ABSTRACT

A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission line and
delivers electrical power through feeders and this is used for controlling the power on different
routes. Substations are integral part of a power system and form important part of transmission
and distribution network of electrical power system. Their main functions are to receive energy
transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching
stations different connections between various

transmission lines are made, others are

converting sub-stations which either convert AC into Dc or vice-versa. The various circuits are
joined together through these components to a bus-bar at substation. Basically, sub-station
consists of power transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolator, earthing switches, current
transformers, voltage transformers, synchronous condenser/ capacitor banks etc. This mini
project covers the important equipments & their function in a sub-station. And also attempt is
made to cover the general maintenance of substation and checks the observations to be made by
shift engineer. As a part of case study we are going to visit a 132kv HVPN Substation in Indri
Karnal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to all those people who
extended their wholehearted co-operation and have helped me in completing this training report
successfully.
It has been great honor and privilege to undergo training at Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam.
At the outset I submit over gratified thanks to Mr. Sharwan Kumar (JE of Sub station) with
whose consent my training has accomplished and for providing all facilities and support to meet
my project requirements. His constant guidance and willingness to share his vast knowledge
made me understand this report and its manifestations in great depths and helped us to continue
the assigned tasks.

SAMRAT CHAUHAN
1215790
ELE

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.

Name of Figure

Page No.

Figure 1.1

132KV Substation Indri, Karnal

Figure 2.1

View of Substation

Figure 2.2

Transformer Substation

Figure 5.1

Transformer

12

Figure 5.2

Power Transformer

14

Figure 5.3

Instrument Transformer

14

Figure 5.4

Auto transformer

Figure 5.5

Core Type

16

Figure 5.6

Shell Type

16

Figure 6.1

Typical representation of bus bar

17

Figure 7.1

Insulator used in substation

18

Figure 7.2

Circuit breaker arrangement

19

Figure 7.3

Oil circuit breaker

20

Figure 7.4

Air blast circuit breaker

21

Figure 7.5

SF6 Circuit breaker

22

Figure 7.6

Vacuum circuit breaker

23

Figure 7.7

Isolator

24

Figure 9.1

Relay

26

Figure 9.2

Differential relay

27

Figure 9.3

Overcurrent relay

27

Figure 9.4

Directional relay

28

Figure 9.5

Tripping relay

28

Figure 9.6

Auxiliary relay

29

Figure 10.1

Capacitor Bank

30

Figure 10.2

Substation fuse

31

Figure 10.2

Bus coupler

31

Figure 10.3

Lightning arrestor

32

15

Table of contents
ABSTRACT.
LIST OF FIGURES.

ii
iv

1. Introduction........................................................................................................

1.1 About 132 KV Substation Indri, Karnal

2. Substation..

3-9

2.1 Types of substation 4

2.1.1

According to the service requirement 4

2.1.2

According to the constructional features... 5

2.2 Substation characteristics.

2.3 Steps in designing substation...

6-7

2.3.1

Earthing and bonding...

2.3.2

Substation earthing calculation methodology .

2.3.3

Earthing material..

2.3.4

Switch yard fence earthing...

2.4 Conductors used in substation designing.

8-9

2.5 Overhead Line Transmission 9

3. Sub-Station Accessories.... 10
4. Explanation of substation layout. 11
5. Transformers

12-16

5.1 Classification of Transformers.. 13

5.1.1

Power transformer. 14

5.1.2

Instrument transformer.. 14-15

5.1.3

Autotransformer 16

5.1.4

On the basis of working. 16

5.1.5

On the basis of structure 16

4

6. Bus bars...

17-18

7. Insulators.

18-24

7.1 Circuit breakers...

19

7.2 Oil circuit breaker...

20

7.3 Air blast circuit breaker..............

21

7.4 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) circuit breaker.

22

7.5 Vacuum circuit breaker .

23

7.6 Isolator Switch...

24

8. Switchgear

25

9. Metering and Indication equipment...

26-29

9.1 Relay

26

9.2 Relays used in control panel of substation..

27

9.2.1

Differential relay..

27

9.2.2

Over current relay

27

9.2.3

Directional relay..

28

9.2.4

Tripping relay..

28

9.2.5

Auxiliary relay.

29

9.2.6

R.E.F [ Restricted Earth Fault] Relay.

29

9.2.7

P.R.V [ Pressure Relief Vault] relay

29

9.2.8

Master Relay

29

9.2.9

T.C.S.R.....

29

10. Miscellaneous Equipments....

10.1 Capacitor Bank
10.2

Bus Coupler

30-32
30
31

10.3

Fuse

10.4

Lightning Arrestor..32

11. Protection of substation..

31

33-34

11.1

Transformer protection.

33

11.2

Conservation and breather.

33

11.3

Marshalling box

33

11.4

Transformer cooling...

33-34

12. Maintenance.

35

13. Specification of C.T. used in 132 KV Substation Indri, Karnal

36

14. Conclusion

37

15. References

38