d demand o f t h e g r o u p on t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r i s %g kW\n , Dg )
Scilab code Exa 2.4 To determine copper losses of the feeder

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
//To d e t e r m i n e c o p p e r l o s s e s o f t h e f e e d e r
// Page 48
clc ;
clear ;
SP =3000*(10^3) ; // System peak i n kVA p e r p h a s e
Cl =0.5/100; // P e r c e n t a g e o f c o p p e r l o s s
I2R = Cl * SP ; // Copper l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r p e r p h a s e
I2R3 =3* I2R ; // Copper l o s s e s o f t h e f e e d e r p e r 3
phase
10
11
printf ( a ) The c o p p e r l o s s o f t h e f e e d e r p e r p h a s e =
%g kW\n ,( I2R /1000) )
12 printf ( b ) The t o t a l c o p e r l o s s e s o f t h e f e e d e r p e r
t h r e e p h a s e = %g kW\n ,( I2R3 /1000) )
Scilab code Exa 2.5 To determine the diversity load diversity and coincidence factor
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e d i v e r s i t y l o a d d i v e r s i t y and
coincidence factor
2 // Page 48
1
12
Figure 2.2: To determine the diversity load diversity and coincidence factor
13
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc ;
clear ;
Pi =2000*(10^3) ; // Peak f o r i n d u s t r i a l
Pr =2000*(10^3) ; // Peak f o r r e s i d e n t i a l
Dg =3000*(10^3) ; // System peak l o a d a s
the diagram
9 P =[ Pi , Pr ]; // System p e a k s f o r v a r i o u s
load
load
s p e c i f i e d in
loads
10
11 Fd = sum ( P ) / Dg ; // D i v e r s i t y f a c t o r
12 LD = sum ( P ) - Dg ; // Load d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r
13 Fc =1/ Fd ; // C o i n c i d e n c e f a c t o r
14
15 printf ( a ) The d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d
i s %g\n
, Fd )
16 printf ( b ) The l o a d d i v e r s i t y o f t h e l o a d i s %g kW\
n ,( LD /1000) )
17 printf ( c ) The c o i n c i d e n c e f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d i s %g
\n , Fc )
Scilab code Exa 2.6 To determine the class distribution factors

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e c l a s s d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r s
// Page 50
// R e f e r d i a g r a m o f t h e f i r s t e x a m p l e o f t h i s c h a p t e r
clc ;
clear ;
Ps =100; // Peak l o a d f o r s t r e e t l i g h t i n g i n kW
Pr =1000; // Peak l o a d f o r R e s i d e n t i a l i n kW
Pc =1200; // Peak Commercial l o a d i n kW
P =[ Ps , Pr , Pc ] // Peaks o f v a r i o u s l o a d s
Ls5 =0; // S t r e e t l i g h t i n g l o a d a t 5 . 0 0 PM i n kW
Lr5 =600; // R e s i d e n t i a l l o a d a t 5 . 0 0 PM i n kW
14
14 Lc5 =1200; // Commercial Load a t 5 . 0 0 PM i n kW

15
16 Cstreet = Ls5 / Ps ;
17 Cresidential = Lr5 / Pr ;
18 Ccommercial = Lc5 / Pc ;
19 C =[ Cstreet , Cresidential , Ccommercial ]; // C l a s s
distribution for various factors

20
21 Fd =( sum ( P ) ) /( sum ( P *C ) ) ;
22 Dg =( sum ( P *C ) ) ;
23 Fc =1/ Fd ;
24
25 printf ( a ) The c l a s s d i s t r i b u t i o n
factors factor of
:\n )
printf ( i ) S t r e e t l i g h t i n g = %g\n i i ) R e s i d e n t i a l =
%g\n i i i ) Commercial =%g\n ,C (1) ,C (2) ,C (3) )
27 printf ( b ) The d i v e r s i t y f a c t o r f o r t h e p r i m a r y
f e e d e r = %g\n , Fd )
28 printf ( c ) The d i v e r s i f i e d maximum demand o f t h e
l o a d g r o u p = %g kW\n , Dg )
29 printf ( d ) The c o i n c i d e n c e f a c t o r o f t h e l o a d g r o u p
= %g\n , Fc )
26
Scilab code Exa 2.7 To determine the annual average power demand
1 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e a n n u a l a v e r a g e power demand
2 // Page 55
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 printf ( Assuming a monthly l o a d c u r v e a s shown i n
t h e f i g u r e a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c o d e \n )
7
15
Figure 2.3: To determine the annual average power demand
16
Figure 2.4: To determine the annual load factor on the substation

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
TAE =10^7; // T o t a l a n n u a l e n e r g y i n kW
APL =3500; // Annual peak l o a d i n kW
Pav = TAE /8760; // Annual a v e r a g e power demand
Fld = Pav / APL ; // Annual l o a d f a c t o r
printf ( a ) The a n n u a l power demand i s %g kW\n , Pav )
printf ( b ) The a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r i s %g\n , Fld )
printf ( The u n s o l d e n e r g y , a s shown i n t h e f i g u r e i s
a m e a s u r e o f c a p a c i t y and i n v e s t m e n t c o s t .
I d e a l l y i t s h o u l d be k e p t a t a minimum\n )
17
Scilab code Exa 2.8 To determine the annual load factor on the substation
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r on t h e
substation
2 // Page 57
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
printf ( Assuming a monthly l o a d c u r v e a s shown i n

t h e f i g u r e a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c o d e \n )
Nl =100; // 100% p e r c e n t l o a d t o be s u p p l i e d
TAE =10^7; // T o t a l a n n u a l e n e r g y i n kW
Pav = TAE /8760; // Annual a v e r a g e power demand
Fld = ( Pav + Nl ) /( APL + Nl ) ; // Annual l o a d f a c t o r
Cr =3; // C a p a c i t y c o s t
Er =0.03; // Energy c o s t
ACC = Nl *12* Cr ; // A d d i t i o n a l c a p a c i t y c o s t p e r kWh
AEC = Nl *8760* Er ; // A d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y c o s t p e r kWh
TAC = ACC + AEC ; // T o t a l a n n u a l c o s t
printf ( a ) The new a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r on t h e

s u b s t a t i o n i s %g\n , Fld )
21 printf ( b ) The t o t a l a n n u a l a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s t o NL&
NP t o s e r v e t h i s l o a d i s $%g\n , TAC )
Scilab code Exa 2.9 To detemine the annual loss factor

1
2
//To d e t e m i n e t h e a n n u a l l o s s f a c t o r
// Page 58
18
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
clc ;
clear ;
TAE =5.61*(10^6) ; // T o t a l a n n u a l e n e r g y i n kW
Lc =0.03; // C o s t o f e n e r g y p e r kWh i n d o l l a r s
Plp =100; // Power a t peak l o a d i n kW
Fld = TAE /( APL *8760) ;
Fls = (0.3* Fld ) +(0.7*( Fld ^2) ) ;
AvgEL = Fls * Plp ; // A v e r a g e e n e r g y l o s s
AEL = AvgEL *8760; // Annual e n e r g y l o s s
Tlc = AEL * Lc ; // C o s t o f t o t a l a n n u a l c o p p e r l o s s
printf ( a ) The a n n u a l l o s s f a c t o r i s %g\n , Fls )
printf ( b ) The a n n u a l c o p p e r l o s s e n e r g y i s %g kWh
and t h e c o s t o f t o t a l a n n u a l c o p p e r l o s s i s $%g\n
,AEL , Tlc )
Scilab code Exa 2.10 To calculate thirty min annual maximum demand
1 //To c a l c u l a t e t h i r t y min a n n u a l maximum demand
2 // Page 59
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Fd =1.15;
7 Pi =[1800 ,2000 ,2200]; // Demands o f v a r i o u s f e e d e r s
kW ( R e a l Power )
8 PF =[0.95 ,0.85 ,0.90]; // Power f a c t o r
respective feeders
9 Dg = sum ( Pi ) / Fd ;
10 P = Dg ;
11 theta = acosd ( PF ) ;
12
19
of the
in
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Q = sum ( Pi *( tand ( theta ) ) ) / Fd ;

S = sqrt (( P ^2) +( Q ^2) ) ;
LD = sum ( Pi ) - Dg ;
// T r a n s f o r m e r s i z e s
Tp =[2500 ,3750 ,5000 ,7500];
Ts =[3125 ,4687 ,6250 ,9375];
Ol =1.25; //Maximum o v e r l o a d c o n d i t i o n
Eol = Ts * Ol ; // O v e r l o a d v o l t a g e s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
Ed = abs ( Eol - S ) ; // D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e o v e r l o a d
v a l u e s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s and t h e P v a l u e o f t h e
system
24
25 [A , k ]= gsort ( Ed ) ; // To s o r t t h e
d i f f e r e n c e s and
c h o o s e t h e b e s t match
26
27 T =[ Tp ( k (4) ) , Ts ( k (4) ) ]; // S u i t a b l e t r a n s f o r m e r
28
29 g = poly (0 , g ) ;
30 X =(1+ g ) - nthroot (2 ,10) ; //To f i n d o u t t h e f a n s on
31
32
33
34
35
rating
R = roots ( X ) ;
g = R *100;
n = poly (0 , n ) ;
Sn =9375; // R a t i n g o f t h e t o be i n s t a l l e d
transformer
36 // E q u a t i o n (1+ g ) n S = Sn
37 // a=(1+g )
38 // b=Sn / S
39
40 a =1+ R ;
41 b = Sn / S ;
42 n = log ( b ) / log ( a ) ;
43
44 printf ( a ) The 30 mins a n n u a l maximum deman on t h e
s u b s t a t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r a r e %g kW and %g kVA
20
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,P , S )
45 printf ( b ) The l o a d d i v e r s i t y i s %g kW\n , LD )
46 printf ( c ) S u i t a b l e t r a n s f o r m e r s i z e f o r 25 p e r c e n t
s h o r t t i m e o v e r l o a d s i s %g/%g kVA\n ,T (1) ,T (2) )
47 printf ( d ) Fans on r a t i n g i s %g p e r c e n t and i t w i l l
l o a d e d f o r %g more y e a r i f a 7 5 9 9 / 9 3 7 5 kVA
t r a n s f o r m e r i s i n s t a l l e d \n ,g , ceil ( n ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.11 To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified
1 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e T h i r t y min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d
2 // Page 62
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 printf ( NOTE\n\n )
7 printf ( The f i g u r e 1 a t t a c h e d a l o n g w i t h t h i s c o d e
i s t h e Maximum d i v e r s i f i e d 30 min demand

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of various r e s i d e n t i a l loads ;\n
A = C l o t h e s d r y e r ; D = r a n g e ; E = l i g h t i n g and
m i s c e l l a n e o u s a p p l i a n c e s ; J = r e f r i g e r a t o r \n (
Only t h e l o a d s r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s p r o b l e m have
b e e n m e n t i o n e d ) \n \n )
8
9 Ndt =50; // Number o f d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s
10 Nr =900; // Number o f r e s i d e n c e s
11
12 //When t h e l o a d s a r e s i x .
13 PavMax6 =[1.6 ,0.8 ,0.066 ,0.61]; // A v e r a g e Maximum
d i v e r s i f i e d demands ( i n kW) p e r h o u s e f o r d r y e r ,
r a n g e , r e f r i g e r a t o r , f o r l i g h t i n g and m i s c
a a p l i a n c e s r e s p e c t i v e l y according to the f i g u r e 1
attached with code .
14
15
Mddt = sum (6* PavMax6 ) ; // 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d

21
demand on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r
16
17
18
//When t h e l o a d s a r e 9 0 0 .
PavMax900 =[1.2 ,0.53 ,0.044 ,0.52]; // // A v e r a g e Maximum
d i v e r s i f i e d demands ( i n kW) p e r h o u s e f o r d r y e r ,
r a n g e , r e f r e i g e r a t o , f o r l i g h t i n g and m i s c
a a p l i a n c e s r e s p e c t i v e l y according to the f i g u r e 1
attached with code .
19
20 Mdf = sum ( Nr * PavMax900 ) ; // 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d
demand on t h e f e e d e r
21
22
23
// From t h e f i g u r e 2 a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c o d e
Hdd4 =[0.38 ,0.24 ,0.9 ,0.32]; // H o u r l y v a r i a t i o n f a c t o r
a t t i m e 4 PM f o r d r y e r , r a n g e , r e f r i g e r a t o r ,
l i g h t i n g and m i s c a p p l i a n c e s
24 Hdd5 =[0.30 ,0.80 ,0.9 ,0.70]; // H o u r l y v a r i a t i o n f a c t o r
25 Hdd6 =[0.22 ,1.0 ,0.9 ,0.92]; // H o u r l y v a r i a t i o n f a c t o r
26
27
Thdd4 =(6* PavMax6 ) * Hdd4 ;

d i v e r s i f i e d demand i n
28 Thdd5 =(6* PavMax6 ) * Hdd5 ;
29 Thdd6 =(6* PavMax6 ) * Hdd6 ;
30
31
32
33
34
35
// G i v e s t h e
kW a t t i m e 4
// G i v e s t h e
kW a t t i m e 5
// G i v e s t h e
kW a t t i m e 6
t o t a l hourly
PM
t o t a l hourly
PM
t o t a l hourly
PM
printf ( a ) The 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d demand on

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r = %g kW\n , Mddt )
printf ( b ) The 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d demand on
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r = %g kW\n , Mdf )
printf ( c ) The t o t a l h o u r l y d i v e r s i f i e d demands a t
:\n )
printf ( i ) 4 . 0 0 PM = %g kW\n , Thdd4 )
printf ( i i ) 5 . 0 0 PM = %g kW\n , Thdd5 )
22
36
printf ( i i i ) 6 . 0 0 PM = %g kW\n , Thdd6 )
Scilab code Exa 2.12 To find monthly load factor Rating of distribution
transformer monthly bill
//To f i n d monthly l o a d f a c t o r R a t i n g o f d i s t r i b u t i o n
t r a n s f o r m e r monthly b i l l
2 // Page 72
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
T =730; // A v e r a g e monthly t i m e i n h r s
Pla =22; // Peak Load f o r c o n s u m e r A i n kW
Plb =39; // Peak l o a d f o r c o n s u m e r B i n kW
MEC =[0.025 ,0.02 ,0.015]; // Monthly Energy c h a r g e s i n
c e n t s /kWh a c c o r d i n g t o t h e u n i t s consumed
10 Uc =[1000 ,3000 ,3000]; // U n i t s c o n s u m p t i o n a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e Energy c h a r g e s
11 MDC =2; // Monthly demand c h a r g e i n d o l l a r s /kW
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Pa =7000; // U n i t s s e r v e d t o Consumer A i n kWh

Pb =7000; // U n i t s s e r v e d t o Consumer B i n kWh
// Power f a c t o r s
Pfa =0.9; // Lag
Pfb =0.76; // Lag
// Monthly Load f a c t o r s
Flda = Pa /( Pla * T ) ;
Fldb = Pb /( Plb * T ) ;
23
Figure 2.5: To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified
24
Figure 2.6: To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified
25
// C o n t i n o u s k i l o v o l t a m p e r e s f o r e a c h d i s t r i b u t i o n
transformer
25 Sa = Pla / Pfa ;
26 Sb = Plb / Pfb ;
24
27
28 // R a t i n g s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r s n e e d e d
29 Ta = round ( Sa /5) *5;
30 Tb = round ( Sb /5) *5;
31
32 // B i l l i n g C h a r g e s
33 // For Consumer A
34 Mbda = Pla *(0.85/ Pfa ) ; // Monthly b i l l i n g demand
35 Mdca = Mbda * MDC ; // Monthly demand c h a r g e
36 // S i n c e t h e u n i t s s e r v e d a r e 7 0 0 0 i t can be s p l i t
according to the r a t e s
as 1000 , 3000 , 3000
excess units .
37 Uca = Uc ; // U n i t s c o n s u m p t i o n by A
38 Meca = MEC * Uca ; // Monthly e n e r g y c h a r g e
39 Tmba = Meca + Mdca ; // T o t a l monthly b i l l
40
41
42
43
44
// For Consumer B
Mbdb = Plb *(0.85/ Pfb ) ; // Monthly b i l l i n g demand
Mdcb = Mbdb * MDC ; // Monthly demand c h a r g e
// S i n c e t h e u n i t s s e r v e d a r e 7 0 0 0 i t can be s p l i t
as 1000 , 3000 , 3000
excess units .
45 Ucb = Uc ; // U n i t s c o n s u m p t i o n by B
46 Mecb = MEC * Ucb ; // Monthly e n e r g y c h a r g e
47 Tmbb = Mecb + Mdcb ; // T o t a l monthly b i l l
48
49 //To f i n d t h e c a p a c i t o r s i z e
50 Q1 = Pb * tand ( acosd ( Pfb ) ) ; // For o r i g i n a l power f a c t o r
51 Q2 = Pb * tand ( acosd (0.85) ) ; // For new power f a c t o r
52
53 dQ =( Q1 - Q2 ) / T ; // C a p a c i t o r s i z e
54
55 // For new power f a c t o r
56 // For Consumer B
26
Mbdbn = Plb *(1) ; // Monthly b i l l i n g demand

Mdcbn = Mbdbn * MDC ; // Monthly demand c h a r g e
// S i n c e t h e u n i t s s e r v e d a r e 7 0 0 0 i t can be s p l i t
as 1000 , 3000 , 3000
excess units .
60 Ucbn = Uc ; // U n i t s c o n s u m p t i o n by B
61 Mecbn = MEC * Ucbn ; // Monthly e n e r g y c h a r g e
62 Tmbbn = Mecbn + Mdcbn ; // T o t a l monthly b i l l
57
58
59
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Saving = abs ( Tmbbn - Tmbb ) ; // S a v i n g due t o c a p a c i t o r

installation
Ci =30; // C o s t o f c a p a c i t o r i n d o l l a r p e r kVAr
Cc = Ci * dQ ; // The c o s t o f t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t o r
PP = Cc / Saving ; // Payback P e r i o d
PPr =90/ Saving ; // R e a l i s t i c Payback p e r i o d
printf ( a ) Monthly l o a d f a c t o r f o r : \ n )
printf ( i ) Consumer A = %g\n , Flda )
printf ( i i ) Consumer B =%g\n , Fldb )
printf ( b ) R a t i n g o f t h e e a c h o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
transformer :\n )
printf ( i ) A = %g kVA\n , Ta )
printf ( i i ) B = %g kVA\n , Tb )
printf ( c ) Monthly b i l f o r : \ n )
printf ( i ) Consumer A = $%g\n , Tmba )
printf ( i i ) Consumer B = $%g\n , Tmbb )
printf ( d ) The c a p a c i t o r s i z e r e q u i r e d i s %g kVAr\n
, dQ )
printf ( e ) Payback p e r i o d : \ n )
printf ( i ) C a l c u l a t e d : %g months \n , ceil ( PP ) )
printf ( i i ) R e a l i s t i c a s c a p a c i t o r s i z e a v a i l a b l e
i s 3 kVAr : %g months \n , ceil ( PPr ) )
Scilab code Exa 2.13 To determine the instantaneous demands and the
average demand
27
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s demands and t h e

a v e r a g e demand
2 // Page 84
3
clc ;
4
clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Kh =7.2; // Meter c o n s t a n t
Kr1 =32; // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n t h e f i r s t
reading
Kr2 =27; // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n t h e s e c o n d
reading
T1 =59; // Time i n t e r v a l f o r r e v o l u t i o n s o f d i s k s f o r
the f i r s t reading
the second reading
// S e l f c o n t a i n e d w a t t h o u r m e t e r ; D = ( 3 . 6 KrKh) /T
deff ( y=I d ( a , b ) , y = ( ( 3 . 6 Kh a ) /b ) ) ; // F u n c t i o n t o
c a l c u l a t e t h e i n s t a n e o u s demand
D1 = Id ( Kr1 , T1 ) ;
D2 = Id ( Kr2 , T2 ) ;
Dav =( D1 + D2 ) /2;
printf ( The i n s t a n t e n o u s demands a r e %g kW and %g
kW f o r r e a d i n g 1 and 2 and t h e a v e r a g e demand i s
%g kW\n ,D1 , D2 , Dav )
Scilab code Exa 2.14 To determine instantaneous demands and average

demand for transformer type
//To d e t e r m i n e i n s t a n t a n e o u s demands and a v e r a g e
demand f o r t r a n s f o r m e r t y p e
2 // Page 84
1
28
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // For a t r a n s f o r m e r t y p e w a t t h o u r m e t e r ; D = ( 3 . 6 Kr
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
KhCTRPTR) /T
CTR =200;
PTR =1;
Kh =1.8;
Kr1 =32; // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n t h e f i r s t
reading
Kr2 =27; // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n t h e s e c o n d
reading
the f i r s t reading
the second reading
deff ( y=I d ( a , b ) , y = ( ( 3 . 6 Kh a CTRPTR) /b ) ) ; //
F u n c t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e t h e i n s t a n e o u s demand
D1 = Id ( Kr1 , T1 ) ;
D2 = Id ( Kr2 , T2 ) ;
Dav =( D1 + D2 ) /2;
printf ( The i n s t a n t e n o u s demands a r e %g kW and %g
kW f o r r e a d i n g 1 and 2 and t h e a v e r a g e demand i s
%g kW\n ,D1 , D2 , Dav )
Scilab code Exa 2.15 To determine watt VAr and VA demands

1 //To d e t e r m i n e w a t t VAr and VA demands
2 // Page 85
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Kh =1.2;
29
7 CTR =80;
8 PTR =20;
9 // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n a w a t t h o u r m e t e r f o r 1
and 2 r e a d i n g s r e s p e c t i v e l y
10 Kr1 =20;
11 Kr2 =30;
12 // R e v o l u t i o n s o f t h e d i s k i n a VArhour m e t e r f o r 1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
and 2 r e a d i n g s r e s p e c t i v e l y
Kr3 =10;
Kr4 =20
// Time i n t e r v a l f o r r e v o l t i o n
m e t e r f o r 1 and 2 r e a d i n g s
T1 =50;
T2 =60;
// Time i n t e r v a l f o r r e v o l t i o n
m e t e r f o r 1 and 2 r e a d i n g s
T3 =50;
T4 =60;
o f d i s k s in watthour
respectively
o f d i s k s i n VArhour
respectively
deff ( y=I d ( a , b ) , y = ( ( 3 . 6 Kh a CTRPTR) /b ) ) ; //

F u n c t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e t h e i n s t a n e o u s demand
23
24
// I n s t a n t a n e o u s k i l o w a t t demands f o r r e a d i n g s 1 and
2
25 D1 = Id ( Kr1 , T1 ) ;
26 D2 = Id ( Kr2 , T2 ) ;
27
28 // I n s t a n t a n e o u s k i l o v a r deamnds f o r r e a d i n g s 1 and 2
29 D3 = Id ( Kr3 , T3 ) ;
30 D4 = Id ( Kr4 , T4 ) ;
31
32 Davp =( D1 + D2 ) /2; // A v e r a g e k i l o w a t t demand
33 Davq =( D3 + D4 ) /2; // A v e r a g e k i l o v a r demand
34
35 Dav = sqrt (( Davp ^2) +( Davq ^2) ) ; // A v e r a g e
k i l o v o l t a m p e r e demand
36
37
printf ( a ) The i n s t a n t a n e o u s k i l o w a t t h o u r demands

30
38
39
40
41
f o r r e a d i n g s 1 and 2 a r e %g kW and %g kW
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,D1 , D2 )
printf ( b ) The a v e r a g e k i l o w a t t demand i s %g kW\n ,
Davp )
printf ( c ) The i n s t a n t a n e o u s k i l o v a r h o u r demands
f o r r e a d i n g s 1 and 2 a r e %g kVAr and %g kVAr
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n ,D3 , D4 )
printf ( d ) The a v e r a g e k i l o v a r demand i s %g kVAr\n
, Davq )
printf ( e ) The a v e r a g e k i l o v o l t a m p e r e demand i s %g
kVA\n , Dav )
31
Chapter 3
Application of Distribution
Transformers
Scilab code Exa 3.1 To Evaluate all the required impedances of a 25kVA
Transformer
//To E v a l u a t e a l l t h e r e q u i r e d i m p e d a n c e s o f a 25kVA
Transformer
2 // Page 118
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
S =25*(10^3) ; // R a t i n g o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i n VA
// V a l u e s i n p e r u n i t
Rt =0.014; // R e s i s t a n c e o f T r a n s f o r m e r
Xt =0.012; // R e a c t a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r
Vh =7200; // High V o l t a g e End i n V
Vx =120; // Low V o l t a g e End i n V
Rb =( Vh ^2) / S ; // Base V a l u e o f R e s i s t a n c e
// A c c r o d i n g t o Lloyd s Formula
Zhx12 =(1.5* Rt ) +( %i *1.2* Xt ) ; // Impedance r e f e r r e d t o
HV s i d e when t h e w i n d i n g x2x3 i s s h o r t e d
16
32
17 n = Vh / Vx ; // Turns R a t i o
18
19 Zhx13 = Rt +( %i * Xt ) ; // Use o f E n t i r e low v o l t a g e
winding
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
// I m p e d a n c e s o f t h e r e q u i r e d t e r m s i n pu
A =(2* Zhx13 ) - Zhx12 ;
B =((2* Zhx12 ) -(2* Zhx13 ) ) /( n ^2) ;
C=B;
// A n g l e o f I m p e d a n c e s
ta = atand ( imag ( A ) / real ( A ) ) ;
tb = atand ( imag ( B ) / real ( B ) ) ;
printf ( \ nThe C i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e s on t h e h i g h v o l t a g e
s i d e i s %g/ %g ohm\n , abs ( A * Rb ) , ta )
31 printf ( Each o f t h e C i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e s on t h e low
v o l t a g e s i d e i s %g/ %g ohm\n , abs ( B * Rb ) , tb )
Scilab code Exa 3.2 To determine the fault current in the distribution
transformer
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e f a u l t c u r r e n t i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
transformer
2 // Page 119
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// I m p e d a n c e s from t h e p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e
Zh =24.6437* exp ( %i *53.9* %pi /180) ;
Zl =8.525*(10^ -3) * exp ( %i *18.9* %pi /180) ;
// V o l t a g e s
Vh =7200; // High End
Vx =120; // Low End
S =25*1000; // T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g i n VA
33
13 N = Vh / Vx ; // Turns R a t i o
14
15 //R o f s e r v i c e d r o p i s z e r o // L i n e t o N e u t r a l
Currents
IfLVn = Vx /( Zl +((1/( N ^2) ) * Zh ) ) ; // S e c o n d a r y F a u l t
Current
17 IfHVn = IfLVn / N ; // Primary F a u l t C u r r e n t
16
18
19 //R o f s e r v i c e d r o p i s z e r o // L i n e t o L i n e C u r r e n t s
20 Nl = Vh /(2* Vx ) ; //New Truns R a t i o
21 IfLVl =2* Vx /((2* Zl ) +((1/( Nl ^2) ) * Zh ) ) ; // S e c o n d a r y
22
23
24
Fault Current
IfHVl = IfLVl / Nl ; // Primary F a u l t C u r r e n t
printf ( \ na ) The Magnitude o f L i n e t o N e u t r a l F a u l t

C u r r e n t s o n HV and LV when R o f s e r v i c e \ ndrop i s
z e r o a r e %g A and %g A r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , abs ( IfHVn )
, abs ( IfLVn ) )
25 printf ( b ) The Magnitude o f L i n e t o L i n e F a u l t
C u r r e n t s o n HV and LV when R o f s e r v i c e \ ndrop i s
z e r o a r e %g A and %g A r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , abs ( IfHVl )
, abs ( IfLVl ) )
26 printf ( c ) The Minimum A l l o w a b l e i n t e r r u p t i n g
capacity f o r c i r c u i t breaker i s \ nconnected to the
LV i s %g A\n , abs ( IfLVn ) )
Scilab code Exa 3.3 To determine the service drop and the length of the
cable
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e s e r v i c e d r o p and t h e l e n g t h o f
the cable
2 // Page 121
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
34
6 Vx =120; //Low End V o l t a g e

7 //When S e r v i c e d r o p i s Z e r o
8 IfLVn =8181.7* exp ( -1* %i *34.3* %pi /180) ; // L i n e t o
9
Neutral Vault Current

IfLVl =5649* exp ( -1* %i *40.6* %pi /180) ; // L i n e t o L i n e
Fault Current
10
11
Ral4 =2.58; //#4 AWG Aluminium C o n d u c t o r R e s i s t a n c e

per mile
12 Ralinf =1.03; // #1/0 AWG Aluminium C o n d u c t o r
Resistance per mile
13
14
// I m p e d a n c e s when S e r v i c e d r o p i s z e r o , s u f f i x l
denotes l i n e to l i n e
15 // S u f f i x n d e n o t e s l i n e t o n e u t r a l
16 Zl0 =(2* Vx ) / IfLVl ;
17 Zn0 =( Vx ) / IfLVn ;
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19
20
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24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
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35
36
37
//When t h e r e i s R s e r v i c e d r o p
// M a g n i t u d e s o f L i n e t o L i n e and L i n e t o E a r t h f a u l t
currents are equal
R = poly (0 , R ) ; // V a r i a b l e V a l u e
// E f f e c t i v e I m p e d a n c e s
Zl = Zl0 +(2* R ) ;
Zn = Zn0 +(2* R ) ;
// F a u l t C u r r e n t s
Ifl =2* Vx / Zl ;
Ifn = Vx / Zn ;
// M a g n i t u d e s o f C u r r e n t s
MIfl = abs ( Ifl (2) ) / abs ( Ifl (3) ) ;
MIfn = abs ( Ifn (2) ) / abs ( Ifn (3) ) ;
DI = MIfl - MIfn ;
X = DI (2) ; // P o l y n o m i a l E q u a t i o n t o f i n d
R = roots ( X ) ; // N u m e r i c a l V a l u e
// The Magnitude o f R f o u n d i s Wrong i n t h e Textbook
35
38
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40
41
42
43
// Length o f s e r v i c e d r o p c a b l e
SDL4 = R / Ral4 ;
SDLinf = R / Ralinf ;
printf ( \ na ) The V a l u e o f S e r v i c e d r o p i n t h e C a b l e
i s %g ohm\n ,R )
44 printf ( b ) The Length o f s e r v i c e d r o p c a b l e f o r : \ n )
45 printf ( i ) #4 AWG C o n d u c t o r i s %g m i l e s \n , SDL4 )
46 printf ( i i ) #1/0 AWG C o n d u c t o r i s %g m i l e s \n , SDLinf
)
47
48
// Length i s p r i n t e d i n M i l e s
Scilab code Exa 3.4 To determine the maximum load carried by the transformer
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e maximum l o a d c a r r i e d by t h e
transformer
2 // Page 122
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// T r a n s f o r m e r R a t i n g s i n kVA
Sr1 =250;
Sr2 =500;
// p e r c e n t a g e i m p e d a n c e s
Zr1 =2.4;
Zr2 =3.1;
// R a t i o o f Maximum Loads
R = Sr1 * Zr2 /( Sr2 * Zr1 ) ;
// I f 500 kVA i s c h o s e n a s t h e f u l l l o a d t r a n s f o r m e r ,
36
T r a n s f o r m e r 1 becomes o v e r l o a d e d
18 SL1 = Sr1 ; //To Avoid O v e r L o a d i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r 1
19
20 SL2 = SL1 / R ; //Maximum Load on t r a n s f o r m e r 2
21
22 Tl = SL1 + SL2 ; // T o t a l Load w i t h o u t o v e r l o a d i n g
23
24 printf ( The Maximum Load C a r r i e d w i t h o u t o v e r l o a d i n g
any o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i s %g kVA\n , Tl )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3

phase load of 200kVA
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e T r a n s f o r m e r p a r a m e t e r s f o r a 3
p h a s e l o a d o f 200kVA
2 // Page 127
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 // C o n s i d e r i n g Van a s r e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e
7
8 SL3phi =200*(10^3) ; // Load t o be powered
9 pf3 =0.8; // Power F a c t o r o f t h r e e p h a s e l o a d
10 t3 = acosd ( pf3 ) ; // Power FActor A n g l e f o r t h r e e p h a s e
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
load
pf1 =0.9; // Power F a c t o r o f s i n g l e p h a s e l o a d
t1 = acosd ( pf1 ) ; // Power F a c t o r a n g l e o f s i n g l e p h a s e
load
SL1 =80*(10^3) ; // S i n g l e Phase L i g h t Load
Vll =240; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
// R a t i n g o f S i n g l e Phase T r a n s f o r m e r s b e t w e e n
individual lines
Sbc =100*(10^3) ;
Sab =75*(10^3) ;
Sca = Sab ;
37
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23
24
25
26
27
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32
33
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35
36
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43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
// A n g l e s o f Three p h a s e v o l t a g e s
ta =0;
tb = -120;
tc =120;
// A n g l e s o f t h r e e
line currents
tai = ta - t3 ;
tbi = tb - t3 ;
tci = tc - t3 ;
I = SL3phi /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ; // Magnitude o f C u r r e n t
// 3 Phase L i n e C u r r e n t s
Ia3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tai /180) ;
Ib3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tbi /180) ;
Ic3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tci /180) ;
MIbc = SL1 / Vll ; // Magnitude S i n g l e Phase C u r r e n t
tbc = -90; // L a g g i n g Van // A n g l e o f Vbc
tbci = tbc - t1 ; // A n g l e o f C u r r e n t I b c
Ibc = MIbc * exp ( %i * %pi * tbci /180) ;
// Load C u r r e n t s
Ia = Ia3 ;
Ta = atand ( imag ( Ia ) / real ( Ia ) ) ;
Ib = Ib3 + Ibc ;
Tb = atand ( imag ( Ib ) / real ( Ib ) ) ;
Ic = Ic3 - Ibc ; // C u r r e n t i s wrong i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Tc = atand ( imag ( Ic ) / real ( Ic ) ) ;
// C u r r e n t F l o w i n g i n t h e s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g o f t h e
t r a n s f o r m e r s 1 , 2 and 3
Iac =(( Ic / Sbc ) -( Ia / Sab ) ) /((1/ Sab ) +(1/ Sbc ) +(1/ Sca ) ) ;
T1 = atand ( imag ( Iac ) / real ( Iac ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
Iba =(( Ia / Sca ) -( Ib / Sbc ) ) /((1/ Sab ) +(1/ Sbc ) +(1/ Sca ) ) ;
T2 = atand ( imag ( Iba ) / real ( Iba ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
Icb =(( Ib / Sab ) -( Ic / Sca ) ) /((1/ Sab ) +(1/ Sbc ) +(1/ Sca ) ) ;
38
54 T3 = atand ( imag ( Icb ) / real ( Icb ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
55
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67
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69
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71
72
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80
81
82
83
84
85
// K i l o v o l t a m p e r e Load on e a c h t r a n s f o r m e r
SLab = Vll * abs ( Iba ) /1000;
SLbc = Vll * abs ( Icb ) /1000;
SLca = Vll * abs ( Iac ) /1000;
Vlls = Vll ; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
Vllp =7620; // Primary V o l t a g e
n = Vllp / Vlls ; // Turns R a t i o
// Primary C u r r e n t s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
IAC = Iac / n ;
IBA = Iba / n ;
ICB = Icb / n ;
// Primary C u r r e n t i n e a c h e a c h p h a s e w i r e
IA = IAC - IBA ;
TA = atand ( imag ( IA ) / real ( IA ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
IB = IBA - ICB ;
TB = atand ( imag ( IB ) / real ( IB ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
IC = ICB - IAC ;
TC = atand ( imag ( IC ) / real ( IC ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
printf ( \ na ) The L i n e C u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n s e c o n d a r y
phase wire : \ n )
printf ( A p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ia ) , Ta )
printf ( B p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ib ) , Tb )
printf ( C p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ic ) , Tc )
printf ( b ) The C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
o f each t r a n s f o r m e r : \ n )
printf ( AC i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Iac ) , T1 )
printf ( AB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Iba ) , T2 )
printf ( BC i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Icb ) , T3 )
39
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
printf ( c ) The Load on Each T r a n s f o r m e r i s : \ n )

printf ( 1 : %g kVA\n , SLca )
printf ( 2 : %g kVA\n , SLab )
printf ( 3 : %g kVA\n , SLbc )
printf ( d ) The C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g o f
each t r a n s f o r m e r : \ n )
printf ( AC i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IAC ) , T1 )
printf ( AB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IBA ) , T2 )
printf ( BC i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( ICB ) , T3 )
printf ( e ) The L i n e C u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n p r i m a r y
phase wire : \ n )
printf ( A p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IA ) , TA )
printf ( B p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IB ) , TB )
printf ( C p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IC ) , TC )
// I c i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s wrong , t h e a u t h o r h a s added
I b c i n s t e a d o f s u b t r a c t i n g , s o i f you c h a n g e
i n t o + i n l i n e 4 5 , you g e t t h e a n s w e r a s i n t h e
textbook
Scilab code Exa 3.6 To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3

phase load of 100kVA
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e T r a n s f o r m e r p a r a m e t e r s f o r a 3
p h a s e l o a d o f 100kVA
2 // Page 140
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 // C o n s i d e r i n g Van a s r e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e
7
8 SL3phi =100*(10^3) ; // Load t o be powered
9 pf3 =0.8; // Power F a c t o r o f t h r e e p h a s e l o a d
10 t3 = acosd ( pf3 ) ; // Power FActor A n g l e f o r t h r e e p h a s e
load
40
11 pf1 =0.9; // Power F a c t o r o f s i n g l e p h a s e l o a d

12 t1 = acosd ( pf1 ) ; // Power F a c t o r a n g l e o f s i n g l e
13
14
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21
22
23
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25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
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37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
phase
load
SL1 =50*(10^3) ; // S i n g l e Phase L i g h t Load
Vll =240; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
ta =0;
tb = -120;
tc =120;
// A n g l e s o f t h r e e
line currents
tai = ta - t3 ;
tbi = tb - t3 ;
tci = tc - t3 ;
I = SL3phi /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ; // Magnitude o f C u r r e n t
// 3 Phase L i n e C u r r e n t s
Ia3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tai /180) ;
Ib3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tbi /180) ;
Ic3 = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tci /180) ;
MI1 = SL1 / Vll ; // Magnitude S i n g l e Phase C u r r e n t
t1v =30; // L e a d i n g Van // A n g l e o f Vbc
t1i = t1v - t1 ; // A n g l e o f C u r r e n t I b c
I1 = MI1 * exp ( %i * %pi * t1i /180) ;
Ia = Ia3 + I1 ;
Ta = atand ( imag ( Ia ) / real ( Ia ) ) ;
Ib = Ib3 - I1 ;
Tb = -180+( atand ( imag ( Ib ) / real ( Ib ) ) ) ;
Ic = Ic3 ; // C u r r e n t i s wrong i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Tc = atand ( imag ( Ic ) / real ( Ic ) ) ;
// C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e s e c o n d a r y o f t h e
transformer
45 Iba = Ia ;
46 T2 = atand ( imag ( Iba ) / real ( Iba ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
41
current
47 Icb = Ic ;
48 T3 =180+( atand ( imag ( Icb ) / real ( Icb ) ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e
above c u r r e n t
49
50 // Load on Each T r a n s f o r m e r
51 SLba = Vll * abs ( Iba ) /1000;
52 SLcb = Vll * abs ( Icb ) /1000;
53
54 Vlls = Vll ; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
55 Vllp =7620; // Primary V o l t a g e
56 n = Vllp / Vlls ; // Turns R a t i o
57
58 // Primary C u r r e n t s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
59 IA = Iba / n ;
60 TA = atand ( imag ( IA ) / real ( IA ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
current
IB = Icb / n ;
TB = T3 ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e c u r r e n t
IN = IA + IB ; // N e u t r a l C u r r e n t
TN = atand ( imag ( IN ) / real ( IN ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e
current
printf ( \ na ) The L i n e C u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n s e c o n d a r y
phase wire : \ n )
printf ( A p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ia ) , Ta )
printf ( B p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ib ) , Tb )
printf ( C p h a s e i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ic ) , Tc )
printf ( b ) The C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
o f each t r a n s f o r m e r : \ n )
printf ( AB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Iba ) , T2 )
printf ( BC i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Icb ) , T3 )
printf ( c ) The Load on Each T r a n s f o r m e r i s : \ n )
printf ( 1 : %g kVA\n , SLba )
printf ( 2 : %g kVA\n , SLcb )
printf ( d ) The L i n e C u r r e n t s f l o w i n g i n p r i m a r y
phase wire : \ n )
printf ( AB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IA ) , TA )
42
Figure 3.1: To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer bank

78
79
80
81
printf ( CB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IB ) , TB )

printf ( The N e u t r a l C u r r e n t i s %g/ %g \n , abs ( IN ) , TN )
// Note t h e m i s t a k e i n t h e Textbook f o r t h e
c a l u l a t i o n f o r Neutral Current
Scilab code Exa 3.8 To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer
bank
43
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e t h e v o l t a g e s o f a two t r a n s f o r m e r
bank
2 // Page 152
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Vll =480; // L i n e t o L i n e V o l t a g e
Vln =277; // L i n e t o n e u t r a l V o l t a g e
// From t h e P h a s o r Diagram from t h e r e s u l t f i l e
Vab = Vll * exp ( %i *0) ; // Vab i s t a k e n a s r e f e r e n c e
Vabh =50* Vab /100;
VAB =4160;
VABh =50* VAB /100;
VH1H2o = sqrt (( VAB ^2) -( VABh ^2) ) ;
VH1H2t =( VABh ) ;
Vx1x2o =1* sqrt (( Vab ^2) -( Vabh ^2) ) /3;
VH2H3t =( VABh ) ;
Vx1x2t = Vabh ;
Vx2x3t = Vabh ;
printf ( \ na ) The P h a s o r d i a g r a m i s shown i n t h e
r e s u l t f i l e a t t a c h e d t o t h e c o d e \n )
printf ( b ) Vab i s %g/ %g V\n , abs ( Vab ) ,( imag ( Vab ) /
real ( Vab ) ) )
printf ( c ) The M a g n i t u d e s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t e d
w i n d i n g v o l t a g e s \n )
printf ( i ) The V o l t a g e VH1H2 on t r a n s f o r m e r 1 : %g V
\n , VH1H2o )
printf ( i i ) The V o l t a g e Vx1x2 on t r a n s f o r m e r 1 : %g
V\n , Vx1x2o )
printf ( i i i ) The V o l t a g e Vx2x3 on t r a n s f o r m e r 1 : %g
V\n , Vx2x3o )
printf ( i v ) The V o l t a g e VH1H2 on t r a n s f o r m e r 2 : %g
V\n , VH1H2t )
printf ( v ) The V o l t a g e VH2H3 on t r a n s f o r m e r 2 : %g V
44
Figure 3.2: To Determine phasors and phasor diagrams when loaded with a
balanced resistor
\n , VH2H3t )
printf ( v i ) The V o l t a g e Vx1x2 on t r a n s f o r m e r 2 : %g
V\n , Vx1x2t )
32 printf ( v i i ) The V o l t a g e Vx1x2 on t r a n s f o r m e r 2 : %g
V\n , Vx2x3t )
33 printf ( d ) i ) NO i i ) NO i i i ) YES\n )
31
Scilab code Exa 3.9 To Determine phasors and phasor diagrams when
loaded with a balanced resistor
//To D e t e r m i n e p h a s o r s and p h a s o r d i a g r a m s when
loaded with a balanced r e s i s t o r
2 // Page 154
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 R =2.77; // R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e b a l a n c e d l o a d
7 // From P h a s o r Diagram i n R e s u l t f i l e
45
8 Vab =480* exp ( %i *0) ; // R e f e r e n c e V o l t a g e

9 MVn = abs ( Vab ) / sqrt (3) ; // Magnitude o f l i n e
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
to n e u t r a l
voltages
ta = -30;
tb = -150;
tc =90;
// A n g l e s o f Winding a c c o r d i n g t o t h e L i n e C u r r e n t s
tx3x2 =30; // L e a d i n g
tx1x2 = -30; // L a g g i n g
I = MVn / R ; // Magnitude o f c u r r e n t
//Low V o l t a g e C u r r e n t P h a s o r s
Ia = I * exp ( %i * %pi * ta /180) ;
Ib = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tb /180) ;
Ic = I * exp ( %i * %pi * tc /180) ;
pfT = cosd ( ta - ta ) ; // A n g l e o f I a i s same a s p h a s e
v o l t a g e // R e s i s t a n c e l o a d
printf ( \ na ) The Low v o l t a g e c u r r e n t p h a s o r s a r e : \ n
)
printf ( A i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ia ) , ta )
printf ( B i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ib ) , tb )
printf ( C i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ic ) , tc )
printf ( b ) The P h a s o r Diagram i s t h e b d i a g r a m
o f i n t h e r e s u l t f i l e \n )
printf ( c ) The Power F a c t o r o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r i s %g
\n , pfT )
printf ( d ) Power F a c t o r a s s e e n by w i n d i n g x3x2 o f
t r a n s f o r m e r 2 i s %g l e a d i n g \n , cosd ( tx3x2 ) )
printf ( e ) Power F a c t o r a s s e e n by w i n d i n g x1x2 o f
t r a n s f o r m e r 2 i s %g l a g g i n g \n , cosd ( tx1x2 ) )
46
Figure 3.3: To Determine the Voltage Rating of the respective windings of

the transformer
47
Scilab code Exa 3.10 To Determine the Voltage Rating of the respective
windings of the transformer
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e V o l t a g e R a t i n g o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e
windings of the transformer
2 // Page 156
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
// o and t r e p r e s e n t t r a n s f o r m e r one and two

respectively
// O b j e c t i v e i s t o f i n d t h e F a c t o r which h a s t o be
m u l t i p l i e d t o g e t VA r a t i n g
Vll =1; // Assumption Made
// From t h e P h a s o r Diagram from t h e r e s u l t f i l e
Vab = Vll * exp ( %i *0) ; // Vab i s t a k e n a s r e f e r e n c e
Vabh =50* Vab /100;
Vx1x2t = Vabh ;
Vx2x3t = Vabh ;
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 // L e t I be u n i t y
19 I =1;
20
21 //VA R a t i n g s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e w i n d i n g s
22 Sx1x2o = Vx1x2o * I ;
23 Sx2x3o = Vx2x3o * I ;
24 Sx1x2t = Vx1x2t * I ;
25 Sx2x3t = Vx2x3t * I ;
26
27 // T o t a l VA r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
28 S1 = Sx1x2o + Sx2x3o ;
48
29 S2 = Sx1x2t + Sx2x3t ;
30
31 // R a t i o o f t o t a l r a t i n g t o maximum r a t i n g
32 Rt =( S1 + S2 ) /( sqrt (3) * Vll * I ) ;
33
34 printf ( \ na ) The v o l t a m p e r e r a i n g o f x1x2 o f
35
36
37
38
39
40
t r a n s f o r m e r 1 i s %g VI VA\n , Sx1x2o )
printf ( b ) The v o l t a m p e r e r a i n g o f x1x2 o f
t r a n s f o r m e r 1 i s %g VI VA\n , Sx2x3o )
printf ( c ) The T o t a l Output from t r a n s f o r m e r 1 i s %g
VI VA\n , S1 )
printf ( d ) The v o l t a m p e r e r a i n g o f x1x2 o f
t r a n s f o r m e r 2 i s %g VI VA\n , Sx1x2t )
printf ( e ) The v o l t a m p e r e r a i n g o f x1x2 o f
t r a n s f o r m e r 2 i s %g VI VA\n , Sx2x3t )
printf ( f ) The T o t a l Output from t r a n s f o r m e r 2 i s %g
VI VA\n , S2 )
printf ( g ) The T o t a l R a t i n g t o t h e Maximum C o n t i n o u s
Output i s %g\n , Rt )
Scilab code Exa 3.11 To Determine the parameters of two single transformers
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f two s i n g l e
transformers
2 // Page 157
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 // Per u n i t v a l u e
7 Zt =0.01+( %i *0.03) ; // T r a n s f o r m e r i m p e d a n c e
8
9 Vll =240; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
10
11 Sl =90; // L i g h t i n g Load
49
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
pfl =0.9;
tl = acosd ( pfl ) ;
S =25; // B a l a n c e d Load
pf =0.8;
t = acosd ( pf ) ;
deff ( x=a n g l e ( y ) , x=a t a n d ( imag ( y ) / r e a l ( y ) ) ) //
Function to f i n d the angle
tab =30; // Phase a n g l e o f Vab
Il = Sl *1000/ Vll ; // Magnitude o f L i g h t Load
// U s i n g t h e s y m m e t r i c a l c o m p o n e n t s t h e o r y
Ia1 = Il * exp ( %i * %pi *( tab - tl ) /180) ;
Ta1 = angle ( Ia1 ) ; // A n g l e f o r t h e a b o v e c u r r e n t
Ib1 = -1* Ia1 ;
Ic1 =0; // N e u t r a l Wire
// A n g l e s o f t h r e e l i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e s
ta =0;
tb = -120;
tc =120;
Ib = S *1000/( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ; // Magnitude o f b a l a n c e d
load
// C u r r e n t s i n Three p h a s e l o a d
Ta2 = ta - t ;
Ia2 = Ib * exp ( %i * %pi * Ta2 /180) ;
Tb2 = tb - t ;
Ib2 = Ib * exp ( %i * %pi * Tb2 /180) ;
Tc2 = tc - t ;
Ic2 = Ib * exp ( %i * %pi * Tc2 /180) ;
// C u r r e n t s i n p h a s e w i r e
Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 ;
Ta = angle ( Ia ) ; // A n g l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a b o v e
angle
46 Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 ;
50
47 Tb = angle ( Ib ) ; // A n g l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a b o v e
angle
48 Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 ;
49 Tc = angle ( Ic ) ; // A n g l e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a b o v e
angle
50
51 // T r a n s f o r m e r Loads
52 ST1 = Vll * abs ( Ia ) /1000;
53 T1 =100; // From t h e a b o v e v a l u e o f Load ,
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
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71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
this
t r a n s f o r m e r i s c h o s e n t o meet t h e s p e c i f i c
characteristic
ST1pu = ST1 / T1 ; // Per u n i t Load
ST2 = Vll * abs ( Ic ) /1000;
T2 =15; // From t h e a b o v e v a l u e o f Load , t h i s
t r a n s f o r m e r i s c h o s e n t o meet t h e s p e c i f i c
characteristic
ST2pu = ST2 / T2 ; // Per u n i t Load
// T r a n s f o r m e r Power F a c t o r s
pfT1 = cosd ( tab - Ta ) ;
pfT2 = cosd (90 - Tc ) ; // Vcb makes a n g l e o f 90
Vh =7200; // High End V o l t a g e

n = Vh / Vll ; // Turns R a t i o
// The Primary L i n e C u r r e n t s
IA = Ia / n ;
IB = -1* Ic / n ;
IN = -1*( IA + IB ) ;
Ibase = T1 *1000/ Vll ; // Base C u r r e n t
Iapu = Ia / Ibase ;
Icpu = Ic / Ibase ;
// Phase V o l t a g e s
Vab = Vll * exp ( %i * %pi * tab /180) ;
Vbc = Vll * exp ( -1* %i * %pi *90/180) ;
// Per U n i t V o l t a g e s
51
79 VANpu =( Vab / Vll ) +( Iapu * Zt ) ;

80 VBNpu =( Vbc / Vll ) -( Icpu * Zt ) ;
81
82 // A c t u a l V o l t a g e s
83 VAN = VANpu * Vh ;
84 VBN = VBNpu * Vh ;
85
86 printf ( \ na ) The P h a s o r C u r r e n t s : \ n )
87 printf ( I a i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ia ) , Ta )
88 printf ( I b i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ib ) ,180+ Tb )
89 printf ( I c i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ic ) , Tc )
90 printf ( \ nb ) S u i t a b l e r a t i n g s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
a r e %g kVA and %g kVA\n ,T1 , T2 )

printf ( \ nc ) The Per U n i t kVA l o a d on e a c h
t r a n s f o r m e r i s %g pu and %g pu \n , ST1pu , ST2pu )
printf ( \ nd ) The power f a c t o r o f o u t p u t o f e a c h
t r a n s f o r m e r i s %g and %g b o t h l a g g i n g \n , pfT1 ,
pfT2 )
printf ( \ ne ) The p h a s o r c u r r e n t s a t t h e h i g h v o l t a g e
leads :\n )
printf ( IA i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IA ) , Ta )
printf ( IB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IB ) ,180+ angle ( IB ) )
printf ( IN i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IN ) , angle ( IN ) )
printf ( \ n f ) VAN i s %g/ %g V and VBN i s %g/ %g V\n ,
abs ( VAN ) , angle ( VAN ) , abs ( VBN ) , angle ( VBN ) )
// H i g h l y A c c u r a c y o f Answers ; Upto 5 d e c i m a l P l a c e s
52
Chapter 4
Design of Subtransmission
Lines and Distribution
Substations
Scilab code Exa 4.1 To determine the constant K for 16kV feeder
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n s t a n t K f o r 16kV f e e d e r
// Page 201
clc ;
clear ;
// C o n d u c t o r P a r a r m e t e r s
r =1.503;
xa =0.609;
xd =0.1366;
pf =0.9;
Vb =2400;
Vr = Vb ;
x = xa + xd ;
Kc =0.01; // From t h e Curve
K =(( r * pf ) +( x + sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) *(1000/3) *100/( Vr * Vb ) ;
// I n P e r c e n t
53
17
18
printf ( \ na ) The V a l u e o f C o n s t a n t K
VDpu p e r kVA m i l e \n ,K )
19 printf ( b ) From t h e p r e c a l c u l a t e d p e r
d r o p Curve , I t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e K
p e r c e n t VDpu p e r kVA m i l e which i s
a n s w e r o b t a i n e d i n p a r t a \n , Kc )
i s %g p e r c e n t
cent voltage
i s \n%g
same a s t h e
Scilab code Exa 4.2 To Calculate the percent voltage drop in the main
for a lumped load
//To C a l c u l a t e t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e main
f o r a lumped l o a d
2 // Page 202
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
K =0.01; // P e r c e n t a g e V a l u e
Sn =500; // Load i n kVA
pf =0.9; // L a g g i n g
s =1; // Length o f t h e f e e d e r
VD = s * K * Sn ; // V o l t a g e d r o p i n p e r c e n t
printf ( The P e r c e n t V o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e Main i s %g
p e r c e n t \n , VD )
Scilab code Exa 4.3 To Calculate percent voltage drop in the main for a
uniformly distributed load
//To C a l c u l a t e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e main f o r
a uniformly d is t r ib u te d load
2 // Page 203
3 clc ;
1
54
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clear ;
pf =0.9; // L a g g i n g
l =1; // T o t a l Length o f t h e f e e d e r
s = l /2; // e f f e c t i v e Length o f t h e f e e d e r
Scilab code Exa 4.4 To Calculate percent voltage drop in the main for a
uniformly increasing load
//To C a l c u l a t e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e main f o r
a uniformly in creasing load
2 // Page 203
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
pf =0.9; // L a g g i n g
l =1; // T o t a l Length o f t h e f e e d e r
s = l *2/3; // e f f e c t i v e Length o f t h e f e e d e r
Scilab code Exa 4.5 To Compare the results the percent voltage drop ratio
for different loading
55
//To Compare t h e r e s u l t s t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p
ratio for different loading
2 // Page 204
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // V o l t a g e Drops i n P e r c e n t a g e
7 VDlumped =5;
8 VDuniform =2.5;
9 VDincreasing =3.333;
10
11 // R a t i o o f t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s
12 Rlu = VDlumped / VDuniform ;
13 Rli = VDlumped / VDincreasing ;
14 Riu = VDincreasing / VDuniform ;
15
16 printf ( \ na ) P e r c e n t VDlumped = %g P e r c e n t VDuniform
\n , Rlu )
17 printf ( b ) P e r c e n t VDlumped = %g P e r c e n t
V D i n c r e a s i n g \n , Rli )
18 printf ( c ) P e r c e n t V D i n c r e a s i n g = %g P e r c e n t
VDuniform \n , Riu )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 To determine the substation parameters for various
Load densities
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e s u b s t a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s f o r v a r i o u s
Load d e n s i t i e s
2 // Page 208
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 D =[500 ,500 ,2000 ,2000 ,10000 ,10000 ,2000 ,2000]; // Load
D e n s i t i e s i n kVA/ s q . m i l e s
7 TAn =[6 ,6 ,3 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,15 ,15]; // S u b s t a t i o n Area i n s q .
56
miles
8 VD =[3 ,6 ,3 ,6 ,3 ,6 ,3 ,6]; //Maximum T o t a l Primary F e e d e r
Voltage drops in percentage
9 Vll =[4.16 ,4.16 ,4.16 ,4.16 ,4.16 ,4.16 ,13.2 ,13.2]; //
Base F e e d e r V o l t a g e i n kV
10
11 TSn = D .* TAn ; // S u s b s t a t i o n Load
12 // From t h e Graphs o f f e e d e r s v s l o a d
d e s i t y in the
t e x t b o o k ; The Number o f f e e d e r s a r e f o u n d t o be
13
14 n =[4 ,2 ,5 ,3 ,5 ,4 ,6 ,5]; //No o f f e e d e r s
15
16 // A l s o from t h e graph , The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
or the
f e e d e r i s determined
17 // 1 5 , 7 a r e VDL f e e d e r s
18 // 6 and 8 a r e TL f e e d e r s
19
20 Sn = TSn ./ n ; // Load Per F e e d e r
21 //To D e t e r m i n e t h e Load C u r r e n t
22 Il = Sn ./( sqrt (3) .* Vll ) ;
23
24 printf ( \ na ) )
25 printf ( \ nThe S u b s t a t i o n S i z e i s \n )
26 disp ( TSn )
27 printf ( \ nThe Number o f F e e d e r s from t h e Curve i s \n
28
29
30
31
32
)
disp ( n )
printf ( \ n A l s o From t h e Curve , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 c a s e s a r e
VDL but 6 and 8 c a s e a r e TL\n )
printf ( \ na ) )
printf ( \ nThe Load C u r r e n t f o r 6 t h Case i s %g A,
which i s l e s s t h a n t h e a m p a c i t i e s o f t h e main but
\ nmore t h a n t h a t o f t h e l a t e r a l , Hence i t i s
t h e r m a l l y l i m i t e d but n o t t h e main f e e d e r \n , Il
(6) )
printf ( \ nThe Load C u r r e n t f o r 8 t h Case i s %g A,
which i s l e s s t h a n t h e a m p a c i t i e s o f t h e main but
\ nmore t h a n t h a t o f t h e l a t e r a l , Hence i t i s
57
t h e r m a l l y l i m i t e d but n o t t h e main f e e d e r \n , Il
(8) )
Scilab code Exa 4.7 To Find feeder properties of TL and VDL

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
//To Find f e e d e r p r o p e r t i e s o f TL and VDL

// Page 211
clc ;
clear ;
D =1000; // Load D e n s i t y i n kVA p e r s q m i l e s
Vll =4.16; // L i n e t o L i e n v o l t a g e i n kV
// From The T a b l e s and C u r v e s from t h e Theory
K =0.007;
// For TL
TLImax =230; //Maximum F e e d e r C u r r e n t
TLSn = sqrt (3) * Vll * TLImax ; //Maximum Load Per F e e d e r
TLn =4; //No o f F e e d e r s
TLTSn = TLn * TLSn ; // S u b s t a t i o n Load
TLl4 = sqrt ( TLSn / D ) ; // F e e d e r Length
TLS =2* TLl4 ; // T o t a l S p a c i n g
TLVDn =2* K * D *( TLl4 ^3) /3; // T o t a l V o l t a g e D r o p i n t h e
main
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
// For VDL
VDLVDn =3; // P e r c e n t V o l t a g e Drop
VDLl4 = nthroot ((3* VDLVDn /(2* K * D ) ) ,3) ; // F e e d e r Length
VDLS =2* VDLl4 ; // S t a t i o n s i z e
VDLSn = D *( VDLl4 ^2) ; //Maximum Load Per F e e d e r
VDLn = TLn ; // Number Of F e e d e r s
VDLTSn = VDLn * VDLSn ; // S u s b t a t i o n Load
VDLImax = VDLSn /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ; // Ampere R a t i n g o f t h e
Main
28 R = VDLImax / TLImax ; // Ampere L o a d i n g
58
29
30
31
32
33
printf ( \ na ) For T h e r m a l l y L i m i t e d \n )
printf ( i ) The S u b s t a t i o n S i z e = %g kVA\n , TLTSn )
printf ( i i ) S u b s t a t i o n S p a c i n g = %g m i l e s \n , TLS )
printf ( i i i ) Maximum Load Per F e e d e r = %g kVA\n ,
TLSn )
34 printf ( i v ) The V o l t a g e Drop i s %g p e r c e n t \n , TLVDn )
35
36
37
38
39
printf ( \ nb ) For V o l t a g e Drop L i m i t e d \n )

printf ( i ) The S u b s t a t i o n S i z e = %g kVA\n , VDLTSn )
printf ( i i ) S u b s t a t i o n S p a c i n g = %g m i l e s \n , VDLS )
printf ( i i i ) Maximum Load Per F e e d e r = %g kVA\n ,
VDLSn )
40 printf ( i v ) Ampere L o a d i n g o f t h e Main i s %g pu \n ,R
)
41
42
// Note The A p p r o x i m a t i o n t o 750 kVA
Scilab code Exa 4.8 To determine the better susbstation site

1 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e b e t t e r s u s b s t a t i o n s i t e
2 // Page 213
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 DivF =1.2; // D i v e r s i t y F a c t o r
6 DemF =0.6; // Demand F a c t o r
7 CL =2000; // C o n n e c t e d Load D e n s i t y i n kVA p e r s q .
miles
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
DD = DemF * CL / DivF ; // D i v e r s i f i e d Demand

A =4; // Area o f t h e S u b s t a t i o n
TSn = DD * A ; // Peak Loads o f A and B
Sm = TSn ; // Peak Loads
59
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
// C o n s t a n t s f o r d i f f e r e n t c o n d u c t o r s
Km =0.0004;
Kl =0.00095;
// Number o f L a t e r a l s
Na =16; // S i t e A
Nb =32; // S i t e B
// Length o f t h e Main
La =2;
Lb =3;
// l e n g t h o f l a t e r a l s
Lla =2;
Llb =1;
// Length o f e x p r e s Load
Le =1;
Leffb = Le +(( Lb - Le ) /2) ; // E f f e c t i v e Length o f t h e
feeder in s i t e B
31 // V o l t a g e d r o p s
32 VDa =( La * Km * Sm /2) +( Lla * Kl * Sm /( Na *2) ) ;
33 VDb =( Leffb * Km * Sm ) +( Llb * Kl * Sm /( Nb *2) ) ;
34
35
printf ( \ nThe V o l t a g e d r o p i n S i t e A i s %g p e r c e n t \n
, VDa )
36 printf ( The V o l t a g e d r o p i n S i t e B i s %g p e r c e n t \n ,
VDb )
37 printf ( Comparing t h e r e s u l t s we f i n d S i t e A
s u i t a b l e due t o i t s l e s s p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p \n )
38 VDb =( La * Km * Sm /2) +( Lla * Kl * Sm / Na ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.10 To find the substation spacing and load on transformers
//To f i n d t h e s u b s t a t i o n s p a c i n g and l o a d on
transformers
2 // Page 217
1
60
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
clc ;
clear ;
D =500; // Load D e n s i t y i n kVA p e r s q . m i l e s
Vl =12.47; // L i n e V o l t a g e i n kV
N =2; // F e e d e r s p e r s u b s t a t i o n
// From T a b l e A5 Appendix A i t C u r r e n t Ampacity can
be f o u n d
Imax =340;
S2 = sqrt (3) * Vl * Imax ; // Load Per F e e d e r
l2 = sqrt ( S2 / D ) ; // Length o f t h e f e e d e r
S =2* l2 ; // S u b s t a t i o n S p a c i n g
TS2 = S2 * N ; // T o t a l Load on s u b s t a t i o n
printf ( \ nThe P a r t s a , b and c o f t h h i s q u e s t i o n

c a n n o t be c o d e d \n )
20 printf ( d ) The s u b s t a t i o n s i z e and s p a c i n g i s %g kVA
and %g m i l e s \n ,TS2 , S )
Scilab code Exa 4.11 To Compare the method of service area coverage
with four feeders
//To Compare t h e method o f s e r v i c e a r e a c o v e r a g e
with f o u r f e e d e r s
2 // Page 221
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
Ts =1; // Assumed Load on s t a t i o n

K =1; // Assumption C o n s t a n t
K2 = K ;
K4 = K ;
61
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
D =1; // Assumption Load D e n s i t y

// Number o f f e e d e r s
N2 =2;
N4 =4;
S2 = Ts / N2 ; // Load p e r f e e d e r //Two f e e d e r s
S4 = Ts / N4 ; // Load p e r f e e d e r //4 f e e d e r s
l = poly (0 , l ) ; // V a r i a b l e V a l u e o f l e n g t h
L2eff =1* l /3;
L4eff =2* l /3;
deff ( x=VD( y ) , x=D ( l 2 ) K y ) // F u n c t i o n t o f i n d
VD
VD2 = VD ( L2eff ) ;
VD4 = VD ( L4eff ) ;
RVD = VD2 / VD4 ;
X =l - RVD ;
RVD =1/ roots ( X (2) ) ; //To f i n d t h e r a t i o o f ( l 2 3 ) / ( l 4
3)
27
28 Rl = nthroot ( RVD ,3) ; // R a t i o o f
length of feeder for 2

f e e d e r s two by l e n g t h o f f e e d e r f o r 4 f e e d e r s
29
30 //A i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o l 2
31 RA =( Rl ^2) ;
32
33 // TSn i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o n and l 2
34 RTS =( N2 / N4 ) *( Rl ^2) ;
35
36 printf ( \ na ) R a t i o o f s u b s t a t i o n s p a c i n g s = 2 l 2 /2 l 4
= %g\n , Rl )
37 printf ( b ) R a t i o o f a r e a s c o v e r e d p e r f e e d e r main =
A2/A4 = %g\n , RA )
38 printf ( c ) R a t i o o f s u b s t a t i o n l o a d s = TS2/TS4 = %g\
n , RTS )
62
Chapter 5
Design Considerations of
Primary Systems
Scilab code Exa 5.1 To determine the circuit parameters of a radial express feeder
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s o f a r a d i a l
express feeder
2 // Page 254
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Z =0.1+(0.1* %i ) ; // F e e d e r Impedance p e r u n i t
R = real ( Z ) ; // R e s i s t a n c e
X = imag ( Z ) ; // R e a c t a n c e
Vs =1; // S e n d i n g End V o l t a g e
Pr =1; // C o n s t a n t Power Load
pfr =0.8; // Power F a c t o r a t r e c i e v i n g end
tr = acosd ( pfr ) ; // Power FActor a n g l e
deff ( x=a n g l e ( y ) , x=a t a n d ( imag ( y ) / r e a l ( y ) ) ) //
Function to Determine the Angle o f a phasor
14
15 K =( Vs ^2) -(2* Pr *( R +( X * tand ( tr ) ) ) ) ;
16
63
17 Vr = sqrt (( K /2) *(1+ sqrt (1 -((2* abs ( Z ) * Pr /( K * pfr ) ) ^2) ) ) )
; // R e c i e v i n g End V o l t a g e
18 C = Pr *( X -( R * tand ( tr ) ) ) /(( Vr ^2) +( Pr *( R +( X * tand ( tr ) ) ) ) )
;
19
20 del = atand ( C ) ;
21
22 Ir =( Pr /( abs ( Vr ) * pfr ) ) * exp ( -1* %pi * %i * tr /180) //
R e c i e v i n g End C u r r e n t
23 Is = Ir ; // S e n d i n g End C u r r e n t
24 Tir = angle ( Ir ) ;
25
26 Vr1 = Vs -( Z * Ir ) ;
27
28 printf ( \ na ) Vr i s %g/ %g pu ,
d e l i s %g d e g r e e s , I r
= I s = %g/ %g pu \n , abs ( Vr ) , angle ( Vr ) ,del , abs ( Ir )
, Tir )
29 printf ( b ) Vr i s %g/ %g pu , which i s a l m o s t e q u a l t o
t h e p r e v i o u s c a s e . \ n ,Vr1 , angle ( Vr1 ) )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 To determine the percent voltage drops

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s
// Page 259
clc ;
clear ;
Sl =518; // T o t a l Load on L a t e r a l
Sm =1036; // T o t a l Load on Main
Vll =4.16; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e
// C u r r e n t s i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e c u r r e n t
Ilateral = Sl /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ;
Imain = Sm /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ;
64
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
C =5280; // Length C o n s t a n t
Ll =5760/ C ; // L a t e r a l Length
Lm =3300/ C ; // Main Length
// C o n s t a n t f o r t h e c a b l e s
Kl =0.015;
Km =0.01;
// V o l t a g e Drop P e r c e n t s f o r 3 p h a s e
VDlateral3 = Ll * Kl * Sl /2;
VDmain3 = Lm * Km * Sm ;
TVD3 = VDmain3 + VDlateral3 ;
// V o l t a g e Drop P e r c e n t s f o r 1 p h a s e a c c o r d i n g t o
Morrisoncfor l a t e r a l s
27 VDlateral1 = VDlateral3 *4;
28 VDmain1 = VDmain3 ;
29 TVD1 = VDlateral1 + VDmain1 ;
30
31
32
33
//CASE B
//To meet t h e maximum p r i m a r y v o l t a g e d r o p c r i t e r i o n
of 4.00 percent
34 // C o n d u c t o r s w i t h a m p a c i t i e s o f 480A and 270A f o r
Main and l a t e r a l s
35
36 // C o n s t a n t s from t h e t a b l e
37 Klb =0.006;
38 Kmb =0.003;
39
40 // V o l t a g e Drop P e r c e n t s
41 VDlateralb = Ll * Klb * Sl /2;
42 VDmainb = Lm * Kmb * Sm ;
43 TVDb = VDmainb + VDlateralb ;
44
45 printf ( \ na ) The p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s a t : \ n )
46 printf ( i ) 3 Phase \n )
47 printf ( L a t e r a l End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDlateral3 )
48 printf ( Main End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDmain3 )
65
printf ( i i ) 1 Phase \n )
printf ( L a t e r a l End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDlateral1 )
printf ( Main End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDmain1 )
printf ( \ nb ) C o n d u c t o r s w i t h A m p a c i t i e s o f 480A and
270A a r e u s e d t o f i n d t h e P e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p o f
t h e Main and L a t e r a l a s %g p e r c e n t and %g
p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , VDmainb , VDlateralb )
53 printf ( The Above Drops meet t h e r e q u i r e d c r i t e r i o n
o f 4 p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p \n )
49
50
51
52
Scilab code Exa 5.3 To find voltge drop percents for a self supporting
aerial messenger cable
//To f i n d v o l t g e d r o p p e r c e n t s f o r a s e l f s u p p o r t i n g
a e r i a l messenger cable
2 // Page 263
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// Terms t a k e n from Example two

Il =72;
Im =144;
// From T a b l e s
// L a t e r a l
rl =4.13; // R e s i s t a n c e p e r m i l e
xLl =0.258; // R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
// Main
rm =1.29; // R e s i s t a n c e p e r m i l e
xLm =0.211; // R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
pf =0.9; // Power F a c t o r
66
22 Vb =2400; // Base V o l t a g e
23 // V o l t a g e Drops
24 VDlateral = Il *(( rl * pf ) +( xLl * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Ll /2;
25 VDmain = Im *(( rm * pf ) +( xLm * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Lm ;
26
27 // P e r c e n t V o l t a g e Drop
28 perVDlateral = VDlateral *100/ Vb ;
29 perVDmain = VDmain *100/ Vb ;
30
31 TVD = perVDlateral + perVDmain ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t V o l t a g e
drop
32
33
34
// Case B
// C o n d u c t o r s With A m p a c i t i e s o f 268A and 174A f o r
Main and L a t e r a l s
// From T a b l e s
// L a t e r a l
rlb =1.03; // R e s i s t a n c e p e r m i l e
xLlb =0.207; // R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
// Main
rmb =0.518; // R e s i s t a n c e p e r m i l e
xLmb =0.191; // R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43 Vb =2400; // Base V o l t a g e
44 // V o l t a g e Drops
45 VDlateralb = Il *(( rlb * pf ) +( xLlb * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Ll
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
/2;
VDmainb = Im *(( rmb * pf ) +( xLmb * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Lm ;
// P e r c e n t V o l t a g e Drop
perVDlateralb = VDlateralb *100/ Vb ;
perVDmainb = VDmainb *100/ Vb ;
TVDb = perVDlateralb + perVDmainb ; // T o t a l P e r c e n t
Voltage drop
printf ( \ na ) The p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s a t : \ n )
printf ( L a t e r a l End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , perVDlateral )
67
56
57
58
printf ( Main End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , perVDmain )
printf ( \ nb ) C o n d u c t o r s w i t h A m p a c i t i e s o f 278A and

174A a r e u s e d t o f i n d t h e P e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p o f
t h e Main and L a t e r a l a s %g p e r c e n t and %g
p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , perVDmainb , perVDlateralb )
59 printf ( The Above Drops meet t h e r e q u i r e d c r i t e r i o n
o f 4 p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p \n )
Scilab code Exa 5.4 To determine the percent voltage drops using nomnial operating voltage as base voltage
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s u s i n g
nomnial o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e as base v o l t a g e
2 // Page 265
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Sl =518; // T o t a l Load on L a t e r a l
Sm =5180; // T o t a l Load on Main
Vll =12.47; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e
// C u r r e n t s i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e c u r r e n t
Ilateral = Sl /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ;
Imain = Sm /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ;
// C o n s t a n t f o r t h e c a b l e s
Km =0.0008;
Kl =0.00175;
// V o l t a g e Drop P e r c e n t s f o r 3 p h a s e
68
23
24
25
VDlateral = Ll * Kl * Sl /2;
// Due t o p e c u l i a r i t y o f t h i s new problem , one h a l f

o f t h e main h a s t o c o n s i d e r e d a s e x p r e s s f e e d e r
and t h e o t h e r c o n n e c t e d t o a u n i f o r m l y
d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d o f 5 1 8 0kVA
26 VDmain = Lm * Km * Sm *3/4;
27 TVD = VDmain + VDlateral ;
28
29 // S i n c e t h e i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e i s
30 Cd =12; // C o n s t a n t t o f i n d t h e d i s t a n c e i n t e r m s o f
feet
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
// D i a m e t e r s o f t h e C o n d u c t o r s
Dmi =37;
Dmn =53;
// Drops p e r m i l e
xdi =0.1213* log ( Dmi / Cd ) ;
xdn =0.1213* log ( Dmn / Cd ) ;
Dxd = xdn - xdi ; // D i f f e r e n c e i n Drops
printf ( \ na ) The p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p s a t : \ n )
printf ( L a t e r a l End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDlateral )
printf ( Main End i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDmain )
printf ( \ nb ) The Above Drops meet t h e r e q u i r e d

c r i t e r i o n o f 4 p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p \n )
47 printf ( \ nc ) The D i f f e r e n c e i n V o l t a g e d r o p i s %g
ohm/ m i l e , which i s a s m a l l e r VD v a l u u e t h a t i t
r e a l l y i s . \ n , Dxd )
Scilab code Exa 5.5 To find the percent voltage drop at the ends of the
most remote laterals
69
//To f i n d t h e p e r c e n t v o l t a g e d r o p a t t h e e n d s o f
t h e most r e m o t e l a t e r a l s
2 // Page 268
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Vb =7200; // Base V o l t a g e i n V
Sm =10360; // Load on Main F e e d e r i n kVA
Vll =12.47; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e i n kV
Imain = Sm /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ; // C u r r e n t i n Main F e e d e r
// Note S u f f i x l means l a t e r a l and m means main
Vph =7.2; // Phase V o l t a g e i n kV
Sl =2*518; // Load on L a t e r a l F e e d e r i n kVA
Ilateral = Sl / Vph ; // C u r r e n t i n L a t e r a l s
// Length o f t h e F e e d e r
// Length C o n s t a n t
Cm =5280; // Main
Cl =1000; // L a t e r a l
Ll =5760/ Cl ; // L a t e r a l Length
Lm =3300/ Cm ; // Main Length
// C o n s t a n t s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a b l e s from t h e
tables
rl =0.331;
xLl =0.0300;
rm =0.342;
xam =0.458;
xdm =0.1802;
xLm = xam + xdm ;
// V o l t a g e Drops f o r Normal C o n d i t i o n
VDmainn =( Imain /2) *(( rm * pf ) +( xLm * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Lm
/2;
35 VDlateraln =( Ilateral /2) *(( rl * pf ) +( xLl * sind ( acosd ( pf )
70
) ) ) * Ll /2;
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
perVDmainn = VDmainn *100/ Vb ;

perVDlateraln = VDlateraln *100/ Vb ;
TVDn = perVDmainn + perVDlateraln ;
// V o l t a g e Drops f o r Worst C o n d i t i o n s
VDmainw =( Imain ) *(( rm * pf ) +( xLm * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) * Lm
/2;
44 VDlateralw =( Ilateral ) *(( rl * pf ) +( xLl * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) )
) * Ll ;
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
perVDmainw = VDmainw *100/ Vb ;

perVDlateralw = VDlateralw *100/ Vb ;
TVDw = perVDmainw + perVDlateralw ;
printf ( \ na ) From T a b l e A5 , 300kcmilACSR c o n d u c t o r s ,

w i t h 500A Ampacity i s u s e d f o r main \ nand AWG #2
XLPE Al URD c a b l e w i t h 168A Ampacity \n )
52 printf ( b ) The T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop i n P e r c e n t f o r
Normal O p e r a t i o n i s %g p e r c e n t \n , TVDn )
53 printf ( c ) The T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop i n P e r c e n t f o r
Worst C o n d i t i o n i s %g p e r c e n t \n , TVDw )
54 printf ( d ) The V o l t a g e d r o p i s met f o r Normal
o p e r a t i o n and NOT f o r e m e r g e n c y o p e r a t i o n \n )
71
Chapter 6
Design Considerations of
Secondary Systems
Scilab code Exa 6.1 To Compute the Economical Sizes of the Transformer
and its Equipment
//To Compute t h e E c o n o m i c a l S i z e s o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r
and i t s Equipment
2 // Page 296
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 NC =24; // Number Of C u s t o m e r s Per B l o c k
7
8 //We g e t t h e T o t a l Annual C o s t from t h e r e l e v e a n t
9
10
11
12
13
equations as
// TAC = 2 3 9 . 3 2 + ( 3 . 1 8 0 5 ST ) + ( 3 4 9 2 / ST ) + ( 2 8 1 7 0 /
ST 2 ) + ( 0 . 4 0 5 ASL ) + ( 1 7 0 1 8 / ASL ) + ( 1 . 1 3 4 ASD) +
( 8 2 7 3 /ASD)
//We know s p l i t t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n i n t o 3 d i f f e r e n t
p a r t s a c c o r d i n g t o f a c t o r s ST , ASD , ASL
// V a r i a b l e V a l u e s o f t h e F a c t o r s
72
14 ST = poly (0 , ST ) ;
15 ASD = poly (0 , ASD ) ;
16 ASL = poly (0 , ASL ) ;
17
18 // F u n c t i o n s t o Find t h e TAC c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e
Respective Factors
19
20
deff ( x=T r a n s S i z e ( y ) , x = 2 3 9 . 5 2 + ( 3 . 1 8 0 5 y ) +
(3492/ y ) + (28170/( y 2) ) )
21 deff ( x=SDwire ( y ) , x = ( 1 . 1 3 4 y ) +(8273/ y ) )
22 deff ( x=S L w i r e ( y ) , x = ( 0 . 4 0 5 y ) +(17018/ y ) )
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
// T o t a l Annual C o s t s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e F a c t o r s
TACST = TransSize ( ST ) ;
TACASD = SDwire ( ASD ) ;
TACASL = SLwire ( ASL ) ;
// P a r t i a l l y D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g wrt ASD we g e t
Y1 = derivat ( TACASD ) ;
X1 = roots ( Y1 (2) ) ;
ASD = X1 (1) ; // C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e
ASDstd = 105.500;
ASDstd1 = 133.1;
// P a r t i a l l y D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g wrt ASL we g e t
Y2 = derivat ( TACASL ) ;
X2 = roots ( Y2 (2) ) ;
ASL = X2 (1) ; // C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e
ASLstd = 211.600;
ASLstd1 = 250;
// P a r t i a l l y D i f f e r e n t i a t i n g wrt ST we g e t
Y3 = derivat ( TACST ) ;
X3 = roots ( Y3 (2) ) ;
ST = round ( X3 (1) ) ; // C a l c u l a t e d V a l u e
STstd = 50;
// T o t a l Annual C o s t o f t h e C a l c u l a t e d p a r a m e t e r s
73
50 TAC = TransSize ( ST ) + SDwire ( ASD ) + SLwire ( ASL ) ;

51 // C a l c u l a t i o n M i s t a k e i n The Text Book
52
53 // T o t a l Annual C o s t o f t h e F i r s t H i g h e r S t a n d a r d
Parameters
54 TACstd = TransSize ( STstd ) + SDwire ( ASDstd ) + SLwire ( ASLstd
);
55 // T o t a l Annual C o s t o f t h e S e c o n d H i g h e r S t a n d a r d
Parameters
56 TACstd1 = TransSize ( STstd ) + SDwire ( ASDstd1 ) + SLwire (
ASLstd1 ) ;
57
58
59
// T o t a l F i x e d C h a r g e s p e r Year
TACFC =((75+(2.178* STstd ) ) +(5.4+(0.405* ASLstd ) )
+(15.12+(1.134* ASD ) ) +(144) ) ;
60 // T o t a l O p e r a t i n g C h a r g e s p e r Year
61 TACOC =((0.0225* STstd ) +(0.98* STstd ) +(28170/( STstd ^2) )
+(3492/ STstd ) +(17018/ ASLstd ) +(8273/ ASDstd ) ) ;
62
63
// V a l u e s Might Vary from t h o s e i n t h e t e x t due t o

high p r e c i s i o n
64
65 // F i x e d C h a r g e s Per Customer Per Month
66 FC = TACFC /( NC *12) ;
67
68 // V a r i a b l e C o s t s Per Customer p e r month
69 VOC = TACOC /( NC *12) ;
70
71 printf ( \ na ) The Most E c o n o m i c a l SD S i z e
i s %g k m i l
and t h e n e a r e s t l a r g e r s t a n d a r d AWG w i r e s i z e i s
%g k m i l \n ,ASD , ASDstd )
72 printf ( b ) The Most E c o n o m i c a l SL S i z e i s %g k m i l
and t h e n e a r e s t l a r g e r s t a n d a r d AWG w i r e s i z e i s
%g k m i l \n ,ASL , ASLstd )
73 printf ( c ) The Most E c o n o m i c a l D i s t r i b u t i o n
T r a n s f o r m e r S i z e i s %g k m i l and t h e n e a r e s t
l a r g e r s t a n d a r d t r a n s f o r m e r s i z e i s %g kVA\n ,ST ,
STstd )
74
74
75
76
77
78
printf ( d ) The T o t a l Annual C o s t Per B l o c k f o r t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l l y most e c o n o m i c a l s i z e s o f e q u i p m e n t
i s %g d o l l a r s \n , TAC )
printf ( e ) The T o t a l Annual C o s t Per B l o c k f o r t h e
nearest l a r g e r standard comercial s i z e s of
e q u i p m e n t i s %g d o l l a r s \n , TACstd )
printf ( f ) The T o t a l Annual C o s t Per B l o c k f o r t h e
n e a r e s t l a r g e r t r a n s f o r m e r s i z e and f o r t h e
s e c o n d l a r g e r s i z e s o f ASD and ASL i s %g d o l l a r s \
n , TACstd1 )
printf ( g ) F i x e d C h a r g e s p e r Customer p e r Month i s
%g d o l l a r s \n , FC )
printf ( h ) The V a r i a b l e O p e r a t i n g C o s t s Per Customer
Per Month i s %g d o l l a r s \n , VOC )
Scilab code Exa 6.2 To determine the coeffcient matrix for a unbalanced
load
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e co e f f c i e n t m a t r i x f o r a
unbalanced load
2 // Page 304
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Dab =12;
Dan =12;
Dbn =24;
Daa =12*0.01577;
Dbb = Daa ;
Dnn = Daa ;
deff ( x=C o e f f ( y , z ) , x =(2(10 7) ) l o g ( y / z ) ) //
f u n c t i o n t o f i n d t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e co e f f i c i e n t
matrix
14
75
15
// P a r t A o f t h e q u e s t i o n c a n n o t be f o u n d u s i n g
S c i l a b , Hence from t h e e q u a t i o n o b t a i n e d i n p a r t
A we can n u m e r i c a l l y compute t h e Co E f f i c i e n t
Matrix
16
17 CM =[ Coeff ( Dan , Daa ) , Coeff ( Dan , Dab ) ; Coeff ( Dbn , Dab ) ,
Coeff ( Dbn , Dbb ) ; Coeff ( Dnn , Dan ) , Coeff ( Dnn , Dbn ) ];

18
19
printf ( \n P a r t A c a n n o t be r e s u l t e d by t h i s code ,
h e n c e from t h e e q u a t i o n s o b t a i n e d i n P a r t A\n Co
E f f i c i e n t M a t r i x i s O b t a i n e d a s \n )
20 disp ( CM .*(10^7) )
21 printf ( \n (10 7) WbT/m\n )
Scilab code Exa 6.4 To determine the circuit parameters of an unbalanced

load
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s o f an
unbalanced load
// Page 308
clc ;
clear ;
// Primary V o l t a g e
V1 =7272*( %i * %pi *0/180) ;
// S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e s
Ea =120*( %i * %pi *0/180) ;
Eb =120*( %i * %pi *0/180) ;
// I m p e d a n c e s
Za =0.8+( %i *0.6) ;
Zb =0.8+( %i *0.6) ;
n =60; // Turns R a t i o
76
18
deff ( x=a n g l e ( y ) , x=a t a n d ( imag ( y ) / r e a l ( y ) ) ) //To

Determine the Angle
19
20
// S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e v a l u e s we g e t t h e f o l l o w i n g
equations
21 // 1 2 1 . 2 = I a ( 0 . 8 8 5 7 + j 0 . 6 8 4 6 ) + I b ( 0 . 0 3 2 7 9 + j 0
.03899)
22 // 1 2 1 . 2 = I a ( 0 . 0 3 2 7 9 j 0 . 0 3 8 9 9 ) + I b ( 0 . 8 8 5 7 4 +
j0 .50267)
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
// For C o n v e n i e n c e We s e g r e g a t e them a s
Z1 =(0.8857+( %i *0.6846) ) ;
Z2 =(0.03279+( %i *.03899) )
Z3 =( -0.03279 -( %i *.03899) )
Z4 =( -0.88574+( %i *.50267) )
Z =[ Z1 , Z2 ; Z3 , Z4 ]; // Impedance m a t r i x
V =[121.2;121.2]; // V o l t a g e M a t r i x
I = inv ( Z ) * V ; // C u r r e n t M a t r i x
// S e c o n d a r y C u r r e n t s
Ia = I (1) ;
Ib = I (2) ;
In = - Ia - Ib ; // S e c o n d a r y n e u t r a l C u r r e n t s
// S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e s
Va = Za * Ia ;
Vb = -1* Zb * Ib ;
// S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e R e s u l t a n t
Vab = Va + Vb ;
printf ( \ na ) The S e c o n d a r y C u r r e n t s a r e : \ n )
printf ( I a = %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ia ) , angle ( Ia ) )
printf ( I b = %g/ %g A\n , abs ( Ib ) ,180+ angle ( Ib ) )
printf ( b ) The S e c o n d a r y N e u t r a l C u r r e n t = %g/ %g A\
n , abs ( In ) , angle ( In ) )
77
51
52
53
54
55
56
printf ( c ) The S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e s a r e : \ n )
printf ( Va = %g/ %g V\n , abs ( Va ) , angle ( Va ) )
printf ( Vb = %g/ %g V\n , abs ( Vb ) , angle ( Vb ) )
printf ( d ) The R e s u l t a n t S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e Vab i s %g
/ %g V\n , abs ( Vab ) , angle ( Vab ) )
// I n t h e TextBook Note That Zb h a s b e e n t a k e n wrong
i n t h e c a l c u l a t t i o n o f Vb
Scilab code Exa 6.5 To find the pu voltages and tolerable and favourable
voltages
//To f i n d t h e pu v o l t a g e s and t o l e r a b l e and
favourable voltages
2 // Page 310
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
N =19; // Number T r a n s f o r m e r s
St =500; // Load on e a c h t r a n s f o r m e r i n kVA
L =5096+( %i *3158) ; // Load
Vlf =114; // F a v o u r a b l e V o l t a g e
Vlt =111; // T o l e r a b l e V o l a t a g e
Vb =125; // Base V o l t a g e
// Per U n i t T o l e r a b l e and f a v o u r a b l e v o l t a g e s
puVlf = Vlf / Vb ;
puVlt = Vlt / Vb ;
ZM =0.181+( %i *0.115) ; // The P o s i t i v e S e q u e n c e

Impedance
18 ZTi =0.0086+( %i *0.0492) ; // T r a n s f o r m e r Impedance f o r
500kVA
19 ZT =2* ZTi ; // T r a n s f o r m e r Impedance f o r 1 0 0 0kVA
20
78
21 AAF = N * St / abs ( L ) ; // A c t u a l A p p l i c a t i o n F a c t o r
22
23 printf ( \ na ) The Lowest f a v o u r a b l e V o l t a g e i s %g pu
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
and The Lowest t o l e r a b l e v o l t a g e i s %g pu \n ,

puVlf , puVlt )
printf ( b ) There Are No b u s e s i n T a b l e 6 5 , f o r t h e
f i r s t c o n t i n g e n c y o u t a g e which s a t i s f y t h e
n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n \n )
printf ( c ) For S e c o n d C o n t i n g e n c y Outage \n )
printf ( 1 ) L e s s t h a n F a v o u r a b l e V o l t a g e a r e B , C , J , K,
R and S\n )
printf ( 2 ) L e s s t h a n T o l e r a b l e V o l t a g e a r e B , C , J , K. \
n )
printf ( d ) ZM/ZT = %g and ( 1 / 2 ) ZM/ZT = %g
r e s p e c t i v e l y . \ n ,( abs ( ZM ) / abs ( ZT ) ) ,(1/2) *( abs ( ZM )
/ abs ( ZT ) ) )
printf ( The A c t u a l A p p l i c a t i o n F a c t o r i s %g\n , AAF )
printf ( T h e r e f o r e t h e D e s i g n o f t h i s n e t w o r k i s
s u f f i c i e n t \n )
79
Chapter 7
Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculations
Scilab code Exa 7.2 To determine the voltage drop or voltage regulation
of a 3phase system
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e v o l t a g e d r o p o r v o l t a g e
r e g u l a t i o n o f a 3 phase system
2 // Page 327
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Vll =416; // V o l t a g e L i n e t o L i n e
Vph = Vll /( sqrt (3) ) ; // Phase V o l t a g e and Base V o l t a g e
Ia =30;
Ib =20;
Ic =50;
// Power F a c t o r s o f t h e l o a d
pfa =1;
pfb =0.5;
pfc =0.9;
80
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
// I m p e d a n c e s o f t h e S e c t i o n s
ZA =0.05+( %i *0.01) ;
ZAB =0.1+( %i *0.02) ;
ZBC =0.05+( %i *0.05) ;
// Impedance u p t o t h e p o i n t o f l o a d
ZB = ZA + ZAB ;
ZC = ZB + ZBC ;
// F u n c t i o n t o C a l c u l a t e V o l t a g e Drop
deff ( x=VD( a , b , c ) , x=a ( ( r e a l ( b ) c ) +( imag ( b ) s i n d (
acosd ( c ) ) ) ) )
// V o l t a g e Drops a t A, B and C
VDA = VD ( Ia , ZA , pfa ) ;
VDB = VD ( Ib , ZB , pfb ) ;
VDC = VD ( Ic , ZC , pfc ) ;
TVD = VDA + VDB + VDC ; // T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop
TVDpu = TVD / Vph ; // I n Per U n i t
deff ( x=R e a l ( y , z ) , x=Vph y z ) // F u n c t i o n t o

C a l c u l a t e R e a l Power
39 deff ( x=R e a c t i v e ( y , z ) , x=Vph y s i n d ( a c o s d ( z ) ) ) //
F u n t i o n t o C a l c u l a t e t h e R e a c t i v e power
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
// R e a l Powers
Pa = Real ( Ia , pfa ) ;
Pb = Real ( Ib , pfb ) ;
Pc = Real ( Ic , pfc ) ;
P = Pa + Pb + Pc ; // T o t a l R e a l Power
// R e a c t i v e Powers
Qa = Reactive ( Ia , pfa ) ;
Qb = Reactive ( Ib , pfb ) ;
Qc = Reactive ( Ic , pfc ) ;
Q = Qa + Qb + Qc ; // T o t a l R e a c t i v e Power
81
53
54 S = sqrt (( P ^2) +( Q ^2) ) ; // T o t a l o u t p u t from t h e
Transformer
55 PF = P / S ; // Load Power F a c t o r
56
57
printf ( \ na ) The T o t a l V o l t a g e d r o p i s %g pu \n ,
TVDpu )
58 printf ( b ) The R e a l Power p e r Phase i s %g kW\n ,P
/1000)
59 printf ( c ) The R e a c t i v e Power p e r Phase i s %g kVAr\n
,Q /1000)
60 printf ( d ) The K i l o v o l t a m p e r e o u t p u t and l o a d f a c t o r
i s %g kVA and %g l a g g i n g \n ,S /1000 , PF )
Scilab code Exa 7.3 To Calculate the Voltage Drop and Verify The Cable
Selected
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
//To C a l c u l a t e t h e V o l t a g e Drop and V e r i f y The C a b l e

Selected
// Page 329
clc ;
clear ;
Vb =120; // Base V o l t a g e
// From The T a b l e s
r =0.334; // R e s i s t a n c e p e r t h o u s a n d f e e t
x =0.0299; // R e a c t a n c e p e r t h o u s a n d f e e t
K1 =0.02613; // V o l t a g e Drop
// Assumed C a b l e
I =100; // S e c o d a r y l i n e C u r r e n t
Ls =100; // Length o f S e c o n d a r y l i n e i n f e e t
R = r * Ls /1000; // R e s i s t a n c e V a l u e f o r a 100 f e e t L i n e
X = x * Ls /1000; // R e a c t a n c e V a l u e f o r a 100 f e e t L i n e
82
18
19 VD = I *(( R * pf ) +( X * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) ; // V o l t a g e Drop
20 VDpu = VD / Vb ; // Per u n i t v a l u e
21 printf ( \ nThe C a b l e S e l e c t e d i s o f 100 f e e t ,
c a r r y i n g 100A and c a b l e s i z e #2 AWG\n )

22 printf ( The V o l t a g e d r o p f o r t h e a b o v e c a b l e i s %g
pu V\n , VDpu )
23 printf ( The Above V a l u e i s C l o s e t o t h e V a l u e (%g pu
V) i n t h e t a b l e g i v e n . \ n , K1 )
Scilab code Exa 7.4 To find the voltage dip in per units for motor starting
//To f i n d t h e v o l t a g e d i p i n p e r u n i t s f o r motor
starting
2 // Page 333
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 Sts =(10+(11*4.4) ) ; // Load S e l e c t e d on t h e
transformer
V =240; // V o l t a g e
Sta =50; // A v a i l a b l e U n i t
pf =0.9; // Load Power F a c t o r
I =( Sts / V ) /( Sta / V ) ;
7
8
9
10
11
12 VDT = I *((0.0107* pf ) +(0.0139* sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) ;
13
14 SLload =10+(3*6) ;
15
16 deff ( x=VD( a , b , c ) , x=a b c / ( 1 0 4 ) ) // F u n c t i o n t o
f i n d V o l t a g e Drop Per u n i t
17
18
19
20
VDSL = VD (0.0088 ,116.7 ,150) ;

VDSD = VD (0.01683 ,41.76 ,70) ;
83
21 TVD = VDT + VDSL + VDSD ;

22
23 Is =80;
24 Smotor = Is * V /1000;
25 pf1 =0.5;
26 VDIPT =((0.0107* pf1 ) +(0.0139* sind ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ) ) *(
Smotor / Sta ) ;
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
VDIPSL = VD (0.00636 ,80 ,150) ;

VDIPSD = VD (0.01089 ,80 ,70) ;
TVDIP = VDIPT + VDIPSL + VDIPSD ;
VDSL1 = VD (0.00769 ,116.7 ,150) ;
VDSD1 = VD (0.0136 ,41.6 ,70) ;
TVD1 = VDT + VDSL1 + VDSD1 ;
printf ( \ na ) The V o l t a g e d r o p s a r e : \ n )
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r i s %g pu V\n , VDT )
printf ( S e c o n d a r y L i n e s i s %g pu V\n , VDSL )
printf ( S e r v i c e Drops i s %g pu V\n , VDSD )
printf ( T o t a l i s %g pu V\n , TVD )
printf ( The Above V a l u e d o e s n t meet t h e r e q u i r e d
c r i t e r i o n \n )
printf ( \ nb ) The V o l t a g e d i p f o r motor s t a r t i n g a r e
:\n )
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r i s %g pu V\n , VDIPT )
printf ( S e c o n d a r y L i n e s i s %g pu V\n , VDIPSL )
printf ( S e r v i c e Drops i s %g pu V\n , VDIPSD )
printf ( T o t a l i s %g pu V\n , TVDIP )
printf ( The Above V a l u e d o e s meet t h e r e q u i r e d
printf ( \nC ) The V o l t a g e d r o p s a f t e r c h a n g i n g t h e
conductors are :\ n )
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r i s %g pu V\n , VDT )
printf ( S e c o n d a r y L i n e s i s %g pu V\n , VDSL1 )
printf ( S e r v i c e Drops i s %g pu V\n , VDSD1 )
printf ( T o t a l i s %g pu V\n , TVD1 )
printf ( The Above V a l u e d o e s n t meet t h e r e q u i r e d
84
54 printf ( Thus 350 k c m i l c a b l e s i z e f o r t h e s e c o n d a r y
l i n e s and #2/0 AWG c a b l e s i z e f o r s e r v i c e d r o p s
t o meet t h e c r i t e r i a \n )
Scilab code Exa 7.5 To Find the Total Load and Total steady state voltage drop
//To Find t h e T o t a l Load and T o t a l s t e a d y s t a t e
v o l t a g e drop
2 // Page 336
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// Length i n f e e t
Lsd =100; // S e r v i c e Drop L i n e
Lsl =200; // S e c o n d a r y L i n e
SB =75; // T r a n s f o r m e r C a p a c i t y i n kVA
// From t h e T a b l e s
ISL =129.17; // S e c o n d a r y L i n e C u r r e n t
ISD =41.67; // S e r v i c e Drop C u r r e n t
KSD =0.01683; // S e r v i c e Drop C a b l e C o n s t a n t
KSL =0.0136; // S e c o n d a r y C a b l e C o n s t a n t
// f o r T r a n s f o r m e r
R =0.0101; // R e s i s t a n c e i n p e r u n i t
X =0.0143; // R e a t a n c e i n p e r u n i t
// From t h e Diagram
ST =(3+2+8+6) +(5+6+7+4) +(6+7+8+10) ; // T o t a l Load on
transformer
25
85
26
27
28
STpu = ST / SB ; // I n Per u n i t ;
// The Above v a l u e a l s o c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e C u r r e n t a s
Well
29
30 I = STpu ; // C u r r e n t i n Per U n i t
31
32 VDT = I *(( R * pf ) +( X * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) ; // V o l t a g e Drop
in the Transformer
33 VDSL = KSL *( Lsl * ISL /(10^4) ) ; // S e c o n d a r y L i n e
34 VDSD = KSD *( Lsd * ISD /(10^4) ) ; // S e r v i c e Drop L i n e
35
36 VD = VDT + VDSD + VDSL ; // T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop
37
38 printf ( \ na ) The Load i n t r a n s f o r m e r i s %g kVA o r %g
pu \n ,ST , STpu )
39 printf ( b ) The T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop i s %g pu V\n , VD )
Scilab code Exa 7.7 To determine the percent drop from the substation
to various points
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r c e n t d r o p from t h e s u b s t a t i o n
to various points
2 // Page 340
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
An =4; // S e r v i c e Area
l =1; // Length o f 0 a
// V o l t a g e s i n kV
Vll =13.2; // L i n e t o l i n e
Vln =7.62; // L i n e t o n e u t r a l
// Peak L o a d i n g
Dp =1000; // Peak L o a d i n g I n t e n s i t y p e r s q . m i l e s
86
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Sl =2000; // Lumped Load i n kVA

// O f f Peak L o a d i n g
Dop =333; // L o a d i n g i n t e n s i t y
VB =7620; // Base V o l t a g e
Vs =1.025; // S u b s t a t i o n V o l t a g e s
Sn = Dp * An ; // Load C o n n e c t e d t o t h e s q u a r e s h a p e d
s e r v i c e area
24 Sm = Sn + Sl ; // T o t a l Load
25
26 K =0.0003; // C a b l e C o n s t a n t
27
28 VD0a = K * Sm * l ; // V o l t a g e Drop b e t w e e n s u b s t a t i o n and a
29 lab =2;
// D i s t a n c e from a t o b
30 VDab =( K * Sn * lab /2) +( K * Sl * lab ) ; // V o l t a g e d r o p from b
to c
31 lbc =2; // D i s t a n c e from b t o c
32 VDbc =3* K * Sl * lbc ; // V o l t a g e d r o p from b t o c // Change
in Constant
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
I = Sl /( sqrt (3) *(0.947* Vll ) ) ;

Ib = Sl /( sqrt (3) *( Vll ) ) ; // BAse C u r r e n t
MIpu = I / Ib ; // Per U n i t C u r r e n t
Ztpu = complex (0 ,0.05) ;
Ipu = MIpu * exp ( %i * %pi * acosd ( pf ) /180) ;
// The V o l t a g e h a s b e e n t a p p e d up 5 p e r c e n t
puVDcd =( abs ( Ipu ) *(( real ( Ztpu ) * pf ) +( imag ( Ztpu ) * sind (

acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) ) -0.05;
47 VDcd = puVDcd *100;
87
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
deff ( x=v o l t ( a , b ) , x=(a (b / 1 0 0 ) ) ) // f u n t i o n t o

f i n d out v o l t a g e s
// p e r u n i t V o l t a g e s
puVa = volt ( Vs , VD0a ) ;
puVb = volt ( puVa , VDab ) ;
puVc = volt ( puVb , VDbc ) ;
puVd = volt ( puVc , VDcd ) ;
// V o l t a g e s i n V
Va = puVa * VB ;
Vb = puVb * VB ;
Vc = puVc * VB ;
Vd = puVd * VB ;
printf ( \ na ) The P e r c e n t a g e d r o p s a r e \n )
printf ( S u b s t a t i o n t o a i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VD0a ) ;
printf ( a t o b i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDab ) ;
printf ( b t o c i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDbc ) ;
printf ( c t o d i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDcd ) ;
printf ( b ) The Per u n i t v o l t a g e s a r e : \ n )
printf ( P o i n t a i s %g pu V\n , puVa )
printf ( P o i n t b i s %g pu V\n , puVb )
printf ( P o i n t c i s %g pu V\n , puVc )
printf ( P o i n t d i s %g pu V\n , puVd )
printf ( c ) The L i n e t o N e u t r a l v o l t a g e s a r e : \ n )
printf ( P o i n t a i s %g V\n , Va )
printf ( P o i n t b i s %g V\n , Vb )
printf ( P o i n t c i s %g V\n , Vc )
printf ( P o i n t d i s %g V\n , Vd )
Scilab code Exa 7.8 To determine the percent drop from the substation
to various points
88
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r c e n t d r o p from t h e s u b s t a t i o n
to various points
2 // Page 340
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
V0op =1; // At o f f Peak

An =4; // S e r v i c e Area
l =1; // Length o f 0 a
// V o l t a g e s i n kV
Vll =13.2; // L i n e t o l i n e
Vln =7.62; // L i n e t o n e u t r a l
// Peak L o a d i n g
Dp =1000; // Peak L o a d i n g I n t e n s i t y p e r s q . m i l e s
Sl =2000; // Lumped Load i n kVA
// O f f Peak L o a d i n g
Dop =333; // L o a d i n g i n t e n s i t y
VB =7620; // Base V o l t a g e
Vs =1.025; // S u b s t a t i o n V o l t a g e s
Sn = Dop * An ; // Load C o n n e c t e d t o t h e s q u a r e s h a p e d
s e r v i c e area
25 Sm = Sn + Sl ; // T o t a l Load
26
27 K =0.0003; // C a b l e C o n s t a n t
28
29 VD0a = K * Sm * l ; // V o l t a g e Drop b e t w e e n s u b s t a t i o n and a
30 lab =2;
// D i s t a n c e from a t o b
31 VDab =( K * Sn * lab /2) +( K * Sl * lab ) ; // V o l t a g e d r o p from b
to c
32 lbc =2; // D i s t a n c e from b t o c
33 VDbc =3* K * Sl * lbc ; // V o l t a g e d r o p from b t o c // Change
in Constant
34
89
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
I = Sl /( sqrt (3) *(0.947* Vll ) ) ;

Ib = Sl /( sqrt (3) *( Vll ) ) ; // BAse C u r r e n t
MIpu = I / Ib ; // Per U n i t C u r r e n t
Ztpu = complex (0 ,0.05) ;
Ipu = MIpu * exp ( %i * %pi * acosd ( pf ) /180) ;
// The V o l t a g e h a s b e e n t a p p e d up 5 p e r c e n t
puVDcd =( abs ( Ipu ) *(( real ( Ztpu ) * pf ) +( imag ( Ztpu ) * sind (

acosd ( pf ) ) ) ) ) -0.05;
48 VDcd = puVDcd *100;
49 deff ( x=v o l t ( a , b ) , x=(a (b / 1 0 0 ) ) ) // f u n t i o n t o
f i n d out v o l t a g e s
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
// p e r u n i t V o l t a g e s
puVa = volt ( V0op , VD0a ) ;
puVb = volt ( puVa , VDab ) ;
puVc = volt ( puVb , VDbc ) ;
puVd = volt ( puVc , VDcd ) ;
// V o l t a g e s i n V
Va = puVa * VB ;
Vb = puVb * VB ;
Vc = puVc * VB ;
Vd = puVd * VB ;
printf ( \ na ) The P e r c e n t a g e d r o p s a r e \n )
printf ( S u b s t a t i o n t o a i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VD0a ) ;
printf ( a t o b i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDab ) ;
printf ( b t o c i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDbc ) ;
printf ( c t o d i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDcd ) ;
printf ( b ) The Per u n i t v o l t a g e s a r e : \ n )
printf ( P o i n t a i s %g pu V\n , puVa )
printf ( P o i n t b i s %g pu V\n , puVb )
90
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
printf ( P o i n t
printf ( P o i n t
printf ( c ) The
printf ( P o i n t
printf ( P o i n t
printf ( P o i n t
printf ( P o i n t
c is
d is
Line
a is
b is
c is
d is
%g pu V\n , puVc )
%g pu V\n , puVd )
to Neutral v o l t a g e s are :\ n )
%g V\n , Va )
%g V\n , Vb )
%g V\n , Vc )
%g V\n , Vd )
Scilab code Exa 7.9 To Determine the location of the substation

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a t i o n
// Page 344
clc ;
clear ;
Vll =13.2; // V o l t a g e i n kV ( L i n e v o l t a g e )
TCDi =0.45; // Load D e n s i t y i n kVA p e r f e e t
FD =1.08; // D i v e r s i t y F a c t o r f o r a l l l o a d s
FLS =0.2; // Annual L o s s F a c t o r
DFi =0.6; // 30 min Annual Demand F a c t o r
Dg = TCDi * DFi / FD ; // D i v e s i f i e d Maximum Demand o f t h e
Group
13
14 L =30000; // Length o f t h e Whole F e e d e r i n F e e t
15
16 //To A c h i e v e Minimum V o l t a g e Drop , The S u b s t a t i o n
must be l o c a t e d a t t h e c e n t r e o f t h e l i n e
17 Ln =15000; //NEW Length o f t h e F e e d e r
18
19 SPK = Dg * Ln ; // Peak Load on e a c h main o f t h e
substation trnasformer
20 I =( SPK /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ) ; // C u r r e n t i n t h e L i n e
21
22 K =0.0009; // For t h e Assumed C o n d u c t o r
91
23 VD = K * SPK * Ln /(2*5280) ; // V o l t a g e Drop ,
I s d i v i d e d by
5280 , to convert the length in miles
24
25
printf ( \ na ) To A c h i e v e Minimum V o l t a g e Drop , The

S u b s t a t i o n i s Placed at the Centre o f the Line , \ n
and For a C u r r e n t o f %g A f o l l o w i n g i n i t , #4
AWG o r #2 AWG ACSR c o n d u c t o r s a r e u s e d \n ,I )
26 printf ( b ) For a #4 AWG Copper Conductor , The
P e r c e n t a g e V o l t a g e d r o p a t a n n u a l peak l o a d i s %g
p e c e n t \n , VD )
27
28
// C a l c u l a t i o n M i s t a k e i n t h e TextBook
Scilab code Exa 7.10 To Determine the Annual Energy Loss

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e Annual Enery L o s s

// Page 346
clc ;
clear ;
Vll =13.2; // V o l t a g e i n kV ( L i n e v o l t a g e )
TCDi =0.45; // Load D e n s i t y i n kVA p e r f e e t
FD =1.08; // D i v e r s i t y F a c t o r f o r a l l l o a d s
FLS =0.2; // Annual L o s s F a c t o r
DFi =0.6; // 30 min Annual Demand F a c t o r
Dg = TCDi * DFi / FD ; // D i v e s i f i e d Maximum Demand o f t h e

Group
13 L =30000; // Length o f t h e Whole F e e d e r i n F e e t
14 I =164.2; // C u r r e n t
15
16 r =0.592; // R e s i s t a n c e Per M i l e
17 R = r * L /(3*5280) ; // T o t a l R e s i s t a n c e
18
19 CL =3*( I ^2) * R ; // T o t a l Power L o s s i n
92
entire length
20
21
22
23
TAEL = CL * FLS *8760/(10^3) ; // T o t a l Annual Energy L o s s

printf ( \ nThe T o t a l Annual Eddy C u r r e n t L o s s i s %g
kWhr\n , TAEL )
Scilab code Exa 7.11 To Determine the Line to Line Voltage at point a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e L i n e t o L i n e V o l t a g e a t p o i n t a
// Page 347
clc ;
clear ;
// Loads i n kVA
Sbc =3000; // Load Along bc
Sd =2000; // Load At P o i n t d
S0a = Sbc + Sd ; // T o t a l Load
Sab = Sbc /2; // Load a l o n g ab
// C a b l e C o n s t a n t s
K0a =0.0005; // For
Kab =0.0010; // For
Kac =0.0010; // For
Kad =0.0010; // For
0
a
a
a
to
to
to
to
a
b
c
d
// Length
l0a =1.0; // From 0 t o a
lab =2; // From a t o b
lad =2; // From a t o d
// V o l t a g e Drops At S p e c i f i c P o i n t s
VDa = K0a * S0a * l0a ;
VDb =( Kab * Sab * lab /2) + VDa ;
VDc = VDb ;
VDd =( Kad * Sd * lad ) + VDa ;
93
28
29 //To d e t e r m i n e t h e V o l t a g e s a t P o i n t a
30 Vll =12650; // L i n e t o L i n e V o l t a g e
31 Vln =7300; // L i n e t o N e u t r a l V o l t a g e
32
33 Valn = Vln -( VDa * Vln /100) ;
34 Vall = Vll -( VDa * Vll /100) ;
35
36 printf ( \ na ) The V o l t a g e Drops a t : \ n )
37 printf ( P o i n t a i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDa )
38 printf ( P o i n t b i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDb )
39 printf ( P o i n t c i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDc )
40 printf ( P o i n t d i s %g p e r c e n t \n , VDd )
41 printf ( b ) The V o l t a g e s VaLN i s %g V and VaLL i s
%g V\n , Valn , Vall )
94
Chapter 8
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution Systems
Scilab code Exa 8.1 To Determine the Capacitor Size to improve the power
factor to a 700kVA Load
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e C a p a c i t o r S i z e t o i m p r o v e t h e
power f a c t o r t o a 700kVA Load
2 // Page 390
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
SL =700; // Load i n kVA

pf1 =65/100; // Power F a c t o r
PL = SL * pf1 ; // R e a l Power
// From t h e T a b l e o f Power F a c t o r C o r r e c t i o n
CR =0.74; //Co r e l a t i o n f a c t o r
CS = PL * CR ; // C a p a c i t o r S i z e
CSr =360; // Next H i g h e r S t a n d a r d C a p a c i t o r S i z e
CRn = CSr / PL ; //New CoR e l a t i o n F a c t o r
// From t h e t a b l e by l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n
95
18 pfr =93; // I n P e r c e n t a g e
19 pfn = pfr +(172/320) ;
20
21 printf ( \ a ) The C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r i s %g\n , CR )
22 printf ( b ) The C a p a c i t o r S i z e R e q u i r e d i s %g kVAr\n
, CS )
23 printf ( c ) R e s u l t i n g power f a c t o r i f t h e n e x t h i g h e r
s t a n d a r d c a p a c i t o r s i z e i s u s e d i s %g p e r c e n t \n
, pfn )
Scilab code Exa 8.2 To determine the Capacitor bank required to correct
power factor of induction motor
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e C a p a c i t o r bank r e q u i r e d t o
c o r r e c t power f a c t o r o f i n d u c t i o n motor
2 // Page 393
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Vll =4.16; // L i n e t o L i n e V o l t a g e i n kV
Pr =(500*0.7457) ; // R a t i n g o f motor i n kW
pf1 =0.75; // I n i t i a l Power F a c t o r
pfn =0.9; // Improved Power F a c t o r
eff =0.88; // E f f i c i e n c y
P = Pr / eff ; // I n p u t Power o f I n d u c t i o n Motor
Q1 = P * tand ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ; // R e a c t i v e Power
Q2 = P * tand ( acosd ( pfn ) ) ; // R E a c t i v e power o f motor
a f t e r power f a c t o r improvement
f =60; // F r e q u e n c y o f s u p p l y
w =2* %pi * f ; // A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y
Qc = Q1 - Q2 ; // R e a c t i v e Power o f C a p a c i t o r
Il = Qc /( sqrt (3) * Vll ) ;
14
15
16
17
18
19 // C a p a c i t o r Connectd i n D e l t a
20 Ic1 = Il /( sqrt (3) ) ;
96
21
22
23
24
25
26
Xc1 = Vll *1000/ Ic1 ; // R e a c t a n c e o f e a c h c a p a c i t o r

C1 =(10^6) /( w * Xc1 ) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e i n M i c r o Farad
// C a p a c i t o r C o n n e c t e d i n Wye
Ic2 = Il ;
Xc2 = Vll *1000/( sqrt (3) * Ic2 ) ; // R e a c t a n c e o f e a c h
capacitor
27 C2 =(10^6) /( w * Xc2 ) ; // C a p a c i t a n c e i n M i c r o Farad
28
29
printf ( \ na ) R a t i n g o f C a p a c i t o r Bank i s %g kVAr\n ,

Qc )
30 printf ( b ) The V a l u e o f C a p a c i t a n c e i f t h e r e a r e
c o n n e c t e d i n d e l t a i s %g m i c r o F\n , C1 )
31 printf ( c ) The V a l u e o f C a p a c i t a n c e i f t h e r e a r e
c o n n e c t e d i n wye i s %g m i c r o F\n , C2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.3 To determine the power factors of a 2point4 kV phase
circuit feeder
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e power f a c t o r s o f a 2 . 4 kV p h a s e
circuit feeder
2 // Page 396
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
V =2.4; // V o l t a g e i n kV
I =200; // Load C u r r e n t
P =360; // R e a l Load i n kW
S1 = V * I ; // T o t a l Load i n kVA
pf1 = P / S1 ; // Power F a c t o r
Q1 = S1 * sind ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ; // R e a c t i v e Load
Qc =300; // C a p a c i t o r S i z e
Q2 = Q1 - Qc ; // The New R e a c t i v e Load
97
16 pf2 = P / sqrt (( P ^2) +(( Q1 - Qc ) ^2) ) ; // Improved Power
Factor
17
18
printf ( \ na ) The U n c o r r e c t e d power f a c t o r and

r e a c t i v e l o a d i s %g and %g kVAr\n ,pf1 , Q1 )
19 printf ( b ) The New C o r r e c t e d f a c t o r a f t e r t h e
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f c a p a c i t o r u n i t i s %g\n , pf2 )
Scilab code Exa 8.4 To determine the necessity of additional capacitors

//To d e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l
capacitors
2 // Page 398
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
S1 =7800; // Peak Load i n kVA

T =3*2000; // T o t a l R a t i n g o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r
pf1 =0.89; // Load Power F a c t o r
TC =120/100; // Thermal C a p a b i l i t y
Qc =1000; // S i z e o f c a p a c i t o r
P = S1 * pf1 ; // R e a l Load
Q1 = S1 * sind ( acosd ( pf1 ) ) ; // R e a c t i v e Load
Q2 = Q1 - Qc ; // The New R e a c t i v e Load
pf2 = P / sqrt (( P ^2) +(( Q1 - Qc ) ^2) ) ; // Improved Power
Factor
17
18 S2 = P / pf2 ; // C o r r e c t e d A p p r a r e n t power
19
20 ST = T * TC ; // T r a n s f o r m e r C a p a b i l t y
21
22 pf3 = P / ST ; //New C o r r e c t e d Power f a c t o r
23
98
required
24
25
26
27
Q2new = P * tand ( acosd ( pf3 ) ) ; // R e q u i r e d R e a c t i v e Power

Qcadd = Q2 - Q2new ; // A d d i t i o n a l R a t i n g o f t h e C a p a c i t o r
printf ( \ na ) S i n c e t h e Apparent Power (%g kVAr ) i s

more t h a n T r a n s f o r m e r C a p a b i l i t y (%g kVAr ) , \
nHence A d d i t i o n a l C a p a c i t o r s a r e r e q u i r e d \n ,S2 ,
ST )
28 printf ( b ) The R a t i n g o f t h e A d d t i o n a l c a p a c i t o r i s
%g kVAr\n , Qcadd )
Scilab code Exa 8.5 To Determine the savings in kilowatt losses

1 //To D e t e r m i n e t h e s a v i n g s i n k i l o w a t t l o s s e s
2 // Page 411
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // 1 i s T o t a l L o s s R e d u c t i o n due t o C a p a c i t o r s
7 // 2 i s A d d i t i o n a l L o s s R e d u c t i o n due t o C a p a c i t o r
8 // 3 i s T o t a l Demand R e d u c t i o n due t o c a p a c i t o r
9 // 4 i s T o t a l r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t o r a d d i t i o n s
10
11 C90 =[495165 ,85771 ,22506007 ,9810141]; //
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t 90% Power F a c t o r
12 C98 =[491738 ,75343 ,21172616 ,4213297]; //
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t 98% Power F a c t o r
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// R e s p o n s i b i l i t y F a c t o r s
RF90 =1;
RF98 =0.9;
SLF =0.17; // System L o s s F a c t o r
FCR =0.2; // F i x e d Charge Rate
DC =250; // Demand C o s t
ACC =4.75; // A v e r a g e C a p a c i t o r C o s t
99
22 EC =0.045; // Energy C o s t
23 Cd = C90 - C98 ; // D i f f e r e n c e i n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
24
25 TAS = Cd (1) + Cd (2) ; // T o t a l A d d i t i o n a l K i l o w a t t S a v i n g s
26
27 ASDR1 = Cd (1) * RF90 * DC * FCR ;
28 ASDR2 = Cd (2) * RF98 * DC * FCR ;
29 TASDR = ASDR1 + ASDR2 ; // T o t a l Annual S a v i n g s due t o
demand
30 x =27; // C o s t f o r Per kVA o f t h e c a p a c i t y
31 TASTC = Cd (3) * FCR * x ; // Annual S a v i n g s due t o
Transmission Capacity
TASEL = TAS * SLF * EC *8760; // S a v i n g s due t o e n e r g y l o s s
reduction
33 TACAC = Cd (4) * FCR * ACC ; // Annual C o s t o f A d d i t i o n a l
Capacitors
34 Savings = TASEL + TASDR + TASTC ; // T o t a l S a v i n g s
32
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
printf ( \ na ) The R e s u l t i n g a d d i t i o n a l s a v i n g s i n
k i l o w a t t l o s s e s due t o power f a c t o r improvement
a t t h e s u b s t a t i o n b u s e s i s %g kW\n , Cd (1) )
printf ( b ) The R e s u l t i n g a s s i t i o n a l s a v i n g s i n
kilowatt
l o s s e s due t o t h e power f a c t o r
improvement f o r f e e d e r s i s %g kW\n , Cd (2) )
printf ( c ) The A d d i t i o n a l K i l o w a t t S a v i n g s i s %g kW\
n , TAS )
printf ( d ) The A d d i t i o n a l s a v i n g s i n t h e s y s t e m
k i l o v o l t a m p e r e c a p a c i t y i s %g kVA\n , Cd (3) )
printf ( e ) The A d d i t i o n a l C a p a c i t o r s r e q u i r e d a r e %g
kVAr\n , Cd (4) )
printf ( f ) The Annual S a v i n g s i n demand r e d u c t i o n
due t o c a p a c i t o r s a p p l i e d t o d i s t r i b u t i o n
s u b s t a t i o n b u s e s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y i s %g d o l l a r s /
y e a r \n , TASDR )
printf ( g ) The Annual S a v i n g s due t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l
r e l e a s e d t r a n s m i s s i o n c a p a c i t y i s %g d o l l a r s / y e a r
\n , TASTC )
printf ( h ) The T o t a l Anuual S a v i n g s due t o t h e
100
e n e r g y l o s s r e d u c t i o n i s %g d o l l a r s / y e a r \n , TASEL
)
44 printf ( i ) The T o t a l Annual C o s t o f t h e a d d i t i o n a l
c a p a c i t o r s i s %g d o l l a r s / y e a r \n , TACAC )
45 printf ( j ) The T o t a l Annual S a v i n g s i s %g d o l l a r s /
y e a r \n , Savings )
46 printf ( k ) No , S i n c e t h e t o t a l n e t a n n u a l s a v i n g s i s
n o t z e r o \n )
101
Chapter 9
Distribution System Voltage
Regulation
Scilab code Exa 9.1 To Determine the parameters of the system regulation
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e s y s t e m
regulation
2 // Page 468
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Base V a l u e
S3phib =15; // i n MVA
Vllst =69; // i n kV
Vllp =13.2; // i n kV
Vrrb =120;
Ztpu = %i *0.08; // T r a n s f o r m e r i m p e d a n c e p e r u n i t
length
13 VSTpuop =1.05* exp ( %i *0) ; // Per U n i t Maximum
S u b t r a n s m i s s i o n V o l t a g e O f f Peak
102
Figure 9.1: To Determine the parameters of the system regulation
103
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
VSTpup =1.00* exp ( %i *0) ; // Per U n i t Maximum

S u b t r a n s m i s s i o n V o l t a g e Peak
pftop =0.95; // O f f Peak k i l o v o l t a g e a m p e r a g e power
factor
Sop =0.25; // O f f Peak k i l o v o l t a g e a m p e r a g e
pftp =0.85; // O f f Peak k i l o v o l t a g e a m p e r a g e power
factor
Sp =1.0; // O f f Peak k i l o v o l t a g e a m p e r a g e
Regpu =5/(8*100) ; // R e g u l a t e d p e r c e n t v o l t s f o r 32
steps
K =3.88*(10^ -6) ; // Drop C o n s t a n t
S =4000; // Peak Load i n kVA
l =10; // Length o f t h e f e e d e r
// Case A
Rset =0;
Xset =0;
Vpmax =1.0417;
BW =0.0083;
VRRpu =( Vpmax - BW ) ; // S e t t i n g o f VRR
VRR =( Vpmax - BW ) * Vrrb ;
// Case B
IPpuop =( Sop / VSTpuop ) * exp ( %i * acosd ( pftop ) * %pi /180) ;
//No Load Primary C u r r e n t a t s u b s t a t i o n O f f Peak
VPpuop = VSTpuop -( IPpuop * Ztpu ) ; // H i g h e s t A l l o w a b l e
Primary V o l t a g e O f f Peak
IPpup =( Sp / VSTpup ) * exp ( -1* %i * acosd ( pftp ) * %pi /180) ; //
No Load Primary C u r r e n t a t s u b s t a t i o n Peak
VPpup = VSTpup -( IPpup * Ztpu ) ; // H i g h e s t A l l o w a b l e
Primary V o l t a g e Peak
35
36
Step1 =( abs ( VPpuop ) - VRRpu ) / Regpu ; // O f f Peak Number

Steps
37 //To f i n d t h e p o s i t i v e s t e p v a l u e
38 Step2 = -1*( abs ( VPpup ) - VRRpu ) / Regpu ; // Peak Number
Steps
39
40
41
// Case C
104
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
// At Peak Load Primary V o l t a g e s

MaxVpp =1.075; //Max
MinVpp =1.000; // Min
TVDpu = K * S * l /2; // T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop
MinVPpu = VRRpu - TVDpu ;
// At Annual Peak Load P rimary V o l t a g e s
APMaxVPpu = MaxVpp - BW ; //Max
APMinVPpu = MinVpp + BW ; // Min
// At no l o a d Load Primary V o l t a g e s
NLMaxVPpu = Vpmax - BW ; //Max
NLMinVPpu = APMinVPpu ; // Min
printf ( \ na ) The S e t t i n g o f t h e VRR f o r t h e h i g h e s t
a l l o w a b l e p r i m a r y v o l t a g e i s %g V\n , VRR )
printf ( b ) The Maximum Number o f S t e p s o f buck and
boost for :\ n )
printf ( O f f Peak : %g s t e p s \n , ceil ( Step1 ) )
printf ( Peak : %g s t e p s \n , ceil ( Step2 ) )
printf ( c ) At Annual Load , S i g n i f i c a n t V a l u e s on
V o l t a g e Curve \n )
printf ( The T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop i s %g pu V\n , TVDpu )
printf ( The Minimum F e e d e r V o l t a g e a t t h e end o f t h e
f e e d e r i s %g\n , MinVPpu )
printf ( The Minimum and Maximum Primary V o l t a g e s a t
Peak Load i s %g pu V and %g pu V\n , APMaxVPpu ,
APMinVPpu )
printf ( The Minimum and Maximum Primary V o l t a g e s a t
Peak Load i s %g pu V and %g pu V\n , NLMaxVPpu ,
NLMinVPpu )
Scilab code Exa 9.2 To Determine the distance at which the regulator
must be located
105
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t a n c e a t which t h e r e g u l a t o r
must be l o c a t e d
2 // Page 472
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 // Terms from p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e
7 TVDpu =0.0776; // T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop
8 VRRpu =1.035; // S e t t i n g V o l t a g e o f R e g u l a t o r
9 l =10; // Length o f t h e F e e d e r
10
11 // Primary v o l t a g e s f o r v a r i o u s c a s e s
12 VPpua =1.01;
13 VPpub =1.00;
14
15 s1 = poly (0 , s 1 ) ; // V a r i a b l e V a l u e o f R e g u l a t o r
length
// F u n c t i o n t o f i n d t h e e q u a t i o n f o r t h e r e g u l a t o r
distance
17 deff ( x= d i s t ( y ) , x=( s 1 (2 ( s 1 / l ) ) / l ) ((VRRpuy ) /
TVDpu) )
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// D i f f e r e n t C a s e s
Xa = dist ( VPpua ) ;
Xb = dist ( VPpub ) ;
s1a = roots ( Xa ) ;
if (( abs (l - s1a (1) ) +( l - s1a (1) ) ) ==0)
s1a = s1a (2) ;
else
s1a = s1a (1) ;
end
s1b = roots ( Xb ) ;
if (( abs (l - s1b (1) ) +( l - s1b (1) ) ) ==0)
s1b = s1b (2) ;
else
s1b = s1b (1) ;
106
35 end
36
37 printf ( \ na ) The R e g u l a t o r must be p l a c e d a t %g
m i l e s from t h e s t a r t o f t h e f e e d e r \n , s1a )
printf ( b ) The R e g u l a t o r must be p l a c e d a t %g m i l e s
from t h e s t a r t o f t h e f e e d e r \n , s1b )
39 printf ( c ) The Advantage o f a o v e r b i s t h a t i t can
c o m p e n s a t e f o r f u t u r e g r o w t h \n )
38
Scilab code Exa 9.3 To Determine the Necessary minimum kilovoltampere size of the regulator
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e N e c e s s a r y minimum k i l o v o l t a m p e r e
s i z e of the r e g u l a t o r
2 // Page 473
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 l =10; // Length o f t h e f e e d e r
7 S3phi =4000; // Annual Peak Load i n kVA
8 VPpu =1.01; // Primary F e e d e r V o l t a g e
9 s1 =1.75; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e R e g u l a t o r
10 Rmax =10/100; // R e g u l a t i o n P e r c e n t
11
12 S = S3phi *(1 -( s1 / l ) ) ; // U n i f o r m l y D i s t r i b u t e d
three
phase load
13 Sph = S /3; // S i n g l e Phase Load
14
15
16
17
Sreg = Rmax * Sph ; // R e g u l a t e d S i z e

printf ( \ nThe C a l c u l a t e d C i r c u i t K i l o v o l t a m p e r e S i z e
i s %g kVA , \nAnd The c o r r e s p o n d i n g Minimum
k i l o v o l t a m p e r e s i z e o f t h e r e g u l a t o r s i z e can be
107
Figure 9.2: To Determine the Necessary minimum kilovoltampere size of the

regulator
108
f o u n d a s 1 1 4 . 3 kVA\n , Sreg )
Scilab code Exa 9.4 To specify the best settings for regulation
1 //To s p e c i f y t h e b e s t s e t t i n g s f o r r e g u l a t i o n
2 // Page 474
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 s1 =1.75; // As Found i n Example 2
7 VRRpu =1.035; // As R and X a r e z e r o , t h e S e t t i n g s
turn out to produce t h i s

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// P a r a m e t e r s o f D i s t r i b u t i o n
K =3.88*(10^ -6) ;
S =3300;
l =10; // l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
VDpu = K * S *( l - s1 ) /2; // Per u n i t v o l t a g e d r o p
VP = VRRpu - VDpu ; // Pri mary F e e d e r V o l t a g e
//We O b t a i n VDs = K ( S3 (( S3 s ) / l ) ) s+K( S s / l ) s / 2 ;
//We t a k e v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f s and c a r r y o u t t h e
c o m p u t a t i o n and h e n c e form t h e t a b l e 94 g i v e n
given in the r e s u l t f i l e
20
21
//We O b t a i n from t h e v o l t a g e d r o p v a l u e f o r any g i v e

p o i n t s b e t w e e n t h e s u b s t a t i o n and t h e r e g u l a t o r
s t a t i o n as
22 //VDs=I ( r . c o s ( t h e t a )+ d e l s i n ( t h e t a ) ) s (1 ( s / ( 2 l ) ) )
23
24
//We f i n a l l y Get VDs = 3 . 8 8 (10 6) ( 3 3 0 0 ( 3 3 0 0 s

/ 8 . 2 5 ) ) s + 3 . 8 8 ( 1 0 6 ) ( 3 3 0 0 s / 8 . 2 5 ) s /2
25
109
Figure 9.3: To specify the best settings for regulation

26
// Again f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f s we g e t t h e t a b l e
95
27
28
printf ( a ) The B e s t S e t t i n g s f o r LDC s R and X, and

f o r t h e VRR\n )
29 printf ( The b e s t s e t t i n g s f o r LDC o f t h e r e g u l a t o r
a r e when s e t t i n g s f o r b o t h R and X a r e z e r o and
VRRpu = %g pu V\n , VRRpu )
30 printf ( b ) The V o l t a g e Drop o c c u r i n g i n t h e f e e d e r
p o r t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r e g u l a t i n g p o i n t and t h e end
o f t h e f e e d e r i s %g pu V\n , VDpu )
31 printf ( The R e s u l t F i l e s g i v e t h e P r o f i l e s and
r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e s o l u t i o n \n )
110
Figure 9.4: To specify the best settings for regulation
111
Figure 9.5: To determine the setting of the regulator so that the voltage
criteria is met
112
Scilab code Exa 9.5 To determine the setting of the regulator so that the
voltage criteria is met
1
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e s e t t i n g o f t h e r e g u l a t o r s o t h a t
t h e v o l t a g e c r i t e r i a i s met
// Page 478
clc ;
clear ;
l =10; // Length o f t h e f e e d e r
s1 =1.75;
ra =0.386;
xa =0.4809;
xd =0.1802;
xL = xa + xd ;
Vb =120;
S =1100; // Load i n kVA
Vln =7.62; // l i n e t o n e u t r a l v o l t a g e i n kV
Reff = ra *( l - s1 ) /2;
Xeff = xL *( l - s1 ) /2;
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 // Primary R a t i n g s
19 CTp =150; // C u r r e n t T r a n f o r m e r
20 PTn =63.5; // P O t e n t i a l T r a n s f o r m e r
21
22 //R V a l u e o f t h e d i a l
23 Rset =( CTp / PTn ) * Reff ;
24 Rsetpu = Rset / Vb ;
25
26 //X v a l u e o f t h e d i a l
27 Xset =( CTp / PTn ) * Xeff ;
28 Xsetpu = Xset / Vb ;
29
30 VRP =1.0138; // Assumption Made on t h e R e g u l a t i n g
113
Point
31 // Output V o l t a g e o f t h e R e g u l a t o r
32 Vreg = VRP +(( S / Vln ) *(( Rset * pf ) +( Xset * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) )
/( CTp * Vb ) ) ;
33
34
35
printf ( \ na ) The R e g u l a t i n g V o l t a g e i s %g pu V\n ,

Vreg )
36 printf ( As p e r T a b l e 9 6; t h e p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
c r i t e r i a a r e met by u s i n g t h e R and X s e t t i n g s \n
)
37 printf ( b ) The V o l t a g e P r o f i l e s a r e g i v e n i n t h e
r e s u l t f i l e a t t a c h e d \n )
Scilab code Exa 9.6 To determine the number of steps of buck and boost
the regulators will achieve
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e number o f s t e p s o f buck and b o o s t
the r e g u l a t o r s w i l l achieve
2 // Page 480
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// From P r o b l e m s 4 and 5 t h e co e f f c i e n t s a r e
obtained
VRRpu =1.035;
Vreg4 =1.0337;
Vreg5 =1.0666;
VRP4 =1.0337;
VRP5 =1.0138;
Vmin =1.010; // For s= 1 . 7 5
// S t e p s
Buck4 =( VRRpu - VRP4 ) /(0.00625) ;
Buck5 =( VRRpu - VRP5 ) /(0.00625) ;
114
17
18
19
20
Boost4 =( Vreg4 - Vmin ) /(0.00625) ;

Boost5 =( Vreg5 - Vmin ) /(0.00625) ;
printf ( \ na ) The Number o f s t e p s o f

i s s t e p s o f b o o s t i n e x a m p l e 94
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , Buck4 , Boost4 )
21 printf ( \ nb ) The Number o f s t e p s o f
i s s t e p s o f b o o s t i n e x a m p l e 95
r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , Buck5 , Boost5 )
buck and number

i s %g and %g
buck and number
i s %g and %g
Scilab code Exa 9.8 To Determine the necessary settings of Regulators

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s a r y s e t t i n g s o f R e g u l a t o r s
// Page 482
clc ;
clear ;
l =3; // Length o f t h e l i n e
Vlc =2450; // R e g u l a t e d V o l t a g e
Vcp =12800; // Primary o f c u s t o m e r t r a n s f o r m e r
// Base V a l u e s
Vlbp =2400; // Primary Bus V o l t a g e o f Customer s Bus (
Low V o l t a g e )
Vlbs =4160; // S e c o n d a r y Bus V o l t a g e o f Customer s Bus
Sb =5000; // Power i n kVA
r =0.3; // L i n e R e s i s t a n c e p e r m i l e
x =0.8; // L i n e R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
Vhbp =7390; // Primary Bus V o l t a g e o f High V o l t a g e Bus
Vhbs =12800; // S e c o n d a r y Bus V o l t a g e o f High V o l t a g e
Bus
PTn =63.5; // P o t e n t i a l T r a n s f o r m e r Turns R a t i o
CTp =250; // C u r r e n t T r a n s f o r m e r Turns R a t i o
VRP = Vlc / Vlbp ; // V o l t a g e a t RP
Vll = Vhbs /1000; // L i n e V o l t a g e
VBsec = Vcp /( sqrt (3) * PTn ) ; // S e c o n d a r y R e a d i n g o f t h e
115
Customer T r a n s f o r m e r
22
23
VRRset = VRP * VBsec ; // S e t t i n g o f t h e v o l t a g e s e t t i n g

d i a l o f VRR
24
25 Zb =( Vll ^2) *1000/ Sb ; // A p p l i c a b l e Impedance Base
26 Ztpu =0.05* %i ; // T r a n s f o r m e r Impedance p e r u n i t
27 Zt = Ztpu * Zb ; // T r a n s f o r m e r Impedance
28
29 // E f f e c t i v e R e s i s t a n c e s and R e a c t a n c e s
30 Reff =( r * l ) + real ( Zt ) ;
31 Xeff =( x * l ) + imag ( Zt ) ;
32
33 Rset = CTp * Reff / PTn ; //X D i a l S e t t i n g o f LDCs
34 Xset = CTp * Xeff / PTn ; //X D i a l S e t t i n g o f LDCs
35
36 printf ( \ na ) The N e c e s s a r y S e t t i n g o f t h e v o l t a g e
s e t t i n g d i a l o f t h e VRR o f e a c h s i n g l e p h a s e
r e g u l a t o r i n u s e i s %g V\n , VRRset )
37 printf ( b ) R and X d i a l s e t t i n g s o f LDS i s %g ohm
and %g ohm r e s p e c t i v e l y \n , Rset , Xset )
Scilab code Exa 9.9 To Determine the Design Parameters of a Distributed

System
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e D e s i g n P a r a m e t e r s o f a
D i s t r i b u t e d System
2 // Page 484
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
VPpu =1.035; // Primary F e e d e r V o l t a g e p e r u n i t

TVDpu =0.0776; // T o t a l V o l t a g e Drop o f F e e d e r
116
Figure 9.6: To Determine the Design Parameters of a Distributed System

8 Vll =13.2; // L i n e V o l t a g e i n kV
9 Vlpuqsw =1; //New V o l t a g e a t t h e End o f t h e F e e d e r due
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
t o Qsw a t a n n u a l peak l o a d
XL =0.661; // I n d u c t i v e R e a c t a n c e p e r m i l e
Pl =3400; // R e a l Power
Ql =2100; // R e a c t i v e Power
l =10; // Length o f t h e F e e d e r i n M i l e s
Lf =0.4; // Load F a c t o r
CR =0.27; // T o t a l C a p a c i t o r Co m p e n s a t i o n R a t i o For
t h e Above Load F a c t o r
QNSW = CR * Ql ; // R e q u i r e d S i z e o f t h e N o n s w i t c h e d
c a p a c i t o r bank
s =2* l /3; // L o a c a t i o n o f N o n s w i t c h e d c a p a c i t o r bank
f o r Optimum R e s u l t
VRpu = QNSW *(2* XL * l /3) /(1000*( Vll ^2) ) ; // Per U n i t
Voltage Rise
VDspu = TVDpu * s *(2 -( s / l ) ) / l ; // V o l t a g e d r o p f o r t h e
uniformaly d i st r i bu t e d load
20
117
21
22
23
24
25
VSpu = VPpu - VDspu ; // F e e d e r V o l t a g e a t 2 l /3 d i s t a n c e

nVSpu = VSpu + VRpu ; //New V o l t a g e R i s e when t h e r e i s a
f i x e d c a p a c i t o r bank
Vlpu = VPpu - TVDpu ; //When No C a p c a c i t o r bank i s t h e r e ,
t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e end o f t h e f e e d e r
26
27
nVlpu = Vlpu + VRpu ; //When C a p c a c i t o r bank i s t h e r e ,

t h e v o l t a g e a t t h e end o f t h e f e e d e r
28 VRpuqsw = Vlpuqsw - nVlpu ; // R e q u i r e d V o l t a g e R i s e
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Q3phisw =1000*( Vll ^2) * VRpuqsw /( XL * l ) ; // R e q u i r e d S i z e

o f t h e C a p a c i t o r Bank
// L e t u s assume t h e 15 s i n g l e p h a s e s t a n d a r d 50 kVAr
C a p a c i t o r U n i t s = 750 kVAr
SQ3phisw =750; // S e l e c t e d C a p a c i t o r Bank
RVRlpu = VRpuqsw * SQ3phisw / Q3phisw ; // R e s u l t a n t V o l t a g e

Rises at d i s t a n c e l
37 RVRspu = RVRlpu * s / l ; // R e s u l t a n t V o l t a g e R i s e s a t
distance s
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
// At Peak Load when b o t h t h e NonS w i t c h e d and

S w i t c h e d C a p a c i t o r Banks a r e on
PVspu = nVSpu + RVRspu ; // V o l t a g e a t s
PVlpu = nVlpu + RVRlpu ; // V o l t a g e a t l
printf ( \ na ) The NSW C a p a c i t o r R a t i n g i s

Which means 2 100 kVAr C a p a c i t o r Banks
, QNSW )
45 printf ( \ nb ) V o l t a g e R i s e p e r u n i t i s %g
VRpu )
46 printf ( i ) When t h e No C a p a c i t o r Bank i s
n )
118
%g kVAr ,
p e r p h a s e \n
pu V\n ,
Installed \
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
printf ( V o l t a g e a t %g m i l e s i s %g pu V\n ,s , VSpu )

printf ( V o l t a g e a t %g m i l e s i s %g pu V\n ,l , Vlpu )
printf ( i i ) When t h e F i x e d C a p a c i t o r Bank i s
I n s t a l l e d \n )
printf ( V o l t a g e a t %g m i l e s i s %g pu V\n ,s , nVSpu )
printf ( V o l t a g e a t %g m i l e s i s %g pu V\n ,l , nVlpu )
printf ( \ nc ) At Annual Peak Load , The S i z e o f
C a p a c i t o r Bank R e q u i r e d i s %g\n , Q3phisw )
printf ( The V o l t a g e R i s e a t t h e Annual Load f o r t h e
R e q u i r e d C a p a c i t o r Bank i s %g pu V\n , VRpuqsw )
// Note That The C a l c u l a t i o n s a r e h i g h l y a c c u r a t e ,
Rounding o f Terms hasn t be emplyed
Scilab code Exa 9.10 To Determine the proper 3 phase capacitor bank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e p r o p e r 3 p h a s e c a p a c i t o r bank
// Page 488
clc ;
clear ;
V =12.8; // V o l t a g e i n kV
xl =0.8; // R e a c t a n c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h
l =3; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e l i n e
Xl = xl * l ; // E f f e c t i v e R e a c t a n c e o f t h e t h e L i n e
pf =0.8; // I n i t i a l Power F a c t o r
pfn =0.88; //New Improved Power F a c t o r
Qcu =150; // C a p a c i t y o f e a c h u n i t a v a i l a b l e
XT =1.6384; // R e a c t a n c e o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
S3phi =5000* exp ( %i * %pi * acosd ( pf ) /180) ; // P r e s e n t l y
e x i s t i n g Load
// For New Load R e a l p a r t o f t h e Load doesn t Change
119
19
20
21
QLnew = real ( S3phi ) * tand ( acosd ( pfn ) ) ; // The R e q u i r e d

VAr
S3phinew = sqrt (( real ( S3phi ) ^2) +( QLnew ^2) ) ; //New
Apparent Power
22
23 Qc = imag ( S3phi ) - QLnew ; // Minimum S i z e
of capacitor
bank ;
24
25 N = ceil ( Qc / Qcu ) ; // Number o f U n i t s R e q u i r e d
26 Qcn = N * Qcu ; // R e q u i r e d VAr
27
28 XL = Xl + XT ; // T o t a l R e a c t a n c e
29
30 VRpu = Qcn * XL /(1000*( V ^2) ) ; // V o l t a g e R i s e Per u n i t
31
32 printf ( \ nThe The V o l t a g e R i s e f o u n d o u t i s %g pu V,
which i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e v o l t a g e r i s e c r i t e r i o n
. \ nHence %g C a p a c i t o r u n i t s o f %g kVAr must be
i n s t a l l e d \n , VRpu ,N , Qcu )
Scilab code Exa 9.11 To Determine the Voltage dip due to 10hp single
phase motor
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e V o l t a g e d i p due t o 10 hp s i n g l e
p h a s e motor
2 // Page 493
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 Skva =6.3*(10^3) ; // S t a r t i n g kVA p e r HP o f t h e Motor
7 HPmotor =10; // Power R a t i n g
8 Vll =7.2*(10^3) ; // L i n e V o l t a g e
9 I3phi =1438; // F a u l t C u r r e n t
10
120
11
12
13
14
15
Sstart = Skva * HPmotor ; // S t a r t i n g kVA

VDIP =120* Sstart /( I3phi * Vll ) ; // V o l t a g e Dip
printf ( \ na ) The V o l t a g e d i p due t o t h e motor s t a r t

i s %g V\n , VDIP )
16 printf ( b ) From t h e P e r m i s s i b l e v o l t a g e f l i c k e r
l i m i t c u r v e , The V o l t a g e d i p o f 0 . 7 3 V\ n w i t h a
f r e q u e n c y o f 15 t i m e s p e r h o u r i s i n t h e
s a t i s f a c t o r y f l i c k e r z o n e \n and t h e r e f o r e i s n o t
o b j e c t i o n a b l e t o t h e i m m e d i a t e c u s t o m e r s \n )
Scilab code Exa 9.12 To determine the voltage dip due to the motor start
for a 100 hp 3Phase Motor
//To d e t e r m i n e t h e v o l t a g e d i p due t o t h e motor
s t a r t f o r a 100 hp 3 Phase Motor
2 // Page 495
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 Skva =5.6*(10^3) ; // S t a r t i n g kVA p e r HP o f t h e Motor
7 HPmotor =100; // Power R a t i n g
8 Vll =12.47*(10^3) ; // L i n e V o l t a g e
9 I3phi =1765; // F a u l t C u r r e n t
10
11 Sstart = Skva * HPmotor ; // S t a r t i n g kVA
12
13 VDIP =69.36* Sstart /( I3phi * Vll ) ; // V o l t a g e Dip
14
15 printf ( \ na ) The V o l t a g e d i p due t o t h e motor s t a r t
i s %g V\n , VDIP )
16 printf ( b ) From t h e P e r m i s s i b l e v o l t a g e f l i c k e r
l i m i t c u r v e , The V o l t a g e d i p o f 1 . 7 2 V\ n w i t h a
f r e q u e n c y o f t h r e e t i m e s per hour i s i n the
121
s a t i s f a c t o r y f l i c k e r z o n e \n and t h e r e f o r e i s n o t
o b j e c t i o n a b l e t o t h e i m m e d i a t e c u s t o m e r s \n )
122
Chapter 10
Distribution System Protection
Scilab code Exa 10.1 To Determine the necessary realy and recloser coordination
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s a r y r e a l y and r e c l o s e r
coordination
2 // Page 542
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// For R e c l o s e r
InstT =0.03; // From Curve A // I n s t a n e o u s Time
TimeD =0.17; // From Curve B // Time D e l a y
// For R e l a y
PickU =0.42; // From Curve C // P i c k Up
Reset =(1/10) *60; // Assuming a 60 s r e s e t t i m e f o r
t h e r e l a y w i t h number 10 t i m e d i a l s e t t i n g
12 RecloserOT =1; // Assumed R e c l o s e r Open Time
13
14
RelayCTI = InstT / PickU ; // R e l a y C l o s i n g T r a v e l d u r i n g

instantaneous operation
15 RelayRTI =( -1) * RecloserOT / Reset ; // R e l a y R e s e t T r a v e l
during instantaneuos
16
123
17
18
RelayCTD = TimeD / PickU ;

RelayRTD =( -1) * RecloserOT / Reset ; // R e l a y R e s e t T r a v e l
during t r i p
19 NetRelayTravel = RelayCTD - RelayRTD ;
20
21
22
printf ( \ nDuring I n s t a n t a n e o u s O p e r a t i o n \n )
printf ( | R e l a y C l o s i n g T r a v e l | < | R e l a y R e s t T r a v e l
|\n )
23 printf ( | %g p e r c e n t | < | %g p e r c e n t | \ n , RelayCTI *100 ,
RelayRTI *100)
24
25
26
27
printf ( \ nDuring t h e D e l a y e d T r i p p i n g O p e r a t i o n s \n )
printf ( T o t a l R e l a y T r a v e l i s from : \ n )
printf ( %g p e r c e n t t o %g p e r c e n t t o %g p e r c e n t \n ,
RelayCTD *100 , RelayRTD *100 , RelayCTD *100)
28 printf ( S i n c e t h i s Net T o t a l R e l a y T r a v e l i s l e s s
t h a n 100 p e r c e n t , \ n t h e d e s i r e d r e c l o s e r t o r e l a y
c o o r d i n a t i o n i s a c c o m p l i s h e d \n )
Scilab code Exa 10.2 To Determine the Fault parameters of Rural Substation
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e F a u l t p a r a m e t e r s o f R u r a l
Substation
2 // Page 555
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 Vln =7200; // L i n e t o N e u t r a l V o l t a g e
7 Vll =12470; // L i n e t o L i n e V o l t a g e
8 Z1sys =0.7199+( %i *3.4619) ; // s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e t o t h e
r e g u l a t e d 1 2 . 4 7 kV bus
9 ZGsys =0.6191+( %i *3.3397) ; // s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e t o
ground
10 l =2; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e F a u l t from t h e s u b s t a t i o n
124
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// From T a b l e 10 7; V a r i o u s P a r a m t e r s Can Be f o u n d
out
z0a =0.1122+( %i *0.4789) ;
z011 =( -0.0385 -( %i *0.0996) ) ;
z1 =0.0580+( %i *0.1208) ;
C =5.28; // C a b l e c o n s t a n t
Z0ckt =2*( z0a + z011 ) * C ; // Z e r o S e q u e n c e Impedance

Z1ckt =2* z1 * C ; // P o s i t i v e S e q u e n c e Impedance
ZGckt =((2* Z1ckt ) + Z0ckt ) /3; // Impedance t o g r o u n d o f
line
20 // Note That t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a b o v e term i s
wrong i n t h e t e x t book
21
22 Z1 = Z1sys + Z1ckt ; // T o t a l P o s i t i v e S e q u e n c e
23 ZG = ZGsys + ZGckt ; // T o t a l i m p e d a n c e t o g r o u n d
24
25 If3phi = Vln / abs ( Z1 ) ; // Three Phase F a u l t a t p o i n t 10
26 IfLL =0.866* If3phi ; // L i n e t o L i n e F a u l t a t p o i n t 10
27 IfLG = Vln /( abs ( ZG ) ) ; // S i n g l e L i n e t o Ground F a u l t
28
29 printf ( \ na ) The Z e r o and P o s t i v e s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
o f t h e l i n e t o p o i n t 10 a r e : \ n )
disp ( Z0ckt )
disp ( Z1ckt )
printf ( b ) The i m p e d a n c e t o g r o u n d o f t h e l i n e t o
p o i n t 10\ n )
disp ( ZGckt )
printf ( c ) The T o t a l p o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e
i n c l u d i n g s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e i s \n )
disp ( Z1 )
printf ( d ) The T o t a l Impedance t o g r o u n d t o p o i n t 10
i n c l u d i n g s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e i s \n )
disp ( ZG )
printf ( A l l t h e Above i m p e d a n c e s a r e i n ohm\n )
printf ( e ) The Three p h a s e f a u l t c u r r e n t a t p o i n t 10
i s %g A\n , If3phi )
printf ( f ) The l i n e t o l i n e f a u l t c u r r e n t a t p o i n t
125
Figure 10.1: To Determine system parameters for various stabilities
41
10 i s %g A\n , IfLL )
printf ( g ) The L i n e t o Ground C u r r e n t a t p o i n t 10 i s
%g A\n , IfLG )
Scilab code Exa 10.3 To Determine system parameters for various stabilities
//To D e t e r m i n e s y s t e m p a r a m e t e r s f o r v a r i o u s
stabilities
2 // Page 562
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
126
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
St =5*(10^6) ; // C a p a c i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r
Zt = %i *0.065; // T r a n s f o r m e r R e a c t a n c e
SB3phi =1*(10^6) ; // 3 Phase Power Base
VBLL =69*(10^3) ; // L i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e
VBLLn =12.47*(10^3) ; // L i n e To l i n e v o l t a g e
Vf =1; // Per U n i t V a l u e o f V o l t a g e
Zb =( VBLL ^2) / SB3phi ; // Base Impedance
// Z c k t and Z f and Zt a r e Z e r o f o r Bus 1
// Z c k t and Z f a r e Z e r o f o r Bus 2
// Power G e n e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m
SMax =600*(10^6) ; //Maximum
SMin =360*(10^6) ; // Minimum
Xt =0.065; // T r a n s f o r m e r R e a c t a n c e i n p e r u n i t
MZsysmax =( VBLL ^2) / SMax ; // System Impedance a t
Maximum Power G e n e r a t i o n
Ib = SB3phi /( sqrt (3) * VBLL ) ; // Base C u r r e n t
Zsysmaxpu = MZsysmax * exp ( %i * %pi *90/180) / Zb ; // System
Impedance P h a s o r
// Three Phase F a u l t C u r r e n t
If3phimaxpu1 = abs ( Vf /( Zsysmaxpu ) ) ;
If3phimax1 = If3phimaxpu1 * Ib ;
Sf3phimax1 = sqrt (3) * VBLL * If3phimax1 /1000000;
23
24
25
26
27
28 // L i n e t o L i n e F a u l t C u r r e n t
29 IfLLmax1 =0.866* If3phimax1 ;
30 SfLLmax1 = VBLL * IfLLmax1 /1000000;
31
32 // L i n e t o Ground F a u l t
33 IfLGmaxpu1 = abs (3* Vf /((2* Zsysmaxpu ) ) ) ;
34 IfLGmax1 = IfLGmaxpu1 * Ib ;
35 SfLGmax1 = VBLL * IfLGmax1 /(1000000* sqrt (3) ) ;
36
37 Stn = SB3phi ; // N u m r e i c a l V a l u e i s Equal
38 Ztn = Zt *( Stn / St ) ; //New Per U n i t T r a n s f o r m e r
Reactance
39 //New Base V a l u e s
127
40 Zbn =( VBLLn ^2) / SB3phi ;

41 Ibn = Stn /( sqrt (3) * VBLLn ) ;
42
43 // Three Phase F a u l t C u r r e n t
44 If3phimaxpu2 = abs ( Vf /( Zsysmaxpu + Ztn ) ) ;
45 If3phimax2 = If3phimaxpu2 * Ibn ;
46 Sf3phimax2 = sqrt (3) * VBLLn * If3phimax2 /1000000;
47
49 IfLLmax2 =0.866* If3phimax2 ;
50 SfLLmax2 = VBLLn * IfLLmax2 /1000000;
51
53 IfLGmaxpu2 = abs (3* Vf /((2* Zsysmaxpu ) +(3* Ztn ) ) ) ;
54 IfLGmax2 = IfLGmaxpu2 * Ibn ;
55 SfLGmax2 = VBLLn * IfLGmax2 /(1000000* sqrt (3) ) ;
56
57 // Minimum Power G e n e r a t i o n
58 MZsysmin =( VBLL ^2) / SMin ; // System Impedance a t
Maximum Power G e n e r a t i o n
59 Ib = SB3phi /( sqrt (3) * VBLL ) ; // Base C u r r e n t
60 Zsysminpu = MZsysmin * exp ( %i * %pi *90/180) / Zb ; // System
Impedance P h a s o r
// Three Phase F a u l t C u r r e n t
If3phiminpu1 = abs ( Vf /( Zsysminpu ) ) ;
If3phimin1 = If3phiminpu1 * Ib ;
Sf3phimin1 = sqrt (3) * VBLL * If3phimin1 /1000000;
61
62
63
64
65
67 IfLLmin1 =0.866* If3phimin1 ;
68 SfLLmin1 = VBLL * IfLLmin1 /1000000;
69
71 IfLGminpu1 = abs (3* Vf /((2* Zsysminpu ) ) ) ;
72 IfLGmin1 = IfLGminpu1 * Ib ;
73 SfLGmin1 = VBLL * IfLGmin1 /(1000000* sqrt (3) ) ;
74
75 Stn = SB3phi ; // N u m r e i c a l V a l u e i s Equal
128
76 Ztn = Zt *( Stn / St ) ; //New Per U n i t T r a n s f o r m e r
Reactance
77 //New Base V a l u e s
78 Zbn =( VBLLn ^2) / SB3phi ;
79 Ibn = Stn /( sqrt (3) * VBLLn ) ;
80
81 // Three Phase F a u l t C u r r e n t
82 If3phiminpu2 = abs ( Vf /( Zsysminpu + Ztn ) ) ;
83 If3phimin2 = If3phiminpu2 * Ibn ;
84 Sf3phimin2 = sqrt (3) * VBLLn * If3phimin2 /1000000;
85
87 IfLLmin2 =0.866* If3phimin2 ;
88 SfLLmin2 = VBLLn * IfLLmin2 /1000000;
89
91 IfLGminpu2 = abs (3* Vf /((2* Zsysminpu ) +(3* Ztn ) ) ) ;
92 IfLGmin2 = IfLGminpu2 * Ibn ;
93 SfLGmin2 = VBLLn * IfLGmin2 /(1000000* sqrt (3) ) ;
94
95 printf ( \ na ) For Maximum Power G e n e r a t i o n : \ n )
96 printf ( Bus 1\ n )
97 printf ( 3 p h a s e f a u l t c u r r e n t i s %g A and %g MVA\n ,
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
If3phimax1 , Sf3phimax1 )
printf ( L i n e t o L i n e f a u l t c u r r e n t i s %g A and %g
MVA\n , IfLLmax1 , SfLLmax1 )
printf ( L i n e t o g r o u n d f a u l t c u r r e n t i s %g A and %g
MVA\n , IfLGmax1 , SfLGmax1 )
printf ( Bus 2\ n )
printf ( 3 p h a s e f a u l t c u r r e n t i s %g A and %g MVA\n ,
If3phimax2 , Sf3phimax2 )
MVA\n , IfLLmax2 , SfLLmax2 )
MVA\n , IfLGmax2 , SfLGmax2 )
printf ( \ nb ) For Minimum Power G e n e r a t i o n : \ n )
printf ( Bus 1\ n )
129
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
If3phimin1 , Sf3phimin1 )
MVA\n , IfLLmin1 , SfLLmin1 )
MVA\n , IfLGmin1 , SfLGmin1 )
printf ( Bus 2\ n )
If3phimin2 , Sf3phimin2 )
MVA\n , IfLLmin2 , SfLLmin2 )
MVA\n , IfLGmin2 , SfLGmin2 )
// Note t h a t 0 . 0 0 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 i s n o t r o u n d e d a s 0 . 0 0 1 7
// Hence you f i n d a l l t h e a n s w e r s c l o s e by
Scilab code Exa 10.4 To Determine the sequence impedance values

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e s e q u e n c e i m p e d a n c e v a l u e s
// Page 572
clc ;
clear ;
// P e r c e n t I m p e d a n c e s o f t h e s u b s t a t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r
Rtp =1;
Ztp =7;
Xtp = sqrt (( Ztp ^2) -( Rtp ^2) ) ;
Ztpu = Rtp +( %i * Xtp ) ; // T r a n s f o r m e r Impedance
Vll =12.47; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e i n kV
Vln =7.2; // L i n e t o N e u t r a l V o l t a g e
V =240; // S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e
St =7500; // R a t i n g o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i n kVA
Sts =100; // R a t i n g o f S e c o n d a r y T r a n s f o r m e r
Ztp = Ztpu *(( Vll ^2) *10/ St ) ;
SSC = complex (.466 ,0.0293) ;
130
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
// From T a b l e 107
Z1 =0.0870+( %i *0.1812) ;
Z0 = complex (0.1653 ,0.4878) ;
ZG =((2* Z1 ) + Z0 ) /3; // Impedance t o Ground
Zsys =0 ; // Assumption Made
Zeq = Zsys + Ztp + ZG ; // E q u i v a l e n t Impedance o f t h e
Primary
26
27 PZ2 = Zeq *(( V /( Vln *1000) ) ^2) ; // Primary Impedance
r e f f e r e d to secondary
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
// D i s t r i b u t i o n T r a n f o r m e r P a r a m e t e r s
Rts =1;
Zts =1.9;
Xts = sqrt (( Zts ^2) -( Rts ^2) ) ;
Ztspu = complex ( Rts , Xts ) ;
Zts = Ztspu *(( V /1000) ^2) *10/ Sts ; // D i s t r i b u t i o n
Transformer Reactance
Z1SL =(60/1000) * SSC ; // Impedance f o r 60 f e e t
Zeq1 = PZ2 + Zts + Z1SL ; // T o t a l Impedance t o t h e f a u l t i n
secondary
IfLL = V / abs ( Zeq1 ) ; // F a u l t C u r r e n t At t h e s e c o n d a r y
fault point F
42
43
44
45
printf ( \ na ) The Impedance o f t h e s u b s t a t i o n i n ohms

\n )
46 disp ( Ztp )
47 printf ( b ) The P o s i t i v e And Z e r o S e q u e n c e I m p e d a n c e s
i n ohms \n )
48 disp ( Z1 )
131
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
disp ( Z0 )
printf ( c ) The L i n e t o Ground i m p e d a n c e i n t h e
p r i m a r y s y s t e m i n ohms \n )
disp ( ZG )
printf ( d ) The T o t a l Impedance t h r o u g h t h e p r i m a r y
i n ohms \n )
disp ( Zeq )
printf ( e ) The T o t a l Primary Impedance r e f e r r e d t o
t h e s e c o n d a r y i n ohms \n )
disp ( PZ2 )
printf ( f ) The D i s t r i b u t i o n t r a n s f o r m e r i m p e d a n c e i n
ohms \n )
disp ( Zts )
printf ( g ) t h e Impedance o f t h e s e c o n d a r y c a b l e i n
ohms \n )
disp ( Z1SL )
printf ( h ) The T o t a l Impedance t o t h e f a u l t i n ohms \
n )
disp ( Zeq1 )
printf ( i ) The S i n g l e Phase l i n e t o l i n e f a u l t f o r
t h e 1 2 0 / 2 4 0 V t h r e e w i r e s e r v i c e i n a m p e r e s i s %g
A\n , IfLL )
132
Chapter 11
Distribution System Reliability
Scilab code Exa 11.1 To Determine the Approximate value of the component reliability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e Approximate v a l u e o f t h e
component r e l i a b i l i t y
// Page 598
clc ;
clear ;
Rsys =0.99 // Minimum A c c e p t a b l e System R e l i a b i l t y
n =15; // Number o f i d e n t i c a l Components
q =(1 - Rsys ) / n ; // P r o b a b i l i t y o f component f a i l u r e
Ri =1 - q ; // Approximate v a l u e o f t h e component
reliability
printf ( The Approximate V a l u e o f The component
r e l i a b i l i t y i s %g\n , Ri )
Scilab code Exa 11.2 To Determine the fault components of the system
1
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e f a u l t c o mp o n e n t s o f t h e s y s t e m
133
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
// Page 606
clc ;
clear ;
L =4; // T o t a l Length o f t h e c a b l e
Lov =3; // Length o f Overhead C a b l e
Lu =L - Lov ; // Length o f Underground C a b l e
Nct =2; // Number o f c i r c u i t t e r m i n a t i o n s
T =10; //No o f y e a r s f o r which t h e r e c o r d i s shown
Fov =2; // F a u l t s Per M i l e o f t h e Over Head C a b l e
Fu =1; // F a u l t s Per M i l e o f The Underground c a b l e
Ct =0.3/100 // C a b l e T e r m i n a t i o n F a u l t Rate
// R e p a i r Time
Tov =3; // Over Head
Tu =28; // Underground
Tct =3; // C a b l e T e r m i n a t i o n
lamdaFDR = ( Lov * Fov / T ) +( Lu * Fu / T ) +(2* Ct ) ; // T o t a l
Annual F a u l t Rate
rFDR =(( Tov * Lov * Fov / T ) +( Tu * Lu * Fu / T ) +(2* Ct * Tct ) ) /
lamdaFDR ; // Annual F a u l t R e s t o r a t i o n Time
mFDR =8760 - rFDR ; // Annual Mean Time o f F a i l u r e
UFDR = rFDR *100/( rFDR + mFDR ) ; // U n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f

Feeder
28 AFDR =100 - UFDR ; // A v a i l a b i l i t y o f F e e d e r
29
30
printf ( a ) The T o t a l Annual F a u l t Rate i s %g f a u l t s

p e r y e a r \n , lamdaFDR )
31 printf ( b ) The Annual F a u l t R e s t o r a t i o n Time i s %g
h o u r s p e r f a u l t p e r y e a r \n , rFDR )
32 printf ( c ) U n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e f e e d e r i s %g
p e r c e n t \n , UFDR )
33 printf ( d ) A v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e f e e d e r i s %g p e r c e n t \
134
n , AFDR )
Scilab code Exa 11.3 To Determine the Annual Fault properties for A B
C Customers
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e Annual F a u l t p r o p e r t i e s f o r A B C
Customers
2 // Page 608
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// Annual a v e r a g e F a u l t r a t e s
Fm =0.08;
Fl =0.2;
// A v e r a g e R e p a i r Times
Rm =3.5; // Main
Rl =1.5; // L a t e r a l
Rs =0.75; // Manual S e c t i o n s
// D i s t a n c e s o f t h e L a t e r a l F e e d e r s o f A, B , and C
respectively
17 Lla =2;
18 Llb =1.5;
19 Llc =1.5;
20
21
// D i s t a n c e s o f t h e Main F e e d e r s o f A, B , and C
respectively
22 Lma =1;
23 Lmb =1;
24 Lmc =1;
25
26 TFm =( Lma * Fm ) +( Lmc * Fm ) +( Lmb * Fm ) ; // Annual F a u l t o f
t h e Main S e c t i o n s
135
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
deff ( x=S u s I n t ( y ) , x=TFm+( F l y ) ) // F u n c t i o n t o

f i n d t h e T o t a l Annual S u s t a i n e d I n t e r r u p t i o n
rates
// S u s t a i n e d I n t e r r u p t i o n R a t e s f o r A, B and C
IrA = SusInt ( Lla ) ;
IrB = SusInt ( Llb ) ;
IrC = SusInt ( Llc ) ;
// Annual R e p a i r t i m e f o r A, B and C
rA =(( Lma * Fm * Rm ) +( Lmb * Fm * Rs ) +( Lmc * Fm * Rs ) +( Lla * Fl * Rl ) )
/ IrA ;
37 rB =(( Lma * Fm * Rm ) +( Lmb * Fm * Rm ) +( Lmc * Fm * Rs ) +( Llb * Fl * Rl ) )
/ IrB ;
38 rC =(( Lma * Fm * Rm ) +( Lmb * Fm * Rm ) +( Lmc * Fm * Rm ) +( Llc * Fl * Rl ) )
/ IrC ;
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
printf ( \ n i ) The Annual S u s t a i n e d I n t e r r u p t i o n R a t e s

for :\n )
printf ( Customer A : %g f a u l t s p e r y e a r \n , IrA )
printf ( Customer B : %g f a u l t s p e r y e a r \n , IrB )
printf ( Customer C : %g f a u l t s p e r y e a r \n , IrC )
printf ( \ n i i ) The A v e r a g e Annual R e p a i r Time (
R e s t o r a t i o n Time ) f o r : \ n )
printf ( Customer A : %g h o u r s p e r f a u l t p e r y e a r \n ,
rA )
rB )
rC )
Scilab code Exa 11.4 To Determine the Equivalent System Reliability of

Each configuration
136
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e E q u i v a l e n t System R e l i a b i l i t y o f
Each c o n f i g u r a t i o n
2 // Page 612
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 Ri =0.85;
7
8 deff ( x=r e l p ( y , z ) , x=1((1( Ri y ) ) z ) ) // Equal
P a r a l l e l Combination
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
deff ( x= r e l s ( y , z ) , x=(1((1 Ri ) y ) ) z ) // Equal

S e r i e s Combination
// Case 1 : 4 e l e m e n t s i n s e r i e s
Req1 = rels (1 ,4) ;
// Case 2 : Two C o m i n a t i o n o f 4 e l e m e n t s i n s e r i e s ,
p a r a l l e l to each other
Req2 = relp (4 ,2) ;
// Case 3 : ( ( two e l e m e n t s i n s e r i e s ) / / ( two e l e m e n t s
i n s e r i e s ) ) i n s e r i e s w i t h ( ( two e l e m e n t s i n
s e r i e s ) / / ( two e l e m e n t s i n s e r i e s ) )
21
22 //Two S e g m e n t s
23 R1 = relp (2 ,2) ;
24 R2 = relp (2 ,2) ;
25 Req3 = R1 * R2 ;
26
27 // Case 4 : ( two e l e m e n t s i n
p a r a l l e l ) in s e r i e s with
(( three elements in s e r i e s ) //( three elements in
series ))
28
29 //Two S e g m e n t s
30 R1 = relp (1 ,2) ;
137
31 R2 = relp (3 ,2) ;
32 Req4 = R1 * R2 ;
33
34 // Case 5 , 4 g r o u p s o f ( 2 e l e m e n t s i n
parallel )
connected in s e r i e s to each other

35 Req5 = rels (2 ,4) ;
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
printf ( The E q u i v a l e n t System r e l i a b i l i t y

printf ( a ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n A : %g\n , Req1 )
printf ( b ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n B : %g\n , Req2 )
printf ( c ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n C : %g\n , Req3 )
printf ( d ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n D : %g\n , Req4 )
printf ( e ) C o n f i g u r a t i o n E : %g\n , Req5 )
for :\n )
Scilab code Exa 11.5 To Design the system to meet the given Equivalent
System Reliability
//To D e s i g n t h e s y s t e m t o meet t h e g i v e n E q u i v a l e n t
System R e l i a b i l i t y
2 // Page 614
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// I n d i v i d u a l System R e l i a b i l i t i e s
Ra =0.8;
Rb =0.95;
Rc =0.99;
Rd =0.90;
Re =0.65;
//When A l l Are C o n n e c t e d i n S e r i e s
Req = Ra * Rb * Rc * Rd * Re ; // E q u i v a l e n t System R e l i a b i l i t y
Rr =0.8; // R e q u i r e d
138
18
19 Rae = Rr /( Rb * Rc * Rd ) ;
20
21 // S i n c e C o n n e c t i n g t h e e l e m e n t s i n
parallel will
increase their reliability
22 deff ( x= r e l ( Ri , y , ) , x=(1((1 Ri ) y ) ) ) // Equal Only
P a r a l l e l Combination
23
24
25
// S i n c e C o n n e c t i n g t h e e l e m e n t s i n p a r a l l e l w i l l
increase their reliability
// C o n d i t i o n s t o Find The Number o f E l e m e n t s t o be
used
for i = 1:10
L = i ; // Number o f Time Element A i s u s e d
R1 = rel ( Ra , i ) ;
X = R1 - Rae ;
if ( abs ( X ) + X ==0)
continue ;
else
break ;
end
end
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37 for i = 1:10
38
M = i ; // Number o f Time Element E i s u s e d
39
R2 = rel ( Re , i ) ;
40
X = R2 - Rae ;
41
if ( abs ( X ) + X ==0)
42
continue ;
43
else
44
break ;
45
end
46 end
47
48 printf ( a ) The E q u i v a l e n t s y s t e m R e l i a b i l i t y
i s %g\n
, Req )
49 printf ( b ) One Each o f B , C and D a l l c o n n e c t e d i n
s e r i e s are connected i n s e r i e s \ nwith the s e r i e s
139
c o m b i n a t i o n o f X( C o m i n a t i o n o f %g e l e m e n t s o f A,
A l l C o n n e c t e d i n P a r a l l e l ) \ nand Y( C o m i n a t i o n o f
%g e l e m e n t s o f E , A l l C o n n e c t e d i n P a r a l l e l ) t o
a c h i e v e \n%g E q u i v a l e n t System R e a l i b i l i t y \n ,L ,M
, Rr )
Scilab code Exa 11.6 To Find The Probability on the reliability of transformers
//To Find The P r o b a b i l i t y on t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f
transformers
2 // Page 614
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// R e l i a b i l i t i e s o f The Three T r a n s f o r m e r s
Pa =0.9;
Pb =0.95;
Pc =0.99;
// F a l i u r e s o f Three T r a n s f o r m e r s
Qa =1 - Pa ;
Qb =1 - Pb ;
Qc =1 - Pc ;
// P r o b a b i l i t y o f NO T r a n s f o r m e r F a i l i n g
Pnf = Pa * Pb * Pc ;
PfA = Qa * Pb * Pc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r A F a i l i n g
PfB = Pa * Qb * Pc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r B F a i l i n g
PfC = Pa * Pb * Qc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r C F a i l i n g
PfAB = Qa * Qb * Pc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r A and B
Failing
24 PfBC = Pa * Qb * Qc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r B and C
140
Failing
25 PfCA = Qa * Pb * Qc // P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r C and A
Failing
26
27 Pf = Qa * Qb * Qc ; // P r o b a b i l i t y
of All Transformers
failing
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
printf ( \ na ) P r o b a b i l i t y o f No T r a n s f o r m e r F a i l i n g
i s %g\n , Pnf )
printf ( \ nb ) \n )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r A F a i l i n g i s %g\n
, PfA )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r B F a i l i n g i s %g\n
, PfB )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r C F a i l i n g i s %g\n
, PfC )
printf ( \ nc ) \n )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r s A and B F a i l i n g
i s %g\n , PfAB )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r s B and C F a i l i n g
i s %g\n , PfBC )
printf ( P r o b a b i l i t y o f T r a n s f o r m e r s C and A F a i l i n g
i s %g\n , PfCA )
printf ( \ nd ) P r o b a b i l i t y o f A l l Three T r a n s f o r m e r s
F a i l i n g i s %g\n , Pf )
Scilab code Exa 11.7 To Determine Probabilities Using Markovian Principle

//To D e t e r m i n e P r o b a b i l i t i e s U s i n g Markovian
Principle
2 // Page 619
3 clc ;
1
141
Figure 11.1: To Determine Probabilities Using Markovian Principle
142
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
clear ;
// C o n d i t i o n a l P r o b a b i l i t e s P r e s e n t F u t u r e
Pdd =2/100; //Down Down
Pud =5/100; //Up Down
Pdu =1 - Pdd ; //Down up
Puu =1 - Pud ; //Up Up
P =[ Pdd , Pdu ; Pud , Puu ]; // T r a n s i t i o n M a t r i x
printf ( \ na ) The C o n d i t i o n a l P r o b a b i l i t e s f o r \n )
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r s Down i n P r e s e n t and Down i n
F u t u r e i s %g\n , Pdd )
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r s Down i n P r e s e n t and Up i n
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r s Up i n P r e s e n t and Down i n
printf ( T r a n s f o r m e r s Up i n P r e s e n t and Up i n F u t u r e
i s %g\n , Pdd )
printf ( \ nb ) The T r a n s i t i o n M a t r i x i s \n )
disp ( P )
printf ( \ nc ) The T r a n s i t i o n Diagram can be v i e w e d
w i t h t h e r e s u l t f i l e a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c o d e \n )
Scilab code Exa 11.8 To Determine the Conditional Outage Probabilites

1 //To D e t e r m i n e t h e C o n d i t i o n a l Outage P r o b a b i l i t e s
2 // Page 620
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 // C o n d i t i o n a l Outage P r o b a b i l i t e s From The T a b l e
Given
143
144
Figure 11.2: To Determine the Conditional Outage Probabilites
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
P11 =40/100;
P12 =30/100;
P13 =30/100;
P21 =20/100;
P22 =50/100;
P23 =30/100;
P31 =25/100;
P32 =25/100;
P33 =50/100;
// T r a n s i t i o n M a t r i x
P =[ P11 , P12 , P13 ; P21 , P22 , P23 ; P31 , P32 , P33 ];
printf ( \ na ) The C o n d i t i o n a l Outage P r o b a b i l i t e s f o r
: \ n)
printf ( P r e s e n t l y Outaged F e e d e r i s 1 , Next Outaged
F e e d e r i s 1 i s %g\n , P11 )
F e e d e r i s 2 i s %g\n , P12 )
F e e d e r i s 3 i s %g\n , P13 )
F e e d e r i s 1 i s %g\n , P21 )
F e e d e r i s 2 i s %g\n , P22 )
F e e d e r i s 3 i s %g\n , P23 )
F e e d e r i s 1 i s %g\n , P31 )
F e e d e r i s 2 i s %g\n , P32 )
F e e d e r i s 3 i s %g\n , P33 )
printf ( \ nb ) T r a n s i t i o n M a t r i x i s \n )
disp ( P )
printf ( \ nc ) The T r a n s i t i o n f i g u r e i s d i s p l a y e d i n
t h e r e s u l t f i l e a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c o d e \n )
145
Scilab code Exa 11.9 To Determine the vector of state probabilities at a

specific time
//To D e t e r m i n e t h e v e c t o r o f s t a t e p r o b a b i l i t i e s a t
a s p e c i f i c time
2 // Page 624
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
1
5
6 P =[0.6 ,0.4;0.3 ,0.7]; // One S t e p T r a n s i t i o n M a t r i x
7
8 Po =[0.8 ,0.2]; // I n i t i a l S t a t e P r o b a b i l i t y V e c t o r
9
10 // F u n t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e V e c t o r o f S t a t e
Probability
11 deff ( x=VSP( y ) , x=(Po (P y ) ) )
12
13 P1 = VSP (1) ; // V e c t o r o f S t a t e P r o b a b i l i t y a t Time t 1
16
17 printf ( \ na ) The V e c t o r o f S t a t e P r o b a b i l i t y a t t i m e
t 1 i s \n )
disp ( P1 )
printf ( \ na ) The V e c t o r o f S t a t e P r o b a b i l i t y a t t i m e
t 4 i s \n )
20 disp ( P4 )
21 printf ( \ na ) The V e c t o r o f S t a t e P r o b a b i l i t y a t t i m e
t 8 i s \n )
22 disp ( P8 )
18
19
146

(Scilab Textbook) Electric Power Distribution System Engineering - T. Gonen

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(Scilab Textbook) Electric Power Distribution System Engineering - T. Gonen

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electric Power Distribution System

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Application of Distribution Transformers

4 Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations

6 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems

7 Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations

8 Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems

9 Distribution System Voltage Regulation

10 Distribution System Protection

11 Distribution System Reliability

List of Scilab Codes

To find the load curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3 phase

To find the pu voltages and tolerable and favourable

To Determine the Voltage dip due to 10hp single phase

To find the load curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer bank . .

To Determine the parameters of the system regulation . . .

10.1 To Determine system parameters for various stabilities . . .

11.1 To Determine Probabilities Using Markovian Principle . . .

Scilab code Exa 2.1 To find the load curve

Figure 2.1: To find the load curve

title ( Example 2 . 1 , f o n t s i z e ,3)

Scilab code Exa 2.2 To determine the annual power loss

Scilab code Exa 2.3 To determine the diversified demand

Scilab code Exa 2.4 To determine copper losses of the feeder

Scilab code Exa 2.6 To determine the class distribution factors

14 Lc5 =1200; // Commercial Load a t 5 . 0 0 PM i n kW

distribution for various factors

Figure 2.3: To determine the annual average power demand

Figure 2.4: To determine the annual load factor on the substation

printf ( Assuming a monthly l o a d c u r v e a s shown i n

printf ( a ) The new a n n u a l l o a d f a c t o r on t h e

Scilab code Exa 2.9 To detemine the annual loss factor

Q = sum ( Pi *( tand ( theta ) ) ) / Fd ;

i s t h e Maximum d i v e r s i f i e d 30 min demand

Mddt = sum (6* PavMax6 ) ; // 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d

Thdd4 =(6* PavMax6 ) * Hdd4 ;

printf ( a ) The 30 min maximum d i v e r s i f i e d demand on

printf ( i i i ) 6 . 0 0 PM = %g kW\n , Thdd6 )

Pa =7000; // U n i t s s e r v e d t o Consumer A i n kWh

Figure 2.5: To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified

Figure 2.6: To determine the Thirty min maximum diversified

Mbdbn = Plb *(1) ; // Monthly b i l l i n g demand

Saving = abs ( Tmbbn - Tmbb ) ; // S a v i n g due t o c a p a c i t o r

//To d e t e r m i n e t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s demands and t h e

Scilab code Exa 2.14 To determine instantaneous demands and average

Scilab code Exa 2.15 To determine watt VAr and VA demands

deff ( y=I d ( a , b ) , y = ( ( 3 . 6 Kh a CTRPTR) /b ) ) ; //

printf ( a ) The i n s t a n t a n e o u s k i l o w a t t h o u r demands

printf ( \ na ) The Magnitude o f L i n e t o N e u t r a l F a u l t

6 Vx =120; //Low End V o l t a g e

Neutral Vault Current

Ral4 =2.58; //#4 AWG Aluminium C o n d u c t o r R e s i s t a n c e

Scilab code Exa 3.5 To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3

54 T3 = atand ( imag ( Icb ) / real ( Icb ) ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e a b o v e

printf ( c ) The Load on Each T r a n s f o r m e r i s : \ n )

Scilab code Exa 3.6 To Determine the Transformer parameters for a 3

11 pf1 =0.9; // Power F a c t o r o f s i n g l e p h a s e l o a d

Figure 3.1: To Determine the the voltages of a two transformer bank

printf ( CB i s %g/ %g A\n , abs ( IB ) , TB )

8 Vab =480* exp ( %i *0) ; // R e f e r e n c e V o l t a g e

17 Vr = sqrt (( K /2) (1+ sqrt (1 -((2 abs ( Z ) * Pr /( K * pfr ) ) ^2) ) ) )

I = Sl /( sqrt (3) (0.947 Vll ) ) ;

puVDcd =( abs ( Ipu ) (( real ( Ztpu ) pf ) +( imag ( Ztpu ) * sind (

I = Sl /( sqrt (3) (0.947 Vll ) ) ;

puVDcd =( abs ( Ipu ) (( real ( Ztpu ) pf ) +( imag ( Ztpu ) * sind (