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E____
H -----
! !
V = E dL
(1)
! !
I = H dL
(2)
Zo =
V
I
(3)
These concepts are easily applied for any structure with TEM
waves.
Ey =
ja
A sin
e j z
a
ja
x
Hx =
A sin e j z
(4)
(5)
V=
ja
A sin
x
a
j z
dy
(6)
Note, eqn (6) relies on the position of x & the value of b, i.e. we
get different values.
The ratio of the voltage to the current for a single traveling wave
should be equal to the characteristic impedance of the line. This
impedance may be chosen arbitrarily, but it is usually selected as
equal to the wave impedance of the line, or else normalized to
unity.
Let us consider what we know. Start with the transverse components:
!
+ j z
j z
(7)
(
(
)
)
Et = e( x , y ) A e
+A e
!
H t = h( x , y ) A+ e j z A e j z
Where e( x , y ) , h( x , y )
mode , and
A+ , A
(8)
Zw =
z e( x , y )
(9)
h( x , y )
If we let:
V+ V
I+ I
c1 = + = & c2 = + =
A
A
A
A
We can rewrite equations (7) & (8) as:
e( x , y ) + j z
j z
Et ( x , y , z ) =
V e #
+!
V!
e"
c1 $!V!
equivalent
h( x , y ) + j z
j z
I e
H t ( x, y, z ) =
I
e
#!!"
c2 $!I!
equivalent
(10)
(11)
V +I +
P =
2c1c2
+
( x, y )
h *( x , y ) dS
where * means the
complex conjugate
V + V c1
Zo = + = =
I
I
c2
Also:
Zw =
c1
c2
Example :
Find the equivalent voltage and currents for a TE10 mode in a
rectangular waveguide
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
Z matrix
V2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22 I 2
Z parameters
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
Y matrix
I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
Y parameters
I 2 = 0 Z11 =
V1
I1
etc.
In this case:
V1 Z11
V Z
2 = 21
! !
VN Z N 1
Z12 Z1N I1
" " ! I 2
" " ! !
Z NN I N
[V ] = [Z ][I ]
(12)
(13)
[I ] = [Y ][V ]
Reciprocal Networks
A reciprocal two port network, for example has the same
transmission characteristics in either direction; that is:
The output of the two port is the same for either port 1 or port 2
used as an input port.
Z ij = Z ji ; for i j
Or in general:
Yij = Y ji
Lossless Networks
No attenuation as the wave is being transmitted through the network
from port to port.
The condition is:
Re{Z mn } = 0
V 1 S11
V 2 = S 21
! !
V N S N 1
S12
"
"
S1N V +1
" ! V + 2
" ! !
S NN V + N
(14)
V2+ = 0
V2
2
(15)
V1
S11 = + V + =0
V1 2
(16)
Transmission
coefficient
V2
S 21 = + V + =0
V1 2
(17)
V1+
Pi1
1
=
=
2
2
Po 2 V
S
21
2
in dB values
dB (attenuation) = 10 log
Insertion loss
Pi1
= 20 log S 21
Po 2
10
Finally:
V2
S 22 = + V + =0
V2 1
V1
S12 = + V + =0
V2 1
transmission coefficient
from port 2 to port 1
1 0 0
0 1 #
[U ] =
" # 1
0 ! !
0
"
"
Scattering Parameters
11
Example:
Find the S- parameters for a waveguide component if the measured
VSWR=1.3 when the component is terminated with a matched load. It
is also found that the power to the matched load is 60 mW for an input
power of 100 mW. The same results are obtained when the component
is reversed.
V1
S
=
+
Since
11
V1+ V2 =0
Which is the reflection coefficient at port 1 with no incident wave at
port 2. We find using:
S11 = =
Also
VSWR 1
= 0.13
VSWR + 1
V2
S 21 = + V + =0
V1 2
12
+
Pi1 V1
=
Po 2 V 2
2
and
S 21 =
Po 2
= 0.77
Pi1
If the measured results are the same when the component is turned
around, then |S21|=|S12|=0.77. Note that we have only determined the
magnitudes of the S parameters. The angles depend on the reference
position of the port.
13