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Introduction.
Soil is a natural body consisting the layers
that are primarily composed of minerals, mixed with
some organic matter, which differ from any parent
materials in their texture. structure, consistency,
colour, chemical, biological and more. Soil is from
particles of broken rock (parent materials) which has
been altered or disturbed by physical, chemical, and
biological processes that includes with weathering of
the material associated with erosion. Soil is created
from the alteration of parent material by the
interaction between the lithosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere. It is also to be considered
a mixture of mineral and organic materials in the
form of solids, gases and liquids. Engineers,
typically geotechnical engineers, classify soils
according to their engineering properties as they
relate to use to build a processing plant plant.
Compaction test
2kg of soil sample was taken is sieve by a
No. 4 sieve(4.75mm). Then the weight of the Proctor
mold without the base and collar (extension) ,where
the volume is 0.000987m3. Then, assemble the
compaction apparatus. The soil is mixed with water
150mm 3 .The soil is then placed in the mold in 3
layers and compacted using the 25 well distribution
blows of the Proctor hammer. Next is detaching the
collar without disturbing the soil inside the mold. The
base is removed and the weight of the mold and
compaction soil is determined. Then, the compaction
soil is removed from the mold and a sample is taken
about 20-30 grams of the soil to finds its moisture
content. Lastly, the remainder of the molded soil is
place into the pan, mixed it with water of 100mm3
and is done for 5 times.
To identify the type of soil is by using the
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Official (AASHTO). It used as a guide
for the classification of soils and soil-aggregate
mixture for highway construction purposes. The
required parameters needed for the classification are
the grain soil-analysis, liquid limit (LL) and plastic
limit (PL). The grain soil-analysis is done by
calculating the percentage of passing in each sieve
size between range that standardized by AASHTO.
This method also used by USCS. AASHTO already
provide the table for referral of the class of soil.
British Standard (BS) is a system of classification
based on size, consistency and structure. Meanwhile,
ASTM stand for American Society for Testing and
Materials is basically similar to USCS. The variation
RESULT
Openin
g (mm)
% Finer
FSSA
98.494
84.502
59.326
57.47
49.346
13.288
9.681
8.979
3.468
0
9.5
4.75
2.36
2
1.4
0.6
0.425
0.3
0.075
Pan
ODEC
99.398
98.595
97.039
96.788
95.031
37.049
23.695
19.83
7.43
0
FPSK
96.743
76.903
63.025
61.322
56.262
43.186
35.621
31.763
14.237
0
28.7
1
27.7
4
25.3
9
28.0
2
26.7
9
166.
67
217.
67
120.
67
190.
33
200.
33
FPSK
76.903
14.237
27.5
4.62
SM
Properties FSSA
ODEC
Passing
84.502 98.595
4.75 mm
Passing
3.468
7.43
0.075 mm
LL
24.4
NP
PI
2.11
C lassifica SM
SW-SX
tion
Note: NP means non-plastic.
28.5
9
30.6
9
31.7
5
31.3
8
34
220.
33
171.
67
212.
67
215.
67
23
9
Propertie
FSSA
ODEC
FPSK
s
Passing
57.49
96.788 61.322
2.000 mm
Passing
9.681
23.695 35.621
0.425 mm
Passing
3.468
7.43
14.237
0.075 mm
LL
24.4
NP
27.5
PL
22.24
22.88
PI
2.11
4.62
Classificat A-1-b
A-3
A-1-b
ion
Note:GI=(F-35)[0.2+0.005(LL-40)]+0.01(F15)(PI-10)
Table 7 Classify the soil samples by using
ASTM
Propertie
s
Passing
0.075 mm
Passing
4.75 mm
LL
PI
CV
CU
Classifica
tion
FSSA
ODEC
FPSK
3.468
7.43
14.237
84.502
98.595
76.903
24.4
2.11
0.6
5.3
SP
NP
4.198
9.22
SW
27.5
4.62
2.56
56.25
SW
FSSA
ODEC
FPSK
0.075<sand
<4.75
0.002<silt<
0.075
Clay<0.002
Classificatio
n
94.74
76.24
79.37
3.51
21.7
15.87
1.75
Sand
2.1
Loam
y
Sand
4.76
Sand
Loam
FSSA
ODEC
FPSK
57.47
96.788
100
24.4
SPu
NP
-
27.5
SWM
1677
.588
Wat
er
Con
tent
(%)
0.19
4
1539
.889
0.22
3
1521
.393
0.23
8
1475
.461
0.25
8
1363
.977
0.26
5
Soil
FSSA
96.532
ODEC
92.57
FPSK
85.263
3.468
7.43
14.237
43
37
54
89
49
2
1
5
2
12
2
22.24
24.4
2.11
A-1-b
NP
8.1
A-3
22.88
27.5
A-1-b
SPu
SM
SP
Sand
SWM
SW-SX
SM
SW
SW
Loamy
Sand
Sand
Loam
Note: The value of coarse and fine grained, gravel,
sand, silt and clay based on AASHTO.
Thus, why did soil from FPSK was chosen, it is
because it is the closest soil to pass all the
requirements from choosing a soil sample for
compaction test. It's AASHTO is A-1-b, USCS is SM,
ASTM is SW, BS is SWM and UDSA is sand loam.
Plus, after doing the compaction test on the soil from
FPSK, it is found that the dry density maximum was
only 1600kg/m3 and the maximum density for this
soil is 1677.588kg/m3. While for ODEC soil sample,
we did not do fall cone test since it clearly sandy and
does not have any plasticity. Thus, we could not get
it's LL or PL. Lastly, the soil sample from FSSA did
Reference
C.S. Chen & S.M. Tan, 2002 A case history of a
coastal
land
reclamation
project,SSP
GeotechnicsSdnBhd, Malaysia
H. B. Nagaraj, A. Sridharan, H.M. Mallikarjuna,
2012 Re-examination of undrained Strength at
Atterberg Limits Water Content