Section Summaries With IPC Review

Introduction....................................................................
.........................................1
Biology TEKS ...................................................................
.......................................2
IPC Review .....................................................................
.........................................5
Formula Chart...................................................................
....................................25
IPC Vocabulary Review ..........................................................
.............................26
IPC Formula Review..............................................................
..............................28
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology ...............................................
.....................33
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life ................................................
.....................36
Chapter 3 The Biosphere ........................................................
...........................39
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities............................................
...........42
Chapter 5 Populations ..........................................................
.............................45
Chapter 6 Humans in the Biosphere ..............................................
.................48
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function ..........................................
.................51
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis........................................................
..........................54
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration..................................................
.......................57
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division.............................................
..................60
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics.............................................
.....................63
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA .........................................................
........................66
Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering .................................................
.......................69
Chapter 14 The Human Genome ....................................................
...................72
Chapter 15 Darwin s Theory of Evolution ..........................................
.............75
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations ............................................
....................78
Chapter 17 The History of Life..................................................
.........................81
Chapter 18 Classification.......................................................
..............................84
Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses ................................................
........................87
Chapter 20 Protists ............................................................
...................................90
Chapter 21 Fungi ...............................................................
...................................93
Chapter 22 Plant Diversity......................................................
............................96
Science TAKS 5 Motion, Forces, and Energy
IPC TEKS 4 Force and Motion
IPC 4A Motion, Work, and Power .................................................

..................165
IPC 4B Newton s Laws of Motion ...................................................
................166
IPC 4D Efficiency of Machines ..................................................
.......................168
IPC TEKS 5 Waves
IPC 5A Wave Types and Characteristics ..........................................
...............169
IPC 5B Wave Interactions........................................................
..........................171
IPC TEKS 6 Energy Transformations
IPC 6A Energy...................................................................
..................................173
IPC 6B Movement of Heat ........................................................
........................174
IPC 6F Series and Parallel Circuits ............................................
......................175
IPC 6D Impact of Various Energy Sources ........................................
.............177
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology
1 1 What Is Science? .............................................................
.............................179
1 2 How Scientists Work...........................................................
........................181
1 3 Studying Life.................................................................
...............................184
1 4 Tools and Procedures..........................................................
........................186
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
2 1 The Nature of Matter .........................................................
........................189
2 2 Properties of Water...........................................................
...........................191
2 3 Carbon Compounds..............................................................
......................194
2 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes ...............................................
.............197
Chapter 3 The Biosphere
3 1 What Is Ecology? .............................................................
............................200
3 2 Energy Flow ..................................................................
..............................202
3 3 Cycles of Matter..............................................................
.............................205
vi Study Guide/Contents
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Study Guide/Contents vii
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Communities
4 1 The Role of Climate ..........................................................
..........................208
4 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?.....................................................
.................210
4 3 Biomes .......................................................................
....................................212
4 4 Aquatic Ecosystems............................................................
.........................216
Chapter 5 Populations
5 1 How Populations Grow..........................................................
....................220
5 2 Limits to Growth .............................................................

............................223
5 3 Human Population Growth.......................................................
................225
Chapter 6 Humans in the Biosphere
6 1 A Changing Landscape..........................................................
.....................228
6 2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources..........................................
.....230
6 3 Biodiversity .................................................................
.................................233
6 4 Charting a Course for the Future..............................................
................236
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
7 1 Life Is Cellular..............................................................
................................238
7 2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure ....................................................
.......................240
7 3 Cell Boundaries...............................................................
.............................244
7 4 The Diversity of Cellular Life................................................
....................247
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
8 1 Energy and Life...............................................................
.............................249
8 2 Photosynthesis: An Overview ..................................................
.................251
8 3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis...............................................
................253
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
9 1 Chemical Pathways.............................................................
........................257
9 2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport .......................................
..........260
Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division
10 1 Cell Growth .................................................................
...............................265
10 2 Cell Division................................................................
...............................266
10 3 Regulating the Cell Cycle....................................................
.....................269
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
11 1 The Work of Gregor Mendel....................................................
................271
11 2 Probability and Punnett Squares..............................................
...............273
11 3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics ................................................
................275
11 4 Meiosis......................................................................
...................................278
11 5 Linkage and Gene Maps........................................................
...................280
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA
12 1 DNA .........................................................................
...................................282
12 2 DNA Chromosomes and Replication .............................................
.......285
12 3 RNA and Protein Synthesis ...................................................
..................287
12 4 Mutations....................................................................
................................290

12 5 Gene Regulation .............................................................

...........................292Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering
13 1 Changing the Living World ...................................................
..................296
13 2 Manipulating DNA ............................................................
.......................298
13 3 Cell Transformation .........................................................
.........................301
13 4 Applications of Genetic Engineering..........................................
............303
Chapter 14 The Human Genome
14 1 Human Heredity ..............................................................
.........................306
14 2 Human Chromosomes............................................................
..................309
14 3 Human Molecular Genetics ....................................................
.................312
Chapter 15 Darwin s Theory of Evolution
15 1 The Puzzle of Life s Diversity ................................................
.................316
15 2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin s Thinking ...........................................
.......319
15 3 Darwin Presents His Case.....................................................
...................321
Chapter 16 Evolution of Populations
16 1 Genes and Variation..........................................................
........................325
16 2 Evolution as Genetic Change .................................................
.................328
16 3 The Process of Speciation....................................................
.....................330
Chapter 17 The History of Life
17 1 The Fossil Record ...........................................................
...........................333
17 2 Earth s Early History .........................................................
.......................336
17 3 Evolution of Multicellular Life..............................................
..................339
17 4 Patterns of Evolution .......................................................
.........................342
Chapter 18 Classification
18 1 Finding Order in Diversity ..................................................
....................345
18 2 Modern Evolutionary Classification ..........................................
............347
18 3 Kingdoms and Domains.........................................................
..................349
Chapter 19 Bacteria and Viruses
19 1 Bacteria.....................................................................
...................................353
19 2 Viruses......................................................................
...................................357
19 3 Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses......................................
........359
Chapter 20 Protists
20 1 The Kingdom Protista.........................................................
......................361
20 2 Animallike Protists: Protozoans .............................................
.................363
20 3 Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae........................................

...............366
20 4 Plantlike Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae..............................
...369
20 5 Funguslike Protists..........................................................
..........................372
Chapter 21 Fungi
21 1 The Kingdom Fungi............................................................
......................375
21 2 Classification of Fungi .....................................................
.........................378
21 3 Ecology of Fungi.............................................................
...........................382
viii Study Guide/Contents
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.Study Guide/Contents ix
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 22 Plant Diversity
22 1 Introduction to Plants ......................................................
.........................384
22 2 Bryophytes...................................................................
...............................387
22 3 Seedless Vascular Plants.....................................................
......................390
22 4 Seed Plants..................................................................
................................393
22 5 Angiosperms Flowering Plants ..................................................
..........397
Chapter 23 Roots, Stems, and Leaves
23 1 Specialized Tissues in Plants ...............................................
...................400
23 2 Roots........................................................................
....................................403
23 3 Stems .......................................................................
....................................405
23 4 Leaves.......................................................................
...................................408
23 5 Transport in Plants .........................................................
...........................410
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants
24 1 Reproduction With Cones and Flowers..........................................
.......413
24 2 Seed Development and Germination.............................................
........418
24 3 Plant Propagation and Agriculture............................................
.............420
Chapter 25 Plant Responses and Adaptations
25 1 Hormones and Plant Growth ...................................................
...............423
25 2 Plant Responses .............................................................
............................426
25 3 Plant Adaptations............................................................
..........................428
Chapter 26 Sponges and Cnidarians
26 1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom ..........................................
..........431
26 2 Sponges .....................................................................
..................................435
26 3 Cnidarians ..................................................................
...............................437
Chapter 27 Worms and Mollusks
27 1 Flatworms....................................................................

...............................441
27 2 Roundworms...................................................................
...........................444
27 3 Annelids.....................................................................
.................................446
27 4 Mollusks.....................................................................
.................................449
Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms
28 1 Introduction to the Arthropods...............................................
................453
28 2 Groups of Arthropods ........................................................
......................456
28 3 Insects......................................................................
....................................459
28 4 Echinoderms..................................................................
.............................462
Chapter 29 Comparing Invertebrates
29 1 Invertebrate Evolution.......................................................
.......................465
29 2 Form and Function in Invertebrates...........................................
............468
Chapter 30 Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians
30 1 The Chordates................................................................
............................472
30 2 Fishes.......................................................................
....................................474
30 3 Amphibians ..................................................................
..............................478Chapter 31 Reptiles and Birds
31 1 Reptiles.....................................................................
...................................482
31 2 Birds........................................................................
.....................................485
Chapter 32 Mammals
32 1 Introduction to the Mammals..................................................
................489
32 2 Diversity of Mammals ........................................................
......................492
32 3 Primates and Human Origins ..................................................
...............494
Chapter 33 Comparing Chordates
33 1 Chordate Evolution...........................................................
........................498
33 2 Controlling Body Temperature.................................................
...............500
33 3 Form and Function in Chordates...............................................
.............502
Chapter 34 Animal Behavior
34 1 Elements of Behavior ........................................................
........................506
34 2 Patterns of Behavior ........................................................
.........................509
Chapter 35 Nervous System
35 1 Human Body Systems ..........................................................
....................512
35 2 The Nervous System...........................................................
......................514
35 3 Divisions of the Nervous System .............................................
..............516
35 4 The Senses...................................................................
................................518

35 5 Drugs and the Nervous System ................................................

..............521
Chapter 36 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
36 1 The Skeletal System..........................................................
.........................524
36 2 The Muscular System .........................................................
......................527
36 3 The Integumentary System.....................................................
.................530
Chapter 37 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
37 1 The Circulatory System ......................................................
......................533
37 2 Blood and the Lymphatic System ..............................................
.............536
37 3 The Respiratory System.......................................................
.....................538
Chapter 38 Digestive and Excretory Systems
38 1 Food and Nutrition ..........................................................
.........................542
38 2 The Process of Digestion ....................................................
......................545
38 3 The Excretory System ........................................................
.......................548
Chapter 39 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
39 1 The Endocrine System ........................................................
......................551
39 2 Human Endocrine Glands ......................................................
.................554
39 3 The Reproductive System .....................................................
...................557
39 4 Fertilization and Development ...............................................
................560
Chapter 40 The Immune System and Disease
40 1 Infectious Disease...........................................................
...........................563
40 2 The Immune System ...........................................................
......................565
40 3 Immune System Disorders......................................................
.................568
40 4 The Environment and Your Health .............................................
...........570
x Study Guide/Content Chapter 23 Roots, Stems, and Leaves.......................
.........................................99
Chapter 24 Reproduction of Seed Plants .........................................
...............102
Chapter 25 Plant Responses and Adaptations......................................
.........105
Chapter 26 Sponges and Cnidarians ..............................................
.................108
Chapter 27 Worms and Mollusks ..................................................
...................111
Chapter 28 Arthropods and Echinoderms...........................................
...........114
Chapter 29 Comparing Invertebrates .............................................
.................117
Chapter 30 Nonvertebrate Chordates, Fishes, and Amphibians ................120Wh
en the Soviet Union broke apart, most of the
world was stunned. Many thought of the Soviet
Union as a very powerful country, and until the
breakup most gave very little thought to the many

different and geographically separate cultures that

comprised the Soviet Union. Anthropologists were
not as surprised by the breakup because they knew
that the Soviet Union contained a large number of
culturally diverse groups of people, such as
Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Kazakhs,
among many others. Most of the countries that
became independent after the breakup of the Soviet
Union Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan,
etc. were populated largely by people speaking a
particular language and sharing a particular culture. In retrospect, if more peo
ple had known that
there wasn t much of a shared culture in what we
formerly called the Soviet Union, perhaps the
breakup would not have been so surprising. This is
not to say that the breakup was caused solely by
cultural differences. The fact of the matter is that
social scientists are still far from understanding
what accounts for why a country splits apart, and
why the break-up may be violent or peaceful. We
do know, however, that if we want to understand
what happens to a country, it is important to pay
attention to how the different cultures in the country get along and how much of
a national culture
has developed.
The focus of Countries and Their Cultures is on
the cultures of the countries around the world,
what is and what is not commonly shared culturally by the people who live in a c
ountry. As the
reader will see, some countries have a distinctive
national culture. That is, most of the people in the
country share a distinctive set of attitudes, beliefs,
values, and practices. Other countries hardly have
a shared culture, and maybe not even a dominant
one. Many of these culturally diverse countries like
Nigeria and Kenya had their political unity imposed
upon them by colonialism. There were hundreds of
different cultures, many of them not even politically unified, before the coloni
al power imposed
control over the whole area. The major new commonality was that the various cult
ures had to deal
with a new overarching political authority, the
colonial authority. Often, the eventual achievement
of independence was not sufficient to create much
in the way of a national culture. Only time will tell
whether these new political entities will endure and
whether national cultures will develop.
In a country with many cultures, the emergence of a common culture can occur gra
dually
and peacefully as people interact over time or when
immigrants voluntarily assimilate to a dominant
culture. More often than not, cultural dominance
emerges in the context of one group having superior power over the others. Afric
ans brought as
slaves to what is now the United States did not
choose to come, nor did Native Americans choose
to have their lands taken away or their children
sent away to boarding school to learn the ways of
the dominant culture. But even without force,
sheer differences in numbers can have profound

effects. There is little doubt that where a particular

ethnic group vastly outnumbers others in the
country, the culture of that ethnic group is likely to
become dominant. Examples are the Han of China
and the Russians of Russia.
Multiculturalism is quite characteristic of most
of today s countries, but countries vary greatly in
the degree to which ethnic groups co-exist peacefully and in the degree to which
diversity of culture
is tolerated and even sometimes celebrated.
Germany for a long time (until the 1930s) was tolerant of Jews, but then it chan
ged and exterminated them in the 1940s. Why ethnic conflict
emerges at some times and in some places is only
beginning to be understood.
Cultural anthropology and the other social sciences can help us understand. Cult
ural anthropology got started as a discipline when people began
to realize, with imperialism and colonialism, that
the ways of life of people around the world varied
P R E F A C Eenormously. In the beginning of the twentieth century, there were s
till many cultures that depended
on hunting, gathering, and fishing, with no agriculture or industry. Villages in
many places were
hardly linked to their neighbors, much less to
state-type polities in the outside world. The world s
cultural diversity was greater and more fragmented than it is today. Now the wor
ld is a multiplicity of nation-states, multicultural (multiethnic)
polities that formed as little or larger empires, or as
products of colonialism. In an earlier reference
work, the 10-volume Encyclopedia of World Cultures
(produced under the auspices of the Human
Relations Area Files [HRAF] and published by G.K.
Hall/Macmillan), the focus was on the cultures
typically studied by anthropologists. A different
language, not shared by neighbors, is often a key
defining feature of a group of people who share (or
who shared) a culture. Thus, countries and their
usual multiplicity of cultures were not the focus of
that encyclopedia.
In this reference work, we focus on the cultures
of countries. We have asked our authors to describe
what is culturally universal in the country they are
writing about and what varies by ethnic group,
region, and class. Information on widely-shared
behavior and values, as well as on cultural variation within the country, is now
recognized as
important to understanding politics, civil rights,
business opportunities, and many other aspects of
life in a country. Our focus on culture makes
Countries and Their Cultures unique. No other single
reference work comes close to matching the range
of cultural information offered in these volumes.
Another unique feature of Countries and Their
Cultures is the discussions of do s and don ts
for a culture, including what to make small talk
about and what not to talk about. For example, visitors to the United States may
be familiar with
much of American culture, but if they divulge the
real state of their health and feelings to the first
American who asks How are you?, they have
much to learn about small talk in the United

States.
A third unique feature of Countries and Their
Cultures is the discussion of ethnic relations in a
country, including material on whether one particular ethnic group became domina
nt or whether a
national culture developed out of a community of
disparate cultures. In some cases, particularly in
newly developing nations, there is relatively little
shared culture, and so there may be little national
culture.
We are able to provide the information contained in these volumes through the ef
forts of
more than 200 contributors-social scientists
(anthropologists largely, but also sociologists, historians, geographers, and po
litical scientists) as
well as others who usually have firsthand experience in the countries they write
about and know
the language or lingua franca of that country.
Thus they are able to provide integrated, holistic
descriptions of the countries, not just facts. Our
aim was to leave the reader with a real sense of
what it is like to live in a particular country.
Our list of countries consists largely of politically independent entities. Howe
ver, we have
included some geographically separate entities that
are politically part of other countries. Examples are
Anguilla and Bermuda, which are dependent territories of the United Kingdom; Fre
nch Guiana and
Guadaloupe, which are French overseas departments; and Hong Kong, which is a spe
cial administrative region of China. Our advisors also
suggested we add entries for major divisions of the
United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.
Articles all follow the same format to provide
maximum comparability. Countries with small
populations have shorter entries; those with large
populations or complex ethnic composition are
longer in length to accommodate the complexity.
USING COUNTRIES AND THEIR CULTURES
This reference work is meant to be used by a variety of people for a variety of
purposes. It can be
used both to gain a general understanding of a
country and its culture(s), and to find a specific
piece of information by looking it up under the relevant subheading. It can also
be used to learn about
a particular region of the world and the social, economic, and political forces
that have shaped the
cultures of the countries in that region. We provide
a substantial bibliography at the end of each country entry.
Beyond being a basic reference resource,
Countries and Their Cultures also serves readers with
more focused needs. For researchers interested in
comparing countries and their cultures, this work
provides information that can guide the selection of
particular countries for further study. For those
interested in international studies, the bibliographies in each entry can lead o
ne quickly to the relevant social science literature as well as providing a
state-of-the-art assessment of knowledge about
the world s countries and their cultures. For curriculum developers and teachers s
eeking to internationalize the curriculum, this work is a basic