Introduction

When cylindrical beam is subjected to a load which twist it around its

longitudinal axis in such way that is bending or direct stress is produced , then
the beam is subjected to a pure torsional load .Torsional load are common in
power transmission shafts and can occur in structural member. In this
experiment we determine the modulus of rigidity, shear stress at the limit of
proportionality, and general characteristics of the torque-angle of twist
relationship. In the test apparatus, a specimen is rigidly held fixed to one end of
the base frame of the apparatus and attached to the other end of the frame
where a torsion head applies
torsional load to the
specimen. A rotation scale can
be attached to any point on
the specimens length to find
the angle of twist of the
specimen.

Below is the equation to determine the modulus of rigidity, G

G=

T L
J

()

T
Where ( ) is the slope of graph of torque versus angle of twist for the
elastic range

Table 1: specimen data

Measurement no.
1
2
3
4
average

Diameter of shaft (mm)

6.08
6.14
6.08
6.12
6.105

Gauge length (mm)

50
50
50
50
50

Table 2: results of torsion test

a) When material is still elastic
Torque, T (Nm)
0.0
2.2
4.2
6.0
7.8
9.4
10.8
12.0
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.2
15.4
15.8

Angle of twist, (radian)

(from torsionmeter, L)
0.0000
0.0100
0.0198
0.0295
0.0380
0.0470
0.0560
0.0660
0.0760
0.0858
0.0955
0.1050
0.1140
0.1190

Angle of twist, (degree)

(from angle of twist
meter, l)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

16.2
16.6

0.1190
0.1190

14
15

b)When material has yielded

Torque, T (Nm)
16.4
16.8
16.8
16.8
16.8
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
15.4
0

Angle of Twist, (degree) (from angle of

twist meter, H)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
340
380
420
460
480

Results
Graph 1a: Torque versus Angle of Twist (from torsiometer L) for elastic region.

Graph of Torque versus Angle of Twist (from torsiometer L) for elastic region
18
16
14
12
10
8
Torque (Nm)

6
4
2
0

Angle of Twist (radian)

Calculation

Gradient =

12.06.0
0.0660.0295

= 164.38

By using Equation (8), modulus of rigidity was calculated:

G=

( T )( LJ )

= (164.38)

0.05
( 1.368
10 )
10

Shear stress at limit of proportionality:

=

Tr
J

(13.0)(0.003055)
1.368 1010

= 290.31MPa

Shear strain value:

=

290.31 106
=
=4.830 103
G
60.1 10 9

rad

= 60.1Gpa

Graph 1b: Torque versus Angle of Twist from the machine dial I.

Graph of Torque versus Angle of Twist from the machine dial I for elastic region
18

16

14

12

10
Torque (Nm)
8

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Angle of Twist (degree)

Calculation

Gradient =

126
73

= 1.5

By using Equation (8), modulus of rigidity was calculated:

G=

( T )( LJ )

= (1.5)

0.05
( 1.368
10 )
10

= 0.55Gpa

Graph 2: Torque versus Angle of Twist for the entire range.

Graph of Torque versus Angle of Twist for the entire range

18

16

14

12

10

Torque (Nm)
8

Angle of Twist (degree) (from Angle of Twist meter H)

Table 3: Shear stress and strain calculation

Torque, T (Nm)
0.0
2.2
4.2
6.0
7.8
9.4
10.8
12.0
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.2
15.4
15.8
16.2
16.6

Shear stress, (MPa)

(from Eqn.7)
0.00
49.13

93.79
134.00
174.00
210.00
241.00
268.00
290.00
308.00
324.00
339.00
344.00
353.00
362.00
371.00

Shear Strain,
(from Eqn.1)
0.000000
0.000611
0.001210
0.001802
0.002322
0.002872
0.003422
0.004033
0.004644
0.005242
0.005835
0.006416
0.006965
0.007271
0.007271
0.007271

(rad)

Graph 3: Graph of shear stress versus shear strain.

Graph of shear stress versus shear strain

400

350

300

250

200

Shear stress (Mpa)

150

100

50

Shear strain (radian)

Calculation

Gradient =

21050
0.0028720.000611

= 70765.15

By using Equation (8), modulus of rigidity was calculated:

G=

L
J

( )( )

= (70765.15)

0.05
10
1.368 10

= 25864.5Gpa

Table 4: Test results

4
Torsional Constant, J ( m )

1.368 1010

Slope of T versus , (Nm/rad), from graph 1a

Modulus of Rigidity, (GPa), from graph 1a
Modulus of Rigidity, (GPa), from graph 1b
Modulus of Rigidity, (GPa), from graph 3
Shear stress at elastic limit, (MPa)
Shear strain at elastic limit (radian)

164.38
60.1
0.55
25864.5
290.31
4.830 103

T max

17.0

Maximum torque,

Maximum angle of twist at

, (Nm)
T max

, (degree)

120

Discussion
From the test, we found that the carbon steel rod is fractured beyond 180 degrees. We
can say that carbon steel rod is quite ductile. Calculated modulus of rigidity of graph 1a
and 3 are almost same.
Based on published data, modulus of elasticity for carbon is 75 GPa. The value
obtained from graphs are 60.1 and 25864.5 GPa. Results is not identical to theory. This is
because of some error during the measurement. For yield shear stress, the published value
is from 250 to 500 MPa. For unlimited shear stress, the value is about 400 to 800 MPa
.The value we get is in range..
The factors that affect the results is the overturn of the hand wheel . We cannot go
back after make an overturn because there will be useless , this is because the steel has
undergone another torsional force which cannot be undone.The deformation of steel
cannot be reverse process .
Errors occur when we calculate the modulus of rigidty . This is because the length
should be measured from the point where we clamped . The value we calculate using
machine has lower value than torsiometer .

Conclusion
In conclusion, for the torque-angle of twist, in the elastic region, the torque is nearly
directly proportional to the angle of twist. At the plastic region, the torque is not large
significantly change when angle at twist is increased. But the torque is starting to
decrease after the maximum torque obtained.