Persian Alphabet - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Persian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
1 di 7
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&printable=yes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Persian alphabet (Persian: alefb-ye frsi) or Perso-Arabic alphabet is a writing system
based on the Arabic script and used for the Persian language. It has four letters more than the Arabic
alphabet: [ p], [ t ], [ ], and [ ].
The Persian script is an abjad and is exclusively written cursively. That is, the majority of the letters in a
word connect to each other. This is also implemented on computers. Whenever the Persian alphabet is typed,
the computer automatically connects the letters to each other. Words are written from right to left. Also,
vowels are underrepresented in writing; see below for details.
The replacement of the Pahlavi scripts with the Persian alphabet in order to write the Persian language was
done by the Tahirid dynasty in ninth century Greater Khorasan.[1][2]
1 Letters
1.1 Diacritics
1.2 Other characters
1.3 Novel letters
2 Differences from the Arabic writing system
3 Word boundaries
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the
script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its
position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both
sides), and final (joined on the right) of a word.
The names of the letter are mostly the ones used in Arabic, except
for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he, which
is used for both and . For clarification, these are often called e-ye
jimi (literally "jim-like e" after jim, the name for the letter that
uses the same base form) and he-ye do-em (literally "two-eyed he",
after the contextual middle letterform ), respectively.
Example showing the Nastalq

calligraphic style's proportion rules.
10/10/2016 14:29
2 di 7
Name
Name in
Persian
script
DIN 31635
IPA
hamza[3]
[]
alef
[]
be
[b]
pe
[p]
te
[t]
s e
[s]
jim
[d ]
che
[t ]
8 e(-ye jimi)
[h]
khe
[x]
10
dl
[d]
Contextual forms
Final
Medial Initial Isolated
10/10/2016 14:29
3 di 7
11
[z]
12
re
[]
13
ze
[z]
14
[]
15
sin
[s]
16
in
[]
17
[s]
18
z d
[z]
19
, oy (in
Dari)
[t]
20
, oy (in
Dari)
[z]
21
eyn
[]
22
eyn
[] / []
23
fe
[f]
10/10/2016 14:29
4 di 7
24
qf
[] / [] / [q] (in some

dialects)
25
kf
[k]
26
gf
[]
27
lm
[l]
28
mim
[m]
29
nun
[n]
30
vv
31
he(-ye
do-em)
[h]
32
ye
y / / / (ay /
in Dari)
[j] / [i] / [] / ([aj] /

[e] in Dari)
v / / ow / (w [v] / [u] / [o] / [ow] /

/ aw / in
([w] / [aw] / [o] in
Dari)
Dari)
Letters which do not link to a following letter

Seven letters , , , , , , do not connect to a following letter as the rest of the letters of the alphabet
do. These seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position, and a second form in medial and
final position. For example, when the letter " alef" is at the beginning of a word such as " inj" (here),
the same form is used as in an isolated "alef". In the case of " emruz" (today), the letter " re" takes the
final form and the letter " vv" takes the isolated form, though they are in the middle of the word, and
also has its isolated form, though it occurs at the end of the word.
Diacritics
Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics which consists of zabar // (fatah in Arabic), zir /e/
(kasrah in Arabic), and pesh /ou / or /o/ (ammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian), sukn,
tanwn nasb /n/ and shadda (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loan-words.
10/10/2016 14:29
5 di 7
Other characters
The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, and in the case of the lm
alef, a ligature. As to hamze, it has only a single graphic, since it is never tied to a preceding or following
letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vv, ye or alef, and in that case the seat behaves like an
ordinary vv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamze is not a letter but a diacritic.
Name
Transliteration IPA Final Medial Initial Stand-alone
alef madde
[]
he ye
-eye or -eyeh
[eje]
lm alef
[l]
Although at first glance they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages
use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used
differently.
Novel letters
The main Persian letters are , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and other letters that
came into it from Arabic literature. The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet, /p/, //, /t /
(ch in chair), // (s in measure):
Sound Shape Unicode name
/p/
peh
/t / (ch)
tcheh
// (zh)
jeh
//
gaf
Many Arabic letters represent sounds not present in Persian; they are typically only employed in loanwords
and native Persian sounds replace them, such as ,, and all being pronounced the same as historical ZE
z.
Vowel notation is simple but its history is complicated. Classical Arabic has a vowel length distinction; in
writing, long vowels are normally written ambiguously by letters known as matres lectionis while short ones
are normally omitted entirely (although certain diacritics are added to indicate them in special circumstances,
notably in the Quran). Middle Persian also had vowel length, and noted with ALIF , and with Y , and
and with WW . Short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) were normally not written.
The length distinction of Middle Persian no longer exists in modern Persian. The results of its collapse vary
between Western Persian, Dari, and Tajiki, with eight- or six-vowel inventories. However, the alphabet
retains the original spellings of most words so that FRS "Persian" is pronounced in the Tehrani dialect
frsi and SHR "lion" and SHR "milk" is ir, while in Dari, these same words appear as Persian
pronunciation: [frsi] but er "lion", ir "milk".
The following is a list of differences between the Arabic writing system and the Persian writing system:
1. A hamze ( )is not written above or below an alef (), unlike in Arabic.
10/10/2016 14:29
6 di 7
2. The Arabic letter T MARBAH (), unless used in a direct Arabic quotation, is usually changed to a
te ( )or he ,in accordance with its actual pronunciation. T MARBA, used in feminine nouns in
Arabic, is a combined form of H with the dots marking T and represents a [t] that is dropped in
word-final position. Since Persian does not have this grammatical issue (or grammatical gender), T
MARBA is not necessary and is kept only to maintain fidelity in Arabic loanwords and quotations.
3. Two dots are removed in the final ye (). Arabic differentiates the final Y with the two dots and the
ALIF MAQSRA except in Egyptian, Sudanese and Maghrebi Arabic usage, which is written like a final
Y without two dots. Because Persian drops the two dots in the final ye, the alif maqsura cannot be
differentiated from the normal final ye. For example, the name MS "Moses" is written . In the
final letter in MS, Persian does not differentiate between ye and the Arabic ALIF MAQSRA.
4. The letters pe (), che (), e (), and gf ( )are added because Arabic, lacking the phonemes
represented by these letters, has no letters for them.
5. WW ( )is used as vv for [v], because Arabic has no [v], and standard Iranian Persian has [w] only
within the diphthong [ow].
6. In the Arabic alphabet H ( )comes before WW (), however in the Persian alphabet, he ( )comes
after vv ().
Typically words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending
'-h') are written without a space. When writing on a computer, they are separated from the word using the
zero-width non-joiner.
Scripts used for Persian

Persian braille
Nastalq, used to write Persian before the 20th century
1. Ira M. Lapidus (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University
Press. pp. 256. ISBN 978-0-521-51441-5.
2. Ira M. Lapidus (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127.
ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
3. "??" (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Persian dictionary that also provide Randomization

Wikimedia Commons has
(http://www.vajje.com)
media related to Persian
Virtual Persian Keyboard (http://www.choone.com
alphabet.
/perkey.html)
Persian Alphabet (http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/persian-alphabet.html)
Persian alphabet, numerals, and pronunciation (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/persian.htm)
Persian numerals (http://sartre2.byu.edu/persian/persianword/numbers.htm)
eiktub: (http://www.eiktub.com) web-based Perso-Arabic transliteration pad, with support for Persian
characters
Persian Character Maps (http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~jonsafari/persian_charmaps.pdf)
Tests to Practice Joining and Disjoining Persian Letters and Frequently Occurring Shapes
(http://sartre2.byu.edu/persian/tests/index.php#join)
Alphabet Tests with Audio to learn Pronunciation (http://sartre2.byu.edu/persian/tests
10/10/2016 14:29
7 di 7
/index.php#alphabet)
Daoulagad (http://cymraeg.ru/daoulagad.html) - mobile Persian OCR dictionary
Dastoor e khat (http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf) - The
Official document in Persian by Academy of Persian Language and Literature
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&oldid=738304240"
Categories: Persian alphabets Arabic alphabets Persian orthography Alphabets
This page was last modified on 8 September 2016, at 03:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
10/10/2016 14:29

Persian Alphabet - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Persian Alphabet - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Persian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Example showing the Nastalq