ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

From the inspirational and immortal lines of Henry David Thoreau, success
usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it, and Alexander
Pope, tis education that forms the common mind: just as the twig is bent the
trees inclined. On the other hand, education is a very significant key in achieving
our much-awaited dreams and ambitions. If we act and aim for a meaningful life, we
will have it for we have dreamed and determined to become successful and inspire
others to strive and succeed. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and
appreciation to the following persons who have greatly helped and contributed for
the success of this endeavor:
To the Almighty Father, for all the blessings of life, good health, wisdom, love,
faith and knowledge,
To our beloved parents and guardians, for the moral and financial assistance
through the years,
To our groupmates/classmates, for the help, assistance and support for the
accomplishment of this compilation,
To Dr. Maria Lady Sol A. Suazo, for all the patience, kindness, pieces of
advice, teachings and guidance through the years,
And lastly, to the future readers of this compilation, for the sincere
appreciation and compliments of this endeavor.

The Mentees

INTRODUCTION
Translation and Editing Text reveals the universal beauty and meaning of a
certain language which embodies linguistic approaches and principles that will lead
to the discovery of language meaning. Translation is a diplomatic approach in which
language is used to convey meaning and to give emphasis on Source Language
(SL) and Target Language (TL) that everyone of us deserves understanding of a
certain language or contexts of a language.
Furthermore, it teaches us on how to translate a certain language with
respect to semantic, morphological, syntactic and pragmatic levels that we shall be
able to share thoughts and emotions which are related and meaningful to cherish
and to preserve its creative and stylistic meanings of a language. Translation is the
soul of communication that conveys emotions and thoughts to situations and
settings that welcome connections and appreciate levels of understanding
regardless of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and culture of human nature. In
other words, translation brings impact to understanding human language, beliefs
and culture. Translation and Editing Text is a very scientific approach in defining and
unfolding the mystery and covert meaning of a language.
Henceforth, this compendium of instructional plan and reports in MS Word
and PPT formats of English 29 (Translation and Editing Text) will present and
showcase salient pieces of information of scientific principles and approaches of
translation and editing text of a certain language.

The Mentees

NORIE FE MUTIA
BSED-IV English
The Discussion Proper:
TRANSLATION EQUIVALENT
Equivalence is a key concept in the translation in general and in the linguistic
theories in particular. Ideally, equivalence is a bilingual synonymy or sameness
based on lexical universals and cultural overlaps. Equivalence relationships are also
believed to hold between parts of STs and parts of TTs. Many theorists think that
translation is based on some kind of equivalence depending on the rank.
Typologies of Equivalence
In surveying he typologies of equivalence, Baker cites on the word vowel
referential or denotative equivalence between the SL and TL words which refer to
the same thing in the real world, in addition to connotative equivalence where SL
and the TL words are expected to trigger the same or similar associations in the
minds of the native speakers of the two languages. She bases typologies on Koller
who presents what he calls text-normative equivalence in which the SL and TL
words have the same effect on the SL and TL readers, which he also calls
pragmatic equivalence. She refers to Nidas dynamic equivalence which aspires
at creating similar response on the TL readers, so as to make translation
communicative as contrary to formal equivalence which underlies literal
translation.
Four types of translation equivalence
1. linguistic equivalence where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level in
both the original and text
2. paradigmatic equivalence where there is equivalence of the elements of a
paradigmatic expressive axis, the elements of grammar, which Popovic sees as
being a higher category than lexical equivalence

3. stylistic equivalence where there is functional equivalence of elements in

both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of
identical meaning
4. textual equivalence where there is equivalence of the syntagmatic structuring
of a text
Hann categorizes equivalence relationships into four to which we may
propound a fifth one.
1. one-to-one equivalence where there is a single expression for the TL for a
single SL expression
2. one-to-part-of-one equivalence wherein a TL expression covers part of the
concept designated by a single SL expression as in the equivalence of the concept
zakat into English as alms or charity which reveals part.
3. one-to many equivalence wherein more that one TL expression for a single
SL expression for a single SL expression as in the English words of kinship
4. many-to-one wherein more than one TL lexical item for a single SL expression or
lexical item, which reverses the above type.
NiL or Zero equivalence wherein there is no TL expression for an SL expression
such as word ijtihat or muitahid and qiyas and many other Islaic concepts which
have no equivalence in English.

COLLOCATIONAL EQUIVALENCE
Collocation refers to a sequence of co-occurring words or simply as Firth
puts it, the company words keep together, in a combination in which a word tends
to occur in relatively predictable ways with other words. Larson cites the example of
the word dress which has to drastically different meaning in the phrase dress the
chicken and dress the child. To dress a chicken involves taking the feathers off

whereas dressing a child is putting clothes on. Likewise, the adjective good and
good Friday.
It is widely accepted that to produce an acceptable, accurate or appropriate
TL equivalent for a SL counter part poses a challenge even to the most competent
and experienced translator. The translators arduous task is due to the semantic
arbitrariness of collocations as explicated by the following examples. We normally
say in English make a visit , but not perform a visit. Baker points out that
synonyms and quasi-or near- synonyms often have quite different sets of
collocates; break rules but not break regulations , or wasting time but not
squandering time, strong tea but not powerful tea. Baker also gives the example
of the verb drink in English which collocates naturally with liquids like juice and
milk , but not with soap.

ANGELITO TIMCANG PERA

GEN P. SERRANO
BSIT, BSED-IV English
English 29 (Translation and Editing Text)
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Define Translation Loss and Translation Gain;

Distinguish the differences between Translation Loss and Gain;
Discuss the Translation Loss and Translation Gain;
Determine the kinds and levels of loss and gain translation;
Appreciate the significance of translation loss and gain in real-life situations.

MATERIALS:
Hand-outs, Visual Aids, White Board Marker
DISCUSSION PROPER:
Translation Loss and Gain
6.1.TRANSLATION LOSS: Losses occur on all language levels: Morphological,
Syntactic, Textual and Stylistic/Rhetorical. With respect to the 2 languages, it
underlies the linguistic/stylistic, semantic, textual, stylistic and cultural levels. In
same manner, cultural differences give rise to lexical gaps evinced in incongruous
ideological, social and ecological terms w/c relate to highly sensitive issues
(politics/religion).
KINDS OF LOSS
Inevitable Loss: It occurs because of the divergent systems of the two languages
regardless of the skill and competence of the translator who cannot establish
equivalence and therefore resorts to compensatory strategies.
Avertable Loss: it attributes to translators failure to find appropriate equivalence.
LEVELS OF LOSS

MORPHOLOGICAL LEVEL: it happens when the formation of words in terms of

derivation and inflection is not well-attained.
SYNTACTIC LEVEL: The discrepant systems of English and Arabic generate loss
w/c necessitates compensatory strategies to aid the translator to look for functional
rather than formal equivalence.
Tense and Aspect: When combined together there are 12 tenses in English, some
of which have no equivalents in

Arabic, such as present perfect and present

continuous or progressive. The Arabic past or perfective tense refers to past,

present or future time. The failure to capture the exact reference to time may result
in a serious semantic loss.
Condition: it is another problematic syntactic area where loss in translation can be
detected. In English, there are 4 kinds: Real (Factual), Probable (Likely to happen),
Improbable ( Unlikely to happen) and Impossible.
REFERENCES:
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/translation-exchange-gain-or-loss.html
https://www.academia.edu/1426792/LOSS_AND_GAIN_IN_THE_TRANSLATION_
OF_A_NARRATIVE_TEXT.

TOPIC: LEVELS OF TRANSLATION

DISCUSSION
SEMANTIC LEVEL

There is no equivalence in the target language especially in the domain of

culture- specificity.
The most serious loss in the translation is when the meaning be it denotative
or connotative is lost or distorted.

TEXTUAL LEVEL
Cohesion is one of the most significant constituents of the text:
Arabic and English deal with coordination and subordination different ways:

Coordination is employed to express thoughts which are syntactically and

semantically equal.
The excessive use of coordinated, conjoined clauses in English may make

the text rather boring to read and hard to focus on the ideas expressed in it.
Subordination is deemed more elegant and by corollary, more favored than
coordination based on parallelism which is a rhetorical device or figure of

speech and a salient feature of good style in Arabic.

The Arabic coordinator wa, is equivalent to the English subordinator though,

even though rather than the additive coordinator and.

Four of the following ten translators have rightly opted for subordination, two
for coordination, one has lexicalized phrase, ie., seeing that and three
translators have missed it altogether.

STYLISTIC/ RHETORICAL DEVICE

The common rhetorical device metaphor is a clear case point. Where literal
rendition into English may not only cause unintelligibility but also a comic

response.
The translation of the metaphor libaas as garments of which the singular
means a sort of covering, as vestment meaning a ceremonial garment

especially one worn by priest in church, or as raiment which is archaic.

According to At-Tabari and Ibn Kathir, libaas means sakan which denotes

the pleasure and comfort enjoyed by husbands living with their wives.
Some translators have adopted the strategy of turning the metaphor into
simile while other opted for the ground of the metaphor.
Reporters:
Jollian S. Montenegro
Sheila D. Papong