Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kristian Hertz
Analyses of Concrete
Structures Exposed to
Fire
Part 2. Structures
Lecture notes
BYGDTU
2007
ISSN 1396-4046
CONTENTS
Contents
Symbols
15
Shear
17
21
Deflections
26
Columns
32
40
Derivation of Formulas
46
51
Tabulated Data
53
References
55
SYMBOLS
A
Ac
As
At
a
a
ao
a1
au
B
b
bo
C
Ceff
C'
Ci
c
D'
d
dc
dN
dP
dP+N
ds
ds,ave
ds'
E
E'
Eco
Eco20
EP
Es
Es20
F
FcE
Fc
Fcr
Fcrc
Fcu
Fs
FsE
Fsu
f
fcc
fcc,ave
fcc20
fct
fct20
fs
fsu
fs20
f0.2
h
I
Ic
Ic20
Is
i
k
l
M
Mo
M1
M+
Mm
mw
N
P
T
TM
Ts
Ts,ave
t
u
V
Vc
Vct
Vs
x
y
z
o
c
creep
cu
cup
cu20
load
p
s
smin
th
th,ave
tr
creep
load
th
tr
c
cM
s
s,ave
o
c
p
s
strain
concrete strain at min. compressed edge
concrete strain at max. compressed edge
creep strain of concrete
ult. concrete strain at the stress fcc
ult. plastic strain of concrete (>cu)
cu at 20C
instantaneous stress related concrete strain
steel strain at prestress
steel strain
minimum s to obtain the stress fs
thermal strain
average th
transient strain of concrete
stress distribution factor
inclination of compression stresses
curvature
caused by creep
caused by load
thermal curvature
caused by tr
Poisson's ratio
reduction of fcc due to heating
c at centre line of a cross-section
reduction of fs
average s
stress
concrete stress at minimum compressed edge
concrete stress at maximum compressed edge
prestress of steel
stress of steel
Indices:
,ave
B
c
cc
cr
ct
cu
eff
fict.
i
M
N
P
s
su
sy
T
th
tr
u
w
20
0.2
average
bottom of a slab
concrete
concrete compression
critical
concrete tension
concrete ultimate
effective
fictive
index number
middle
normal force
prestressing
steel
steel ultimate
steel yield
top of a slab
thermal
transient
ultimate
web
at 20 C
0.2 pct. proof (stress)
4
x
5
C
(1 - )
2
and the concrete in the core is considered to be of the same
strength as the concrete at the centre line.
The temperature T is calculated for each reinforcing bar and
the reduced strength s(T)fs20 is determined whether fs is defined as an yield stress, a 0.2 pct. proof stress or an ultimate
stress: the total ultimate force of the reinforcement is found by
a summation of contributions of each bar with cross-sectional
area Asi.
Fsu = i A si si f s 20i
The force is considered to act in a depth ds from the compressed edge of the cross-section, and the depth of the compression zone is calculated as
y=
Fsu
C cM f cc 20
y
)
2
It is a precondition for the determination of Fsu as the total ultimate force that a minimum strain smin is reached in each reinforcing bar.
If the steel has a well-defined yield point the minimum strain
would be
smin =
s f s20
= f s20
s E s20
E s20
i.e. smin is not influenced by the temperature, because the idealized stress-strain curve of the steel is changed by a linear affinity in the strain axis.
10
s =
5
y 0.35
4
pct .
5
cM
y
4
ds -
11
12
cM f cc 20
13
Fsu
C cM f cc 20
C
y
(1- ) - )
2
2
s =
d - d s -
C
5
( 1 - ) - y 0.35
2
4
pct.
5
cM
y
4
14
15
16
5
5
Fsu
y=
4
4 cM f cc 20
17
SHEAR
18
19
20
V = min
s A s ( d s - d c ) ( c o s / sin ) f s 2 0
cM C ( d s - d c ) c o s sin f cc2 0
For walls, beams and especially slabs without a shear reinforcement the tensile strength fct of the concrete can be taken
into account, and assuming for example = 45 the shear capacity becomes
V ct20 =
1
C ( d s - d c ) f ct20
2
21
22
The calculation parameter a1 and the ultimate value of the variable a called au are found
dk
, a u = E co cu
a1 = d
f cc
- dN k
2
a 1 ( 1 - k ) > 1 - e a1
If
-1
e
a = ln
y ( 1- k )
x=
ad
y
and
23
( z ) = f cc ( 1 - e-a x )
In case the cross-section is cracked, it could be subjected to a
bending moment M only.
Otherwise the moment is defined by
M = N ( ds - d N )
where ds is the depth of the main reinforcement from the compressed edge.
The main reinforcement has a total area As and an average Emodulus Es.
The parameter a and the depth x of the neutral axis is found by
solving the equations
xbcf cc = N +
ds - x Es As a
f cc
x
E co
a - 1 + e- a
x x
b=
, dc =
a
2b a
xbcf cc ( d s - d c ) = M
The tensile force of the reinforcement then is
Fs = xbcf cc - N
and the maximum concrete strain c and the curvature can be
calculated as
f cc a , = c
c =
x
E co
24
( z ) = f cc ( 1 - e-a x )
25
26
DEFLECTIONS
27
and
E s = si si E s20i A si / A s where A s = i A si
and
28
2
E co = cM E co20 ,
cu = cu20 / cM
where C is the width of the original section between two parallel fire exposed surfaces.
29
By means of this procedure the depth is calculated of the neutral axis x, the maximum concrete stress c and the curvature
due to the instantaneous stress-related strains load.
In case the preconditions are not fulfilled an empirical procedure like the one proposed by Branson [29] could be applied
for the reduced cross-section.
The deflection of the beam is calculated due to the instantaneous stress-related strains, and if the beam is simply supported
with a uniform load distribution the mid-span deflection can be
estimated as
load =
5
2
load l
48
From the stress distribution chapter it is known that redistribution is possible of the thermal stresses of the compression zone
within the limits of the increased ultimate strains of the heated
parts of the loaded cross-section.
30
In order to obtain a reasonable estimation of the thermal expansion of the compression zone it is assumed that the free
thermal expansion of the cross-section initially is reduced to
nil by application of a compression force, then the stresses are
redistributed to the level of the elastic compression stress at
the centre line, and finally the cross-section is reloaded to an
average value of the thermal strain
th =
thM
4/3
Using the values of Ts,ave and ds,ave calculated for the reinforcement and using the same coefficient of thermal expansion
for concrete and steel the curvature due to thermal expansion
becomes
th =
11 10-6
d s,ave
M
( T s,ave - T4/3
)
However, a more detailed expression for the thermal expansion of the actual concrete should be applied for calculations
of instability of walls and columns with eccentric fire exposure.
This curvature is uniform along the beam and the corresponding mid-span deflection is
th =
1
2
th l
8
2.35 c th
25.9 10-6
=
c 4/3 - 20C
tr =
d s,ave f cc20
d s,ave f fcc20
31
5
2
tr l
48
TM
25.9 10-6
- 20 if d s,ave < x
c 4/3
x f cc20
If the concrete is so damaged that the creep strain of the concrete compression zone is of any major importance, the deflections will be large, and the structure will usually be close to
collapse.
So, the deflection due to concrete creep could often be neglected, because the calculation of the load-bearing capacity
and the calculation of the other contributions to the deflection
would clearly show that the characteristics of the fire-exposed
structure are insufficient.
However, in case a conservative approximation of the curvature due to creep is preferred, it could be
creep =
530 10-6
d s,ave f cc
t 3.04 T M
e
3h
1000
5
2
creep l
48
32
COLUMNS
C/2
C/2
2
E co dz = 2 0 c dzE co20
4/3
cM E co20 C
and
2
C/2
2
z c E co20 dz
1
4
2
C3 cM E co20
12
i.e., the average elastic response as well as the moment of inertia could be calculated for a reduced cross-section of thickness
4/3C with the uniform modulus of elasticity cM2Eco20.
It is therefore most convenient to make an assumption for rectangular concrete columns similar to the one introduced for
beams: that the variation of the weakening through the depth
from one side caused by the heat conducted from this side will
be equal for all fire exposed sides of the cross-section.
33
Consequently, the reduced column or wall is obtained by neglecting the contributions of the concrete in surface layers of
the thickness
C
( 1 - 4/3 )
2
from all fire exposed surfaces, and by using the properties of
the concrete at the centre line of a cross-section of width C
equal to the smallest dimension of the column or equal to the
wall thickness.
In case a concrete column with a rectangular cross-section of
depth d and thickness C (where C < d) is exposed to fire on all
four sides, the product of the moment of inertia and the
modulus of elasticity becomes
Ic E co =
1
4/3
4
2
( d - C ( 1 - ) ) C3 cM E co20
12
4/3
) ) 3 C
If one or more surfaces of the column are insulated the thickness C should be modified subtracting a layer thickness of
C/2(1 - 4/3) from the fire exposed surfaces.
For a rectangular column the thickness C is determined as the
smaller of the two thicknesses of the column modified for the
ability of heat conduction.
A modified thickness is the double of the geometrical thickness if one surface is totally insulated. It will be infinite if both
surfaces are insulated totally, and if both surfaces are fire exposed it will be the geometrical thickness.
34
35
It is the ambition to establish a total system for analysing concrete structures comprising methods for calculating deflections
of beams, deflections and instability of cross-loaded columns
and instability of centrally loaded columns, all methods based
on the same assumptions.
This system is advantageous, because it ensures homogeneity
in the calculational treatment of the structural members, which
is especially required for the eccentrically loaded or crossloaded columns.
Further it ensures continuity in the calculations from the load
case Fire to other load cases, and the system offers simplicity
to the every day work of the engineer, who is then able to use
the same procedures or subroutines on his computer, whether
he deals with a beam or a column, and whether the structure is
fire exposed or not.
Finally the theory will fit into the procedures used for the ultimate limit state analysis of beams, because the load causing
the ultimate stress-strain conditions will correspond to the
load-bearing capacity obtained from the ultimate limit state
procedures presented.
The calculation of the deflections of beams has been treated,
and the basic assumption was the application of Ritters expression for the modulus of elasticity of concrete loaded by a compression stress :
E c = E co ( 1 -
f cc
= f cc ( 1 - e- f cc ) .
36
uFc 2 ,
l
Ic E c
Fcrc
1
Fcu
1
FcE
1
A c cM f cc20
l
2
Ic E co
37
38
is applied.
Therefore, it could be proposed to use a curved-lined relation
between the force and the strain of the reinforcement.
Using the same possible deflection curve as used for plain
concrete columns the critical column force will be
2
IE
Fcr =
2
l
F
F
) + Is E so ( 1 )
Fcu + Fsu
Fcu + Fsu
1
( Fcu - Fsu )
2
F
1
)<
2
Fcu + Fsu
39
(1-
F
) < ( 1 - Fc )
Fcu + Fsu
Fcu
FcE =
Ic E co
Is E so
and FsE =
2
2
l
l
Fcr
)
Fcu + Fsu
1
1
+
if Is A s
Fcu + Fsu
FcE + FsE
Ic
Ac
40
41
E c,ave =
1 C 2
c E c20dx
C 0
where
Ec,ave is the average E-modulus across the cross-section,
C is the thickness of the wall,
x is the depth from the surface,
cM is the reduction of the compressive strength in the middle.
If the average compressive strength throughout the cross-section is
called cMfcc20 which means
cM f cc20 =
1 C
1
cf cc20dx or =
C 0
C cM
c dx
Then the author has found an empirical approximation for the average axial stiffness as
4/3
C
1
2dx
2 0 c
C cM
42
C
(1-4/3 )
2
From all fire exposed sides, and the E-modulus in the reduced
cross-section is uniformly cM2Ec20
The flexural stiffness of this cross-section is then per unit length
EI
1 4/3 3 2
( C) cM E c20
12
EI
1 4 3 2
C cM E c20
12
2
10 cM
10
2z and 4 cM 2
i=0 c
2
1 3
C
12
10
i=0
z i 2 c 2z
where zi is the distance to the z thick lamella no. i, and where the
reduced cross-section is calculated by dividing the half crosssection into 10 layers and summarising the contributions.
The calculations are made for wall cross-sections of width of 0.15
m, 0.20 m, 0.40 m and 0.60 m of Danish concrete with thermal diffusivity 34810-9m2/s. The approximations are shown at a hot and a
residual condition during four fully developed fires with (opening
factor, fire load) = (0.04,200), (0.04,400), (0.08,400), (0.08,800)
(m1/2,MJ/m2) which covers standard fires as well as a suitable variation of other fires.
The figures on the next page show that the reduced cross-section
leads to a good approximation for the axial stiffness and for the
flexural stiffness.
This reduced cross-section is therefore applied for calculation of
columns and walls and it may also be applied for calculation of deflection of beams.
The calculation methods may be the same as used for 20C calculations but taking into account the properties of the reinforcement
and the concrete at the high temperatures which occur in the crosssection. These properties may be the correct properties of the actual material.
43
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,0000
0,2000
0,4000
0,6000
0,8000
1,0000
44
45
46
DERIVATION OF FORMULAS
Many empirical and semi-empirical formulas exist for concrete columns based on experience for constructions at 20C. However, in
order to take the influence of the changed material properties at
high temperatures into account in a reasonable way, it is preferable
to use derived expressions based on a more profound understanding
of the mechanical function.
Some formulas are therefore derived in the following in order to establish a suitable basis for calculation of reinforced concrete columns subjected to fire. Besides of this application, some of the formulas seem to be beneficial for calculation of the load bearing capacity at 20C, since they are easier to remember and understand
than most other formulas.
CENTRAL LOAD
F
A sinus deflection is presumed of a simply supported, axially loaded
column with a stress-independent E-modulus E0.
dy
d2y
2
y = sin( x),
= cos( x),
= - 2 sin( x),
2
L
dx L
L
dx
L
L
2
2
2
d y
E0I
:=
.
-M
=
F
=
-E
I
=
E
I,
F
=
0
0
E
dx 2
L2
L2
fcc
Ec0
Ec
47
If this is inserted into the Euler expression a formula for equilibrium at a stress level is obtained as
2 IE 0
F
1
1
1
FR =
(1- ), where F = A and Fu = f u A.
=
+ .
2
L
Fu
FR
Fu
FE
48
ECCENTRIC LOAD
For an eccentric loaded column a condition of equilibrium is made
similar to the one for central load. This leads to
2
2E0I
F
-M = -EI (e+)F = 2 EI (e+)F =
(1- )
2
L
L
Fu
F
e
F
F F
= (1- - )
FE
Fu FE
F
F F
1
+
F
F
Fu
FR FE
e+=e
e
= (1- ) e+ = e
F
F
FE
FR
11
FR
FR
1-
This formula is equal to for example the one found in the Danish
code proposal [4] as 6.2.5.2(13)
COMPRESSED CROSS-SECTION
e+
F
2(e+)
= 1 2
Fu
h
Fu
h 1 F
FR
F
e
e
=2
F = FR (1 2 )
FR
h
h
h
This corresponds to some extent to formula 6.2.5.2(17)
in the Danish code [4]
49
e+
F
Fs1
1 cu + sy 2
L , Ms = ds1Fs1 ds2Fs2, Fs = Fs1 Fs2,
10 hef
h
(F + F)
s
M = F( e ), M = Ms (F + F)
,
s
2
2Cfcc
ds1
ds2
Fs2
h
F2 + (2Fs ( e )2Cfcc )F + Fs2 Ms 2Cfcc = 0
2
b + b 2 4Fs 2 + 8Cf cc M s
h
If b = 2Fs ( e )2Cf cc then F =
2
2
c1
heff
c1
c2
k tr1
1 2.35
e th =
c2
1 2.35
f cc20
50
ktr1 and ktr2 are factors taking the transient strain into account. The
values correspond to those proposed by Anderberg and Thelandersson [22] and approximately in accordance with the first part of the
so called Master curves by Khoury, Grainger and Sullivan [30].
The condition > 0 provides a rough model taking into account the
redistribution of stresses and strains caused by the non-linear temperature distribution.
The expressions above have proven to model the thermal deflection
well for columns exposed to fire at all four sides.
For walls, and especially for walls exposed to fire on one side and
eccentrically loaded with the compression zone towards the fire, the
transient strain development in time has to be modelled, and it is
recommended to apply an iterative calculation of the thermal deflection and the stress distribution. In the last case the thermal bending counteracts the bending from the static moment applied, and
thereby reduces the eccentricity from this. The compression stresses
are therefore reduced, and the contribution to the thermal deflection
from the transient strains may be reduced.
e F
One primitive way of estimating when the reinforcement may be considered to be tensioned is when
e>
cs
h-cs
h + 2cs
6
51
52
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
53
TABULATED DATA
The tabulated data from ENV1992-1-2 (reference [2]) Table 4.1 refer to siliceous concrete columns exposed to a standard fire without
a cooling phase. The German siliceous concrete must be considered
to be the concrete, which has the highest thermal conductivity and
the largest drop of compressive strength i Europe, and application
of the tabulated data should therefore be conservative for other concrete materials.
For the 45 tests from Hass [31] the siliceous concrete material may
be considered to be the one used for the tabulated data, and for
these columns the fire resistance time is assessed by means of the
table.
The assessments are included in the table of the column calculations
at line 2 from the bottom. It seems that these assessments are generally on the unsafe side compared to the tests results.
It seems that the method of the tabulated data does not consider the
influence of an eccentricity of the load and is not able to consider
eccentric fire exposure.
Furthermore, the tabulated data method does not consider the slenderness of the column. This is the most obvious reason for the deviations. It is confirmed by the fact that in general the short columns are assessed to have a fire resistance time closest to the time
at test, while the most slender columns are in general assessed very
much on the unsafe side.
54
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
55
REFERENCES
56
57
[19] Harmathy, T.Z. Berndt, J.E.: Hydrated Portland Cement and Light weight Concrete at Elevated Temperatures.
Journal of the ACI Vol.63, No.1, pp.93-112.
Research Paper No. 280.
Division of Building Research. Ottawa 1966.
[20] Harada, T. Takeda, J. Yamane, S. Futumura, F.: Strength, Elasticity and Thermal
Properties of Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures.
ACI, SP-34, pp.377-406.
Detroit 1972.
[21] Fischer, R.: ber das Verhalten von Zementmrtel und Beton bei hheren Temperaturen.
Deutcher Ausschuss fr Stahlbeton. Heft 214, pp.61-128.
Berlin 1970.
[22] Anderberg, Y. Thelandersson, S.: Stress and deformation characteristics of concrete at high temperatures.
2. Experimental Investigation and Material Behaviour Model.
Bulletin 54, Lund Institute of Technology. Lund 1976.
[23] Hertz, K.D.: Stress Distribution factors.
Report No. 158. Institute of Building Design, 60p.
Technical University of Denmark. Lyngby July 1981.
CIB W14/81/14 (DK).
[24] Ruge, J. Linnemann, R.: Festigkeits- und Verformungsverhalten von Bau-, Beton- und Spannsthlen bei hohen Temperaturen.
Sonderforschungsbereich 148, B4. p.159-221.
Technische Universitt Braunschweig. 1983.
[25] Brndum-Nielsen, T.: Structural Concrete.
Polyteknisk Forlag, 136p.
Copenhagen, January 1973.
[26] FIP/CEB: Report on Methods of Assessment of the Fire Resistance of Concrete
Structural Members.
Cement and Concrete Association, 91p.
Wexham Springs 1978.
58