2004 5th Asian Control Conference

Stability Analysis for Power Swing Protection

H. Askarian Abyanelq* M. Marjanmehfl* and M. Meshkin*
* Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University,
Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: haskarian@yahoo.com
**FajooheshgahNiro, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
A transmission line trip during a power swing may
cause instability of a power system. It is necessary
to recognize the power swing from fault. Based on
stability boundary, the power swing blocking d a y s
must be set. To do that, first power swing should be
analyzed. Second a way of probability of occurrence
of fault must be found. Third, the critical condition
under which the stability of a power system h a s a
been disturbed is recognized. Finally the setting of
the power swing relays are calculated. In this paper
analysis of the power swing occurrence has been
made. By defining transmissions and generators
sensitivities coefficients, the way of making the line
under consideration full load is found. The way of
minimization of distance between load impedance
and the last zone of distance protection is given and
the setting of the power swing relays are
calculated.
Keywords: Power system stability, Power swing
protection, Semitivity analysis.
1

Introduction

References [47]
have analyzed power
swing
performance. References [S,91 focused on the new
ways of detection of power swing. In reference 1101
steady -state security control using sensitivity
approach is described.
In this paper, first the change of the parameters are
specified and sensitivity coefficients both for
transmission lines and generators are identified.
Then the way of minimization of distance between
load impedance and the last zone of protection is
given. This procedure for outage of the influenced
line is done. Finally a computer simulation for the
approach and whether power swing exists or not,
has been developed. If power swing occurs the
settings of the power swing relays are calculated.
The computer program was tested on some real
power system networks including Azarbayjan
network, and final result showed that the method
was successful. Some useful results plus analysis
will be given below [4, 101.
2

The stability

To analyze power swing, it is necessary to simulate

the network such that the transmission line under

After cIearance of a fault OR a line of a power

system network, the line is isolated and power
swing may occur. As an example it can be
mentioned the isolation of Azarbayjan network from
Iran power system because of occurrence of power
swing. In this example short circuit fault occurred
on RajaeeTabriz line and the protection on this line
ordered to isolate the line, then two transmission
lines named PoonekTaghidize and Mime-Zanjan
tripped by distance relays. Finally one unit offabriz
Power Station tripped and Azarbayjan network
became undectricited[l]. In order to prevent such
unwanted protection, it is necessary to specify faults
from power swing. In other word power swing
blocking elements must be set such that the distance
relays are allowed to operate the fault and prevented
to operate the power swing. Many attempts have
been made in the past to analyze the power system
stability and compute the settings of power swing
relays [Z,31.

consideration carries mximum load. If the load

current is maximum, the relevant impedance seen
by distance relay move to the third zone boundary
of the relay, Also, the most important part of a
power system network for power swing is
generators. When a disturbance occurs on a pa-t of a
power system, the generators being close to the
disturbance or fault start swings. Therefore the
transmission lines which are near to the generators
will have power swing. To analyze the suitable
power swing for the purpose of the setting of the
power swing relays it is necessary, (a) Firstly to find
the generators having more influence on the power
swing of the line. (b) Secondly to make the line
under consideration full load and find the line its
outage can make the most onerous power swing.

Generators influence coefficient

Generation Sensitivity Coefficient which is shown

by uti isdefinedby:

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4'i

(1)

ApL
=-

where, I, and i are transmission and busbar indices

respectively APL denotes line L power variation by
busbar generation variable W. in busbar i
generation. It is assumed that the generation
variation ( A P i ) is compensated by opposite
generation in the reference busbar and generation in
other generators are constant. There ore, aLi shows
the line L sensitivity per power generation of
busbar i.
Therefore, if outage of a large power station
occurred, it can be said;
Afi
(2)
Where
is the lost power. The new transmission

=-e

power of each line can be calcuIated using

follows:

Q~~

as

done by generator power change or outage of

generator or outage of a line. Direct load flow can
show the effects of the generators or lines [2,3].
For outage of a line a sensitivity coefficient called
distribution outage coefficient is defined.

d,
is distribution outage coefficient for
supervision on line L because of line outage k.
APL is power variation in h e L and PR is power
of line K before outage. If power flow in lines L and
K before outage is known, the power of line L after
outage of K is computed easily by d, :

APL
(5)
L
Equation (6) which is extracted from load flow
study for n busbar network is given by141 :
d,, =-

(31

f L * = f L +aLiAPi

In t h i s equation f; is transmitted power in line L

after generator outage in busbar i and
transmitted power before the outage.

fL

Where:
X , is the line reactance of K.

fL* can be compared with its load limit. Therefore

X, is the Line reactance o f L.

the line load can be increase to reach maximum

possible one by the change of the generation
amount. The flowchart of he procedure is given
below.

i j are sending and receiving buses of line L and m,n

are sending and receiving buses of line K.
mi is the mth element of vector A @ in the equation:
A0 =[Xjhp
(7)
Here, it is necessary to explain the role of the outage
of the lines on power swing. If the distribution
coefficient of the line K is compared with the
coefficients of the lines for example for the line has
the biggest value, it means if a fault occurs on the
line is tripped, the power swing in line L would be
onerous. Therefore if the relay setting installed on L
is computed according to this power swing
condition, certainly any fault on the lines R or K
will not arrive in the protection zone. In other word,
line setting of power swing relay for the line L is set
according to the line outage of S after happiness of
the fault on it. In the following section the computer
algorithm for this theory is given.

Condition

4 =-p:
l i d

The last
Gcncrat

Figurel: The flowchart of the transmission

maximum load by generation influence
4

S wing and transmission lines

When a line is selected or power swing protection

study, it is necessary to make it full load. This is

Computer algorithm

As mentioned in section 2, first the line under study

is made full load by tripping of the relevant
transmission lines or generators. Then, the
impedance characteristic curve seen by the. relay
under study is obtained. After that if the variation
impedance can arrive in both starter and third zone
of the distance relay, power swing blocking time
setting (TO) will be the lime taken the curve passes
power swing blocking and starter characteristics. It
means if the passhg time is greater than TO, the
distance relay operation is blocked. If the swing
curve can not amve in the third protective zone of

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given in sections 2&3, time settings of the relays are

calculated as follows:
(i) Calculation of the important
Generations coefficients for h n e l Taghidize and Rasht-Poonel to make
them full loads v a b l e 1).
(ii) Computation of transmission lines
coefficients of Poonel-Taghidize and
Rasht -Poonel to recognize the line creating
the most onerous power swing.

distance relay, thc swing has no occurred and power

swing blocking unit is not applicable.

Testresult

; As mentioned in introduction when a fault occurs on

I
I

Rajaee-Tabriz transmission line of Fig. 1 , two

different lines namely Poonel- Taghidize and RashtPoonel are tripped by power swing relays [I]. Now
by using sensitivity coefficients and the approach

Figure 2: Configuration of network

Gilan
Station
0.592

Table 2:Genetation coefficient for Rasht-Poonel

I I a s h a n l Shahid I TabrizPower
pow
RajaeePower
Statim
coefficient
SladOn
Station
Rasht -Poonel
0.450
0.490
Q.5 1

I Generation

As can be seen in the above tables some lines

coefficient relative to lines Poonel-Taghidize and
Rasht-Poonel are 1. It can be shown that in network
Azarbayjan if a fault occurs on a line with the
coefficient 1, the relative power system become
radial.
For example, if a fault occurs on PooneL Rasht and
this line trips, Poonel-Taghidize becomes radial.
Therefore no power swing will exist. This is
V

because Z =Lines coefficient

Taghidizeh

Ahartaghidize

h n e l -Taghidize

I .oo

1.m

Lines coefficient

Poonel Taghldizeh

hhtGila

1 .M)

1 .oo

Rasht-Poonel

. Poonel-

Shahid
RajaeeTabriz
a436
Shahid

Raj=Tabriz
0.620

created by one source, so they are synchronized and

the value of 2 is constant.
Now, to make lines Poonel-Taghidizmd RashtPoonel full loads According to the above
coefficients, simulation is made such the by outage
of one unit of Tabriz power station with (320Mw),
The loads of the lines becomes larges. After this
procedure, loads of Poonel-taghidize increases from
82 to 121 M W and Rasht-Poonel from 120 MW to

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I

and oscillation of both V&I are

I31 MW. Now by choosing Shahid RagaieeTabriz

which has largest coefficient after the two other
lines and putting a fault on the line. The following
process will result. Two distance protection of the
relays at buses Tabriz and Shahid-Rajaee tripped in
200 and 320 ms (Zones 1 and 2) and power swing
occurred on the lines Rasht-Poonel and PoonelTaghidize
Figurs 2 and 3 show the variation impedance
curves for the relays. The times taken that
impedance curves passes from the blocking zone to
the starter zone are calculated. These times are time
setting of blocking units and for the lines PoonelTaghidize 40ms and Rasht-Poonel780ms.

Figure 3 Simulation of power swing for PoonelRasht

1495. Iran Dispatching Report, Tavanir

Company, 1995.
121 W. Cong, Z. Pan, Z. Yun, andR. Zhong, The
method of detecting asynchronous, power
swing based on the variation of active power,
Power System Management and Control, IEE
Conference, April 2002, pp. 297-302
131 S . Jiao, Zh Bo, W. tiu, and Q. Yang, New
principle to detect fault during Power swing,
IEE Development in Power System
Protection, No. 479, pp. 515-5 18
[4] M. Marjanmehr, Power swing porection
settings using analysis of power swing of
networks, MSc. Thesis, Amirkabir Univ. of
Tech., Tehran, Iran 1998.
[5] A J. Wood, and Bruce F. W. Berg, Power
generation, operation and control, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993.
[6] M. Noroozian, M. Ghandhari, G. Anderson,
J. Gronquist, and I. Hiskens, A robust control
strategy for shunt and series reactive
compensators to damp electromechanical
mcillations, IEEE Transactions an Power
Delivery,VoI. 16, No. 4, October 2001.
[7] K.E Wilson, Power system stability, Vol. 3,
1962.
[E] A. Mechraui, and D.W. P. Thomas, A new
Mocking principle with phase and earth fault
detection during fast power swings f o r
dxtance protection, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1995.
191 A new power swing block in distance
protection based on a microcomputerprinciple and perfarmance analysis, IEE, ,
Vol. 2, pp. 843-7, 1992.
1101 C. L. Chang, Steady-state security control
wing a sensitivity bused approach, Electrical
Power System Research, 1990.
9 Biographies

Figure 4: simulation of power swing for PoonelTaghidize

7

conclusions

In this paper the analysis of the critical power

swing condition was discussed Also, the way of
computation of power swing blocking time
setting were described. A computer simulation
based on the approaches described in this paper
was developed. The computer program was tested
by various power system configurations and cases
and the results showed that the development was
successful.

Professor Askarian Abyaneh was born in

Abyaneh, Iran, in 1953. He received his BS and
MSc degrees from Iran. His PhD degree was
obtained from UK (UMIST). He published 75
papers in international joumals and snferences.
His employment experience included Moshanir
Power Eng Company, Amirkabir University of
Technology and Zanjan University. He adopted as
the professor of the year among all professor of
the Universities of iran.
Mr. Meshkin was bom in Esfahan, Iran, in 1978.
He received his BS and MSc degrees from Iran
He is pursuing the PhD degree at Amirkabir
University. His research interest is power system
protection.

8 Refrences

[l] Isolation of
Azarbayjan network from
Iranilnterconnectedpower system on 17 Feb.

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