William Makepeace Thackeray

Thackeray redirects here.

Thackeray (disambiguation).

For other uses, see himself, he turned rst to art, which he studied in Paris,
but did not pursue it, except in later years as the illustrator
of some of his own novels and other writings.

William Makepeace Thackeray (/kri/; 18 July

1811 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of
the 19th century. He is famous for his satirical works,
particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English
society.

Biography

Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta,[1] British

India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 13 September 1815), was secretary to the
Board of Revenue in the British East India Company.
His mother, Anne Becher (17921864), was the second
daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher,
who was also a secretary (writer) for the East India Company.
Richmond died in 1815, which caused Anne to send her
son to England in 1816, while she remained in British
India. The ship on which he travelled made a short
stopover at St. Helena, where the imprisoned Napoleon
was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick, and then
at Charterhouse School, where he became a close friend
of John Leech. Thackeray disliked Charterhouse,[2] and
parodied it in his ction as Slaughterhouse. Nevertheless, Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse
Chapel with a monument after his death. Illness in his
last year there, during which he reportedly grew to his
full height of six foot three, postponed his matriculation at
Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never
too keen on academic studies, Thackeray left Cambridge
in 1830, but some of his earliest published writing appeared in two university periodicals, The Snob and The
Gownsman.[3]

Thackeray portrayed by Eyre Crowe, 1845

Thackerays years of semi-idleness ended after he married, on 20 August 1836, Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816
1893), second daughter of Isabella Creagh Shawe and
Matthew Shawe, a colonel who had died after distinguished service, primarily in India. The Thackerays had
three children, all girls: Anne Isabella (18371919), Jane
(who died at eight months old) and Harriet Marian (1840
1875), who married Sir Leslie Stephen, editor, biographer and philosopher.
Thackeray now began writing for his life, as he put it,
turning to journalism in an eort to support his young
family. He primarily worked for Frasers Magazine,
a sharp-witted and sharp-tongued conservative publication for which he produced art criticism, short ctional
sketches, and two longer ctional works, Catherine and
The Luck of Barry Lyndon. Between 1837 and 1840 he
also reviewed books for The Times.[4] He was also a regular contributor to The Morning Chronicle and The Foreign
Quarterly Review. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created magazine Punch, in which he published The Snob Papers, later collected as The Book of Snobs. This work popularised the modern meaning of the word snob. Thackeray was a regular contributor to Punch between 1843 and

Thackeray then travelled for some time on the continent,

visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle
Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching the age of
21 he came into his inheritance from his father, but he
squandered much of it on gambling and on funding two
unsuccessful newspapers, The National Standard and The
Constitutional, for which he had hoped to write. He also
lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support
1

1 BIOGRAPHY

1854.[5]

nior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City

Tragedy struck in Thackerays personal life as his wife, in 1852, married another man in 1855.
Isabella, succumbed to depression after the birth of their In the early 1840s Thackeray had some success with two
third child, in 1840. Finding that he could get no work travel books, The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch
done at home, he spent more and more time away until Book, the latter marked by hostility to Irish Catholics.
September 1840, when he realised how grave his wifes However, as the book appealed to British prejudices,
condition was. Struck by guilt, he set out with his wife Thackeray was given the job of being Punchs Irish exto Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a pert, often under the pseudonym Hibernis Hibernior.[5] It
water-closet into the sea, but she was pulled from the wa- was Thackeray, in other words, who was chiey responters. They ed back home after a four-week battle with sible for Punch's notoriously hostile and condescending
her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 Is- depictions of the Irish during the Irish Famine (1845
abella was in and out of professional care, as her condition 51).[5]
waxed and waned.
Thackeray achieved more recognition with his Snob Papers (serialised 1846/7, published in book form in 1848),
but the work that really established his fame was the
novel Vanity Fair, which rst appeared in serialised instalments beginning in January 1847. Even before Vanity Fair completed its serial run Thackeray had become a
celebrity, sought after by the very lords and ladies whom
he satirised. They hailed him as the equal of Dickens.
He remained at the top of the tree, as he put it, for the
rest of his life, during which he produced several large
novels, notably Pendennis, The Newcomes and The History of Henry Esmond, despite various illnesses, including a near-fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle
of writing Pendennis. He twice visited the United States
on lecture tours during this period. Thackeray also gave
lectures in London on the English humorists of the eighteenth century, and on the rst four Hanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as The
Four Georges.
In Oxford he stood unsuccessfully as an independent for
Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell, who
received 1,070 votes, as against 1,005 for Thackeray.
In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but he was never comfortable
in the role, preferring to contribute to the magazine as the
writer of a column called Roundabout Papers.
Caricature of Thackeray by Thackeray

She eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of

detachment from reality. Thackeray desperately sought
cures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up in
two dierent asylums in or near Paris until 1845, after
which Thackeray took her back to England, where he
installed her with a Mrs Bakewell at Camberwell. Isabella outlived her husband by 30 years, in the end being
cared for by a family named Thompson in Leigh-on-Sea
at Southend until her death in 1894.[6] After his wifes
illness Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue
other women, however, in particular Mrs Jane Brookeld and Sally Baxter. In 1851 Mr Brookeld barred
Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with
Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years Thackerays ju-

Thackerays grave at Kensal Green Cemetery, London, photographed in 2014

Thackerays health worsened during the 1850s and he

was plagued by a recurring stricture of the urethra that
laid him up for days at a time. He also felt that he had
lost much of his creative impetus. He worsened matters
by excessive eating and drinking, and avoiding exercise,

3
though he enjoyed horseback-riding (he kept a horse). He
has been described as the greatest literary glutton who
ever lived. His main activity apart from writing was guttling and gorging.[7] He could not break his addiction to
spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before
dressing for bed, he suered a stroke. He was found dead
in his bed the following morning. His death at the age of
fty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family,
his friends and the reading public. An estimated 7,000
people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He
was buried on 29 December at Kensal Green Cemetery,
and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found
in Westminster Abbey.

Works

Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist, writing works

that displayed a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts
such as Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair, and the title characters of The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine. In
his earliest works, written under such pseudonyms as
Charles James Yellowplush, Michael Angelo Titmarsh
and George Savage Fitz-Boodle, he tended towards savagery in his attacks on high society, military prowess, the
institution of marriage and hypocrisy.
One of his earliest works, Timbuctoo (1829), contains
a burlesque upon the subject set for the Cambridge Chancellors Medal for English Verse (the contest was won by
Tennyson with Timbuctoo). Thackerays writing career
really began with a series of satirical sketches now usually known as The Yellowplush Papers, which appeared
in Frasers Magazine beginning in 1837. These were
adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2009, with Adam Buxton
playing Charles Yellowplush.[8]
Between May 1839 and February 1840 Frasers published
the work sometimes considered Thackerays rst novel,
Catherine. Originally intended as a satire of the Newgate
school of crime ction, it ended up being more of a
picaresque tale. He also began work, never nished, on
the novel later published as A Shabby Genteel Story.

Title-page to Vanity Fair, drawn by Thackeray, who furnished

the illustrations for many of his own books.

depicting the coming of age of Arthur Pendennis, an alter ego of Thackeray, who also features as the narrator of
two later novels, The Newcomes and The Adventures of
Philip. The Newcomes is noteworthy for its critical portrayal of the marriage market, while Philip is known for
its semi-autobiographical depiction of Thackerays early
life, in which he partially regains some of his early satirical power.

Also notable among the later novels is The History of

Henry Esmond, in which Thackeray tried to write a novel
in the style of the eighteenth century, a period that held
great appeal for him. Not only Esmond but also Barry
Lyndon and Catherine are set in that period, as is the
sequel to Esmond, The Virginians, which takes place in
North America and includes George Washington as a
Thackeray is probably best known now for Vanity Fair. character who nearly kills one of the protagonists in a
In contrast, his large novels from the period after Van- duel.
ity Fair, which were once described by Henry James as
examples of loose baggy monsters, have largely faded
from view, perhaps because they reect a mellowing in
Thackeray, who had become so successful with his satires
on society that he seemed to lose his zest for attacking 3 Family
it. These later works include Pendennis, a Bildungsroman
In The Luck of Barry Lyndon, a novel serialised in
Frasers in 1844, Thackeray explored the situation of an
outsider trying to achieve status in high society, a theme
he developed more successfully in Vanity Fair with the
character of Becky Sharp, the artists daughter who rises
nearly to the heights by manipulating the other characters.

4 REPUTATION AND LEGACY

Anne Becher and Richmond Thackeray were married in
Calcutta on 13 October 1810. Their only child, William,
was born on 18 July 1811.[11] There is a ne miniature
portrait of Anne Becher Thackeray and William Makepeace Thackeray, aged about two, done in Madras by
George Chinnery c. 1813.[12]
Annes familys deception was unexpectedly revealed in
1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited the
supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth to dinner. Five years
later, after Richmond had died of a fever on 13 September 1815, Anne married Henry Carmichael-Smyth, on 13
March 1817. The couple moved to England in 1820, after
having sent William o to school there more than three
years earlier. The separation from his mother had a traumatic eect on the young Thackeray, which he discussed
in his essay On Lettss Diary in The Roundabout Papers.

3.2 Descendants
Thackeray is an ancestor of the British nancier Ryan
Williams, and is the great-great-great-grandfather of the
British comedian Al Murray.[13]

Anne Becher and William Makepeace Thackeray, c.1813

3.1

4 Reputation and legacy

Parents

Thackerays father, Richmond Thackeray, was born at

South Mimms and went to India in 1798 at age sixteen
as a writer (civil servant) with the East India Company.
Richmond fathered a daughter, Sarah Redeld, in 1804
with Charlotte Sophia Rudd, his possibly Eurasian mistress, and both mother and daughter were named in his
will. Such liaisons were common among gentlemen of
the East India Company, and it formed no bar to his later
courting and marrying Williams mother.[9]
Thackerays mother, Anne Becher (born 1792), was one
of the reigning beauties of the day and a daughter of
John Harmon Becher, Collector of the South 24 Parganas
district (d. Calcutta, 1800), of an old Bengal civilian
family noted for the tenderness of its women. Anne
Becher, her sister Harriet and their widowed mother, also
Harriet, had been sent back to India by her authoritarian guardian grandmother, Ann Becher, in 1809 on the
Earl Howe. Annes grandmother had told her that the
man she loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, an ensign in
the Bengal Engineers whom she met at an Assembly Ball
in 1807 in Bath, had died, while he was told that Anne was
no longer interested in him. Neither of these assertions
was true. Though Carmichael-Smyth was from a distinguished Scottish military family, Annes grandmother
went to extreme lengths to prevent their marriage. Surviving family letters state that she wanted a better match
for her granddaughter.[10]

Etching of Thackeray, ca. 1867

During the Victorian era Thackeray was ranked second

only to Charles Dickens, but he is now much less widely
read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair,
which has become a xture in university courses, and has
been repeatedly adapted for the cinema and television.

5
In Thackerays own day some commentators, such as
Anthony Trollope, ranked his History of Henry Esmond
as his greatest work, perhaps because it expressed Victorian values of duty and earnestness, as did some of his
other later novels. It is perhaps for this reason that they
have not survived as well as Vanity Fair, which satirises
those values.

The History of Henry Esmond (1852) ISBN 0-14143916-5

Thackeray saw himself as writing in the realistic tradition, and distinguished his work from the exaggerations
and sentimentality of Dickens. Some later commentators have accepted this self-evaluation and seen him as a
realist, but others note his inclination to use eighteenthcentury narrative techniques, such as digressions and direct addresses to the reader, and argue that through them
he frequently disrupts the illusion of reality. The school
of Henry James, with its emphasis on maintaining that
illusion, marked a break with Thackerays techniques.

The Rose and the Ring (1855) ISBN 1-4043-2741X

In 1887 the Royal Society of Arts unveiled a blue plaque

to commemorate Thackeray at the house at 2 Palace
Green, London, that had been built for him in the
1860s.[14] It is now the location of the Israeli Embassy.[15]
Thackerays former home in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, is
now a restaurant named after the author.[16]

The English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century

(1853)
The Newcomes (1855) ISBN 0-460-87495-0

The Virginians (18571859) ISBN 1-4142-39521

Four Georges (1860-1861) - ISBN 978-1410203007
The Adventures of Philip (1862) ISBN 1-41010510-5
Roundabout Papers (1863)
Denis Duval (1864) ISBN 1-4191-1561-8
The Orphan of Pimlico (1876)
Sketches and Travels in London
Stray Papers: Being Stories, Reviews, Verses, and
Sketches (1821-1847)

List of works

Literary Essays

The Yellowplush Papers (1837) ISBN 0-80959676-8

The English Humorists of the eighteenth century: a

series of lectures (1867)

Catherine (183940) ISBN 1-4065-0055-0 (originally credited to Ikey Solomons, Esq. Junior[17] )

Lovel the Widower

A Shabby Genteel Story (1840) ISBN 1-41010509-1

Ballads
Christmas Books

The Irish Sketchbook (1843) ISBN 0-86299-754-2

Samuel Titmarsh

The Luck of Barry Lyndon (1844), lmed as Barry

Lyndon by Stanley Kubrick ISBN 0-19-283628-5

Miscellanies

Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo

(1846), under the name Mr M. A. Titmarsh.
Mrs. Perkinss Ball (1846), under the name M. A.
Titmarsh
The Book of Snobs (1848), which popularised that
term- ISBN 0-8095-9672-5
Vanity Fair (1848) ISBN 0-14-062085-0

Stories
Burlesques
Irish Sketchbook volume 2
Character Sketches
Critical Reviews
Second Funeral of Napoleon

Pendennis (18481850) ISBN 1-4043-8659-9

Rebecca and Rowena (1850), a parody sequel of
Ivanhoe ISBN 1-84391-018-7
The Paris Sketchbook (1840), featuring Roger Bontemps
Mens Wives (1852) ISBN 978-1-77545-023-8

6 See also
Anne Isabella Thackeray
Barry Lyndon, the lm adaptation by Stanley
Kubrick

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

[1] Calcutta was the capital of the British Indian Empire at

the time. Thackeray was born on the grounds of what is
now the Armenian College & Philanthropic Academy, on
the old Freeschool Street, now called Mirza Ghalib Street.
[2] Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver,
Burdett. p. 25.

8 Bibliography
Catalan, Zelma. The Politics of Irony in Thackerays
Mature Fiction: Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, The
Newcomes. Soa (Bulgaria), 2010, 250 p.
Sheldon Goldfarb Catherine: A Story (The Thackeray Edition). University of Michigan Press, 1999.

[3] Thackeray, William Makepeace (THKY826WM)". A

Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

Ferris, Ina. William Makepeace Thackeray. Boston:

Twayne, 1983.

[4] Gary Simons, Thackerays Contributions to the Times",

Victorian Periodicals Review, 40:4 (2007, pp. 332354

Jack, Adolphus Alfred. Thackeray: A Study. London: Macmillan, 1895.

[5] Peter Gray, "Punch and the Great Famine, History Ireland, Summer 1993)

Monsarrat, Ann. An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray

the Man, 18111863. London: Cassell, 1980.

[6] Ann Monsarrat, An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray the

Man, 18111863, London: Cassell, 1980, pp. 121, 128,
134, 161; John Aplin, Memory and Legacy: A Thackeray
Family Biography, 1876-1919, Cambridge: Lutterworth,
2011, pp. 5, 136.

Peters, Catherine. Thackerays Universe: Shifting

Worlds of Imagination and Reality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

[7] Bee Wilson, Vanity Fare, New Statesman, 27 November

1998. Retrieved 4 January 2014
[8] The Yellowplush Papers. British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
[9] Menon, Anil (29 March 2006). William Makepeace
Thackeray: The Indian in the Closet. Round Dice. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
[10] Alexander, Eric (2007). Ancestry of William Thackeray. Henry Cort Father of the Iron Trade. henrycort.net.
Retrieved 10 February 2009.
[11] Gilder, Jeannette Leonard; Joseph Benson Gilder (15 May
1897). The Critic: An Illustrated Monthly Review of Literature, Art, and Life (Original from Princeton University,
Digitized 18 April 2008 ed.). Good Literature Pub. Co.
p. 335.

Prawer, Siegbert S.: Breeches and Metaphysics:

Thackerays German Discourse. Oxford: Legenda,
1997.
Prawer, Siegbert S.: Israel at Vanity Fair: Jews and
Judaism in the Writings of W. M. Thackeray. Leiden:
Brill, 1992.
Prawer, Siegbert S.: W. M. Thackerays European
sketch books: a study of literary and graphic portraiture. P. Lang, 2000.
Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Uses of Adversity,
18111846. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.
Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom,
18471863. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.
Ritchie, H.T. Thackeray and His Daughter. Harper
and Brothers, 1924.

[12] Ooty Well Preserved & Flourishing

[13] Cavendish, Dominic (3 March 2007). Prime Time, Gentlemen, Please. The Daily Telegraph. London.
[14] THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (18111863)". English Heritage. Retrieved 23 October
2012.
[15] British History website
[16] Thackerays, 85 London Rd, Tunbridge Wells, TN1 1EA
Bookatable. Downloaded 20 February 2016.
[17] Harden, Edgar (2003). A William Makepeace Thackeray
Chronology. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 45. ISBN 9780-230-59857-7. Retrieved 29 June 2016.

Rodrguez Espinosa, Marcos (1998) Traduccin

y recepcin como procesos de mediacin cultural:
'Vanity Fair' en Espaa. Mlaga: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Mlaga.
Shillingsburg, Peter. William Makepeace Thackeray: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
Bloom, Abigail Burnham; Maynard, John, eds.
(1994). Anne Thackeray Ritchie: Journals and letters. Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press. ISBN
9780814206386.
Williams, Ioan M. Thackeray. London: Evans,
1968.

External links
Works by William Makepeace Thackeray at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about William Makepeace Thackeray
at Internet Archive
Works by William Makepeace Thackeray at
LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by Thackeray at eBooks @ Adelaide
PSUs Electronic Classics Series William Makepeace Thackeray site
On Charity and Humor, discourse on behalf of a
charitable organisation
Pegasus in Harness: Victorian Publishing and W. M.
Thackeray by Peter L. Shillingsburg
Bluebeards Ghost by W. M. Thackeray (1843)
The Adventures of Thackeray on his way through
the World: An online exhibition at the Houghton Library

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

William Makepeace Thackeray Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray?oldid=746584838 Contributors:

Magnus Manske, 0, Danny, Deb, Ortolan88, Zoe, Camembert, Stevertigo, Ubiquity, Pamplemousse, Paul Barlow, Dominus, Shyamal,
Sannse, Dori, Paul A, Mkweise, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Kingturtle, John K, Charles Matthews, Wik, Tpbradbury, Dimadick, TimBovee,
Bearcat, Robbot, PBS, Guan, Naddy, JackofOz, Mandel, DocWatson42, Iceaxejuggler, AtStart, Advance, Levin, Everyking, Varlaam,
Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Antandrus, BozMo, Danielbech, RetiredUser2, Allissonn, MRSC, Joyous!, RevRagnarok, D6, EugeneZelenko,
Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, MeltBanana, Xezbeth, Bender235, Djordjes, JoeSmack, RJHall, CanisRufus, Kwamikagami, Bill Thayer, John
Vandenberg, Mrdude, Librarygurl, Hesperian, Alansohn, Albrecht Conz, Philip Cross, ABCD, Skyring, Japanese Searobin, Woohookitty,
FeanorStar7, Madchester, WadeSimMiser, Je3000, Geenius at Wrok, Palica, Gettingtoit, Rachel1, Icey, Rjwilmsi, Missmarple, Lockley,
Lugnad, ElKevbo, Marcol, Dcastor, Valentina-Monica Barba, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Gareth E. Kegg, Diamantina, Imaek, Banaticus, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Hornplease, Gaius Cornelius, Jpbowen, Tony1, Deeday-UK, Homagetocatalonia, MrBook, Ray Yallop, InvisibleSun,
Thomas Blomberg, Mjroots, GrinBot~enwiki, Samwilson, SandFish, SmackBot, Elonka, Kevinalewis, Colonies Chris, Mike hayes, Dr pda,
Dantadd, Zeamays, Ohconfucius, JMcFerran, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Gloriamarie, BrownHairedGirl, Bodders, MattHucke, DO11.10,
John, Hotspur23, Kilaiditis, BillFlis, Freederick, ISD, Iridescent, RLamb, Drinibot, ShelfSkewed, Ike524, Cydebot, Scutigera, Bmcln1,
Biruitorul, TonyTheTiger, Farrtj, RobotG, Seaphoto, Ozzieboy, WoodstockEarth, Paulannis, Wahabijaz, Bigjimr, Deective, Dsp13, The
Transhumanist, Ipoellet, PhilKnight, LaForge, SiobhanHansa, Michael Goodyear, Thackeray, Orbicular, Anais9000, Johnpacklambert,
HoichitheEarless, Hans Dunkelberg, , Balthazarduju, PhilipLS, Sugarbat, Robertgreer, ELLusKa 86, Arrogant Papist,
Scewing, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Marcus334, Broadbot, Raymondwinn, Andy Dingley, Seresin,
Spinningspark, SieBot, Mfcayley, BotMultichill, Lucasbfrbot, Flyer22 Reborn, Android Mouse Bot 3, Maelgwnbot, TubularWorld, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, Timeineurope, All Hallows Wraith, Keppx0r, Alexbot, S19991002, SchreiberBike, Tony
May, Life of Riley, Camboxer, NellieBly, Khunglongcon, MarmadukePercy, Currylj, Addbot, J293339, Chzz, Debresser, Amontilado,
Zorrobot, J.J. Boone, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, GateKeeper, YeshuaDavid, JackieBot, Grunt117, Materialscientist, Little red cap, LilHelpa, Xqbot, J JMesserly, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, INeverCry, Celuici, Green Cardamom, Ricardiana, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Hirpex,
BRUTE, JCpromotion, Aetylus, Niallsomhairle, LutP, Trappist the monk, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Ashot Gabrielyan, Lucobrat, WillieWillie&G, RjwilmsiBot, Slon02, EmausBot, Pagony, Mar4d, Suslindisambiguator, Castillodecastellar, Spencerberus, Philafrenzy, Chewings72,
19thPharaoh, Assassin15, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, Helpful Pixie Bot, Calabe1992, Sacttergun76, Dzlinker, MusikAnimal, CitationCleanerBot, YFdyh-bot, Santoshrohini, VIAFbot, Ahmed SHareef2nd, Sophie Waywax, Epicgenius, SamJohn2013, ListerSmith, Valetude,
Zariane, OccultZone, SaucyJimmy, Monkbot, Fish storm, Rob at Houghton, Teresaski, Wikimanpowi, KasparBot, Knife-in-the-drawer,
Hop on Bananas, GreenC bot and Anonymous: 157

10.2

Images

File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Ann_&_Wm_M'peace_Thackeray,Madras_age_2_by_Chinnery.jpg
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commons/d/d8/Ann_%26_Wm_M%27peace_Thackeray%2CMadras_age_2_by_Chinnery.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Anne Becher and William Makepeace Thackeray - Miniature portrait, high denition also: thumb with ref, Ooty Well Preserved &
Flourishing Original artist: George Chinnery
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