New Control Approach For Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Standalone Power Generation System Based On Solar PV Array

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

Email: editoriijee@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-600X
A Publisher for Research Motivation........
Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016
New Control Approach for Voltage and

Frequency Regulation in Standalone Power
Generation System based on Solar PV Array
Raddaoui A
1
LEME, ATEM research group, EST-Sal, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
ABSTRACT
In this paper new approach control for voltage, frequency, as well as, power quality improvement in standalone system, which
is based on PV array is investigate. DC/DC boost converter and DC/AC inverter are controlled to get maximum power from PV
array, and maintain constant voltage and frequency at the PCC respectively, using Perturbation and Observation (P&O)
technique method and decoupled control, which is based on d-q reference frame .The proposed system is reinforced by dump
load and battery, which are tied to the DC link, in order are to ensure stable operating and continuous power supply. The
performance of the proposed scheme and their developed control algorithm simulation are carried out using Matlab/Simulink
in the presence of different kind of loads, as well as, during climate conditions change.
Keywords: Photovoltaic, Voltage and frequency regulation, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Dump load,
Storage system.
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar power is a renewable, free, and abandoned energy source; it is inexhaustible compared to the classical fossil
energy sources, such as oil and coal. Recently, this energy source has taken much importance especially in isolated
installation as, water-pumping installations, automatic irrigation systems, Lighting for remote signs like outdoor.
board, off-shore navigational aids, highway directional signs, as well as, in remote areas as street lights. This energy
source is much cheaper compared to other renewable energy source such as wind turbine, it require less equipment and
maintenance. Unfortunately, this energy source possess some drawbacks as, intermittency issues, adding is not shining
at night but also during daytime there may be cloudy or rainy weather [1]. Consequently, intermittency and
unpredictability of solar energy makes PVs less reliable a solution especially for remote areas as application. Therefore,
to ensure stable and continues power supply to isolated load additional equipment such as battery energy storage dump
load is required [2-3]. Furthermore, new robust control algorithms are necessary to control single or two stage inverters
in order to get MPPT from PVs and regulate the load voltage, as well as the frequency [4-7].
As for the design, usually single or two stage inverters are proposed by [7-9]. According to [9] two stage inverters
possess more advantages compared to single advantages view point power quality improvement. Generally,
perturbation and observation method-technique (P&O) is very popularly compared to the incremental conductance, the
First-Order Differential, the Artificial Neural Network, the Fuzzy Logic, because is simple, adding is easy to
implemented in laboratory [10].
Generally, dump load is key element in standalone application, it ensure stability by dissipate the rest of power if the
battery is not fully charged [11]. But according to [12], this element can infect the power quality if is tied in the AC
side [13-14]. Several solutions have been reported in the literature for dumping the extract power in standalone system
as [15], this method is complexes and required more mechanical equipments. Furthermore, is not suggested to the
remote areas where the simple technology is more suitable due to the issue of the maintenance [16].
As for the frequency and voltage regulation in standalone system, several approach are reported in the literature, among
them, nonlinear control proposed by [17-21], and adaptive control given by [22], those control algorithms are robust
and they are based on strong mathematical model the only drawbacks are related of the number of the sensors used.
Page 1

ISSN 2321-600X
That is why in the proposed scheme in this study two stage inverters are used as is shown in Fig.1, adding optimized
perturbation and observation (OP&O) are chosen for controlling the DC/DC boost converter in order to get MPPT from
PV array, and for voltage and frequency, new control algorithm using less sensors is developed to control the DC/AC
inverter. To improve the quality of the output voltage and eliminate the high frequency ripple, LC filter is used.
Furthermore to protect the battery energy storage system (BESS) from overvoltage, and minimize the risk of
deterioration of the power quality, dump load is tied in the DC side. The performance of the proposed system and their
control algorithms are tested using Matlab/Simulink in the presence of different kind of loads and weather conditions.
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
As is shown in Fig.1, the proposed standalone system, which is based on PV array, consists of; DC/DC boost converters,
DC/AC inverter, dump load, BESS (battery energy storage system), ripple filter and loads. The DC/DC boost converter
is controlled in order to get maximum power from the PV using P&O technique-method and to maintain the output DC
voltage (vout) constant. BESS is tied at to the DC link in order to compensate the fluctuation due to the intermittency
nature of the PV array, moreover is used to ensure a continues power supply to the local load in the absence of the solar
irradiation. Dump load is also tied at the DC-link in order to protect the BESS from the overvoltage by dissipate the
extract power. As for the voltage, frequency, as well as, power quality improvement at the PCC the DC/AC inverter is
controlled using decoupled control. Ripple filter is installed at the output of the DC/AC inverter in order to eliminate
the high frequency due to the high frequency switching. To test the performance of the proposed system and its control
algorithms,
S2
S1
VLa L f
iLa
Dynamiclinear,
nonlinear,balanced i Lb VLb
and unbalancedloads i V
Lc Lc
S3
I pv
ifa R f
i fb
A
B
ifc
V dc
S4
S5
S6
icc icb ica
Rd
Dumpload
Vout Cout
Batteries
Cf
dc ac
inverter
iL L
Rs
V pv
dc - dc
boost converter
for PV
ID
I ph
Rsh
Equivalent circuit
model of PV
Fig.1. System under study
3. Modeling and control of the proposed system

In this section one present the modeling and control of the elements of the proposed standalone system which is based
on PV array.
3.1. Modeling and control of the PV array and the DC/DC boost converter
The equivalent circuit model of the PV, which is shown in Fig.1, it consists of a light generated source, diode, series
and parallel resistances, and capacitors. Its mathematical model is given by the following equations as [23]:
q

I PV I ph I D exp
V PV 1
k
TA
b

(1)
where the light-generated current iph and the PV saturation current iD are given as;
I ph G I rsc k T T Tr
(2)
T
qE g 1
1
I D I rr exp

kQA Tr T
Tr
(3)
Page 2


ISSN 2321-600X
where iph, vpv, T,G, Tr, irr, iscr,Ki, q,Kb,Eg,Q, and A denote the output current and voltage of PV, cell temperature, solar
irradiance, reference temperature, saturation current, short-circuit current, short-circuit temperature coefficient, charge
of an electron, Boltzmanns constant, band-gap energy of the material, total electron charge, and ideality factor,
respectively. The parameters of the PV system are presented in table I in appendix [24].
3.2. MPPT Technique-Method
As already indicate before, P&O technique-method is used to get the MPPT from the PV array, its flowchart is shown in
Fig.2 [25-26]. Using this technique, one gets the maximum output PV current (ipvref). This is used as reference current
for controlling the DC/DC Boost converter. This current is calculated using the variation of the output power PV, which
is obtained by multiplying the sensed output voltage and current (ipv and vpv). Therefore, based on the perturbations P
and V, one determine ipvref..
Fig. 2. The proposed MPPT control algorithm OP&O
3.3. Modeling and control of the DC/DC boost converter

The mathematical model of DC-DC boost converter, as shown in Fig. 1, is obtained using the Kirchhoffs voltage and
current laws. Based on the switching position function (S=0 or S=1), the dynamic of the DC/DC boost converter is
described by the following set of equations [27-28].
The switch position function is set to S=0, following equations are obtained:
Page 3


L

ISSN 2321-600X
di L
VPV (1 d)Vout
dt
C out
(4)
dVout
V
iL out
dt
R
And if the switch position function is set to S=0, one obtained:

di
L L VPV
dt
dVout
V
C out
out
dt
R
(5)
(6)
(7)
where,R, L, Cout: denotes the output load, inductance in the input current circuit and capacitance of the output filter
respectively;
From (5) to (7), one gets averaging state equations, which are depending on the duty cycle d as:
V
di L VPV
(1 d) out
dt
L
L
dVout
iL
Vout
dt
C out R C out
Therefore, the control law is obtained using (8) as;

u i VPV (1 d)Vout
(8)
(9)
(10)
Arranging (10), one obtained the following expression;

d 1
u i VPV
Vout
(11)
Where ui is calculating using the algebraic subtraction of the sensed PV current and its thirer reference, which
represents the maximum of the PV current ipvref as
u i (IPV I PVref ) k p i
s
(12)
3.4. Model of the Battery Energy Storage System

According to [25], battery voltage (vbat) must be greater than the peak of line voltage in order to satisfy PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation). Therefore this voltage is calculated as,
2
Vbat 2
v ac m a
(13)
where, ma is the modulation index.

A standard battery model available in MATLAB/simulink is used for simulation for this purpose is shown in Fig. 3
shows an equivalent circuit of the battery. It uses a simple controlled voltage source in series with a constant resistance.
The mathematical model described in [28] is used here as,
Q
(14)
E E0 K
Ae Bit
Q it
where, E: load voltage (V), E0: Constant voltage (V), K : Polarization voltage (V),Q: Battery capacity (Ah),A:
Exponential voltage (V) and B:Exponential capacity (Ah )-1.
Page 4

ISSN 2321-600X
Fig.3. Equivalent circuit of the battery
3.5. Control of dump Load

As shown in Fig.4, the proposed control algorithm for dump load to balance the power of the system when the state of
charge of the battery is greater than 100% and the power provided by the PV is greater than the power consumed by the
load. The battery voltage is sensed Vbat and compared with reference battery voltage vbatmax, the output of the PI
controller is compared with triangular carrier and its output generates control signals to the gate of the switch of the
dump load.
Fig.4. Control of dump load

The proposed standalone system is reinforced by dump load placed on the dc bus as is shown in Fig.1 in order to
protect the BESS and to maintain the dc bus voltage constant. The regulation is obtained by dissipate the excess of
power provided by the RES when the state of charge of battery (SOC %) is greater than 100%.
The battery voltage error Vbater at nth sampling instant is calculated as;
Vbat err (n) Vbatref Vbat
(15)
where Vbatref is the reference battery voltage and Vbat is the sensed battery voltage. The output of the PI voltage
controller is expressed as:
k
(16)
Vdc (Vbat ref Vbat ) k p i
s
Where kp and ki represents the proportional and the integral gains.

The PI controller output is compared with the saw tooth carrier waveform and output is fed to the gate of the shopper
switch Sd.
3.6. Modeling and control of DC-AC inverter
The objectives of the proposed control algorithms of the DC/AC inverter are the regulations of load voltage and the
system frequency. The control laws (dd and dq) are obtained based on the mathematical model of the inverter, which is
shown in Fig.5. The voltage and current equations are obtained are obtained as follow:
Page 5

ISSN 2321-600X

a) Voltage equations
C f
C f
C f
dvLa
dt
dvLb
dt
dvLc
dt
i fa iLa
i fb iLb
(17)
i fc iLc
where Cf, vLabc, ifabc, iLabc represents capacitance of the output filter, load voltages, inverter currents and load currents
respectively.
b) Current equations:
Lf
Lf
Lf
di f a
dt
di f b
dt
di f c
dt
d1Vbat vLa vn
d3Vbat vLb vn
(18)
d5Vbat vLc vn
Where d i 1 represent the on/off control signals of the bridge inverter. And vn is the voltage at neutral point. It
assume that vLa vLb v Lc 0 and i f a i f b i f c 0 . Then Vn can be deducted from (18):
vn
Vbat
3
(19)
i 1,3,5
Substituting (19) into (18) gives
di f a vLa Vbat
2d1 d3 d5
dt
L
3
f
di
f b vLb Vbat
d1 2d3 d5
Lf
3
dt
di
v
f c Lc Vbat d1 d3 2d5
Lf
3
dt
(20)
Deriving (18) with combing (20) gives
Page 6

ISSN 2321-600X
d 2 vLa
vLa
iLa
V
bat 2d1 d3 d5
C f L f 3C f L f
Cf
dt
2
vLb
iLb
V
d vLb
bat d1 2d3 d5
C f L f 3C f L f
Cf
dt
d 2v
v
i
V
Lc
Lc bat d1 d3 2d5 Lc
dt
C f L f 3C f L f
Cf
(21)
Equation (21) can be written in matrix form
d 2 vLa
2
dt
d 2 vLb
2
dt
d 2 vLc
2
dt
C f Lf
vLa

Vbat
vLb
v 3C f L f
Lc
iLa
2 1 1 d1

1
1 2 1 d
2
C iLb
f
1 1 2 d 3
iLc
(22)
Equation (22) can be written in dq form instead of abc one:
d 2vLd 1
dvLq
V
1
2 vLd bat d Ld 2
iLq
iLd
C f Lf
C
L
dt
C
C
dt
f
f
f
f
dvLd
Vbat
1
d vq L 1
2
iLd
iLq
q
L
Lq
dt
C L
C f Lf
dt
Cf
Cf
f f
(23)
Finally, dd and dq can be extracting from (23) given as:
C L d 2v Ld 1
dv
1
d Ld f f
2 vLd 2 Lq
iLq
iLd
C f Lf
Vbat dt
dt C f
Cf
dvLd
C f L f d 2vLq 1
1
d
2 vLq 2
iLd
iLq
Lq
C f Lf
Vbat dt
dt
Cf
Cf
(24)
Calculation of thecontrollaws
v Labc
2
2
cos s cos s 3 cos s 3
2
2
sin s sin s sin s

3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
v Ld
v Lq
d Ld
C f L f d 2 v Ld 1
dvLq
1

2 v Ld 2
i
i
Vbat dt
dt
C f Lq C f Ld
C f Lf
d Lq
i Ld
iLabc
2
2
cos s cos s 3 cos s 3
2
2
2
sin s sin s sin s

3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
d Lq
iLq
d Ld
C f L f d 2 vLq 1
dv
2 vLq 2 Ld
iLd
iLq
C f Lf
Vbat dt
dt
Cf
Cf
cos s
sin s
1

2
2
cos s
sin s 1
3
3

2
2
cos s
sin s 1
3
3
Gates
d Labc
PWM
Fig.5. Control of DC/AC inverter
Page 7

ISSN 2321-600X

4. Simulation and discussions
Vinv [V] V [V]

bat
1000
0
-1000
Vload [V]
To test performance of the proposed scheme and its control algorithms, simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/Simulink, using different loads as, linear dynamic load, balanced and unbalanced nonlinear load.
Furthermore, system is subjected to climate conditions variation. Fig.6 shows the waveforms of: 1) battery voltage (vbat),
2) load voltage (vload), 3) load current (iload), 4) nonlinear load current (iloadNL), 5) battery current (ibat), 6) PV current
(IiPV) and its reference (IPVref), 7) system frequency (f), and their zoomed waveforms for different scenarios. It is
observed that the PV current follows its reference during the variation of the insolation. Furthermore, the load voltage
and the system frequency are kept constant during variation of the load and the insolation, which demonstrate the
robustness of the proposed control algorithms for MPPT and voltage, as well as, system frequency regulation.
500
0
-500
1200
1100
1000
0.2
0.4
I
[A] Iload [A]
f[Hz] Ipv&Ipvref[A] Ibat[A] lOadNL
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time [s]
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20
0
-20
20
0
-20
15
10
5
0
-5
15
10
5
0
51
50
49
Fig. 6. Simulations results of battery voltage, inverter voltage, current load, current load nonlinear, current battery,
current PV array and its reference, and the system frequency under variations of load and climate change
1200
1100
1000
0.28
1000
0
-1000
0.28
500
0
-500
0.28
10
0
-10
0.28
20
0
-20
0.28
5
0
-5
0.28
10
5
0
0.28
51
50
49
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.3
0.31
Time [s]
0.32
0.33
0.34
f[Hz]
pv
I &I
pvref
bat
[A] I [A] IlOadNL [A] Iload [A]
load
[V]
inv
[V] V
bat
[V]
Fig. 7 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 0.28 s to 0.34 s. It is observed that
when the system is subjected to sudden linear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are kept constant.
One see clearly at t=0.3 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. Seeing that the load
current is greater to provide current from PV array that is why BESS is discharging.
Fig. 7. Zoom of the waveforms presented in Fig.6 between t = 0.28 s to 0.34 s
Page 8

ISSN 2321-600X
1200
1100
1000
0.99
1000
0
-1000
0.99
500
0
-500
0.99
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
1.01
1.015
1.02
0.995
1.005
Time [s]
1.01
1.015
1.02
I
[A] I
[A]
load
f[Hz] Ipv&I pvref[A] Ibat[A] lOadNL
load
[V] Vinv [V] Vbat [V]
20
0
-20
0.99
20
0
-20
0.99
15
10
5
0
-5
0.99
15
10
5
0
0.99
51
50
49
0.99
1200
1100
1000
1.35
1000
0
-1000
1.35
500
0
-500
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
Time [s]
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
I
[A] I
[A]
load
f[Hz] Ipv&I pvref[A] Ibat[A] lOadNL
load
[V] Vinv [V] Vbat [V]
In Fig. 8 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 0.99 s to 1.02 s. It is observed that
when the system is subjected to sudden nonlinear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are kept
constant. One see clearly at t=0.3 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. One observed
that the voltage waveform is sinusoidal which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control algorithm to keep the
voltage constant. Adding the PV array follow its reference. One see at t =1 s, the PV current is decreased more and the
load current is greater, thus the BESS is discharging in order to keep the frequency constant.
20
0
-20
1.35
20
0
-20
1.35
15
10
5
0
-5
1.35
15
10
5
0
1.35
51
50
49
1.35
In Fig. 9 shows the zoom of waveforms, which are presented in Fig. 6 between t = 1.35 s to 1.45 s. It is observed that
when the system is subjected to sudden unbalanced nonlinear load variation, load voltage and the system frequency are
also kept constant. One see clearly at t=1.4 s, load is increased but the voltage and the frequency are not affected. One
Page 9

ISSN 2321-600X
observed that the voltage waveform is balanced and sinusoidal, which demonstrate the robustness of the proposed
control algorithm. Adding the PV array follows its reference, implies that MPPT is working well.
pv
[W]
5000
P &Q
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
x 10
2
1
0
0
x 10
[W]
bat
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
PL[W]
2
P
QL[Var]
1
0
[W]
1000
500
0
Time [s]
Fig. 10. Simulations results of PV array power, active and reactive load power, battery power and the consumed power
by dump load when the state of charge of battery (SOC< 100%)
pv
[W]
5000
0
0.1
P &Q
10000
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
P L [W]
5000
0
0.1
0.4
1.4
1.5
QL[Var]
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Time [s]
1.2
1.4
1.5
bat
[W]
4000
2000
0
[W]
0.1
500
SOC%
0
0.1
100
99.9995
0.1
Fig. 11. Simulations results of PV array power, active and reactive load power, battery power and the consumed power
by dump load when the state of charge of battery (SOC= 100%)
Fig. 10 show the waveforms of the provided power from PV array, consumed active and reactive power, battery power
and that consumed by dump load when the state of charge of battery is less than 100%. It is observed that the provided
power from PV array vary with variation of solar irradiations. Nevertheless, load is supplying permanently, the
difference of power is provided by the battery. One sees clearly the dump load power is equal to zero, which means
dump load is not activated because of the state of charge battery, which is less to 100%.
Page 10


ISSN 2321-600X
Fig. 11 show the waveforms of the provided power from PV array, consumed active and reactive power, battery power
and that consumed by dump load when the state of charge of battery is equal to 100%. It is observed that between t =
0.1 s and t =0.4 s the PV power is greater to power load demand, and the state of charge of battery is less to 100%,
implying that conditions to turn on dump load are not satisfied, therefore the dump load power is equal to zero.
However, at t= 0.4 s SOC% becomes equal to 100%, thus, now dump load is activated, that is why dump load power is
not equal to zero, and at t = 1 s, load power is increased and the PV power cannot satisfied load, that is why battery is
discharging.
5. Conclusion
This paper is focused on modeling and control design for the proposed standalone system, which is based on solar PV
array. DC/DC boost converter and DC/AC inverter are controlled to get MPPT, regulate load voltage and frequency
using P&O technique method and new control algorithm, which is based on d-q reference frame. Moreover, presence of
different load and climate conditions, the voltage and frequency are kept constant and the waveforms of the voltage is
maintain sinusoidal, furthermore, protection of the BESS from overvoltage in ensured by dump load, which is placed in
the DC side in order to eliminate the risk of the deterioration of the quality of voltage, as well as, to minimize the cost
of installation.
References
[1] S. Moballegh and J. Jin, "Modeling, Prediction, and Experimental Validations of Power Peaks of PV Arrays under
Partial Shading Conditions," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 5, pp. 293-300, 2014.
[2] B. Subudhi and R. Pradhan, "A Comparative Study on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for
Photovoltaic Power Systems," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, pp. 89-98, 2013.
[3] K. Hee-Sang and J. Jatskevich, "Power Quality Control of Wind-Hybrid Power Generation System Using FuzzyLQR Controller," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, pp. 516-527, 2007.
[4] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, "Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point
tracking method," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 20, pp. 963-973, 2005.
[5] X. Weidong and W. G. Dunford, "A modified adaptive hill climbing MPPT method for photovoltaic power
systems," in Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC 04), IEEE 35th Annual, pp. 1957-1963 Vol.3, 2004.
[6] M. A. Elgendy, B. Zahawi, and D. J. Atkinson, "Assessment of Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
Implementation Techniques for PV Pumping Applications," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3,
pp. 21-33, 2012.
[7] H. Ghoddami and A. Yazdani, "A Single-Stage Three-Phase Photovoltaic System With Enhanced Maximum
Power Point Tracking Capability and Increased Power Rating," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 26,
pp. 1017-1029, 2011.
[8] Y. Jianhua, G. Feng, and G. Houlei, "DC voltage sensorless control strategy of grid-tied two-stage three-phase
photovoltaic system," in Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE & ECCE), IEEE 8th International Conference,
pp. 1908-1912, 2011.
[9] Y. Zhu, J. Yao, and D. Wu, "Comparative study of two stages and single stage topologies for grid-tie photovoltaic
generation by PSCAD/EMTDC," in Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP), International
Conference, pp. 1304-1309, 2011.
[10] A. Dolara, R. Faranda, and S. Leva, "Energy comparison of seven MPPT techniques for PV systems," Journal of
Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, vol. 1, pp. 152-62, 2009.
[11] M. Rezkallah, A. Chandra, B. Singh, and R. Niwas, "Modified PQ control for power quality improvement of
standalone hybrid wind diesel battery system," in Power India Conference, 2012 IEEE Fifth, pp. 1-6, 2012.
[12] R. R. Chilipi, B. Singh, and S. S. Murthy, "Performance of a Self-Excited Induction Generator With
DSTATCOM-DTC Drive-Based Voltage and Frequency Controller," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
vol. 29, pp. 545-557, 2014.
[13] B. Singh, S. S. Murthy, and S. Gupta, "Analysis and design of electronic load controller for self-excited induction
Generators," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, pp. 285-293, 2006.
[14] B. Singh, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, Power Quality Problems and Mitigation Techniques. Hoboken, NJ,
USA: Wiley, pp. 5-7, 2015.
[15] A. M. O. Haruni, M. Negnevitsky, M. E. Haque, and A. Gargoom, "A Novel Operation and Control Strategy for a
Standalone Hybrid Renewable Power System," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, pp. 402-413,
2013.
Page 11

ISSN 2321-600X
[16] A. Elmitwally and M. Rashed, "Flexible Operation Strategy for an Isolated PV-Diesel Micro grid Without Energy
Storage," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 26, pp. 235-244, 2011.
[17] E. Kamal, A. Aitouche, and M. Bayart, "Nonlinear control of PV systems for power regulation," in Systems and
Control (ICSC), 3rd International Conference, pp. 389-394, 2013.
[18] A. F. Okou, O. Akhrif, R. Beguenane, and M. Tarbouchi, "Nonlinear control strategy insuring contribution of PV
generator to voltage and frequency regulation," in Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2012), 6th
IET International Conference, pp. 1-5, 2012.
[19] M. Torres, C. Baier, J. M. Mauricio, and J. Silva, "Non-linear control of a grid-connected multi-cell photovoltaic
inverter that operates under variable temperature and irradiance," IEEE International Conference in Industrial
Technology (ICIT), pp. 2855-2862, 2015.
[20] R. R. Chilipi, B. Singh, and S. S. Murthy, "Performance of a Self-Excited Induction Generator With
DSTATCOM-DTC Drive-Based Voltage and Frequency Controller", IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion,
vol. 29, pp. 545-557, 2014.
[21] Y. S. Kim, E. S. Kim, and S. I. Moon, "Frequency and Voltage Control Strategy of Standalone Micro grids With
High Penetration of Intermittent Renewable Generation Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31,
pp. 1-11, Jan. 2016.
[22] J. Jin-Woo, V. Nga Thi-Thuy, D. Dong Quang, D. Ton Duc, C. Young-Sik, and C. Han Ho, "A Three-Phase
Inverter for a Standalone Distributed Generation System: Adaptive Voltage Control Design and Stability
Analysis," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 29, pp. 46-56, 2014.
[23] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, "Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of
Photovoltaic Arrays," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, pp. 1198-1208, 2009.
[24] M. Rezkallah, A. Hamadi, A. Chandra, and B. Singh, "Real-Time HIL Implementation of Sliding Mode Control
for Standalone System Based on PV Array Without Using Dumpload," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,
vol. 6, no 4, pp. 1-10, Oct. 2015.
[25] D. Sera, L. Mathe, T. Kerekes, S. V. Spataru, and R. Teodorescu, "On the Perturb-and-Observe and Incremental
Conductance MPPT Methods for PV Systems", IEEE Journal of Photovoltaic, vol. 3, pp. 1070-1078, 2013.
[26] O. Tremblay, L. A. Dessaint, and A. I. Dekkiche, "A Generic Battery Model for the Dynamic Simulation of
Hybrid Electric Vehicles," in Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, VPPC 2007. IEEE, 2007, pp. 284-289,
2007.
[27] M. Rezkallah and A. Chandra, "Wind diesel battery hybrid system with power quality improvement for remote
communities," IEEE in Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS), pp. 1-6, 2011.
[28] C. Yea-Kuang and G. Jyh-Cherng, "Modeling and control of stand-alone photovoltaic generation system," in
Power System Technology (POWERCON), International Conference, pp. 1-7, 2010.
Appendix
Table I: SYSTEM PARAMETERS [24]
Parameters
irr
iscr
ki
Cpv
Tr
E0
A
Value
Parameter
s
Value
5.981. 108 A
3.81 A
0.0024
100 F
298 K
1083.3766 V
1080.3859 V
q
Kb
Eg
f
A
K
B
1.6. 1019 C
1.38. 1023 J/K
1.12 V
50 Hz
1.2
0.028225
9.826087 Ah-1
Parameter
s
L
Cout
Cf
vL
Lf
Q
Value
1.5 mH
200F
10 F
380V
5 mH
200 Ah
Parameters
Rf
fs
RL
vdc
Rd
Value
0.1
2kHz
8
1000V
71.42
Page 12

New Control Approach For Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Standalone Power Generation System Based On Solar PV Array

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Control Approach For Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Standalone Power Generation System Based On Solar PV Array

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IPASJ International Journal of Electrical Engineering (IIJEE)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEE/IIJEE.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........

Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2016