geology repeated Paper-I

Earth

Discuss the internal structure of the earth in the light of seismic velocities.
(2012)

Describe the internal structure of the Earth and its relation to solar system.
(2010)

What methods are available to determine the age of the Earth? Describe its
internal structure. (2004)

How Earth came into being? Briefly discuss theories about its origin. (2003)
Earthquakes

How the Earthquake is located? How the destruction was made by

earthquake in 2005 in Pakistan? Discuss briefly.(2013)

In the context of earthquake, define epicentre and focus. Using P and S waves
how the epicentre of an earthquake is located? (2011)

What is the difference between magnitude and intensity of an earthquake?

What are earthquake resistant structures? (2005)

How do you locate the epicenter of an earthquake? What measures are

necessary for those areas of Pakistan which are seismically active(2004)

What are EARTHQUAKES? How are these produced? What measures need to
be adopted to mitigate the damage caused by the earthquakes(2002)
Plate Tectonics

Discuss three types of collision of Plate boundaries with reference to Plate

system of Pakistan. (2013)

Briefly describe the theory of plate tectonic. Also comment on the IndianEurasian Collision and formation of Himalayas(2012)

How many Tectonic Plate Boundaries are found? Describe them briefly with
emphasis to Indian Plate. (2009)

What is meant by continental drift and plate tectonics? Discuss various

tectonic elements of the Earth. (2003)

Fault and Folds

Short Note - Types of fold (2014)

Differentiate Structural Geology and Tectonics. Enlist classification of fault

based on Slip and attitude of fault and attitude of strata with brief description
and diagrams.(2013)

What are faults, how they are recognized in field? Give the classification of
faults based on Slip types. (2011)

How do you classify Folds? Discuss the types of Folds in the mountains of
Balochistan. (2005)

How do you classify Faults? Discuss the importance of chaman fault in the
geology of Pakistan. (2004)

Volcanism

What are volcanoes, how they are formed? Discus their elationship with
orogeny and plate tectonics. Also describe the types of eruptions related with
various types of volcanoes . (2014)

Describe volcanic processes in detail with emphasis to volcanic activity in

Indus and Baluchistan Basins. (2009)

What is a Volcano ? Where are Volcanoes located on Earth? What are different
types of Volcanic Eruptions? Where does Calk-Alkaline magmatism occur?
(2008)
Weathering and Erosion

How many kinds of Geomorphic Cycles are possible? Discuss process of

chemical weathering in detail. (2007)

Discuss the process of weathering and erosion. What is the importance of

these processes? (2005)
Sedimentary Structures

What are Deltas, how they are formed? Describe deltaic landforms and give
the characteristics of deltaic sediments. (2014)

With the help of a diagram give the clasifcation of sandstones proposed by

Dot orFolk. Describe the compositon of each class.(2014)

With examples, discuss the geological parameters which control the

landforms of an area. Describe the landforms resulted by sedimentation
through ice and melt water. (2011)

What are sedimentary structures? Describe its classification and discuss the
deformational sedimentary structures(2010)
Fossils

Discuss the process of fossilization in detail.(2012)

Define fossil, discuss various modes of fossilizations. Describe main

morphological features of class Trilobita of Phylum Arthropoda. (2011)

What importance has micro fossils in stratigraphy? Give the Classification of

Phylum Sarcodina up to Family level. (2009)

What is a Fossil? What are various requirements for the preservation of fauna
and flora in rocks? (2008)

What is the importance of Fossils in Geology? Describe various processes of

fossilization. (2007)

What are FOSSILS? How are these preserved? List the most important INDEX
Fossils of Pakistan. (2003)

Describe the morphology of Brachiopods. What is their significance in the

stratigraphy of Pakistan? (2005)

Describe the morphology of CEPHALOPODS. What is their significance in the

stratigraphy of Pakistan? (2004)

Write an essay on the Foraminifera with special reference to their distribution

in Pakistan(2002)
Stratigraphy

Diferentiate betwen Chronostratigraphic and Lithostratigraphic units. Which

of these units are esentialy synchronous and why? Write the stratigraphic
sucesion of Bara Nala Section of Sindh.(2014)

Short Note - Stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge (2013)

Describe the stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge (2012)

Define correlation, describe the principle of correlation with examples from

the stratigraphy of Pakistan(2010)

Describe the Stratigraphy of Oceanic Crust?. (2008)

What is Stratigraphic Code of Pakistan? Describe the Paleozoic rocks of the

Salt Range. (2005)

What is STRATIGRAPHY? Briefly describe various stratigraphic units?

Summarize the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Salt Rage. (2003)

What are the basic time stratigraphic units and their corresponding time
units? Why did geologist find it necessary to establish these two kinds of
units? (2001)
Salt Range

Discuss the occurrence,stratigraphy and the reserve of coal in salt range(Cis

and Trans Indus). (2012)

Describe the morphological and structural characters of Salt Range. Discuss

its importance in geology of Pakistan. Give the lithological characteristics of
Salt Range Formation. (2011)

Describe the succession (Various Formations) of Mesozoic Era from Salt

Range. (2009)

Enlist generalized succession of Paleozoic Era found in Salt Range and discuss
the regional Unconformities established in Indus Basin of Pakistan. (2007)
Minerals

How orthopyroxenes can be diferentiated from clinopyroxenes under

polarizing microscope? Name the members of ortho-and clinopyroxenes.
Write al optical properties of orthopyroxenes. (2014)

Short Note - Hardness of the minerals and scale (2013)

How minerals are classified? Discuss and en list the classification of minerals
other than silicate.(2013)

Discuss the physical properties of minerals dependent on light. (2012)

How rock-forming minerals are classified on the basis of silicate structure?

Give example of each class. Write down the physical properties of mica
group. (2011)

How X-ray diffraction helps to determine the mineralogical composition of

rocks? (2010)

What are various common rock-forming minerals of the Earths Crust ? Briefly
describe their composition and structure(2008)

Define mineral, crystal and rock. Describe the Feldspar group of

minerals(2005)

What is the significance of physical properties of mineral? Describe the

PYROXENE group of minerals(2004)

What is a MINERAL? Discuss various ROCK-FORMING MINERALS with the help

of examples(2003)

What are Feldspars? Keeping in view the Al/Si distribution over the nonequivalent tetrahedral sites in the structure of feldspar. What is a disordered
feldspar? (2002)
Crystals

Describe various Crystal System briefly and give examples of two minerals at
least for each system. (2007)

What is he base of division of crystals into Systems and Classes? What are
the peculiarities of the Normal class of a system? Describe the symmetry of
the normal class of the Hexagonal System. (2002)
Bedding

What is Bed Form ? Describe the variety of Bed Forms produced under
varying conditions of Flow Regime? (2008)

Define bedding and stratification. Discuss various types of bedding. Which

features are employed to check whether the beds are right side up or over
turned? (2002)
Rocks

Short Note - Stages of deformation (2013)

Short Note -Kinds of unconformities (2013)

How do the sediments convert to sedimentary rocks? Describe a few elastic

sedimentary rocks. (2005)

What are unconformities? Discuss various stages involved in their

development and describe with the help of diagrams various types of
unconformities. (2002)

Discuss the rock cycle and explain how it is related to plate tectonics.(2001)

Igneous Rocks

Discuss the origin of MAGMA in relation to plate tectonics. How different types
of igneous rocks are formed from a single magma? (2012)

What is acidic igneous rocks ? Describe the petrology of granite in detail.

(2010)

What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the
intrusive and extrusive rocks. (2004)

Metamorphic Rocks

Describe principal types of metamorphic rocks in details. (2009)

Briefly Describe the classification of Metamorphic Rocks. (2008)

Plutonic and volcanic rocks

Differentiate between Plutonic and volcanic rocks in detail and give examples
of rocks from Pakistan and at least five for each kind(2007)

Briefly describe the major plutonic and volcanic rocks with their composition.
Give some examples from Pakistan(2001)

Miscellaneous

What do you understand with palaeocurent analysis? What are the tols used
for this analysis? How palaeocurent direction is determined using a Rose
diagram or a Vector Diagram?(2014)

Describe the tertiary succession of lower Indus Basin. (2013)

What do you understand by Sedimentary Environment? Discuss in details the

Marine environment.(2013)

What is meant by Metamorphism? What are various agents /factors of

Metamorphism? (2008)

Define Formation. Describe the Tertiary sequence of strata in Sindh. (2008)

Describe various kinds of primary sedimentary structures and their role in

identification of top and bottom of a Bed surface.(2007)

Describe the Cretaceous sequence of Hazara Area and the Suleman Range.
(2007)

Discuss the difference in the Petrography; chemistry and occurrence of the

Alkali basalt and tholeiitc basalt. (2002)

What is incongruent melting? Draw Phase diagram of the binary systemLeucite-Silica. Describe the characteristic features of this system. (2002)
Short Notes

Interference figure (2014)

Metamophic facies (2014)

Suture in Cephalopods (2014)

Present is key to the past (2013)

Mechanism of metamorphism (2013)

Magmatic Differentiation (2011)

Diagenesis (2011)

Dolomitization (2011)

Metasomatism(2011)

Metamorphic zones and facies. (2001),(2010)

Earth Magnetic Field(2010)

Convergent Plate Boundary(2010)

Chemical weathering(2010)

Different weathering. (2001)

Primary structures of igneous rock(2001)

Geomorphic cycle(2001)