Karnataka SAPCC Draft - EMPRI, TERI 2011-09-17 PDF

KARNATAKASTATE
ACTIONPLANONCLIMATECHANGE
DRAFTREPORTFOR
GOVERNMENTOFKARNATAKA
FUNDEDBY
DEPARTMENTOFECOLOGY&ENVIRONMENT
PREPAREDBY
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT&POLICYRESEARCHINSTITUTE
ANDTHEENERGYANDRESOURCESINSTITUTE(TERI)
SEPTEMBER17,2011
EnvironmentalManagement&Policy
ResearchInstitute
TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute(TERI),
SouthernRegionalCentre
Disclaimer:EMPRIgrantsresearchersthefreedomofenquiry.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclu
sionsexpressedinthisworkarethoseofthecontributorsandeditorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthe
views of Government of Karnataka, Environmental Management & Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) or
TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute(TERI).Whileallcarehasbeentakenresearching,compiling,editing
andreviewingthisreport,theaccuracyofthedataincludedcannotguaranteed.
KARNATAKASTATE
ACTIONPLANONCLIMATECHANGE
DRAFTREPORTFOR
GOVERNMENTOFKARNATAKA
FUNDEDBY
DEPARTMENTOFECOLOGY&ENVIRONMENT
PREPAREDBY
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT&POLICYRESEARCHINSTITUTE
ANDTHEENERGYANDRESOURCESINSTITUTE(TERI)
EnvironmentalManagement&Policy
ResearchInstitute
TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute(TERI),
SouthernRegionalCentre
HasiruBhavana,DoresanipalyaForestCampus,Vinayakanagar
th
Circle,J.P.Nagar5 Phase,Bangalore560078
Tel:08026490744/46/47Fax:08026490745
Email:EMPRI.BLR@gmail.comWebsite:http://empri.kar.nic.in
4thMain,IICross,Domlur2ndStage,Bangalore560071
Tel:08025356590Fax:08025356589
Email:TERISRC@teri.res.inWebsite:www.teriin.org
CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 1
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
GLOBALLEVEL ...................................................................................................................................1
NATIONALLEVEL ...............................................................................................................................2
STATELEVEL ......................................................................................................................................3
PREPARATORYWORK ........................................................................................................................5
DEVELOPMENTPROCCESS ................................................................................................................5
2. CLIMATE TRENDS ................................................................................. 7

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
OVERVIEWOFTHESTATE .................................................................................................................7
PHYSIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................8
RAINFALLPATTERN ..........................................................................................................................8
TEMPERATURE ................................................................................................................................ 10
TRENDSANDPROJECTIONS ........................................................................................................... 10
2.5.1. Precipitation ........................................................................................................................10
2.5.2. Temperature........................................................................................................................13
2.5.3. Droughts................................................................................................................................15
2.6. ACTIONS,POLICIESANDINSTITUTIONALPREPAREDNESS......................................................... 17
2.6.1. Disastermanagement...................................................................................................... 17
2.6.2. Droughtandweathermonitoring .............................................................................. 18
2.6.3. Droughtproofing ............................................................................................................... 19
3. GHG S EMISSION S ................................................................................ 21

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
SECTORALGHGEMISSIONS .......................................................................................................... 22
POWERSECTOR ............................................................................................................................... 22
TRANSPORTSECTOR....................................................................................................................... 23
BUILDINGSECTOR........................................................................................................................... 23
INDUSTRIALSECTOR....................................................................................................................... 24
AGRICULTUREANDALLIEDSECTORS ........................................................................................... 24
WASTE ............................................................................................................................................. 24
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 25
4. AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR S ............................................... 27

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
CHANGEINCROPPINGPATTERN ................................................................................................... 29
IMPACTOFDRYSPELLSANDFLASHFLOODS ............................................................................... 31
DECLINEOFPRODUCTIONANDAGROBIODIVERSITY ................................................................ 31
IMPACTOFCLIMATECHANGE ........................................................................................................ 31
FISHERIES ........................................................................................................................................ 35
ANIMALHUSBANDRY...................................................................................................................... 36
GHGSEMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 37
VULNERABILITIES ........................................................................................................................... 38
4.9.1. Agriculturepolicy.............................................................................................................. 40
4.9.2. KarnatakaAgricultureMission.................................................................................... 40
4.9.3. Programmeforincreasedproductionoffoodgrains,pulsesandoilseeds
40
4.9.4. NationalFoodSecurityMission(NFSM) ................................................................. 41
4.9.5. RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana(RKVY) ..................................................................... 41
4.9.6. KarnatakaAgriculturePolicy ....................................................................................... 41
4.9.7. BhooChetana ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.9.8. Insuranceschemes............................................................................................................ 42
4.9.9. NationalHorticultureMission(NHM)...................................................................... 43
4.9.10. Watersheddevelopment ................................................................................................44
4.9.11. Organicfarming.................................................................................................................. 44
4.9.12. Fisheries ................................................................................................................................45
4.9.13. Animalhusbandry............................................................................................................. 45
4.10. MISSIONSUNDERTHENAPCC..................................................................................................... 46
4.11. SELECTEDEMERGINGINTERVENTIONAREAS ............................................................................. 48
5. WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................... 49
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
WATERBALANCE ............................................................................................................................ 49
SURFACEWATERRESOURCES........................................................................................................ 50
GROUNDWATERRESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 51
DEMANDANDPRESSURE ............................................................................................................... 53
5.4.1. Agriculture............................................................................................................................53
5.4.2. Industries ..............................................................................................................................55
5.4.3. Domesticdemand.............................................................................................................. 55
PROJECTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 55
ACTIONS,POLICIESANDINSTITUTIONALPREPAREDNESS ......................................................... 63
MISSIONSUNDERNAPCC............................................................................................................. 67
SELECTEDEMERGINGINTERVENTIONAREAS ............................................................................. 68
6. FORESTRY, BIODIVERISTY & WILDLIFE ........................................... 71

6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.
6.9.
WILDLIFE......................................................................................................................................... 72
BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................................................. 72
CRITICALLYENDANGEREDSPECIES .............................................................................................. 73
IMPACTOFCLIMATECHANGE ........................................................................................................ 73
6.4.1. Onforests ..............................................................................................................................73
6.4.2. Oncoralreefs ...................................................................................................................... 74
6.4.3. OnWesternGhats.............................................................................................................. 75
6.4.4. Onthecoastalregion ....................................................................................................... 75
OTHERTHREATS ............................................................................................................................. 76
POLICIESANDLEGISLATIVEFRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 77
ACTIONSANDINSTITUTIONALPREPAREDNESS .......................................................................... 79
6.7.1. Forestmanagement.......................................................................................................... 79
6.7.2. Conservationofbiodiversity ........................................................................................81
6.7.3. ConservationofWesternGhats................................................................................... 82
6.7.4. Treeplanting ....................................................................................................................... 82
MISSIONSUNDERTHENAPCC..................................................................................................... 83
SELECTEDEMERGINGINTERVENTIONAREAS ............................................................................. 84
ii
7. COASTAL ZONE .................................................................................. 87

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
SOCIOECONOMICSOFTHECOASTALZONE ................................................................................... 87
COASTALBIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................................. 89
FISHERIES ........................................................................................................................................ 90
ENVIRONMENTALISSUES ............................................................................................................... 91
7.4.1. Coastalerosionandsealevelrise............................................................................... 91
7.4.2. Coastalpollution ................................................................................................................ 93
7.4.3. Salinity.................................................................................................................................... 93
7.4.4. Unsustainablefishing ...................................................................................................... 94
7.4.5. Encroachment ..................................................................................................................... 94
7.6. MISSIONSUNDERTHENAPCC..................................................................................................... 96
7.7. SELECTEDEMERGINGINTERVENTIONAREAS ............................................................................. 98
8. ENERGY ............................................................................................ 101

8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 101

ENERGYSOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 101
POWERGENERATION .................................................................................................................. 103
ENERGYCONSUMPTION .............................................................................................................. 104
8.4.1. Industries ........................................................................................................................... 105
8.4.2. Transportation................................................................................................................. 106
8.4.3. Agriculture......................................................................................................................... 106
8.4.4. Households........................................................................................................................ 107
8.4.5. Energydemandforecasts............................................................................................ 107
8.5. ACTIONS,POLICIESANDINSTITUTIONALPREPAREDNESS...................................................... 108
8.5.1. EnergyConservationAct2001 ................................................................................. 108
8.5.2. Institutionalanchorage................................................................................................ 109
8.5.3. KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy ..................................................................... 109
8.5.1. Feedintariffs ................................................................................................................... 112
8.5.2. Energyefficiency............................................................................................................. 113
8.5.3. Karnatakassolarwaterheaterinitiative............................................................. 115
8.5.4. BiofuelPolicy .................................................................................................................. 115
8.5.5. ScopeforCDM.................................................................................................................. 116
8.5.6. GHGinventory.................................................................................................................. 116
8.6. MISSIONSUNDERTHENAPCC.................................................................................................. 116
8.6.1. NationalSolarMission.................................................................................................. 116
8.6.2. NationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency ........................................... 117
8.7. SELECTEDEMERGINGINTERVENTIONAREAS .......................................................................... 118
9. URBANISATION ................................................................................ 121

9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
RAPIDINDUSTRIALISATION ........................................................................................................ 121

TRANSPORTATION ....................................................................................................................... 121
ROADNETWORK .......................................................................................................................... 123
IMPACTONAIRQUALITY ............................................................................................................. 123
TRANSPORTATIONGHGS ........................................................................................................... 124
WASTE .......................................................................................................................................... 125
9.6.1. Municipalsolidwaste ................................................................................................... 125
9.6.2. Wastetransportation.................................................................................................... 126
iii
9.6.3.
9.6.4.
9.6.5.
Indiscriminateburningofwaste.............................................................................. 127
Trendsandprojections ................................................................................................ 127
GHGemissions ................................................................................................................. 127
9.7. WASTEWATERGENERATION...................................................................................................... 128

9.8. LANDUSE ...................................................................................................................................... 128
9.8.1. Urbangreenspaces ....................................................................................................... 130
9.8.2. Transportationneeds ................................................................................................... 130
10. HUMAN HEALTH .............................................................................. 141
10.1. IMPACTOFCLIMATECHANGEONHEALTH................................................................................ 142
10.2.1. Preparednessandfacilities ........................................................................................ 144
10.2.1. Managementofbiomedicalwaste ......................................................................... 144
10.2.2. NationalVectorBorneDiseaseControlprogramme(NVBDCP) ............... 145
10.2.3. KarnatakaHealthSystemDevelopment&ReformProject.......................... 145
10.2.4. NationalRuralHealthMission .................................................................................. 145
10.2.5. PHCsproviding24x7service..................................................................................... 146
10.2.6. ThayiBhagya .................................................................................................................... 146
10.2.7. Safedrinkingwater ....................................................................................................... 146
11. ACTION PLAN ................................................................................... 149
11.1. ACTIONSALREADYUNDERWAY ................................................................................................. 149
11.2. ACTIONSREQUIRED ..................................................................................................................... 152
11.3. PRIORITYACTIONSANDENTRYPOINTS .................................................................................... 177
11.3.1. Restructuringofagriculturalpowertariffs......................................................... 177
11.3.2. Policybodyfordevisingcroppingshifts .............................................................. 178
11.3.3. UseNAPCCdrylandfarminginstruments........................................................... 179
11.3.4. Maketheftofsprinklerpipesunviable ................................................................. 180
11.3.5. Createamarkedforindigenousagriculturalcrops......................................... 181
11.3.6. Createamarkedforindigenoushorticulturalcrops....................................... 182
11.3.7. Formulationofalivestockinsurancepolicy....................................................... 183
11.3.8. Expandbreedingofindigenouscattlebreeds.................................................... 184
11.3.9. EnforcementofGroundwaterAct ........................................................................... 185
11.3.10. Policybodyforrestrictinggroundwateruse ..................................................... 186
11.3.11. Introductionofagroundwatercess ....................................................................... 187
11.3.12. DevisecapitalsubsidyforRWHstructures......................................................... 188
11.3.13. Integratedwaterresourcesmanagementinpublicbuildings .................... 189
11.3.14. Pricingpolicyrevisionforirrigationwater ........................................................ 190
11.3.15. EstimatethecarryingcapacityoftheWesternGhats..................................... 191
11.3.16. Respondtoinvasionofalienspecies ..................................................................... 192
11.3.17. Clearforestencroachments ....................................................................................... 193
11.3.18. Stabilisethegridsupplyvoltage .............................................................................. 194
11.3.19. Strategiseenergyaudits .............................................................................................. 195
11.3.20. NotifytheEnergyConservationBuildingCode(ECBC)................................. 196
11.3.21. ImplementNAPCCsMarketTransformationforEnergyEfficiency ........ 197
iv
11.3.22. Scaleuprenewablescontribution........................................................................... 199

11.3.23. Reviewbarriersinwindenergydeployment..................................................... 200
11.3.24. Pilotlargescalebiofuelsubstationinthetransportsector ....................... 201
11.3.25. Achievegreaterdeploymentofimprovedchulas............................................. 202
11.3.26. Promoteeffluenttreatmentplants ......................................................................... 203
11.3.27. Actonmangrovereplanting ...................................................................................... 204
11.3.28. AssessmentofMSWmanagementimpediments.............................................. 205
11.3.29. Regionalresearchonclimatechange .................................................................... 206
11.3.30. Documentationofadaptationpractices ............................................................... 207
11.3.31. SAPCCupdationprocess.............................................................................................. 208
TABLES
Table1:StatusofmissiondocumentsunderNAPCCofSep15,2011..........................................................3
Table2:MembersoftheCoordinationCommittee...............................................................................................4
Table3:OverviewofKarnataka....................................................................................................................................7
Table4:Rainfallnormalandtrendsduring19012008inKarnataka .........................................................9
Table 5: Projected change in annual and seasonal rainfall for all districts of Karnataka, for
20212050(A1B),comparedtothebaselineof19611990................................................................. 12
Table6:Projectedchangeinannualtemperaturefor20212050comparedto19611990......... 14
Table7:Globalwarmingpotentialofmajorgases.............................................................................................21
Table8:Carbonemissionsfromfossilfuelbasedelectricitygenerations............................................... 23
Table9:GHGgasemissionsfromagriculturesector2....................................................................................... 24
Table10:GHGsemissioninventoryofKarnataka..............................................................................................25
Table11:ClassificationoflanduseinKarnataka ...............................................................................................28
Table12:HorticulturalcropsinKarnataka((lakhhectares)........................................................................ 29
Table13:AreaproductionandproductivitytrendsindistrictsofKarnataka(19552008) ........... 29
Table14:AverageyieldofimportantcropsinKarnataka.............................................................................. 32
Table15:Cropsandprojecteddistrictsvulnerabletodecliningproductivity ...................................... 33
Table16:ProjectedproductivitychangesforKarnatakaformajorcrops .............................................. 33
Table17:Projectedprioritiesofcropsforadaptationandmitigationstrategies ................................35
Table18:LivestockpopulationinKarnatakainthousands........................................................................... 36
Table19:GHGEmissionsfromAgriculturalandalliedsector...................................................................... 38
Table20:IndicativewaterbalanceofKarnatakaunderaverageconditions ......................................... 49
Table21:EstimatedyieldofwaterfromriverbasinsofKarnataka...........................................................51
Table22:MaingroundwatersettingsinKarnataka.........................................................................................51
Table23:GroundwaterresourcesofKarnataka(HAM).................................................................................. 52
Table24:AssessmentofdynamicgroundwaterResourcesofKarnataka(200809) ........................52
Table25:Groundwaterdraftsdevelopmentstage ...........................................................................................54
Table26:SourcesofirrigationinKarnataka........................................................................................................ 54
Table27:ProjectionsforsectoralwaterdemandinKarnataka(InTMC)............................................... 56
Table28:ClimatechangeimpactsonrainfallandrunoffofmajorIndianriverbasins ................... 57
Table29:Comparisonofareaunderdripmethodofirrigation................................................................... 64
Table30:Comparisonofareaundersprinklerirrigation:199798and200405...............................64
Table31:SummaryofNationalRiverConservationPlan(NRCP) ..............................................................67
Table32:Biodiversityofthestate ............................................................................................................................73
Table33:TrendsinareaunderdifferenttypesofforestinKarnataka(sqkm) ................................... 74
Table34:ProjectedpopulationgrowthincoastalcitiesofKarnataka ..................................................... 88
Table35:LanduseincostalKarnatakaasa%ofthegeographicareaofthedistrict(200102). 89
Table36:FishproductioncostalKarnataka ......................................................................................................... 90
Table37:Meansealevelofthemonitoringstationandestimatedtrend(mm/year)...................... 92
Table38:Projectedlossinthecoastalwetland(km2)indifferentscenarioofsealevelrise ......... 93
Table39:ProjectedgroundwaterexploitationincoastalcitiesofKarnataka....................................... 94
Table40:EnergysourcesinKarnatakafor2010 ........................................................................................... 102
Table41:Currentandprojectedpowergeneration....................................................................................... 103
Table42:PowerconsumptionandtariffsinKarnataka............................................................................... 105
Table43:GHGemissionsfromdifferentmodesoftransportation.......................................................... 106
Table44:Progressofgridconnectedprojectsason30.11.2010............................................................. 110
vi
Table45:RenewableenergytargetsoftheKarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy............................ 111
Table46:Notifiedpowerpurchasetariffsforrenewables.......................................................................... 112
Table47:EnergyefficiencytargetsofKarnataka............................................................................................ 114
Table48:GrowthofmotorvehiclesinKarnataka(in'000s) ..................................................................... 122
Table49:Breakupofmotorvehicles(000s) .................................................................................................... 122
Table50:RoadlengthinKarnataka(2009)....................................................................................................... 123
Table51:GHGemissionsbyvehicletypes ......................................................................................................... 124
Table52:Wastegenerationandcollectionason200809 ......................................................................... 125
Table53:MunicipalSolidWastegenerationinselectUrbanLocalBodies ........................................ 125
Table54:ModesofwastetransportationemployedinULBs(2004).................................................... 126
Table55:GHGinventoryofWaste ......................................................................................................................... 128
Table56:Landutilizationdistrictwise(ha)...................................................................................................... 128
Table57:Wastetoenergypotential .................................................................................................................... 133
Table58:StatusofHealthIndicatorsinKarnataka ........................................................................................ 141
Table59:Averagedurationofsporogonyofhumanplasmodiumatdifferenttemperature....... 143
Table60:Potentialhealthvulnerabilitiesduetoclimatechange(NATCOM,2004)........................ 144
Table61:Biomedicalwastemanagementinstaterunhealthcarefacilities .................................... 145
vii
FIGURES
Figure1:ProcessofpreparationofKarnatakaSAPCC ........................................................................................6
Figure2:ThestateofKarnataka(withoutdistrictsRamanagram,ChikballapurandYadgirwhich
werecreatedbywayofdivision2007onwards) ..........................................................................................8
Figure3:Timeseriesofprecipitationduringmonsoonseason(JunSep)overthebox11.518.5
N,7478.5EintheIMDgriddedrainfallanalysis .................................................................................... 11
Figure4:Districtwiseprecipitationtrend(mm/dayper100yr)ofsouthwestmonsoonseason
(JunSep)fortheperiod19712005................................................................................................................. 11
Figure5:Projectedchangeinannualrainfallfortheperiod20212050................................................. 11
Figure6:ProjectedchangeinJun,Jul,AugandSeprainfallfortheperiod20212050..................... 11
Figure 7: Projected change in rainfall relative to 1975 for Karnataka under 1B scenario. The
thickblacklineindicatestheHadCM3results,thethickredlinethemultimodalaverage ... 13
Figure8:ObservedminimumtemperaturetrendsforJun,Jul,AugandSepinCper100yearsfor
theperiod19012002............................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure9:ObservedmaximumtemperaturetrendsforJun,Jul,AugandSepinCper100years
fortheperiod19012002 ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure10:Projectedincreaseinannualmin.temperaturefor20212050comparedto1975..... 14
Figure11:Projectedincreaseinannualmax.temperaturefor20212050comparedto1975 .... 14
Figure12:Projectedtemperaturechangerelativeto1975forKarnataka.TheHadCM3resultis
shownbyathickblacklineandthemultimodalaverageinred........................................................15
Figure 13: Projected increase in drought incidence in Kharif season for 20212050 based on
19611990data .........................................................................................................................................................16
Figure14:ProjectedincreaseindroughtincidenceinRabiseasonfor20212050basedon1961
1990data ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 15: Taluks covered under the Drought Prone Area and District Desertification
Programme.................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Figure16:SectoralbreakupofKarnatakasGHGemissionsin% ..............................................................22
Figure17:BreakupofGHGemissionsfromtheagriculturesectorin% ................................................. 24
Figure18:AgroclimaticzonesofKarnataka ....................................................................................................... 27
Figure19:TrendsofthecoverageundertheNAIScropinsurance............................................................43
Figure20:RiversystemsofKarnataka ................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 21: Change in precipitation by 20212050 for the monsoon (Kharif) season in Krishna
basin ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure22:Changeinprecipitationby20212050,forthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninKrishna
basin ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure23:Changeinprecipitationby20212050formonsoon(Kharif)seasoninCauverybasin
..........................................................................................................................................................................................58
Figure 24: Change in precipitation by 20212050 for post monsoon (Rabi) season in Cauvery
basin ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure25:Changeintotalrunoffforthemonsoon(Kharif)seasoninKrishnabasin........................59
Figure26:Changeintotalrunoffforthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninKrishnabasin ................. 59
Figure27:Changeintotalrunoffforthemonsoon(Kharif)seasoninCauverybasin....................... 59
Figure28:Changeintotalrunoffforthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninCauverybasin ................ 59
Figure29:Changeinevapotranspirationforthemonsoon(Kharif)seasoninKrishnabasin ..... 60
Figure30:Changeinevapotranspirationforthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninKrishnabasin60
Figure31:Changeinevapotranspirationforthemonsoon(Kharif)seasoninCauverybasin..... 60
viii
Figure32:Changeinevapotranspirationforthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninCauverybasin
..........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Figure33:Changeinprecipitationtowards2030swithrespectto1970s. ............................................ 62
Figure34:Changeinevapotranspiration(cropwaterdemand)towards2030swithrespectto
1970s.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62
Figure35:Changeinwateryieldtowards2030swithrespectto1970s................................................. 63
Figure36:NationalParksandWildlifeSanctuariesinKarnataka ..............................................................72
Figure37:Forestvegetationchangeprojectedby2035inKarnataka ..................................................... 74
Figure38:Forestvegetationchangeprojectedby2085inKarnataka ..................................................... 74
Figure39:CoastalDistrictsofKarnataka............................................................................................................... 87
Figure40:ShareofvariouspetroleumproductsinenergysourcesforKarnataka ......................... 102
Figure41:TrendsoffossilfuelconsumptioninKarnataka ........................................................................ 104
Figure42:Presentstatusandfutureestimatesofenergyconsumption............................................... 107
Figure 43: Transmission window of malaria in different states of India: (a) for base year 2000
(b)underprojectedclimatechangescenario(2050s).......................................................................... 143
Figure44:EmissionabatementcostsforIndiain2030 ............................................................................... 197
ix
ACRONYMS
AMDP
AcceleratedMaizeDevelopmentProgramme
ASHA
AccreditedSocialHealthActivist
BAU
BusinessAsUsual
BBMP
BruhatBangaloreMahanagarPalike
BCCIK
BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka
BDA
BangaloreDevelopmentAuthority
BEE
BureauofEnergyEfficiency
BESCOM
BangaloreElectricitySupplyCompany
BMRDA
BangaloreMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority
BWSSB
BangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard
CAMPA
CompensatoryAfforestationfundManagementandPolicyAction
CC
ClimateChange
CDM
CleanDevelopmentMechanism
CEA
CentralElectricityAuthority
CER
CarbonEmissionReduction
CFL
CompactFluorescentLight
CMC
CityMunicipalCorporation
CoP
ConferenceofParties
CRZ
CoastalRegulationZone
DMA
DistrictMunicipalAdministration
DMC
DroughtMonitoringCell
DMS
DiMethylSulphide
DULT
DirectorateofUrbanLandTransport
ECBC
EnergyConservationBuildingCode
EE
EnergyEfficiency
ESCOM
ElectricitySupplyCompany
GCM
GlobalClimateModels
GHG
GreenHouseGas
GoK
GovernmentofKarnataka
GSDP
GrossStateDomesticProduct
GWP
GlobalWarmingPotential
HAM
HectareMeter
HFC
HydroFluoroCarbon
HSD
HighSpeedDiesel
HYV
HighYieldingVariety
IISC
IndianInstituteofScience
INCCA
IndianNetwork
INM
IntegratedNutrientManagement
IPCC
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
IPM
IntegratedPestManagement
ISEC
InstituteforSocialandEconomicChange
ISOPOM
IntegratedSchemeforOilseeds,Pulses,OilpalmandMaize
ISWM
IntegratedSolidWasteManagement
JNNURM
JawaharNehruNationalUrbanRenewalMission
KBB
KarnatakaBiodiversityBoard
KERC
KarnatakaElectricityRegulationCommission
KFD
KarnatakaForestDepartment
KHB
KarnatakaHousingBoard
KPCL
KarnatakaPowerCorporationLimited
KREDL
KarnatakaRenewableEnergyDevelopmentLimited
KSNDMC
KarnatakaStateNaturalDisasterManagementCell
KSPCB
KarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard
KSWDC
KarnatakaSheepandWoolDevelopmentCorporation
LCA
LifeCycleAssessment
MDGs
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
MESCOM
MangaloreElectricitySupplyCompany
MLD
MillionLitreperDay
MNRES
MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy
MoEF
MinistryofEnvironmentandForests
MSWM
MunicipalSolidWasteManagement
MTEE
MarketTransformationforEnergyEfficiency
NAPCC
NationalActionPlanonClimateChange
NATCOM
NationalCommunication
NBC
NationalBuildingCode
NCEP
NationalCentreforEnvironmentalPrediction
NDMA
NationalDisasterManagementAuthority
NFSM
NationalFoodSecurityMission
NHM
NationalHorticultureMission
NIPCC
NonIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
NLCP
NationalLakeConservationProgramme
NPDP
NationalPulseDevelopmentProject
NRCP
NationalRiverConservationProgramme
NREGS
NationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeScheme
NRHM
NationalRuralHealthMission
NVBDCP
NationalVectorBorneDiseaseControlProgramme
OPDP
OilPalmDevelopmentProject
PFC
PerFluoroCarbon
PHC
PrimaryHealthCentre
xi
PHED
PublicHealthEngineeringDepartment
PRECIS
PredictingRegionalClimateforImpactStudies
PSB
PhosphorusSolubilisingBacteria
PWD
PublicWorksDepartment
RCM
RegionalClimateModel
RDPR
RuralDevelopmentandPanchayatiRaj
RE
RenewableEnergy
RKBY
RashtriyaKrishiBimaYojana
RKVY
RaskhtriyaKrishiVikasYojana
RSPM
RespirableSuspendedParticulateMatter
RWH
RainWaterHarvesting
SAPCC
StateActionPlanonClimateChange
SEZ
SpecialEconomicZone
SoE
StateofEnvironment
SPM
SuspendedParticulateMatter
SWAT
SoilandWaterAssessmentTool
TERI
TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute
TMC
ThousandMillionCubicFeet
ULB
UrbanLocalBodies
UNFCCC
UnitedNationFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
WBCIS
WeatherBased
WISE
WorldInstituteofSustainableEnergy
WRDO
WaterResourcesDevelopmentAuthority
WRIS
WaterResourcesInformationSystem
xii
1. BACKGROUND
1.1. Globallevel
Recentresearchacrosstheworldclearlyestablishedclimatechangeasthemostserious
global environmental challenge today. The change in the chemical composition of at
mosphereandincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases(GHGs)poseasignificant
threattothenaturalecologicalbalanceandbiogeochemicalcyclesincludingrainfalland
temperature.Ithasbeenprojectedthatthechangesinnaturalcycleswillseverelyaffect
the socioeconomic texture and environment at global as well as at regional levels.
Changes in the rainfall pattern will worst affect agriculture and allied sectors. Assess
ments carried out by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have high
lightedthatcountriesmostlyaffectedbyclimatechangewouldbeagrariandominated,
ecosensitive economies. This group comprises mainly of developing and emerging ec
onomies. Here the inadequacies of infrastructure, low education and income levels,
lesserchoicestoexerciseandslowerresponsemechanismsofthestatearecompound
ingwhatevertheirnaturalvulnerabilities.Bycontrast,thecausesofclimatechangeare
attributable to developed countries that have been emitting massive amounts of GHGs
sincetheindustrialrevolution.
Accordingtothe4thAssessmentReportoftheIPCC1,themajorityoftheincreaseinthe
observedglobalaveragetemperaturessincethemid20thcenturyisverylikelylinkedto
theobservedincreaseinanthropogenicGHGconcentrations.Thereportconcludesthat
discerniblehumaninfluenceshavenowextendedtootheraspectsofclimate,including
oceanwarming,continentalaveragetemperatures,temperatureextremesandwindpat
terns.Projectedscenariosindicateariseintheglobalmeantemperaturesintherangeof
1.1 to 6.4C by 2100. The analyses from global instrumental records of one and a half
centuriesrevealedthatearthhaswarmedby0.74Cduringthelast100years.Bytheend
ofthecenturytheriseintemperaturecouldbebetween0.6Cand4.0Cwithrespectto
19801999levels.WithrespecttoSouthEastAsiatheIPCCpredicts:
Bythe2050sfreshwateravailabilitywilldecrease,particularlyinlargeriverbasins.
Coastalareas,especiallyheavilypopulatedmegadeltaregionswillbeatgreatestrisk
duetoincreasedfloodingfromtheseaandinsomecases,floodingfromrivers.
Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases associated with floods
anddroughtsareexpectedtoriseduetoprojectedchangesinthehydrologicalcycle.
However, the veracity of the IPCC report has not remained uncontested. The Nongov
ernmentalPanelonClimateChange(NIPCC)forinstancedrewattentiontolimitationsof
andtheIPCCassessmentswhileattributingobservedclimaticchangesprimarilytonatu
ralprocesses.Initsreport,ClimateChangeReconsidered2,NIPCCarguesthatobserved
changes are dominated by changes in ecological cycles and not anthropogenic GHG
emissions.NIPCCsmajorcritiquepointsonIPCCsfindingsinclude:
1IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),2007.ThePhysicalScienceBasis,CambridgeUniversityPress,
Cambridge,CB22RU,UnitedKingdom.
2Idso,C.andSinger,S.F.(2009).ClimateChangeReconsidered,ReportoftheNongovernmentalInternationalPanelon
ClimateChange(NIPCC).TheHeartlandInstitute,USA
ThegeneralcirculationmodelsusedbyIPCCintheIVAssessmentReportlacksscien
tific validation resulting in uncertainties associated with predictions of especially
cloudformationandcloudinteractionsmodels.
IPCCdosenotestimatethecoolingeffectofaerosolsadequatelyandignorestempera
tureinducedemissionsofdimethylsulfide(DMS)fromoceans.Alsoiodocompounds
producedbymarinealgaewhichhaveacoolingeffectbyactingascondensationnu
cleiforcloudformationthusincreasingthereflectionarenotconsideredbyIPCC.
Surfacebased temperature records as used by IPCC do not take into account non
greenhousegasinducedurbanheatislandcorrections.
UnlikestatedintheIPCCreport,thethinningoftheArcticseaiceiscausedbychan
gingicedynamicsandatmosphericregimeshift.Alsothepredictionandrecordson
sealevelrisearesubjecttouncertaintiesrelatedtotheworldswaterbalance.
NIPCCopinesthatseveralstudiesfoundthatsolarmagneticactivityandsolarirradi
anceisthemajorfactorcontributingtochangingclimateofearthandnotanthropo
genicCO2emissions.Alsothereexiststrongcorrelationsbetweensolaractivitiesand
weathereventslikerainfall,droughts,floodsetcaroundtheworld.
WateruseefficiencyofplantsincreaseswiththeCO2concentrationintheatmosphere
andthusincreasedCO2maynotaffectplantgrowthadversely.IncreasedCO2availab
ility will induce higher photosynthesis and biomass production and also enhance
plantsresistancetowithstandharshenvironmentalconditionslikesoilsalinity,tem
peraturestressetc.
NIPCCsuggeststhatglobalwarmingislikelytoenhancecarbonsequestration.
According to NIPCC, IPCCs claim of increasing climate change threats to human
healthareunwarranted.Itopinesthatseveralresearchfindingshaveshownthatrise
in temperature reduces risk of cardio vascular and respiratory diseases when com
paredwithlowertemperatures.
DuetoincreasingCO2concentrationinatmosphereandrisingtemperature,thecrop
productivityisexpectedtoincreasewhichwillnotonlylessensthefoodshortagebut
alsopreventencroachmentofnaturalecosystemforthesamepurpose.
Inspiteoflimitationsonthecurrentscientificassessmentsanduncertainties,theweight
of evidence attributing climatic changes to human activities is significant. Most gov
ernmentsthereforeacknowledgetheneedforrapidaction.Nevertheless,tilldatemeet
ings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) under the United Nations Framework Con
ventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)havenotbeensuccessfulinnegotiatingconsensus
onbindingemissionreductions.AccordingtoIPCCconclusionsthechancesformitigat
ing anthropogenic climate change are increasingly diminishing. Failing to prevent it, it
appears imperative to prepare for its impacts. Across the globe, governments are in
creasingly adopting national programmes to deal with the threat of climate change.
Indiaisoneofthem.
1.2. Nationallevel
ForIndia,theIPCC2007reportprojectedanincreaseof2.74.3Cintemperaturebythe
2080s,anincreaseinrainfallof68%andsealevelriseof88cmby2100.1Theprojected
scenariowouldhavedramaticconsequencesforlivelihoodandpossiblysurvivalof
ruralcommunitieswhodependonagriculture,fisheriesandanimalhusbandry.Limita
Cambridge,CB22RU,UnitedKingdom.
tions of science aside, imminent vulnerabilities of an ecologically sensitive, developing

andlargelyagrariancountrylikeIndiacannotpossiblybeignored.Projectedtrendsin
climaticchangesposealoomingthreatforthedevelopmentofthecountryandtheim
plicitrequirementforeconomicandinclusivegrowth.
Acknowledgingthischallenge,thePrimeMinistersCouncilonClimateChangeinitsfirst
meetingonJuly13,2007,announcedthatAnationaldocumentcompilingactiontaken
by India for addressing the challenge of climate change, and action it proposes to take
should be prepared. Accordingly, Indias voluntary National Action Plan on Climate
Change(NAPCC)waspreparedandreleasedinJune2008bythePrimeMinistersCoun
cilonClimateChange.1
As prudent for an emerging economy, Indias plan does not sacrifice developmental
goalsforemissionreductiontargets.Insteaditemphasisesappropriatelyonlongterm
mitigationstrategiespromotingsustainabledevelopmentandgrowthwithclimateco
benefits. Intervention areas include renewable energy, energy efficiency, water man
agement,agriculturalresilience,afforestation,wastemanagementandpublictransport.
Theemphasisliesoninclusiveandsustainabledevelopment,especiallyforpoorersec
tions. Through its eight sectoral missions the NAPCC provides a detailed road map for
achievingtheseobjectives.Foreachofthese,aseparatemissiondocumentisprepared,
detailingthestrategy.
Table1shows,sevenofthemissiondocumentswerereleasedasdraftsofar.Ofthese,
fourwereaccordedapprovalfromtheconcernedministrywhileonlythreereceivedthe
finalCabinetapprovaltilldate.
Table1:StatusofmissiondocumentsunderNAPCCofSep15,2011
Draftrelease
Ministry
approval
1.NationalMissionforSolarEnergy
Yes
Obtained
Obtained
2.MissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency
Yes
Obtained
Obtained
3.MissionforSustainableHabitat
Yes
Obtained
Pending
4.NationalWaterMission
Yes
Obtained
Obtained2
5.MissionforSustainingtheHimalayanEcosystem
Yes
Pending
6.NationalMissionforGreenIndia
Yes
Pending
Pending
Yes
Pending
MissionsunderNAPCC
7.NationalMissionforSustainableAgriculture
8.NationalMissionforStrategicKnowledge
Cabinet
approval
1.3. Statelevel
ThestatesplaythemajorroleintheimplementationoftheNAPCC.InanaddressonAu
gust18,2009,thePrimeMinistercalleduponthestatesandunionterritoriestoinitiate
thepreparationofstateactionplans.Statelevelplansneedtocreateaninstitutionaland
operationalframeworkforimplementingthemissionsandaligningthemwithotherde
velopmentalprioritiesofthestate.Toachievethis,MinistryofEnvironmentandForest
(MoEF)preparedasetofguidelinesforthestates.3Theseacknowledgethatthescopeof
1 NationalActionPlanonClimateChange(NAPCC),(2008).PrimeMinistersCouncilonClimateChange,Government
ofIndia
2AsianAge,April7,2011throughwww.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/1185accessedMay10,2010
3FrameworkthepreparationofSAPCCs(2010).MinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MoEF)
interventionsatstatelevelneedstocoveranevenwiderscopethantheNAPCClaidout.
Perhapsofgreatestimportanceistheemphasisesitlaysontheneedtoidentifyimpacts,
vulnerabilities and adaptation needs, a crucial element which hitherto did not receive
muchattentioninthenationalstrategy.Guidingprinciplesoftheframeworkinclude:
Implementing an inclusive and sustainable development strategy, protecting poor
andvulnerablesectionsofsocietyfromadverseeffectsofclimatechange;
Undertakingactionsthatdeliverbenefitsforgrowthanddevelopmentwhilemitigat
ingclimatechange;
Ensuringandimprovingecologicalsustainability;
Buildingclimatescenariosandinvestinginknowledgeandresearchtoreduceuncer
taintyandtoimproveknowledgeaboutappropriateresponses;
Assessingtheimpactofclimatechangeonexistingvulnerabilities,andidentifyingand
enhancingriskmanagementtoolsforaddressingclimatechange;
Settingoutmitigationandadaptationoptionsandevaluatingtheminaccordancewith
costeffectiveness,costbenefitandfeasibility;
Implementingstateplannedandvoluntarycommunitybasedadaptationwhilebuild
ingbroaderstakeholderengagement;
Addressing statespecific priority issues, whilst also creating an enabling envi
ronmentforimplementationofNAPCCatstatelevel;
Establishingappropriateinstitutionalarrangementsandbuildingcapacities,keeping
inviewcoordination,interdepartmentalconsultations,stakeholderinvolvement,and
integrationwithregularplanningandbudgetaryprocesses.
Linkingupwithnationalpoliciesandprogrammesforconsistencyandtoidentifyfi
nancialandpolicysupportthatmaybeavailable.
InJune2009GovernmentofKarnataka(GoK)constitutedaCoordinationCommitteeto
overseeandcoordinatethestatesresponsetoclimatechange.1Itassignedthemandate
topreparetheStateActionPlanonClimateChange(SAPCC)toEnvironmentalManage
ment&PolicyResearchInstitute(EMPRI).Intheplanningprocess,thecommitteeem
phasised the need to develop Karnataka SAPCC in close consultation with GoK who
should eventually own the action plan. This is reflected in the composition of the Co
ordinationCommitteetowhich15keydepartmentsaremember(refertoTable2).
Table2:MembersoftheCoordinationCommittee
AdditionalChiefSecretary&DevelopmentCommis
sioner
DepartmentofForest,Ecology&Environment
DepartmentofUrbanDevelopment
DepartmentofEnergy
DepartmentofHealth&FamilyWelfare
DepartmentofTransport
DepartmentofPublicWorks
HousingDepartment
TourismDepartment
RevenueDepartment
AnimalHusbandry&FisheriesDepartment
TownPlanningDepartment
Planning,ProgrammeMonitoringandStatistics
Department
1GovernmentOrderFEE181ENV2007,Bangalore,datedJune20,2009
1.4. Preparatorywork
WorkonKarnatakaSAPCCwasprecededwitharapidassessmentofsectoralactionsof
governmentdepartments.DirectedbytheCoordinationCommittee,thisreviewsolicited
cooperation from 22 departments, 14 of which took part in the stocktaking exercise.
They provided details of actions already taken and in some cases, specific plans in re
spectofclimatechange.Actionstakenorproposedwerereviewedkeepinginviewthe
mandateandscopeensuingfromtheNAPCCasprimarycornerstone.Aninitialreportof
findings was released in December 2010 as a precursor.1 Its key findings are summa
risedhereforreference.
Therapidassessmentfoundthatthemajorityofactionsreportedaddressissuesal
ready pressing today. Leaving aside exceptions, most of the actions were not con
ceivedinresponsetoclimatechange,buttodevelopmentalpriorities.Thisfindingis
logicalandunsurprising.Nevertheless,theseactionofferclimatechangecobenefits
as envisaged by the NAPCC. The steps put forth are encouraging considering they
wereembarkeduponinabsenceofacoordinatedinterdepartmentalresponsetocli
mate change. Specific mentioning deserves the initiatives of the Karnataka Forest
Department (KFD) and Revenue Department. Both departments covered significant
terraininpreparingforthechallengeofclimatechangeinasystematicway.
Itwasnotedwithconcernthatnospecifictargetsortimeframeswereindicatedfor
most initiatives at state level. Actions, strategies and intentions were promulgated
chiefly in qualitative terms while the magnitude and depth of these interventions
remainuncertain.Departmentsgenerallydidnotindicatetheavailabilityoffundsfor
implementation.Theabsenceofclearplansgaverisetoapprehensionsthat,irrespec
tiveofnobleintentions,majorachievementsmaynotberealisedifnotplannedfor
butmerelyenvisaged.
Thescopeandnatureofactionsarechieflyconfinedtomitigationoptions.Keepingin
view Karnatakas climate may already have experienced changes going by the in
creasedoccurrenceoffloodsanddroughts,stepstowardsadaptationtoagradually
changingclimateanditsconsequencesremainelusive.
The existing sectoral initiatives of GoK are beneficial for the states climate change
response but have not in any way replaced the need for a comprehensive and co
ordinated action plan. Such plan needs to prioritise particularly the integration of
impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation requirements in the state. And considering
thattheSAPCChasmanystakeholders,GoKbeingthemostimportantone,thepre
parationprocessneedstobeconsultativeandparticipatory.
This present report investigates sectoral governmental actions more thoroughly, al
though not exhaustively. It places actions and policies identified in the context of per
ceivedvulnerabilitiesandoptionsformitigationandadaptation.
1.5. Developmentproccess
Morethan80relevantpublishedandunpublisheddocumentswereidentifiedandana
lysed. Among these the report of the Bangalore Climate Change Initiative Karnataka
(BCCIK)playedasignificantrole.2Itsconcisecorroborationofrelevantdatapairedwith
firstprojectionsforthestateaidedthepreparationprocess.Areviewandsystematicev
1SAPCCKarnatakaRapidAssessmentofSectoralActionsInitiated.EnvironmentalManagement&PolicyResearch
Institute(EMPRI),December30,2010
2BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan;FinalReport.
aluationofliteraturebeguninOctober2010andconcludedwiththeestablishmentofa
document repository to aid the identification of and access to relevant resources. The
developmentprocesswasinitiatedwithabrainstormingsessionwithrepresentativesof
reputed institutions whose work relates to climate change. The magnitude of the sec
toralreviewsnecessaryforthisreportandtheneedtoexpeditetheprocessmadecol
laborationpreferrable.Inordertoexpandontheexistinginstitutionalcapacityforthe
preparation of this work an agreement was established with The Energy & Resources
Institute(TERI).Anextensiveconsultationprocesswith24departmentsofGovernment
ofKarnatakathemostimportantstakeholderwasheldbetweenMarch7andMarch
31,2011.
Figure1:ProcessofpreparationofKarnatakaSAPCC
2. CLIMATETRENDS
2.1. Overviewofthestate
The state of Karnataka, situated in southern western part of country, is Indias eighth
largeststateintermsofgeographicalareawith191,791km2area.AsperCensus2001,
the population of the state is 52.8 million accounting for 5.05% of Indias population.
The provisional findings of Census 2011 reveal that the population of the state has al
ready crossed 60 million. The state has 176 taluks presently divided into 30 districts.
ThestateofKarnataka,withitsurbanpopulationat34%oftotalpopulation,iscurrently
rankedasthefifthmosturbanizedstateamongall.With19.96%forestcover,thelargest
connectedrangeofwhichisformedbytheWesternGhats,thestatealsoactsascarbon
sink.Atotalof104lakhhectareslandisundercultivationinthestate.Thestatehaswit
nessed a high rate of urbanization and development during last few decades. In year
20042005,KarnatakascontributiontoIndiasGDPwas5.2%.
Table3:OverviewofKarnataka10
Indicators
Karnataka
%ofIndia
Area
191,791km2
5.82
Population
61.1million
5.05
Ruralpopulation
34.85million
4.58
Totalforestcover
38,284km2
4.91
GrossCroppedArea
12,893,000hectare
6.55
NetSownArea
10,419,000hectare
7.38
Livestock
32.8million
6.20
Foodgrainproduction
12,500,000tonnes
6.00
Rainfall
1,151mm(annualaverage)
TotalElectricityGeneration
42,899millionunits
TotalElectricityConsumption 33971millionunits
LiteracyRate
75.14%
Karnatakaseconomy11
Accordingtoadvanceestimatesofgrossstatedomesticproduct(GDSP)atconstantpricesorstateincomeis
expectedtogrowbyabout8.2%during201011.
Theservicesectorcontinuetodominateintheeconomy,thetertiarysectorcontributing55.17%toGDSPs.The
contributionofsecondarysectorandprimarysectorare28.61%and16.22%respectively.
PercapitaGDSPorpercapitaincomeatcurrentpricesislikelytoreachRs.67,253during201011asagainst
Rs.58,852in200910.
Food grain production increased to above 125 lakh tons in the current year from less than 110 lakh tons in
200910
Thecumulativeirrigationpotentiallikelytobecreatedbytheendof201011is35.12lakhhectaresfromall
threecategoriesofirrigation(major,mediumandminorirrigation)projects.
Software exports increased to Rs. 70, 375 crore in 200809 from Rs. 59,500 crore in 200708. Exports from
business process outsourcing companies increased to Rs. 15,014 crore in 200809 from Rs. 7,600 crore in
200708.
InfantmortalityinKarnatakais41perthousandascomparedto53forallIndia.
Thepopulationperhospitalbedis1319inKarnatakaascomparedto1503forallIndia.
10EconomicSurvey(20092010and20102011).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofKarnataka
2.2. Physiography12
Based on physiographic features Karnataka can be divided into four regions: 1) The
Coastalregion,2)TheMalnad(hilly)region,3)TheNorthernplateauand4)TheSouth
ern plateau. The state observes diverse climates from arid to semiarid in the plateau
regions,subhumidtohumidtropicalintheGhatsandhumidtropicalmonsoonclimate
inthewestcoastplainsduetogeographicandphysiographiccharacteristics.About77%
of the total geographical area of the state, covering interior part of the state is arid or
semiaridwiththestatecontributing15%ofthetotalsemiaridor3%ofthetotalarid
areasofthecountry.Karnatakaexperiencestypicaltropicalclimatecomprisingfourdis
tinctseasonsintheyear:Winter(JanuarytoFebruary),summer(MarchtoMay),mon
soon(JunetoSeptember),andpostmonsoon(OctobertoDecember).
Figure2:ThestateofKarnataka(withoutdistrictsRamanagram,ChikballapurandYadgirwhich
werecreatedbywayofdivision2007onwards)
2.3. Rainfallpattern
The average rainfall received in the state during the year 20092010 was 1,343 mm,
17%morethanthenormalrainfallof1,151mm.Atdistrictlevel,outof30districtsin
thestate,14districtsexperiencedexcessandremaining16districtswitnessednormal
rainfall13.
12 Ramachandra,T.V.andKamakshi,G.(2005).BioresourcepotentialofKarnataka.TechnicalReportNo.109.Centre
forEcologicalSciences,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India.
13EconomicSurvey(20092010).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofKarnataka.
Krishnan (1984) has studied extensively the rainfall patterns of Karnataka. Out of the
averageannualnormalrainfallof1,151mm,thestatereceives80%oftheannualrain
fallinthesouthwestmonsoonperiod,12%inthepostmonsoonperiod,7%inthesum
merandonly1%inwinterseason.ThewindwardsideoftheGhats(coastalregion)re
cords3,350mmofrainfallduringthesouthwestmonsoonwhileontheleewardsideof
theGhats,therainfalldropsto600700mm.ThehumidMalnadregionreceivesannual
rainfall in the range of 1,0003,800 mm. The northeastern monsoon causes 30% of
annual rainfall in the eastern part of south interior Karnataka mainly in October to
December. With annual rainfalls of 500600 mm, Bijapur, east Belgaum, northeast
Dharwad,westRaichur,eastBellary,ChitradurgaandasmallportionofTumkurdistrict
are the rainfall deficit areas in north interior Karnataka. The lowest rainfall (less than
500 mm) in the state is observed around Challekere in Chitradurga district. Rainfall is
lowinthesemiaridregionsandlessthan140mminthecentralDharwaddistrict.Daily
rainfallintensitiesrangefrom180240mminnorthBijapur,northGulbargaandBidar
district.Therainyseasonisspreadoveraperiodoffourmonths(JuneSeptember)inthe
coastal, Ghats, Malnad areas and in Bidar district, while over the maidan areas it is
spreadoveraperiodoffivetosevenmonths14.
BCCIK (2011) assessed trends of daily weather data from Indian Meteorology Depart
ment(IMD),Punefor19012008.Thestudyobservedadeclineinannualrainfallfrom
1,204mmduring19011950to1,140during19512008.AsshowninTable4,annualas
wellasseasonalrainfalldecreasedorincreasedbasedontheregionofthestate.
Table4:Rainfallnormalandtrendsduring19012008inKarnataka15
District
Prem(JanMay)
SWM(JunSep)
NEM(OctDec)
Annual
Trend mm (%) Trend mm (%) Trend mm (%) Trend
SouthinteriorKarnataka
BengaloreRural
BengaloreUrban
Chamarajanagar
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Kolar
Mandya
Mysore
Tumkur
Chikkaballapura
Ramanagara
Davanagere
NorthinteriorKarnataka
Bagalkote
Belgam
Bellary
Bidar
Bijapur
Dharwad
Gadag
Gulbarga
Haveri
141
168
239
179
233
247
74
191
191
208
148
233
88
115
103
75
73
130
147
115
181
18
19
29
9
6
9
13
26
22
5
5
6
15
14
16
8
12
20
19
18
18
427
466
316
1505
3338
2129
385
296
425
3669
2537
3338
360
560
388
705
427
361
480
365
584
54
53
39
79
85
81
66
41
50
88
88
85
62
68
61
80
68
55
61
58
59
222
241
261
220
340
266
124
235
236
305
200
340
136
148
145
105
131
166
159
150
222
28
28
32
12
9
10
21
33
28
7
7
9
23
18
23
12
21
25
20
24
22
790
875
816
1904
3911
2642
583
722
852
4182
2885
3911
586
823
636
885
631
657
786
630
987
14Ramachandra,T.V.andKamakshi,G.(2005).BioresourcepotentialofKarnataka.TechnicalReportNo.109.Centre
forEcologicalSciences,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India
District
Prem(JanMay)
SWM(JunSep)
NEM(OctDec)
Annual
Trend mm (%) Trend mm (%) Trend mm (%) Trend
Koppal
Raichur
Malnadregion
Chikmagalur
Hassan
Kodagu
Shimoga
Coastalregion
Dakshinkannada
Udupi
Uttarkannada
State
133
220
113
71
132
65
118
148
144
142
18
29
15
8
17
10
21
8
20
12
363
335
412
640
485
480
283
1484
363
820
50
44
56
76
62
70
50
82
50
71
227
211
217
128
160
136
169
187
212
190
31
28
29
15
21
20
30
10
29
17
723
766
742
839
777
681
570
1819
719
1152
2.4. Temperature
TemperatureislowestinthemonthofJanuaryandincreasesthereaftergraduallyatfirst
andrapidlyafterthemiddleofFebruaryorthebeginningofMarch.Thesouthernmai
danregionwitnessesthehighesttemperatureinAprilwhileinthenorthernmaidanand
thecoastalareas,highesttemperaturesareobservedinMay.InJanuary,themeandaily
temperatureis3132Cinthecoastalareasandslightlyabove30Cinthenorthernmai
danareaexceptinBidardistrictwhereitis2829C.InMay,themaximumtemperature
reaches43CintheGulbargaRaichurregion.IntheGhatsandMalnadarea,itremains
comparativelylowi.e.about2024C.Itisseenthatthemeanannualrangeoftempera
tureislowestinthecoastalregion(6C)andgreatestintheBellaryRaichurregion.In
theMayJunenorthinteriorKarnatakaalsoexperiencesaincidentsofheatwaves16.
2.5. Trendsandprojections
2.5.1. Precipitation
Astherewerenocomprehensivestudiesonthelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeinthe
Karnataka,ProfessorB.KChandrashekarestablishedtheBangaloreClimateChangeIn
itiativeKarnataka(BCCIK)bybringingtogetherdistinguishedexpertsfromIndianIn
stitute of Science, Institute for Social and Economic Change, University of Agricultural
Sciences, and Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy. BCCIK studied the
trends in climate of Karnataka and also attempted to project the rainfall, temperature
anddroughtforIPCCsvariousscenario(SRESA1Bscenario).Theinputdatausedinthe
studywerelast35yearrainfalldata(1971to2005ofIMD),monthlytemperaturedata
for last 102 years (19012002). BCCIK used HadCM3 global climate model which has
alsobeenusedinearlierstudybyKumaretal.(2006).ThedataobtainedformHadCM3
wasdownscaledusingPRECIS(PredictingRegionalClimateforImpactStudies)model.
The results of the BCCIK studies as shown in Figure 3 reveal that Karnataka has wit
nessedanegativetrendinrainfallsince1951(1mmperyear)andtheannualrainfall
hasbeendecreasedby6%withsubstantialdecreaseovertheCoastalandNorthInterior
Karnatakadistricts(Figure4).17
10
Figure3:Timeseriesofprecipitationduring
monsoonseason(JunSep)overthebox11.5
18.5N,7478.5EintheIMDgriddedrainfall
analysis18
Figure4:Districtwiseprecipitationtrend
(mm/dayper100yr)ofsouthwestmonsoon
season(JunSep)fortheperiod1971200519
Figure 5 and Figure 6 depict BCCIKs projected change in total annual rainfall and for
thesummermonsoonseasonrespectively.Asshowninthefigure,BCCIKprojectedthat
thenortheasternandsouthwesternpartsofthestatemayexperiencedecreaseinthe
overallrainfall.
Figure5:Projectedchangeinannualrainfallfor
theperiod2021205020
Figure6:ProjectedchangeinJun,Jul,Augand
Seprainfallfortheperiod2021205021
ThefollowingTable5providesdetailsthevariationinannualrainfallforalldistrictsof
KarnatakaundertheIPCCA1BscenarioasprojectedbyBCCIK(2011).Precipitationdur
ingJune,July,AugustandSeptemberisexpectedtoreduceinalmostalldistrictsofKar
natakaexceptBidar,Chikmagalur,Haveri,Kodagu,Shimoga,UdupiandUttaraKannada.
18BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan;FinalReport
11
Table5:ProjectedchangeinannualandseasonalrainfallforalldistrictsofKarnataka,for
20212050(A1B),comparedtothebaselineof1961199022
District
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Bagalkote
BangaloreRural
BangaloreUrban
Belgaum
Bellary
Bidar
Bijapur
Chamarajanagar
Chikballapur
Chikmagalur
Chitradurga
DakshinaKannada
Davangere
Dharwad
Gadag
Gulbarga
Hassan
Haveri
Kodagu
Kolar
Koppal
Mandya
Mysore
Raichur
Ramanagar
Shimoga
Tumkur
Udupi
UttaraKannada
Yadgir
Changepro
jectedforJF
months(%)
35.42
3.05
15.11
6.25
14.47
71.30
50.81
8.51
50.17
44.13
0.94
34.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
63.11
53.02
0.00
30.65
4.80
2.08
20.00
22.93
4.17
21.75
12.50
13.76
10.71
0.00
65.04
Changepro
jectedfor
MAMmonths
(%)
43.65
36.30
29.92
20.34
36.16
22.29
39.41
16.55
17.40
2.86
22.76
2.08
24.07
30.55
37.48
12.77
3.39
12.28
7.33
22.75
45.19
4.57
2.68
20.50
22.77
10.55
21.77
25.93
10.62
19.32
Changepro
jectedfor
JJASmonths
(%)
10.47
2.31
2.89
1.32
8.11
6.89
9.81
8.40
2.40
0.14
3.98
0.43
1.84
0.06
6.79
1.44
3.72
1.91
0.97
3.57
12.35
7.00
4.91
10.99
4.87
4.31
3.95
2.43
4.87
7.14
Changepro
jectedfor
ONDmonths
(%)
16.87
9.61
10.14
20.00
6.87
50.76
12.54
1.56
3.21
11.63
14.46
8.28
14.20
9.94
12.42
9.49
11.94
10.87
6.61
4.90
8.81
10.40
2.90
7.59
10.27
8.03
14.26
9.51
6.80
5.22
Changein
annualmean
projected
(%)
1.38
3.56
3.66
6.15
0.52
27.03
0.60
1.85
0.97
3.62
6.50
0.87
6.57
3.71
1.93
4.26
2.45
5.80
2.53
1.08
1.56
1.40
0.78
6.79
2.85
5.27
5.22
4.07
5.40
4.07
Figure 7 compares the results of BCCIK study with different GCMs used to predict
change in rainfall in the state of Karnataka. BCCIK, thus based on the above figure,
claimedthattheirresultsareveryneartootherfindings.
12
Figure7:Projectedchangeinrainfallrelativeto1975forKarnatakaunder1Bscenario.Thethick
blacklineindicatestheHadCM3results,thethickredlinethemultimodalaverage23
2.5.2. Temperature
BCCIK observes a warming trend in the state of Karnataka. Districts of north interior
Karnataka(Bidar,Bijapur,Gulbarga,YadgirandRaichur)havebeenexperiencinganin
crease in minimum temperature of 0.6C in the last 100 years (inFigure8).A maxi
mum temperature increase of 0.6C in the last 100 years was found in Gulbarga, Bi
japur,Gulbarga,Bidar,RaichurandYadgirdistricts(Figure9).
Figure8:Observedminimumtemperature
trendsforJun,Jul,AugandSepinCper100
yearsfortheperiod1901200224
Figure9:Observedmaximumtemperature
trendsforJun,Jul,AugandSepinCper100
yearsfortheperiod1901200225
BCCIKs study projects a further warming of 1.8 to 2.2C by 2030. The projected in
crease for annual average temperatures for the northern districts is higher than the
southern districts. Projected minimum temperature increases are slightly above in
creasesinthemaximumtemperatures.
13
Table6:Projectedchangeinannualtemperaturefor20212050comparedto1961199026
District
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Yadgir
Bijapur
Raichur
Gulbarga
Bagalkote
Koppal
Bidar
Bellary
Gadag
Belgaum
Chitradurga
Dharwad
Mandya
Tumkur
Chikballapur
Davangere
BangaloreRural
Haveri
Ramanagar
BangaloreUrban
Chamarajanagar
Kolar
Mysore
Hassan
Shimoga
UttaraKannada
Chikmagalur
Kodagu
DakshinaKannada
Udupi
Increase
Increase
projectedin projectedin
tmin(inC)
tavg(inC)
2.21
2.34
2.20
2.32
2.20
2.31
2.19
2.33
2.15
2.25
2.14
2.21
2.12
2.30
2.08
2.16
2.08
2.15
2.01
2.11
2.00
2.07
2.00
2.08
1.99
2.03
1.99
2.06
1.98
2.06
1.98
2.05
1.97
2.06
1.97
2.04
1.97
2.05
1.96
2.06
1.96
2.03
1.96
2.06
1.95
1.99
1.92
1.96
1.88
1.95
1.87
1.96
1.86
1.93
1.79
1.86
1.72
1.81
1.71
1.78
Increase
projectedin
tmax (inC)
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.04
2.10
2.09
1.93
2.03
2.05
1.98
1.97
1.97
2.00
1.96
1.91
1.98
1.91
1.97
1.92
1.88
1.94
1.87
1.98
1.95
1.91
1.86
1.89
1.81
1.71
1.72
Figure10:Projectedincreaseinannualmin.
temperaturefor20212050comparedto
197527
Figure11:Projectedincreaseinannualmax.
temperaturefor20212050comparedto197528
14
Figure12:Projectedtemperaturechangerelativeto1975forKarnataka.TheHadCM3resultis
shownbyathickblacklineandthemultimodalaverageinred29
BCCK compared the results with other global circulation models than HadCM3 which
have been used to predict temperatures in the state of Karnataka. As Figure 12 shows
theresultsofotherareinproximitytotheinitialHadCM3projections.
Inanotherstudy,Anandhi(2010)30selectedmonthlysequencesofvariablesfromdata
setsofNationalCentresforEnvironmentalPrediction(NCEP)andCanadianGeneralCir
culation Model (CGCM3). Seasonal stratifications were reviewed based on the selected
predictorsusingaKmeansclusteringtechnique.Theresultsofclusteranalysisrevealed
anincreaseinaveragewetseasonlengthinA2,A1BandB1scenariostowardstheendof
21st century. The increase in season length was higher for A2 scenario whereas it was
theleastforB1scenario.However,nochangeinaveragewarmandcoldseasonlength
wasobservedacrossthefourscenariosconsidered.
2.5.3. Droughts
Droughtisanextendedperiodspanningmonthsoryearswhenaregionwitnessesade
ficiency in its water supply. Generally this occurs when a region receives consistently
belowaverageprecipitation.Agriculturaldroughtsareassociatewiththeimpactofme
teorological conditions on agriculture, focusing on precipitation shortages, differences
between actual and potential evapotranspiration, soil water deficits, reduced ground
water levels. While hydrological drought links the effect of periods of precipitation
shortfallsonsurfaceorsubsurfacewatersupply.Thefrequencyandseverityofhydro
logicaldroughtisoftendefinedonawatershedbasinscale.Droughtisathreattoreckon
withastwothirdsofthestatereceivelessthan750mmrainfallperannum.
30Anandhi,A.(2010).AssessingimpactofclimatechangeonseasonlengthinKarnatakaforIPCCSRESscenario.Jour
nalofEarthSystemScience,119(4),447460.
15
KarnatakarankssecondinIndia,nextonlytoRajasthan,intermsoftotalgeographical
areapronetodrought.54%oftotalgeographicalareaofthestateisdroughtprone,af
fecting88of176taluksand18ofthe33districts.
Talukswhichhavehaddroughtsin25%ormoreyearsareChitradurga,Hosadurga,Sira,
Madhugiri, Shorapur, Athani and Bagepalli. Taluks with the greatest percentage of
drought years are Sira, Madhugiri, Korategere, Kadur, Kushtagi, Shorapur, Shahapur,
Yadgir, Bangarpet, Mulbagal, Srinivasapur, Gudibanda, Bagepalli, Athani, Raibag, Saun
datti and Gokak. The taluks in the northern droughtprone districts have in general,
more years of moderate and severe drought than the taluks in the southern districts.
There are some taluks in which drought occurred in three or more consecutive years.
The largest continuous period of drought was eight years at Gubbi (Tumkur district)
from 19201927, at Athani (Belgaum district) from 19651972, at Chincholi (Gulbarga
district)from19651972andatNargund(Dharwaddistrict)from1920192731.
BCCIKfortheirstudydefinedaperiodofabsenceofrainfall(dailyrainfall<2.5mm)for
40ormorecontinuousdaysasincidenceofseveredrought.Thepercentageincreasein
droughtwasestimatedfortheperiod2021to2050forthetwogrowingseasons;Kharif
and Rabi. The results, as shown in Figure 13, indicate that most northern districts of
Karnataka would have 1080% increased drought incidences. For Koppal and Yadgir
districts drought incidence during Kharif season is projected to nearly double. For the
eastern districts drought frequency has been projected to increase in the Rabi season.
Thewesternpartsofthestatehowevermayfacealessernumberofdroughtsduetothe
projectedincreaseinrainfall.
Figure13:Projectedincreaseindroughtinci
denceinKharifseasonfor20212050basedon
19611990data32
Figure14:Projectedincreaseindroughtinci
denceinRabiseasonfor20212050basedon
19611990data33
Itisclearfromtheabovediscussionthatachangingweatherpatterncouldseverelyim
pacttheoverallwellbeingofthestate.Theincreasedrainfallandriseintemperatureis
projected to cause change in cropping pattern and production, affect availability of
water to meet various purposes (domestic, irrigation or industrial), cause change in
biodiversityprofileofthestateandreducedcarbonsink,affectthecoastalzonedueto
16
likely rise in sea surface temperature and sea level, resulting in forced migration of
coastalcommunity,unemploymentandwidetransmissionwindowforvectorbornedis
ease.Thusitisimperativetoanalysetheimpactofclimatechangeonthemostvulnera
ble sectors and formulate an action plan to increase the resilience of the state to cope
with changing climate, minimize the associated hazards, and to identify mitigation
measures.
2.6. Actions,policiesandinstitutionalpreparedness
2.6.1. Disastermanagement
Realisingtheimportanceofdisastermanagementasnationalpriority,GoIhassetupa
high power committee in August 1999 and a committee after the Gujarat 2002 earth
quake,formakingrecommendationsonthepreparationofdisastermanagementplans
and suggestion effective mitigation mechanisms. In 2005 GoI legislated the Disaster
Management Act that prescribes the creation of an apex body of the Disaster Manage
ment in India: the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). Its purpose is to
create an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the state and district
levels.34GoKdevelopedaninstitutionalframeworktodealwithnaturaldisastersform
ingseveralimportantbodies.
TheKarnatakaStateDisasterManagementAuthorityisheadedbytheChiefMinis
tertolaydownthepoliciesandprepareplansatstatelevel.35Itisentrustedwithfinalis
ing and implementing a comprehensive disaster management plan. Although the auth
oritywasestablishedonlyinorafter2008,aswasalreadyreconstitutedin2010.36
TheWeatherWatchCommitteechairedbytheDevelopmentCommissionerandex
officioAdditionalChiefSecretarytosupervisetheCalamityReliefCommittee(CRF)and
thesubcommitteesfortheactionstobetakenonprioritybasis.
TheEmpoweredCommittee,chairedbytheChiefSecretary,reviewsandmonitors
the flood situation and the implementation of relief measures, rehabilitation plans in
floodaffectedareas,approvalandreleasesoffundsforthepurpose.
TheCalamityReliefCommittee(CRF),alsochairedbytheChiefSecretary,provides
guidelinesforcalamityreliefworkandmonitorsandsupervisesthereliefprogramme.
TheStateExecutiveCommittee,alsochairedbytheChiefSecretary,coordinatesand
monitorstheimplementationofthenationalpolicy,thenationalplanandthestateplan
andactsascoordinatingandmonitoringbodyforthedisasterresponseinthestate.
TheDistrictLevelImplementationCommitteeischairedbytheDistrictinCharge
Principal Secretaries/ Secretaries to plan and supervise relief and rehabilitation pro
grammesforthefloodaffectedareasinthedistrict.
TheDistrictDisasterManagementAuthoritiesarethedistrictplanning,coordina
tionandimplementationbodyfordisastermanagement.
In2001,beforeNDMAcameintoexistence,KarnatakahadhadsetuptheCentreforDis
asterManagementatAdministrativeCollege,MysorewithfundsfromMinistryofHome
AffairsandNationalInstituteofDisasterManagement(NIDM).ThroughthiscentreGoK
34http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/evolution.htm,accessedonMay05,2011
35StateactionplanonclimatechangeKarnatakaInitiativesbyRevenueDept.,GoKinthefieldofDisasterRiskRe
ductionsubmittedonMarch10,2011
36DisasterresponseforceforState.TheHindu,June11,2010
17
commenced training of government personnel, NGOs, elected representatives and civil

society in operational management of both manmade and natural disasters. A similar
mandatewaslaterextendedtoAdministrativetrainingInstitute,Mysore,whoalsopre
pared Karnatakas first Disaster Management Plan in 2010.Every district now is be
lievedtohaveprepareditsDisasterManagementPlan.Riskassessmentsforthesewere
carried out using multi hazard mapping, including flood and drought vulnerabilities,
with the help of resource inventories from the National Disaster Management Plan.
Annualupdationoftheplansisrequired.Planningandcapacitybuildingforframingand
implementationoftheplan,isfundedbyRevenueDepartment,whichalsostrengthens
theEmergencyOperationCentresatstate,district,talukandPanchayatlevels.37Foreach
naturaldisaster38aStandardOperatingProcedure(SOP)isunderpreparationandwill
befinalisedwithin2011.SOPsformanmadedisasters(chemical,biological,radiological
andnuclear)arealsosaidtobeunderpreparation.39AnAndhraPradeshbasedinstitute,
EmergencyManagementResearchInstitute(EMRI),hasbeensignedupinAugust2008
to help GoK improve its emergency response through provision of medically equipped
emergencyvehiclesforvillages.150ofthesehavebeeninductedinthefirst phasefora
budgetofINR20core.40GoIhasallocatedINR4croreperannumforKarnatakaforthe
StateDisasterReliefFundfortheperiod2010toyear2015).AnequalamountofINR4
croreisalsoprovidedforcapacitybuilding.41
2.6.2. Droughtandweathermonitoring
Karnataka also has the distinction of being first state in the country to establish a
DroughtMonitoringCell(DMC).Since1988ithasbeenmonitoringdroughtconditions
in the state. Realising the importance of monitoring other natural disasters such as
floods, cyclones, tsunamis as well, the mandate of the cell was expanded in 2007, a
change reflected in its new name Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring
Centre(KSNDMC).42Thecentremonitorsweatherconditionssuchasrainfall,reservoir
levels,floodlevels,groundwaterlevelsandothersurfacewater.Monitoringstationsare
locatedin747hoblisand750GramPanchayatsanddataistransmittedevery15min
utestoBangalore.Severewhetherconditionsaretransmittedinrealtimeasandwhen
certain parameters exceed certain thresholds. In its weekly briefing to the Weather
WatchCommittee,thecentreprovidesadetailedpictureofweatherconditionsindiffer
entpartsofthestateandadviseshigherleveldecisionmakingbodiesaboutappropriate
actionrequired.Thecentreisintendingtoexpanditsmonitoringcapabilitiesfurtherby
establishingaMasterControlCentreatBangaloretoreceiveandanalyserealtimedata
from telemetric rain gauges, satellites and GPRSlinked weather stations, Doppler
weather radars, storm surge stations, earth quake monitoring stations 24x7 on 365
days.TheMasterControlCentreiscurrentlybeingconstructedatYelahanka,Bangalore
atacostofINR8.75crore.Thecentrealsoprovidestheintelligenceinputforaweather
37Pointsforinteractivesessiononclimatechange.DepartmentofRevenueonMarch10,2011
38Floods,droughts,earthquakes,forestfires,landslidesandcyclones
39ConsultationwithDepartmentofRevenue,March10,2011
40EconomicSurveyofKarnataka201011.DepartmentofPlanning,ProgrammeMonitoringandStatistics,February,
2011
41Pointsforinteractivesessiononclimatechange.DepartmentofRevenueonMarch10,2011
18
based disaster risk reduction for farmers and an early warning system of weather re
latedhazardsforthecropinsurance.43
2.6.3. Droughtproofing
Asameasurefordroughtproofing,theDepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandPancha
yat Raj promotes rainwater harvesting and sprinkler irrigation systems under the
NationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeAct(NREGA).Quantitiesofachievementsorthe
time period of implementation were not available during discussions held. To help
copingwiththescarcityofdrinkingwater,thedepartmentrevertstoadiversionofcanal
waterintosmalltanksfordrinkingwater.Alsofloodcontrolmeasuresareimplemented
underthescheme,focusingonthecreationofnallas,establishmentsoftanksfordrink
ing water and construction of shelters for people in floodprone areas. Implemented
partly with funds of NREGF, Government of Karnataka bears material, labour and ad
ministrative costs. Around 1 lakh houses in 80 villages have been identified as flood
prone.Aninitiativehascommencedtoshiftthesedwellingsoutofaffectedareasbutthe
allotmentofsuitablelandisreportedlyheldupbyconflictswithforestconservation.44
Figure15:TalukscoveredundertheDroughtProneAreaandDistrictDesertificationProgramme
44ConsultationwithDepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandPanchayatRajonMarch9,2011
19
20
3. GHGSEMISSIONS
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) comprise of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide(N2O),sulphurhexafluoride(SF6),hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)andperfluorocar
bons (PFCs). The increasing concentration of GHGs in to the atmosphere disturbs the
global energy balance by sending infrared radiation back to earth resulting in global
warming. Anthropogenic global GHGs emissions witnessed a growth of 70% between
1970 and 200445. CO2 emissions equivalent and global warming potential (GWP) of
greenhousegasesarementionedinTable7below.
Table7:Globalwarmingpotentialofmajorgases46
Gas
GlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)
CarbonDioxide(CO2)
Methane(CH4)
21
NitrousOxide(N2O)
310
Hydrofluorocarbons(HFC)
14012,000
Perfluorocarbons(PFC)
6,00010,000
SulphurHexachloride(SF6)
23,900
However,theGWPofotherspecieslikeSF6andHFCsissignificantlyhigherthanCH4and
CO2, they exist in traces in atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is main and the largest
contributortoglobalwarmingwithitsannualemissionsgrowingbyabout80%between
1970 and 2004. As per IPCC report, CO2 and CH4 levels have increased from 280 ppm
and700ppbinyear1750to379ppmand1774ppbrespectivelyinyear2005.Global
increaseinCO2concentrationsisprimarilyduetofossilfuelconsumption,andshrinking
carbonsinksi.e.landusechange47.
AsperMoEF48,IndiastotalGHGsemissionis1,728milliontonsCO2equivalentin2007
with energy sector being the largest contributor (58%) followed by 22% from in
dustries,17%fromagriculture,and3%Wastesectors.
BCCIKhasestimatedtheannualtotalemissionsfromKarnatakatobe80.2milliontons
ofCO2equivalent(eq).Outofthetotalestimatedemissions2:
CO2emissionsare44milliontons(nationalemissionsare1221.7milliontons)
CH4emissionsare0.9milliontons(nationalemissionsare20.6milliontons)
N2Oemissionsare0.01milliontons(nationalemissionsare0.24milliontons)
ThestateofKarnatakacontributes4.6%tototalemissionsofIndia
45 State of Environment Report Karnataka. 2010. Presubmission draft (April 6, 2011) Environmental Management
andPolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India
48India:GreenHouseGasEmissions2007(2010).IndianNetworkonClimateChangeAssessment,MinistryofEnvi
ronmentandForests,GovernmentofIndia
21
3.1. SectoralGHGemissions
Priortoformulatinganypolicyoractionplantominimizetheriskandvulnerabilityas
sociated with climate change, it is essential to understand the sectoral contribution to
thestatestotalemissions.Thisenablesthepolicymakerstoidentifythesectorswhich
need immediate attention and sectors which offer ample opportunities and scope for
improvement. BCCIK has studied in detail the GHGs emissions mainly from power,
transport, agriculture, residential/commercial building, land use change and forestry,
industrialandwastesectors.Thisassessmenthasnottakenintoaccounttheemissions
frombiomassburningatruralhouseholdlevels.
Figure16:SectoralbreakupofKarnatakasGHGemissionsin%49
AsdepictedinFigure16,thepowersector(electricity35.9%)isthemajorcontributor
ofGHGsemissionfollowedbyAgriculture(20.2%).Asisclearfromthefigure,Karnataka
withwelldevelopedtransportationsectorofthestatecontributes10.4%tototalstate
GHGsemission.ExcepttheagriculturesectorwhichemitsamajoramountofCH4,most
oftheothersectorsemitCO2asmainGHGmainlyduetocombustionoffossilfuels(Coal,
andpetroleumproducts).FollowingsectionsdetailsthesectoralGHGsemission.
3.2. Powersector
Energyconsumptionpatternofanystateorcountrydirectlyindicatesitstageofdevel
opmentandeconomicstrength.ThestateofKarnatakahasatotalinstalledcapacityof
9346 MW as on March 2009. Out of this, nearly 41% i.e. 3757 MW is generated from
thermalpowerplants(coal,gasanddieselbased)50.
Based on the data collected from Central Electricity Authority on coal, gas and diesel
basedpowerplants;BCCIK(2011)51estimatedtheCO2emissionsfrompowersectorto
be 27.8 million tons for year 20092010. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from
electricity sector contribute less than 0.5% of the total CO2 equivalence emissions. On
theotherhand,astudybyWorldInstituteofSustainableEnergy(WISE),hascomputed
CO2 emissions from state power sector to be 30.57 million tons in 20102011, higher
50 Clean Energy Technology Action Plan for Climate Mitigation for Karnataka (2010). World Institute of Sustainable
Energy,Pune,India
22
than BCCIKs estimation. Table 8 presents CO2 emission from conventional electricity
generationpracticesinthestate.
Table8:Carbonemissionsfromfossilfuelbasedelectricitygenerations52
Sectors
Statecoal
Statediesel
Privatecoal
Privategas
Privatediesel
Total
*calculated
20062007
10.92
0.54
1.18
0.78
0.50
13.93
Emission(milliontonsCO2)
20082009
20092010*
14.63
16.49
0.54
0.54
1.18
3.92
0.78
0.78
0.50
0.50
17.64
22.23
20102011*
20.21
0.54
8.54
0.78
0.50
30.57
As shown in Table 8, GHGs emission from state coal power sector has almost doubled
from200607to20102011.Further,CO2emissionfromprivatecoalpowercombustion
hasincreasedmanyfoldsfrom1.18milliontonsin200607to8.54milliontonsin2010
11 but remains much lower than state coal share. However CO2 emission has not re
cordedanyincreaseforthesameperiodinbothstateandprivatedieselandgaspower
sector.Theindustrialsectorisalsooneofthelargestcontributorsofemissionsaswell
aslargestconsumersofelectricity.Approximately20.85milliontonsCO2perannumis
emittedfrompowersectorsofthestate.Withthecommissioningof1480MWstatecoal
thermalpowerplantand1615MWprivatecoalthermalpowerplantin2011,additional
9.72milliontonsCO2willbeemittedfrompowersectoroftheKarnatakaresultingina
totalof30.57milliontonsofCO2emissions.
3.3. Transportsector
AsshowninFigure16,transportationsectorincludingroad,airandwaterwaysisalsoa
majorGHGsemitterinthestate.MostofthepetroleumproductslikeATF(aviationtur
binefuel)HSD,(highspeeddiesel),LDO(lightdieseloil)etcareusedintransportation
sector.ThestateofKarnatakahasrecordedaveryfastgrowthinthenumberofvehicles
registered i.e.75.19lakhsin2009against33.52inyear200053.TheGHGsemission in
transportationsectorismainlyduetothecombustionofvariousfuelsandhasbeencal
culatedbyBCCIK(2011),onthebasisoffuelconsumptionpattern.ThustotalCO2emis
sionfromthissectorhasbeenestimatedtobe8.35milliontonsofCO2.
3.4. Buildingsector
The emissions only due to cooking using LPG (liquified petroleum gas), kerosene and
biomass were considered to assess the Building sectors contribution to Karnatakas
totalGHGsemissionbyBCCIK.TheCO2emissionfromLPGandkerosenecombustionis
amountedtobe3.57milliontons.Biomassisconsideredacarbonneutralfuel,CH4and
N2O were taken in to account by the research group. National statistics available on
biomass consumption in India were applied to calculate the emissions. The results
showedthat0.09milliontonsofCH4and0.012milliontonsofN2Oisemittedfrombio
massburning.Thusatotal5.84milliontonsofCO2equivalence emissionisattributedto
this sector. However in this estimation, GHGs emissions from electricity consumption
havenotbeentakenintoaccountasthisiscoveredinelectricitygeneration.
52Clean Energy Technology Action Plan for Climate Mitigation for Karnataka (2010). World Institute of Sustainable
Energy,Pune,India.
Energy,Pune,India.
23
3.5. Industrialsector
Using annual productions and emission factors as specified by IPCC, BCCIK computed
theindustrialGHGsemissioninKarnatakaforthemajorindustriesinthestateofKarna
takai.e.cement,ironandsteel,ironore,ammonia,pulpandpapermillsetc.Estimates
revealedthattherearearound16milliontonsofCO2equivalentGHGsemissionsfrom
ironandsteelandcementindustries(8.59and7.64milliontonCO2equivalentrespec
tively),mainlyduetotheuseofcoalasfuelintheseindustries.
3.6. Agricultureandalliedsectors
AgricultureandalliedsectorsisoneofthemostsignificantcontributorsofCH4emission.
MethaneisemittedmainlyfromRicecultivationandduringdigestionprocessofrumi
nantsi.e.entericfermentation.ApartfromN2Oemissionfromlivestockmanureman
agement, agricultural soils also emit N2O mainly due to the application of Nitrogenous
substanceslikefertilizers,depositedmanure,cropresidues,sewagesludgeetc.
Figure17:BreakupofGHGemissionsfromtheagriculturesectorin%54
Table9:GHGgasemissionsfromagriculturesector2
Activity
CH4emission
(milliontons)
N2O
(milliontons)
CO2equivalent(Mil
lionTons)
EntericFermentation
0.50
10.54
LivestockManureManagement
0.04
0.0065
2.93
RiceCultivation
0.13
2.75
Total
0.68
0.0065
16.23
To conclude, total CO2 equivalent emissions from agriculture and livestock sector are
estimated to be 16.23 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent contributing to 20.2% to the
statestotalemission.FurtherdetailsonGHGscontributionofagricultureandalliedsec
torarediscussedinsectoralassessmentofagricultureandalliedsector.
3.7. Waste
The anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste and treatment of wastewater i.e. do
mestic as well as industrial produces significant amount of methane. Considering the
projected37%stateurbanpopulationin2011,BCCIKestimated69,000tonsofmethane
emissionsbasedonthefollowingassumptions:
24
Percapitasolidwastegenerationtobeabout550gmperday,
Only70%oftotalwastegeneratedreachesthelandfillsite55,and
Projectedstateurbanpopulationtobe37%in2011
Furtheritwasestimatedthat19000tonsofCH4isemittedfromwastewatertreatment
inthestate.Thusatotalof2.89milliontonsofCO2equivalentGHGsemissionisattrib
utedtoWastesector.
3.8. Summary
Nearly80%GHGsemissionisfromthefuelcombustionprocessinvarioussectorslike
powergeneration,transportationandindustries.ThusitiscriticalforthestateofKarna
takatodevelopefficientstrategiesandplantopromotecleanerfuelsinordertoreduce
itsGHGscontribution.PowersectorisoneoflargestemitterofGHGsandadequatepol
icyinterventionstoincreasetheshareofrenewableenergysources(solar,wind,hydrp
power etc.) should be the priority of the state to address the issue of climate change.
Furtherinformationontheenergysupply,demand,Renewableenergypotentialofstate
and key strategies of the state are detailed in sectoral assessment on Energy. Besides,
measures to enhance energy efficiency will be an important tool to bridge the energy
demandsupplygapandconsequentlyreducingGHGsemission.
Table10:GHGsemissioninventoryofKarnataka56
Sector
ElectricityGeneration(200910)
Transport(200708)
Residential(200708)
Industry(200809)
CementProduction
IronandSteelProduction
AmmoniaProduction
AluminiumProduction
IronOre
PulpandPaper
Sugar
Agriculture
EntericFermentation(2003)
(2003)
RiceCultivation(2007)
Waste
Total
Quantity/
Produc
tion/Area
11495
CO2emis
sion(mil
liontons)
CH4emis
sion(mil
liontons)
N2Oemis
sion(mil
liontons)
MW
28.76
8.35
3.57
0.090
0.012
28.76
8.35
5.84
120.97
115.4
2.36
1.09
423.14
3.65
33.97
LakhTons
LakhTons
LakhTons
LakhTons
LakhTons
LakhTons
LakhTons
7.64
8.59
0.19
1.80
2.91
0.38
0.82
7.64
8.59
0.19
1.80
2.91
0.38
0.82
25617000
25617000
Animal
Animal
0.50
0.04
0.00654
10.54
2.93
1.40
MillionHectare
0.13
0.129
0.00079
2.75
2.89
80.16
Production
(unit)
CO2equiva
lent(million
tons)
55 National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), (2005). Assessment of status of Municipal Solid
WasteManagementinmetrocities,statecapitals,classIcitiesandclassIItowns.
25
26
4. AGRICULTUREANDALLIEDSECTORS
ThestateofKarnatakaisdividedinto10agroclimaticzonestakingintoconsideration
therainfallpattern,soiltypes,texture,depthandphysiochemicalproperties,elevation,
topography, major crops and type of vegetation (Figure 18) and experiences rich and
diverseagriculturepracticeswhichcontribute28.61%totheGrossStateDomesticPro
duct(GSDP)57.64.6%ofthetotalgeographicalareaofthestateisundercultivationand
farmersandagriculturallabourersaccountto56.5%ofthetotalworkforceofKarnataka
(Census 2001). Karnataka is the largest producer of coffee, raw silk, sandalwood, ragi,
sunflower, tomato, coffee, arecanut, spices, aromatic and medicinal plants, and second
largest producer of maize, safflower, grapes, pomegranate and onion. Horticultural
cropswithannualproductionofabove13milliontons,contributestoover40%oftotal
incomegeneratedfromagriculture.Infloriculturalproduction,Karnatakaoccupiessec
ondpositioninIndia.
1.
NorthEasternTransitionZone(Pulses,Jowar,Oil
seeds,Bajra,Cotton&Sugarcane)
2.
North Eastern Dry Zone (Rabi jowar, Bajra,

Pulses,oilseedsandCotton.)
3.
Northern Dry Zone (Maize, Bajra, Groundnut,

CottonWheat,SugarcaneandTobacco)
4.
Central Dry Zone (Ragi, Jowar, Pulses and Oil

seeds)
5.
Eastern Dry Zone (Ragi, Rice, Pulses, Maize and

Oilseeds)
6.
SouthernDryZone(Rice,Ragi,Pulses,Jowarand
Tobacco)
7.
Southern Transition Zone (Rice, Ragi, Pulses,

JowarandTobacco)
8.
Northern Transition zone (Rice, Jowar, Ground

nut,Pulses,SugarcaneandTobacco)
9. HillyZone(RiceandPulses)
10. CoastalZone(RiceandSugarcane)
Figure18:AgroclimaticzonesofKarnataka
57EconomicSurvey(20092010and20102011).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,Governmentof
Karnataka
27
Table11:ClassificationoflanduseinKarnataka58
Classificationofland
Areaundereachsector
TotalGeographicalarea
190.5
Forest
30.72
Landputtononagriculturaluses
13.69
Barren&uncultivableland
7.88
Cultivablewaste
4.15
Uncultivatedland
12.2
Fallowland
17.67
Netareaundersown
104.19
Totalcroppedarea
128.93
AgricultureinKarnatakaismainlydependentonsouthwestmonsoon.Only26.5%ofthe
total sown area is irrigated. Agriculture production in the state is spread over three
seasons namely, Kharif (July to October, major crops; millets, paddy, maize, pulses,
groundnut, red chillies, cotton, soyabean, sugarcane and tumeric ), Rabi (October to
March, major crops wheat, barley, mustard, sesame, and peas) and summer. These
seasonsaccountfornearly70%,22%and8%ofannualfoodgrainproductionrespec
tively.Incaseofoilseeds,thisratioisintheorderof70%,15%and15%.Theareaco
veredunderKharif,Rabiandsummerseasonsisaround70lakhhectares,30lakhhec
tares and 6 lakh hectares respectively. The total cultivable area of the state including
netsownarea(55.06%),cultivablewasteland(2.28%),currentfallows(6.66),andother
fallows(2.10%)is66.09%.
Thestateobservesmainlyricebasedcroppingpatternandthemajorcropsalternative
to rice are ragi, bajra, cotton, groundnut, jowar and maize59. Other important crops
grown are wheat, and minor millets, pulses like tur, Bengal gram, horse gram, black
gram, green gram, cowpea etc, oil seeds like groundnut, sesame, sunflower, soyabean
and safflower, commercial crops like sugarcane (eastern region of the state), cotton
(north western like Gulbarga, Davangere) and tobacco. Cashew, coconut, arecanut
(southernregion),cardamom,andchillies,areamongtheothercropsgrowninthestate.
TheWesternGhatsarewellknownforcoffeeandteaproductionswhileMaize is grown
mainly in the northern region of the state. The coastal region due to favourable
weatherconditionsexhibitsgoodcultivationoffruitorchards.
Theareaundercultivationofpaddy,maize,pulses,sugarcaneandtobaccohasrecorded
exponentialgrowthinlastfewdecades.Whilepaddyareahasincreasedfrom10.28lakh
hectares in 196061 to 15.14 lakh hectares in 20082009, maize area has recorded
maximum increase from just 11000 hectares in 196061 to 12.87 lakhs hectares in
20082009. Jowar has seen a decrease in cultivation area from 29.69 lakh hectares to
around 17.82 lakh hectares during 196061 20002001. The gross and the net culti
vated area under agricultural crops had increased from 96.97 lakh hectares to 108.84
lakhhectaresandfrom100.65lakhhectaresto106.09lakhhectaresrespectivelyfrom
19551956to1998199960.
58BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan;FinalReport.BCCI
K(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan:SecondReport.BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka
59www.krishiworld.com/html/crop_pattern2.htmlaccessedonApril23,2011
28
Horticulture covers an area of 18.91 lakh hectares in the state with a production of
136.64lakhtonnes.Outofwhichfruitscrops(Mango,Banana,Papaya,Grapes,Sapota,
etc)contribute41.92%,45.25%byvegetablescrops(Potato,Tomato,Onion,Brinjaletc)
6.13% by spices (Ginger, dry chillies etc) and rest is contributed by plantation crops
(Coconut,Arecanutetc)andflowers(Marigold,Jasmine,Roseetc).Areaunderhorticul
turalcropsfrom200708to200910isgiveninTable12.
Table12:HorticulturalcropsinKarnataka((lakhhectares)61
Crops
20072008
20082009
20092010
Fruits
2.99
3.15
3.32
Coconut
4.60
4.69
4.79
Spices
2.46
2.54
2.63
Vegetables
4.27
4.48
4.70
Cashew
0.7
0.73
0.76
Flowers
0.25
0.26
0.27
Others
2.37
2.41
2.44
4.1. Changeincroppingpattern
The introduction of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) has reduced the cultivated area for
traditionalvarietiesinthestate.Thishasresultedintheextinctionoffewlocalvarieties.
Traditional varieties of paddy, banana, mango and vegetables with distinct taste and
aroma, have high nutritional values and disease resistance. Landraces of many crops
haveprovidedthegenesneededforpestanddiseaseresistanceorforthecropstoadapt
to poor soils, drought and cold temperatures. BCCIK collected data on the production,
area under crop and productivity for major crops in all the districts of Karnataka and
analysed its trends. Based on their study, they provided detail trends of cropping pat
terninthestateasshownbelowinTable13.
Table13:AreaproductionandproductivitytrendsindistrictsofKarnataka(19552008)62
Districts
Bagalkote
BangaloreUrban
BangaloreRural
Belgaum
Bellary
Bidar
Bijapur
Chamarajanagar
Chikmagalur
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Dharwad
Gadag
Gulbarga
Hassan
Rice
Maize
Jawar
Ragi
Cotton
Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty
62BCCIK(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan:SecondReport.BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarna
taka
29
Districts
Haveri
Kodagu
Kolar
Koppal
Mandya
Mysore
Raichur
Shimoga
Tumkur
Udupi
UttaraKannada
Rice
Maize
Jawar
Ragi
Cotton
Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty Area Prdn Prdty
District
Bagalkote
BangaloreUrban
Bangalorerural
Belgaum
Bellary
Bidar
Bijapur
Chamarajanagar
Chikmagalur
Chitradurga
Davanagere
Dharwad
Gadag
Gulbarga
Hassan
Haveri
Kodagu
Kolar
Koppal
Mandya
Mysore
Raichur
Shimoga
Tumkur
Udupi
UttaraKannada
Area
Redgram
Prdn
Prdty
Area
Groundnut
Prdn
Prdty
Area
Sunflower
Prdn
Prdty
Area
Sugarcane
Prdn
Prdty
Itcanbenoticedfromthetableabovethattheoverallproductionandyieldofthemajor
cropshaveincreasedsince20002001inKarnataka.BCCIK(2011)alsosuggestedthat
food production in state is largely dependent upon the annual precipitation and there
havebeenmanyincidentswheninadequateprecipitationledtodecreasedfoodproduc
tion in the state like in the 1960s and 1970s. Nevertheless, Department of Agriculture
wasconferredthe2011nationalawardforthebestperformanceintheincreaseinpro
ductionofcorecereals.
30
4.2. Impactofdryspellsandflashfloods
The drought affects agricultural production in the state upto a great extent. In 2009,
rainfed kharif crops like Jowar, Maize, Bajra, Tur, Greengram, Blackgram, Groundnut,
Soyabean, and Sesamum, Sunflower etc. covering about 20.39 lakh hectares in major
partsofnorthernandsoutherndistrictswereaffectedbyseveremoisturestressdueto
consecutive dry spell of about 46 weeks during July August 2009. However, wide
spreadrainfallduring2ndfortnightofAugustandSeptemberhelpedinrecoveryofrain
fed crops to some extent, Jowar Blackgram, Greengram, Soyabean and Sesamum re
cordeddecreasedyieldduetodryspells.
On the other hand, Karnataka also witnessed heavy rainfall in 2009 in coastal, Malnad
districtsandmajorpartsofNorthinteriorKarnataka.Themostaffecteddistrictswere
Raichur,Koppal,BellaryandGulbargaetc.Preliminaryestimatesindicatedlossofkharif
cropsinabout18.95lakhhectaresbylodging,submergence,depositionofsilt,deterio
ration of grain quality etc. and Rabi crops (about 2.96 lakh hectares sown in 2nd fort
night of September) were completely washed off in Bijapur district in about 2.96 lakh
hectares.
4.3. Declineofproductionandagrobiodiversity
Recenttrendsindicatethatgrowthinagriculturesectorhasnotbeenverysatisfactory
and caused rural distress in the state of Karnataka. From 2000 onwards agricultural
productionhasbeenvarying.Someofthereasons63fordeclineofagricultureinthestate
includei)ShrinkingLandManRatio,ii)Depletingvegetationcover,iii)Inadequateand
unpredictablewaterresources,iv)Highdependenceonrainfall,andv)Increasingcostof
production.
InthestatelikeKarnatakathatenjoysrichagriculturalpractices,thelossofagricultural
biodiversity is one of the most serious concerns. Karnataka Biodiversity Board (KBB)
hasidentifiedthreehotspotsofagrobiodiversitynamelyCauverybasin,thecoastalre
gion,andtheleewardDeccanplateau.Therearestudieswhichindicatethatasmuchas
halfofallplantspeciesmaydisappearconsideringthecurrenttrends.AsperKarnataka
Biodiversity Board64, approximately 6% of cereal crops, 85% of legume species, and
13% of vegetables species are under threat of extinction. Biodiversity Board of the
stateacknowledgesthe replacementof local varieties byimprovedorexoticvarieties
andspeciesastherootcauseofthegeneticerosionofcrops.Geneticallymodifiedcrops
are generally preferred by farmers in the current scenario resulting in to genetic ero
sion.Thusistheneedofhourtomanageandconservetheprecioustraditionalvarieties
of different crops which could also be significant genetic contributors (drought resist
ance,diseaseresistanceetc)tofuturevarieties.
4.4. Impactofclimatechange
Alltheavailableevidencesindicatethatagricultureisthemostvulnerablesectortocli
mate change. The direct effects of climate change on agricultural production includes
variability in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentrations while
changeinsoilmoisturecontentsandtheincreasedfrequencyofpestinfectionandcon
sequent diseases are indirect affects. Various studies have been conducted to under
standtheimpactofclimatechangeonagriculture.AsagricultureinKarnatakaismainly
63
State of Environment Report Karnataka. 2010. Presubmission draft (April 6, 2011) Environmental
ManagementandPolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India
64BiodiversityofKarnatakaataGlance,2010.KarnatakaBiodiversityBoard,GovernmentofKarnataka
31
raindependent,thevariationinprecipitationwillaltertheagriculturepatternandpro
ductiontoasignificantextent.AsshowninTable14,SoERKarnataka(2010)65attempts
toassesstheclimatechangeimpactsonthebasisofchangeintheaverageyieldofmajor
cropsoverthepastfewyearsinKarnataka.
Table14:AverageyieldofimportantcropsinKarnataka66
Crop
Ragi
Jowar
Bajra
Maize
Wheat
MinorMillets
Pulses
Groundnut
Cotton(bales/Ha)
AverageYieldofImportantCrops(tonnesperha)
200304
200405
200506
200607
200708
1.18
1.81
1.76
1.10
1.80
0.48
0.82
0.97
0.80
1.32
0.63
0.60
0.91
0.42
0.82
2.06
2.95
3.00
2.75
2.92
0.43
0.85
0.90
0.83
0.95
0.52
0.51
0.54
0.48
0.39
0.38
0.48
0.36
0.53
0.55
0.71
0.57
0.43
0.81
1.2
1.42
1.43
1.93
It can be noticed that average yield of highly resilient (water efficient) dry crops like
maize,jowar,ragiandminormilletshaveincreasedfromyear200304levels.Various
studiesconductedsofarhasindicatedthatanyshift(increaseordecrease)inagricultu
ralproductionisdirectlydependentonthescenariotowhichsimulation/projectionhas
beencarriedout.NATCOM(2004)67studiedtheimpactof2010climatechangescenario
on yields of rice, wheat & sorghum and projected that rice and sorghum yield will in
creaseby1.35.8%and13.4%respectivelyinSouthIndia.Notonlyclimatechangefac
tors but existing socioeconomic systems and institutional support also influence the
primaryproductivityinIndiaandhenceshouldbeconsideredinassessingthevulnera
bilityofagriculturetoclimatechange.InordertocategoriseKarnatakainhigh,lowor
mediumcategoryofvulnerability,OBrienetal,(2004)68reportedthathigherresilience
toclimatechangeandgreaterirrigationaccessmakesChitradurgadistrictofKarnataka
lessvulnerabletoclimatechangewhileNorthEasternpartofKarnatakaisalmosttwo
time more vulnerable and sensitive to changing climate due to less adaptive capacity.
NortherninlandKarnatakawasalsoplacedinhighcategoryofvulnerabilitywhileEast
ern Karnataka with moderate vulnerability to climate change was categorised in me
diumcategory.
BCCIK(2011)69alsostudiedindetailstheimpactofclimatechangeonthemajorcrops
growninKarnataka.SimulationsweredonewithInfoCropmodelsusingtherespective
cropcoefficientsforeachofthe10yearsfrom1991to2000.Thecropsselectedforthe
simulation were Maize, Sorghum, Rice, Redgram, Cotton, Potato, Soyabean and Wheat
crops.Themeanof10yearsyieldwastakenasthebaselineyield.Theactualcropyield
ineachdistrictwascomparedwiththepredictedyieldandtheratio(constant)oftwo
wascomputedforalltheselectedcropsandforallthedistricts.Theclimatemodelsout
putsontemperature(minimumandmaximum)andrainfallforIPCCA1B2035scenario
wereused.Apartfromthis,frequencyofoccurrenceofclimaticextremeeventssuchas
67 NATCOM (Indias National Communication to UNFCC on Climate Change). 2004. Ministry of Environment and
Forests,GovernmentofIndia.
68http://geography.rutgers.edu/people/faculty/leichenko/publications/obrienetal.pdf
32
higher/low rainfall events and high temperature events were also taken in account.
Basedonthesimulationstudy,thevulnerabledistrictsforfewcropsarelistedinTable
15.
Table15:Cropsandprojecteddistrictsvulnerabletodecliningproductivity70
Crops
District
Rice(Irrigated)
AerobicRice
Maize
Sorgam
Redgram
Cotton
Belgaum,Bellary,Raichur,Kodagu,Dharwad,Chamarajanagar,DK&Hassan,
Belgaum,Bellary,Chikmagalure,DK,UK,GulbargaandKodagu,
Bijapur,Chikmagalure,DK,UK,Udupi,Kodagu,ShimogaandTumkur
Chikmagalur,DK,UK,Udupi,Davanagere,Hassan,Kolar,ShimogaandTumkur,
Bagalkote,Bellary,DK,Udupi,UK,Kodagu,Raichur
Bellary,Chikmagalur,Chitradurga,DK,UK,Shimoga,Kolar,Kodagu,Dharwad
andGadag.
Bangalore,Chikmaglur,Davanagere,Hassan
Bangalore,TumkurandChitradurga
UK,DK,Shimoga,Gulbarga,andBidar
RaichurandShimoga
Hassan,Mandya,DK,UK,Udupi,
Potato
Soybean
Ragi
Wheat
Sugarcane
Table16:ProjectedproductivitychangesforKarnatakaformajorcrops71
Increasein productivityup to 10 %and
identifiedtoincreasethegrowingarea
Increaseinproductivityfrom10%to
25%andidentifiedincreaseingrowing
areaforenhancedfoodproduction
0.3(Irri.Rice)
0.9(rainfed)
Bagalkote,Bangalore,Chitradurga,Davanag
ere,Haveri,KolarandTumkur
Bangalore,DK,Udupi,UK,RaichurandKo
dagu
Maize
1.2
Bidar,Chitradurga,Davanagere,Gadag,Gul
barga,Haveri,KolarandMandya,
Bangalore,Belgaum, Chamarajanagar,
Mysore,
Sorgam
2.6
Bagalkote,
Raichur,
Bangalore,Bellary,Bidar,Chamarajanagar,
Chitradurga,Gadag,Gulbarga,Kodagu,
Mandya,
Redgram
1.3
ChamarajanagaraandHassan,
Bengalore,Chikmagalore,Chitradurga
(upto35%),Davanagere,Dharwad,Gadag,
Haveri,Kolar,Mandya,MysoreandShi
moga
Cotton
1.3
Bidar,DavanagereandHaveri,
Bangalore,Belgaum,Bijapur,Mandya,Ra
ichurandTumkur.
Potato
14.0
Soybean
2.8
Ragi
5.8
Mysore, Hassan, Kolar, Chitradurga,Dava

nagere,HaveriandGadag
Sugarcane
2.6
Mandya,ShimogaandBelgaum
Crops
Rice
Netpercentage
yieldchange
Belgaum,
Haveri,
Chikmagalur
ThestudybyBCCIKfoundthatthekharifcropswillwitnesscomparativelymorechan
ges in their productivity like irrigated rice whose productivity has been predicted to
changeby14.4to9.5%fromitsbaseyieldinKarnataka.Themajorpartoftheirrigated
ricecultivatingareaisprojectedtoexperienceareductioninyieldofupto8.2%while
smaller nonrice growing districts are projected to record up to 6.2% higher yields.
Whiletheyieldofrainfedricemayobservechangesbetween13.8to7.2%withlarge
K(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan:SecondReport.BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka
33
regionlosingupto9.6%.Further,southwesternKarnatakaasperBCCIKstudymaygain
fromtheclimaticpatternandyieldofbothIrrigatedandAerobicricemayincrease.
MaizeandSorghumyieldhasbeenalsoprojectedtochangefrom27.6%to19.3%and
by17.2%to18.4%respectivelyfromitsbaselineyieldmainlyduetotheirC4photo
syntheticsystem.
AsperIndianNetworkforClimateChangeAssessment(INCCA)report72,anyriseintem
perature will provide less opportunity for crop canopy to accumulate dry matter by
acceleratingthegrowthratesofthecrops.Thiswillresultinreducedyield.Theprojec
tion suggests that in 2035 scenario, higher temperatures and reduced sunshine may
limit the biomass production and yield as compared to baseline conditions. The esti
mated2.1Criseinmeantemperatureanda4.5%increaseinmeanprecipitationwould
reducenetagriculturalproductivityinthestateby1.2%.Asectoralandregionalanaly
sis for 2030s conducted by INCCA73 also provides projection for likely change in crop
productionsinwesterncoastalareaofIndia.
The simulation model InfoCrop was used to assess the impact of climate change scen
ariosofPRECISA1Bfor2030periodsforfourcereals(wheat,rice,maizeandsorghum),
two oil seeds (soybean and mustard), potato and coconut plantations. The study re
vealedthatasinmostoftheWesternGhatsregion,themonsoonrainfallislikelytoin
crease,thechangesintemperatureandrainfallwouldcausedirectimpactsonthepro
ductionofkharifcropsandduetoheavycloudcovercausinglowradiation,anyfurther
increaseinrainfall(morecloudcover)willresultinreducedyieldsinkharifseason.Co
conutyieldsareprojectedtoincreasebyupto30%inmajorityofthecoastalregion.In
crease in coconut yield could be attributed to projected increase in rainfall (~10%),
temperaturesandfromCO2fertilizationbenefits.However,regionslikesouthwestKar
nataka,partsofTamilNaduandpartsofMaharashtra,mayrecordupto24%reduction
inyield.Thesimulationanalysisalsoindicatesthattheproductivityofirrigatedricein
WesternGhatsregionislikelytochangeby+5to11%.However,theyieldofirrigated
riceinpartsofsouthernKarnatakaisprojectedtoincrease.Incaseofrainfedrice,the
projectedchangeinyieldisintherangeof35to+35%.Further,climatechangeisalso
likelytoreduceyieldsofmaizeandsorghumbyupto50%dependingupontheregion.
Strategyforincreasingresilience
Consideringthe4.5%increaseinmeanprecipitationand2.1Criseinmeantemperature
ionthestate,BCCIKhasestimatedthatKarnatakawouldcouldwitness2.5%declinein
netagricultureproductionwithmajorreductionincoastalregions.FurtherBCCIKob
servedthatstatemayrecord12.3%lessfoodproductionduetoclimatechangebuten
hancedCO2andriseintemperaturemayalsocausesignificantlyhigherproductivity(up
to35%)infewdistricts.ThroughfollowingTable17,BCCIKproposesthecropswhich
should be promoted in specific agro climatic zones in order to harness benefits of cli
matechangeandoverallstrengtheningtheagricultureresilienceinthestate.
72ClimateChangeandIndia:A4*4AssessmentReport.AsectoralandRegionalAnalysisfor2030s.2010.IndianNet
workforClimateChangeAssessment.MinistryofEnvironmentandForest,GovernmentofIndia.
workforClimateChangeAssessment.MinistryofEnvironmentandForest,GovernmentofIndia
34
Table17:Projectedprioritiesofcropsforadaptationandmitigationstrategies74
NameoftheZone
SuggestedCroppingPatternsforDifferentAgroclimaticZones
NorthEasterntransition
zone
Area under rained Maize, Sorghum, Cotton and Wheat is proposed tobeincreased
substitutingtheareaunderRedgram.
NorthEasterndryzone
Areaunder rained Maize, Sorghumand Wheat is proposedto beincreasedsubsti

tutingtheareaunderRedgramandothercrops.
NorthernDryZone
Theareaunderrainfedcotton,wheatandsorghumwhichhaveshownhigherproduc
tivityisproposedtobeincreasedinBijapurdistrict.Maize,SorghumandRedgramcan
betakenmoreinGadagdistrictreducecottonarea.
CentralDryzone
TheareaunderSorghumcanbeextendedtoentireBellarydistrictsubstitutingthearea
underrice.Rice,Maize,Sorghum,RedgramandRagiareaistobeincreasedbyinter
croppingsorghumandpearlmillet.Cotton and Soya area is proposed to be re
stricted to irrigatedareas.
EasternDryzone
Maize,Sorghum,RedgramandCottonareaisproposedtobeincreasedissubstitutinga
partofrainfedfingermilletinBangaloredistrictandinpartsofTumkurdistrict.InKolar
districtandMaize,RedgramandRagiareacanbeincreasedinlieuofSorghum.Withthe
increasedrainfall,Mulberryandvegetableareacanbeenhancedduringkharif.
SouthernDryzone
RiceareaproposedtobereducedbyMaize,SorghumandRedgramcropsinthezone.
RicecanbeincreasedinMysoreandMandyadistrictand parts of Hassan district in
view of the high yield potential andwateravailability.Ragicanbecontinuedinthe
samearea.Byincreasingthecroppingintensityunderirrigationtheareaunderriceand
Sugarcaneproposedtobeincreased.
SouthernTransition
zone
The area under kharif sorghum proposed to be increased in view of

theirhighproductivity.Summerriceareaisproposedtobedivertedtoirrigated
groundnut.
Northerntransitionzone
Becauseofthehighyieldpotential,areaundercotton,wheat,kharifsorghumand
groundnutistobeincreased.Greengramistobeintroducedon large scale as a catch
crop in kharif. A part of the areaunderrainfedriceistobesubstitutedbymaize.
Hilly
Area under Redgram in Chikmagaluris to be increased.Rice area inShimogacanbe

enhanced. Apartofthericeintheuplandistobesubstitutedbyfingermillet.Green
gramandblackgramaretobeintroducedinricefallows.Plantationcropsaretobein
creased.
Coastal
Theareaundergroundnutistobeincreasedinricefallowsonresidualmois
ture/supplementalirrigation. Black gram is proposed as secondcropafterriceonre
sidualmoisture.Inviewofthesugarfactories,areaundersugarcaneistobeincreasedto
someextent
4.5. Fisheries
Fisheries play an important role in food supply and livelihood security of fishermen
communities living in coastal areas. The state of Karnataka contains rich fishery re
sourceswithacontinentalshelfof27,000km2.,about300km2ofcoastlineand5.20lakh
hectaresofinlandwaterarea.Additional8,000hectaresofbrackishwaterareaprovides
ample opportunities for shrimp farming. The total fisherfolk population of the State is
7.67lakhcomprisingof2.76lakhmarineand4.91lakhinlandareas.Thefishproduction
inKarnatakawasaround2lakhtonsinearly80s,grewto3lakhtonsinmid90s,further
increasedto3.61lakhtonsin20082009andreached4.08lakhtonsin200910contri
buting about 4.8% of Indias total fish production. The marine sector contributes 60%
whileremaining40%comesfrominlandsector75.
Due to lack of adequate simulation models in the fish sector, there are no significant
studies where the impacts of climate change have been studied in fisheries. Hence the
analysisandinterpretationofpastrecordsrelatedtofishsector,changeinweatherand
35
seasurfacetemperatureisgenerallyusedtostudytheimpactofclimatechangeonfish
eries76.Manytropicalfishstocksarealreadyexposedtohightemperatureandmaysee
regional extinction or migration towards higher latitudes. It is expected that climate
changemayinducephonologicalchanges(timingoflifehistory)infishesspeciallyspe
cies with shorter life spans such as such as plankton and small pelagic fish. There are
possibilities that net primary production may change at long time scales of multi
decades.
Thetropicalfisheriesarecharacterisedbyseveralfastgrowingandmultiplespawning
speciesandlowlevelsofspawningcontinuethroughouttheyearformostofthespecies
with one or two distinct spawning peaks in a year (Vivekanandan et al., 2010)77. The
eggsofthesespeciesarepelagicanddirectlyexposedtohighertemperaturesandcur
rents. As temperatures rise, the development duration of eggs decreases resulting in
smaller size of larvae (Vidal et al., 2002). The study by Jackson and Moltschaniwskyj
(2001) illustrated that the growth rates of adults would be faster initially to a certain
stageandthenwoulddecreaseduetohighermetaboliccosts.Itisalsostatedtheaver
agelifespanwilldecreaseasafunctionofincreasedgrowthrate,andtheindividualsin
somemarinespecieswillmatureatasmallersize.Assmallerindividualsproducelesser
numberofeggs,thiswillleadthereductionintheabsolutefecundity.Thisisexpectedto
adverselyaffecttheoverallproductionoffishandthelivelihoodofthefishermencom
munities.
4.6. Animalhusbandry
ThestateofKarnatakahas75.2millionpopulationoflivestock(30.7million)andPoul
try(42.4million)asshowninTable 18.Thelivestocksectorplaysasignificantrolein
theIndianeconomyandcontributes1540%ofthetotalincomeofthefarmhousehold.
Karnatakaisrankedat10thand3rdpositioninthecountryinmilkandeggproduction
respectively78.About38%oftheruralhouseholdshavelivestockandorpoultrycontri
butingsignificantlytotheirlivelihood.
Table18:LivestockpopulationinKarnatakainthousands79
Livestock
1997
2003
2007
1997/2007
changein%
Crossbredcattle
1293
1602
2602
101.3
9539
7936
IndigenousCattle
TotalCattle
Buffalo
TotalBovine
7901
17.2
9538 10503
3.03
3991
4327
0.91
15199 13530 16830
10.7
10832
4367
Sheep
8003
7256
9558
19.4
Goat
4875
4484
6153
26.2
Pigs
405
312
280
30.86
workforClimateChangeAssessment.MinistryofEnvironmentandForest,GovernmentofIndia
77VivekanandanV.(2010).Backgroundinformationonthepredraftnotification.NationalFishworkersForum
78
Karnataka Livestock Development Policy, 2010 Draft. http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Documents/Karnataka

LivestockDevelopPolicy2010.pdf(accessedonApril23,2011)
36
Hallikar, Amrithmahal, Khillar, Krishnavalley and Deoni are the indigenous drought
purposecattlebreedsofKarnataka.MalnadGiddaisadwarfcattlebreedfromMalnad
region of the state. These indigenous cattle breeds have unique genetic structure that
helped them to adapt to local environment, cope up with heat, and resist various dis
eases.TheindigenousbreedsofbuffaloesinthestateincludePandharpuri,Surthi,and
Murrah.Butitcanbenoticedfromthetablethatthepopulationofindigenousbreeds
exhibit a declining trend over last decade mainly due to cross breeding programme of
the state. In response, Government of Karnataka has taken initiatives which are dis
cussedlaterinthischapter.
LivestockDiseases
Thechangingclimatewithalteredfeedresourcesisadverselyaffectingthegeneralim
mune statusofanimalsleadingtomoreincidencesofdiseasesandlowerproductivity.
Extreme hot and cold climate in particular result in increased occurrence of vector
bornediseases(bluetongueinsheep,RiftValleyfever)byprovidingfavourablebreed
ingconditionsforthearthropods,especiallyintropicalareas80.
Livestockandglobalwarming
Ruminants release methane (CH4) as a part of their natural digestive process. Forage
andfodderdependentfeedingpracticesproducemorehydrogeninrumenduetobacte
rialmetabolismforeventualproductionofCH4.Theanaerobicdecompositionoforganic
materialinlivestockmanurealsoreleasesCH4andN2O.N2Oisalsoproducedbythemi
crobialtransformationofnitrogeninsoilsandmanures,andisenhancedincaseswhen
availablenitrogenexceedsplantrequirements.FollowingsectiondetailstheGHGsemis
sionfromlivestocksector.
4.7. GHGsemissions
Theimpactofagriculturepractisesonclimatechangeandviceversaisoneofthemost
serious threats of climate change. On one hand, climate change causes weather vari
ations viz rainfall, temperature, directly affecting the primary production; agriculture
practicesemitasignificantamountofGHGscontributingtoclimatechangeontheother
hand.AsperIPCC(2007),Agricultureandalliedsectorscontribute13.5%tototalGHGs
emissionoftheworld.MainGHGscontributedfromthesesectorsaremethane(livestock
entericfermentationandricecultivation)andnitrousoxide(livestockmanuremanage
ment). Withabove30millionlivestockpopulationandPaddyasmaincrop,Karnataka
contributessignificantamountofGHGsintoatmosphere.FollowingTable19summarise
theGHGsemissionfromKarnatakaagricultureandalliedsectors;
80
State of Environment Report Karnataka. 2010. Presubmission draft (April 6, 2011) Environmental
ManagementandPolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India
37
Table19:GHGEmissionsfromAgriculturalandalliedsector81
Activity
CH4Emission(Mil
lionTons)
N2OEmission
(MillionTons)
CO2Equivalence
(MillionTons)
Livestock
EntericFermentation
0.50
10.94
0.04
0.0065
2.93
TotalLivestockContribution
0.54
0.0065
13.87
2.75
0.13
2.75
0.68
0.0065
16.23
RiceCultivation
Irrigated
ContinuousFlooded
0.033
SingleAeration
0.018
MultipleAeration
0.005
Rainfed
DroughtProne
0.008
FloodProne
0.059
DeepWater
0.008
TotalRiceCultivation
Total
The total livestock population in Karnataka includes cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat and
pigs.Asshowninthetable,variousirrigationmeansareappliedinricecultivation,con
tinuouslyfloodingpracticesthroughirrigationandrainisthemostinefficientinterms
of methane emissions. Multiple aeration contributes the lowest methane emissions in
ricecultivationsector.Apartfromricecultivation,agriculturecontributestoincreasing
GHGs concentrations through land use changes like CO2 emission from deforestation,
andN2Oreleasefromfertilizerapplication82.Inaddition,overgrazingleadstosoildeple
tionandresultedinthereleaseofCO2fromsoil.Together,theseagriculturalprocesses
comprise54%ofmethaneemissions,roughly80%ofnitrousoxideemissions,andvir
tuallyallcarbondioxideemissionstiedtolanduse.
4.8. Vulnerabilities
Itisveryclearfromthestudiesoncurrenttrendsofclimateanditsfutureprojections
worldwidethattheagricultureandalliedactivitieswillbetheworstaffectedsectorsdue
to climate change.Thechangingpatternoftemperature,precipitationwouldcauseex
tremeweathereventslikefloods,droughtetc.Notonlytheseeventswillaffecttheavail
ability of waterforagricultureandanimalhusbandry,butalsocausedecreasedresist
anceinlocalvarietiesofcrops,animalsetc.,shiftincroppingpattern,lossoftraditional
species,increasedvulnerabilityofcropsandanimalstovariousvectorbornediseaseis
alsoprojectedtooveralldecreasetheproductivityofthissectorwhichwillseverelyaf
fect the livelihood of billions in particular and National GDP of Agriculture dependent
countriesinwhole.Thelikelysealevelriseandsurfacetemperaturewilladverselyaffect
thecoastalcommunitiesdependentoncoastalagricultureandfisheriesfortheirliveli
hood.BCCIK(2011)attemptedtogroupvariouseconomicsectorsonthebasisoftheex
tentofimpactofclimateontheperformanceofthesesectorsasgivenbelow:
38
First Order consisting of sectors whose performance is directly determined by cli

maticvariations,suchasagriculture,fisheries,forestry,andhealth
Second Order sectors susceptible to climatic conditions, but mitigation measures
couldreducetheinfluenceofclimaticvariations,likemining,construction,household
industries,education,transport,communication
ThirdOrdersectorsrelativelyindependenttolargeextentofclimaticvariationssuch
asservicesector,industryandothers
AlldistrictsofKarnatakawereassignedranksbasedonthesizeofpopulationinvolved
inaparticularorder.Itwasobservedthatwith35.4,35.2,35and34.4%populationde
pendentonprimarysector,Tumkur,Mandya,HassanandHaverirespectivelywillbethe
mostvulnerabletoerraticclimatepattern.WhileUdupi,Kodagu,DakishnaKannadaand
Bangaloredistrictsareaffectedleastastheyhavelowestpercentofpopulationdepend
entonagricultureandassociatedsector.Furtherbasedonthefourdimensions(Demo
graphic and Social, Occupational, Agriculture and Climate), BCCIK (2011) prepared
composite vulnerability indices for the 27 districts of the state. This exercise revealed
thatGulbargaandBijapurdistrictsofNorthKarnatakaaremostvulnerabletoAgricultu
ral and Climatic vulnerability respectively. Based on composite vulnerability indices,
Gulbarga,RaichurandBijapur(droughtpronedistricts)aremostvulnerablewhileDak
shina Kannada, Kodagu and Bangalore are least vulnerable district. This indicates that
districtsfallinginNorthregionofstatesaretobegivenprioritytoimplementanyvul
nerability reduction programme. Though the study fairly attempts to assess the vul
nerability, the report lacks the detailed methodology adopted. It is not very clear how
thedimensionalandcompositerankingwasderived.
The contribution of agriculture to Karnatakas GSDP has been declining from 43% in
1981around17%in2009andisstagnatingsince83.Nevertheless,thesectorsimport
anceforfoodsecurityandlivelihoodscannotpossiblybeoverstated.For69lakhcultiva
torsand62lakhagriculturallabourersagricultureislivelihood.84Theeconomicsignifi
canceofthesectormaynotevenhavedeclinedinactualsbutisdwarfedthetremendous
growthrecordedinthesecondaryandtertiarysectors.70%ofKarnatakasgeographical
areaofthestatefallsisclassifiedasaridorsemiarid.
Thenetirrigatedareahasmorethandoubledoverthelastthreedecadeswhile70%of
the cultivable area is rainfed as of 2010. 34% of irrigated areas are irrigated by
groundwater.Theconsumptionoffertilisersissteadilyrisingwhilethecultivatablearea
is actually showing a marginal decline since 2006. NPK fertilisers accounted for 18.3
lakhMtin2009,20.5lakhMtin2010andareexpectedtotouch21.4lakhMtin2011.85
Thedependenceonirrigation,andbyimplication,groundwater,isrising.Theabsenceof
irrigation water tariffs constitutes a significant impediment for both the reduction of
water requirements and the generation of revenue for water infrastructure. The gov
ernment is aware that that the increased dependence on irrigation and fertilisers ren
ders agriculture less sustainable, jeopardising Karnatakas longterm perspectives of
livelihoods of the great majority of rural populations. There are however no measures
2011
2011
39
that can address these concerns on a larger scale and quickly, with support of the far
mersconcerned.Thesearepressingissuesevenwithouttheclimatechangescenariobe
ingonthehorizon.Andthethreatofclimaticvariationsandgreaterunpredictabilityex
acerbatesthesituationdrastically.Variouspoliciesandprogrammesinitiatedbystateas
wellasfederalgovernmentarebeingimplementedinKarnatakainordertoensuresus
tainableagricultureandanimalhusbandrypractices.Inthestatebudget20112012,Rs
17857crorehasbeenannouncedforthedevelopmentofagricultureandalliedsectors1.
Inaddition,20112020hasbeendeclaredasIrrigationdecadeinthestate.Thesepoli
ciesalsoprovideopportunitiestomainstreamclimatechangeassociatedvulnerabilities,
adaptationandmitigationstrategies.Followingsectionbrieflydiscussestheseinterven
tions.
4.9.1. Agriculturepolicy
FivepointagendaasidentifiedinAgriculturePolicy(2006)follows:
Protectandimprovethesoilhealth.
Conservationofnaturalresources,withspecialemphasisonwaterandmicroirriga
tion,
Timelyavailabilityofcreditandotherinputstothefarmers,
Integratepostharvestprocessingwiththeproductionprocess,and
ReducethedistancebetweenLabtoLandintransferoftechnology.
4.9.2. KarnatakaAgricultureMission
KarnatakaAgricultureMissionwassetupforthecomprehensiveandmultidimensional
developmentofagricultureandalliedactivities.ThemainobjectivesoftheMissionisto
sensitizeanddevelopnewplans,projectsandprogrammesforAgricultureandagricul
ture related universities and line departments viz. Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal
Husbandry, Sericulture, Fisheries etc. The mission also includes streamlining and co
ordinatingthefunctionsoflinedepartmentsandAgriculturerelatedUniversitiestopro
vide technical information and services from a single window. The mission envisages
draftingnewprogrammesforsustainableagriculture,conservationofnaturalresources
likeland,waterandimprovingthefertilityofsoilandwateruseefficiency,promotionof
organicfarming,intensifytrainingtothefarmersinmodernagricultureincludingmar
keting, and to provide infrastructure for seed storage, water harvesting and water use
efficiency,processingandvalueadditiontothefarmersthroughcommoditygroups.
4.9.3. Programmeforincreasedproductionoffoodgrains,pulsesandoilseeds
In2009,HighYieldingVarietiesProgramme(HYVP)coveredanareaof46.63lakhhec
tare against target of 53.5 lakh hectare. Accelerated Maize Development Programme
(AMDP)whichwasinitiatedin15districtsofthestatein199091,isnowextendedtoall
districts under Integrated Scheme for Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm & Maize (ISOPOM).
ISOPOM2waslaunchedbyGovernmentofIndiaduring200405bymergingoferstwhile
schemes i.e. Oil Palm Development Programme (OPDP), National Pulse Development
Project(NPDP)andAMDP.Themajorobjectivesoftheschemesareenhancingproduc
tivity and the efficiency of oilseed production, processing, value addition and product
diversification to make the oilseed sector sustainable and competitive, attaining self
reliance in pulses for household nutritional security, crop diversification and sus
1Budget20112012(2011).PartIAgriculture,GovernmentofKarnataka
2http://agricoop.nic.in/tmop&m/3ISOPOM.pdf
40
tainabilityoftheproductionsystemandenhancingproductivity,profitabilitynutritional
quality and diversified uses of maize by harnessing technology advancements. This
schemeisbeingimplementedinall30districtsofthestate.Themainactivitiescovered
undertheschemearepurchaseofbreederseed,productionoffoundationseed&certi
fied seed, distribution of certified seed, plant protection chemical, Plant Protection
Equipment,biofertilizers,gypsumasnutrient,PhosphorusSolubilisingBacteria(PSB),
block demonstration of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) farmers training and infra
structuredevelopmentetc.
4.9.4. NationalFoodSecurityMission(NFSM)1
ACentrallysponsoredscheme,NationalFoodSecurityMissionwaslaunchedin2007
08byTheNationalDevelopmentCouncil.Themissionaimsatincreasingproductionof
rice,wheatandpulsesthroughareaexpansionandproductivityenhancementinasus
tainablemannerintheidentifieddistrictsofthecountry,restoringsoilfertilityandpro
ductivityattheindividualfarmlevelandenhancingfarmleveleconomy.TheNFSMhas
three components (i) National Food Security Mission Rice (NFSMRice); (ii) National
FoodSecurityMissionWheat(NFSMWheat);and(iii)NationalFoodSecurityMission
Pulses (NFSM Pulses). Under this scheme, seven districts for Rice (Belgaum, Shimoga,
Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Hassan and Raichur) and 13 districts for
Pulses (Bagalkote, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gadag, Gul
barga,Koppal,Mysore,RaichurandTumkur)havebeenselectedinKarnataka.Thestate
hasavisiontoachieveanaverageproductivitytargetof45quintalspaddyperhectare
and seven quintals of Pulses per hectare in the NFSM implementing districts during
200910withthefinancialsupportofRs65.70crore.
4.9.5. RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana(RKVY)2
TheNationalDevelopmentCouncilalsolaunchedaSpecialAdditionalCentralAssistance
SchemecalledRashtriyaKrishiVikasYojanain2007inordertoincentivisestatesto
drawupcomprehensiveplansfortheholisticdevelopmentoftheiragriculture&allied
sectors.Itincentivizesthestatestoincreasepublicinvestmentinagricultureandallied
sectors.RKVYaimsatachievingthegoalofreducingtheyieldgapsinimportantcrops
and thus optimize returns to the farmers. Under RKVY, an amount of Rs. 172.26 crore
hasbeenearmarkedforAgricultureDepartmentfortheimplementationof1)Revitaliz
ingAgricultureExtensionSystemandacceleratingAgriculturalGrowthinKarnatakaand
KarnatakaFarmersParticipatoryExtensionProgramme,2)KarnatakaSeedMission,3)
KarnatakaFarmMechanizationMissionand4)BhooChetana.
4.9.6. KarnatakaAgriculturePolicy3
The State of Karnataka has formulated the Karnataka Agriculture Policy (2006) to
achievesustainabilityinagriculturesector.Thepolicyaimsat;
Protectionandimprovementofsoilhealth.
Conservationofnaturalresourceswithspecialemphasisonwater&microirrigation.
Timelyavailabilityofcreditandotherinputstothefarmers.
Integrationofpostharvestprocessingwithproductionprocess.
Reductioninthegapbetweenthelabstolandintransferoftechnology.
1NationalFoodSecurityMission,www.nfsm.gov.in
2RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana,http://rkvy.nic.in/
3KarnatakaAgriculturePolicy,2006.GovernmentofKarnataka.
41
Inordertoachievetheabove,thepolicydocumentsetsagrowthrateof4.5percentper
annumtobeachievedinagriculturalGrossStateDomesticProduct(GSDP),duringthe
nextdecade.Thepolicyalsofocusesonincludingtheunderservedregionsandgroupsof
farmersintothedevelopmentprocess.
4.9.7. BhooChetana1
The government has also devised two significant interventions at the level of farming
practices.Consideredasaflagshipprogramme,DepartmentofAgriculturetogetherwith
theWatershedDevelopmentDepartmentlaunchedadrylandfarmingsupportscheme
underthenameBhooChetana(Landimprovement)in2009.
Itaimsatincreasingtheproductivityofrainfedcropsby20%throughsoiltestingbased
nutrientmanagementfor11cropsin25selecteddistrictsoveraperiodoffouryears.2
TheapproachalsoincludesGISbasedsoilmappingandissueofsoilhealthcardstofar
mersaswellastheircapacitybuilding.Significantyieldincreaseswerenotedin200910
upto44%formaize,3565%forragi,3241%forgroundnutand39%forsoybeanhave
beenreported.In201011theprogrammewasexpandedfrom6to16districts,covering
about12lakhhaofland,8.7lakhfarmersand5030villages.3Contrarytoitsname,what
theschemedoesnotdohoweverisimprovethesoil.Astypicalforconventionalagricul
ture, the external supply of nutrients prevents restoration of the natural soil fertility.
Nevertheless,theschemesucceedsinoptimisingnutrientsupply.And,veryimportanty
itsucceedsinaddressingwaterdependencybybuildingconfidenceinrainfedagricul
ture.
TheschemeisbeingimplementedbasedontechnologysupportofICRISAT,Hyderabad.
Theprojectisbeingimplementedinaphasedmanneroveraperiodof4yearsin24ma
jordrylanddistricts.In20112012budgetspeechagrantofRs40crorewasannounced
toextendBhooChetanatoall30districtsofthestate.
4.9.8. Insuranceschemes4
Rashtriya Krishi Bima Yojana (RKBY) is being implemented in the state of Karnataka
sinceKharifseason2000.Theaimofthemissionistoinsureallfarmersagainstanyloss
ofyieldintheeventofcropfailureduetolocalizedcalamitieslikeflood,hailstorm,cyc
loneandlandslide.Theschemeismandatoryforloaneefarmersandoptionalfornon
loanee farmers. During 200910, 27, 19 and 5 crops were notified for Kharif, Rabi and
Summerseasonsrespectively.Allthedistrictsarecoveredundernotifiedcropsduring
Kharif, Rabi and Summer. Of the gross cultivated area (124 lakh ha) only 21 lakh ha
(17%) were insured in 2009. In response to lessons learnt with this still new instru
ment, a modified NAIS (or MNAIS) is being implemented since 2010. It fixes the in
demnitylevelas70%andcoverspresowingandpostharvestrisks.5
1EconomicSurvey(20092010).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofKarnataka
2Maize,groundnut,ragi,soyabean,redgram,blackgram,greengram,bengalgram,sunflower,jowarandbajra
3 Economic Survey of Karnataka 201011. Department of Planning, Programme Monitoring and Statistics, February,
2011
4EconomicSurvey(20092010).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofKarnataka
2011
42
Figure19:TrendsofthecoverageundertheNAIScropinsurance
Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) was also launched by Government of
IndiaduringKharif2007.Theschemecompensatestheinsuredfarmersagainstthelike
lihood of financial loss on account of anticipated loss in crop yield resulting from inci
dence of adverse weather conditions and covers the risk of rainfall, temperature, rela
tivehumidity,windvelocityetc.
4.9.9. NationalHorticultureMission(NHM)1
National Horticulture Mission was launched by Government of India during the 10th
planin200506.TheMissionfollowsanareabased,regionallydifferentiatedapproach
for the development of Horticulture Crops. This is a centrally sponsored scheme in
whichGovernmentofIndiaprovides100%assistancetothestateMissionsduringTenth
Plan.DuringtheXIPlan,theassistanceis85%with15%contributionbytheStateGov
ernment.Recently,fivenewdistrictsnamelyBangalore(U),Gadag,Haveri,Mandyaand
Davangereandpapayacrophavebeenadded.UnderNHMinKarnataka,
Area expansion programme of spices, cashew and cocoa is being implemented
throughNationalHorticultureMissionscheme.
UndertheIntegratedPestManagementcomponentofNHM,Biopesticides,at50%of
thecostuptoamaximumofRs.1,000perhectarearebeingdistributed.
ApartfromNHM,CentrallySponsoredschemeonmicroirrigationhasbeenpromoting
useofDripIrrigationamongthefarmerssince199192.Themainobjectiveistoachieve
economicalandjudicioususeofwater.Thestateandcentrecontribute40%and35%of
thecostrespectivelywhilethefarmercontributes25%.During200910,Rs.10,870lakh
wasapprovedforthescheme;outofwhichGovernmentofIndiassharewasRs.5,534
lakhandstatesharewasRs.5,335lakh.Atotalareaof35,522hectaresistobecovered
underthisscheme.InBijapurandKolardistrictsthesubsidytotalsto100%.2Thefact
thatINR160crore3werecommittedtothisprogrammein201011isindicativeofasig
nificantexpansion.
CoconutDevelopmentBoardisalsoproviding100%financialassistancefortheInte
gratedDevelopmentofCoconutIndustryinthestate.Theprogrammeswhicharebeing
1NationalHorticultureMission,www.nhm.nic.in
2Achievements.DepartmentofHorticulturewww.horticulture.kar.nic.in,accessedApril07,2011
3SchemewiseAllocationunderPlanduring20102011.DepartmentofHorticulture,March8,2011
43
implemented in state include laying and maintenance of demonstration plots, estab

lishment of organic manure units, distribution of plant protection chemicals, organic
manures, chemical and Bio fertilizers for improvement in production of coconut and
productionofTXDhybridscoconutseedlings.
Thepossibleimpactofclimatechangeonsevenmajorhorticulturalcrops1hasbeen
assessed by the department.2 Several possible counter measures to adapt to climatic
changeshavebeensuggested,whichinclude:
Modified crop production practices such as choice of varieties, root stocks, crop
season,duration,densityandagronomicpractices;
Cropmanagementpracticessuchaspruning,croparchitecture,canopymanagement,
cropregulation,cropprotection.Itisworthnotingthatthedepartmentisimplement
ingaprogrammeunderwhichthecropcanopyandbiomassisenhancedforperennial
andannualscrops;3
Adoptionofvarietieswithgreatertolerancetodroughtandheat;
Modified irrigation schedules and practices and integrated moisture conservation
practices.
4.9.10. Watersheddevelopment
Watershed Development Department was established during 200001 to give a new
momentumtowatershedmanagementinthearidzonesofthestate.Theareacovered
bysoilconservationmeasuresduring20082009was47.22lakhhectares.
Inadditiontheabovementionedprogrammesandschemesofunionaswellstategov
ernment, there are many other programmes being implemented to enhance farm pro
ductivityandoverallresilienceoffarmers.Theseinclude;
TheSujalaWatershedDevelopmentProgrammewiththeassistanceofWorldBankhas
been sanctioned at a cost of Rs.557.01 crore covering 5 districts in the state namely,
Kolar,Tumkur,Chitradurga,HaveriandDharwad.
4.9.11. Organicfarming
Recognisingthethreattosoilfertility,thegovernmenthasalsoembarkedonaninitia
tivepromotingorganicfarming.In200809itconstitutedacommitteeforaStateLevel
Organic Farming Mission which also includes progressive farmers. 174 organic far
mersassociationwereselectedthroughwhichatotalof52,500farmerswerebrought
under this programme in the first year. An additional 35,200 farmers were brought
under the programme in the subsequent year. The programme focuses on capacity
buildingandprovidesfinancialincentives.Itisimplemented172ofthe176taluks4,vir
tuallyacrossKarnataka,onatotalof70,000ha5ofland.Organicallycultivatedlandun
der the programme constitutes about 0.6% of the cultivated area (0.7 of 124 lakh ha).
Regretfully,alargerscaleexpansionofthisimportantprogrammedoesnotappeartobe
ontheplanninghorizonasyet.
1Mango,citrus,banana,grape,potato,coconutandcashew
2Perspectives of horticulture sector for formulating action plan on climate change. Presentation of Department of
Horticulture,March8,2011
3ConsultationwithDepartmentofHorticulture,March7,2011
2011
5Actionsonclimatechange.PresentationofDept.ofEcologyandEnvironmentatMoEFonAugust19,2010
44
4.9.12. Fisheries
GovernmentofKarnatakaisimplementingvariousprogrammesinthestatetosupport
andreduceriskassociatedwithfisheries.UnderMathsyaMahilaSwavalambanaYojane
Rs 1000.00 lakh has been sanctioned to 2000 Fisher women group for fish marketing
during 200910. Other programs taken up during 200910 for the socioeconomic up
liftment of fishermen include group insurance, housing, support to fishermen co
operatives,assistanceformechanizationoftraditionalfishingboats,assistanceforfish
processingandmarketing,etc.UnderFishFarmersDevelopmentAgencies,during2008
09Rs.193.80lakhwasspentand3900hectaresofinlandwaterspreadareahasbeen
broughtunderfishculture.GovernmentofIndiaisalsofundingvariousschemessuchas
constructionoffishingharbours,landingcentres,developmentofinlandfisheriesetc.
Mainschemesincludesubsidyonpurchaseofseeds,supplyoffisheryrequisiteskit,and
aquapark.Inthe20112012budgetspeechincentivesforfishfarming,constructionof
fishmarketandMathsyashrayaSchemewerealsoannounced.
4.9.13. Animalhusbandry
Department of Animal Husbandry is also projecting significant livestock vulnerabili
tiestoclimatechange.Itexpectstheemergenceofnewdiseases,triggeredbychangesin
environmental conditions. The need to conduct indepths studies to understand likely
changes for livestock before they actually occur was emphasised in discussions held
withthedepartment.Anotherconcernisproductivity,milkyieldforexample,whichis
highlydependentonthefodder(bothquantityandquality)apartformtheclimate.Fod
deritselfisapointinquestionasitsavailabilitymightdeclinewithtemperaturesrising.
Theincreasedincidenceoffloodsconstitutesalethalandimmediatethreatforallkinds
oflivestock.Nodirectactioninrespectofclimatechangewastakenbythedepartment
as yet. At the same time efforts to preserve native cattle breeds continue. Some 4,000
animalsbelongingtofourmajorcattlebreedshavebeenreared,supportedbyINR307
lakhsincecommencementoftheprogrammein200708.Thereisimpliedhopethatthe
robustnessinherenttonativespeciesmayalsoprovideforgreateradaptationcapabili
ties.
Thedraftlivestockdevelopmentpolicyfor2010oftheGovernmentofKarnatakafocuses
ataugmentingfarmersincomethroughanacceleratedgrowthoflivestocksector;aim
ingattwofoldincreaseinlivestockproductioninnext810yearsformeetingdemand
by means of increasing productivity and in addition, improving the quality of the pro
ducts(KarnatakaLivestockDevelopmentPolicy2010draft).GovernmentofKarnataka
throughDepartmentofAnimalHusbandryhasundertakenmanyinitiativestobringsus
tainabilityandeconomicviabilityinanimalhusbandrysector.Freehealthcarefacilities
are provided for the animals. During the financial year 20092010, an amount of Rs.
456.24 crore was allocated and Rs.240.91 crore was spent including central gov
ernmentssharetilltheendofNovember2009.Thehealthoflivestockandpoultryare
monitored through 4110 Veterinary Institutions (369 Veterinary Hospitals, 1941 Vet
erinaryDispensaries,1181PrimaryVeterinaryCentres,230artificialinseminationcen
tres and 174 mobile veterinary clinics and 215 other Veterinary Institutions). Gov
ernment also conducted wide vaccination programme and 262.01 lakh vaccinations
weregivenforvariousdiseasesasprecautionarymeasureuptoendofNovember2009
in20092010.
Cattlebreedingprogrammeformilchanimalproductionandconservationofindigenous
breeds i.e. Hallikar, Amrutmahal, Khilar and Deoni for drought purposes is carried out
45
throughartificialinseminationandembryotransfertechnology.Indigenousbreedsare
developedbyselectivebreedinginthelivestockfarmslocatedinTumkur,Chikmagalur
andHaveri.Atotalof20.93lakhartificialinseminationswerecompletedin200910.
KarnatakaSheepandWoolDevelopmentCorporation(KSWDC)
Six Sheep breeding farms are functioning under this corporation. Mini wool scouring
plant (MWSP) sponsored by Central Wool Development Board, Jodhpur is being in
stalledatRanebennurandisunderprocesstoinstallmachineries.Aspartofbreedim
provement programme, KSWDC has been implementing a scheme for supply of cross
breedramsatsubsidizedratesunderwhich596crossbreedramsweredistributedin
200910asonNovember2009.Apartfromit,500eachcrossbreedramswerealsodis
tributed to the farmers in the project areasBelgaum and Chitradurga. There are pro
grammesbeingimplementedtoenhancepotabilityoffeedunderfeedandfodderdevel
opment programme. To mitigate the green fodder deficiency, Central minikit testing
programme,fodderproductioninfarms,fodderseedsproductioninfarmsandtraining
tofarmersareimplementedwiththeassistanceofGovernmentofIndiaandcalamityre
liefprogrammes.KarnatakaCooperativePoultryFederationismainlyengagedinpro
vidingshorttermtrainingregardingpoultryrearingtechniquestothefarmersandrear
ingandsaleofGirirajabirds.OthervariousprogrammesincludeBuffaloBreedingand
Research Centre (to be established), Mudhol Dog Breeding and Research Programme,
LivestockandBuffaloBreedingProgramme,LivestockInsuranceetc.
Thestatehasabroadandefficientpolicyframeworktoachievesustainabilityinagricul
tureandalliedsector.Furthertothis,GovernmentofIndiaalsosupportsfinanciallyand
technicallythestategovernmentthroughvariousschemes.Theexistingframeworkand
initiatives by state as well union government provides ample opportunities to address
therisksassociateswithclimatechangeinordertoreducevulnerabilitiesandenhance
resilienceofthissectoranddependentcommunities.
4.10. MissionsundertheNAPCC
NationalMissiononSustainableAgricultureunderNAPCCidentifiesAgricultureasone
of the major sectors affected by climate change in India. Agriculture and allied sectors
togetheraccountfor56.4%ofthetotalworkforcewhichsupportslivelihoodofalmost
600millionpeoplesandcontributes21%tothecountry'sGDP.Withprimarygoalofin
creased resilience of agriculture sector to climate change, Agriculture mission aims at
four focus areas namely dryland agriculture, risk management, access to information,
anduseofbiotechnology.WhiletheNAPCChatprovidedanoutlineoftheNationalMis
siononSustainableAgriculture,adraftofthemissiondocumenthasnotbeenreleased
asyet(refertoTable1).
Drylandagriculture
Atotalof60%ofthenetcultivatedareaincountryiscategorisedasdryland/rainfed.To
harness the potential for agricultural growth at this land, Agriculture mission em
phasizesa.developmentofdroughtandpestresistantcropvarieties,b.improvingsoil
and water conservation, c. capacity building of stake holders by conducting training
workshops and demonstration exercises for farming communities, for agroclimatic
information sharing and dissemination and d. providing financial support in order to
enablefarmerstoinvestinandadoptrelevanttechnologies.
46
ThestateofKarnatakaalsohasoneofthelargestareasunderdrylandagriculture.The
nationalinterventiontoenhancetheproductivitywilldefinitelyprovidedistinctadvan
tagestothestatebyprovidingfinancialandtechnicalsupport.
Riskmanagement
Theagriculturesectormaywitnesstheincreasedincidentsofflood,droughtsandother
naturalhazards.Theprimaryidentifiedareastoworkuponunderriskmanagementare
a)strengtheningthecurrentagriculturalandweatherinsurancemechanisms,b)devel
opment and validation of weather derivativemodels by insurance providers ensuring
their accesstoarchivalandcurrentweatherdata,c)creationofwebenabled,regional
language based services for facilitation of weatherbased insurance, d) development of
GIS and remotesensing methodologies for detailed soil resource mapping and land
useplanningatwatershedorariverbasinlevelandf)developingandimplementingre
gionspecificcontingencyplansbasedonvulnerabilityandriskscenarios.
Though,Karnatakahasawelldevelopeddisastermanagementstrategy,theprovisions
underNAPCCforthedevelopmentofregionallanguagebasedwebservicesanduseof
GISandremotesensingcouldfurtherstrengthentheexistingdisastermanagementsys
temofthestate.Detailedmappingwouldhelpidentifyinghotspotsofagrobiodiversity
and possible vulnerabilities. The efficient risk management strategy will help farmers
communitiestoadaptbetterforthechangingclimate.
Accesstoinformation
Awelldevelopedinformationandearlywarningsystemwilldefinitelyhelptheagricul
turesectortoenhanceitsresistancetocombatadverseimpactsofclimatechange.With
this, Agriculture mission stresses upon a. development of regional databases of soil,
weather, genotypes, landuse patterns and water resources, b. monitoring of glacier
and icemass, impacts on water resources, soil erosion, and associated impactson
agricultural production in mountainousregions, c. providing information on offseason
crops, aromatic and medicinal plants, greenhouse crops, pasture development, agro
forestry, livestock and agroprocessing, and d. collation and dissemination of block
leveldataonagroclimaticvariables,landuse,andsocioeconomic features and pre
parationofstatelevelagroclimaticatlases.
Applicationofbiotechnology
NAPCC envisages that use of biotechnology to enhance resilience of agriculture sector
may be of high importance by intervening with the drought proofing, increasing the
yieldsandpestresistance.Thefocusareasidentifiedarea.useofgeneticengineeringto
convert C3 crops to the more carbon responsive C4 crops to achieve greater photo
synthetic efficiency for obtaining increasedproductivityathigherlevelsofcarbondi
oxideintheatmosphereortosustainthermalstresses,b.developmentofcropswithbet
terwaterandnitrogenuseefficiencywhichmayresultinreducedemissionsofgreen
house gases or greater tolerancetodroughtorsubmergenceorsalinity,andc.devel
opment of nutritional strategies for managing heat stress in dairy animals to prevent
nutrientdeficienciesleadingtolowmilkyieldandproductivity.
The state of Karnataka has got many indigenous crop varieties which are drought and
pestresistant.Thepreservationofthesevarietiesisasessentialsteptowardsadaptation
to climate change as these varieties may provide required genes to combat climate
change.
47
Overall, the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture offers ample scopes, technical
as well as financial support to prepare better and efficiently to adapt for the changing
climate.Howeverthebudgetaryprovisionshasnotbeenstillfinalisedbycabinetandthe
strategiesandactionplanofthestategovernmenthastoprobablywaitoallocatefunds
fortheremedialmeasures.
4.11. Selectedemerginginterventionareas
Development of climatehardy cultivars that are tolerant to drought, thermal ex
tremes,salinityandpests,andcultivarsthatcanutilizewaterandnitrogenefficiently
Plantingofimprovedvarietieswithmediumtolerancetowardsdroughtanddryfod
derandgrainsuitableforsalineareas
Breedingofclimatehardylivestockanddevelopmentofnutritionalstrategiestopre
ventheatstressandproductivityloss
Promotionofagroforestry
ExploreconvergencewithDroughtProneAreasProgramme(DPAP)
Providing financial support and incentives and conducting field demonstrations to
enabletechnologyadoptionanddeploymentatthefarmlevel.
Development of tissue culture labs to enhance state germplasm conservation ca
pacity.
Conversionofwastelandstopasturelandsinaphasedmanner.
Promotingpestanddiseasesurveillancetocapturechangesincroppestactivitywith
changesinclimaticvariables
Conductingstudiestoassesstherelationbetweenclimatechangeandanimalhealth
Procuringimpactmodelstoassesstheimpactsofchangesinclimaticvariablessuch
astemperature,precipitationandhumidityoncropgrowthandyield,pestandweed
growth,wateravailability,soilmoistureandorganicmatter,rateofevaporationetc.
Conductingvulnerabilityandintegratedimpactassessmentsforagricultureandallied
sectors,includingassessmentofvulnerabilityunderarangeofplausiblefuturescen
arios.
Providing improved animal feeding technology modules (for e.g. improving feed di
gestibilitytoreduceemissionsfromruminants)
Pestanddiseasesurveillancefacilities
Exploring collaboration with international research institutes to develop and adopt
resourceefficientdrylandtechniques
Exploringthecarbonsequestrationpotentialofcarbondeficientsoilsinthedrylands
ofKarnataka
Promotion of dry land agriculture techniques such as low/ zero tillage, insitu soil
moistureconservation,raisedbed,ridgefurrow,mulchingetc.
Development of efficient irrigation infrastructure to ensure judicious utilization of
water
MoUsforknowledgesharingbetweenorganizations
ConvergenceofongoingagroforestryprojectswithactivitiesunderMNREGA
Spreadingawarenessamongfarmersofthebenefitsofmultifunctionalagroforestry,
domesticationofrelevantspecies.
48
5. WATERRESOURCES
5.1. Waterbalance
Water has been one of the most significant natural resources since the appearance of
first civilization. Most of the early civilization grew near the water bodies (rivers, sea
etc)duetotheimportanceanddemandofwaterineverywalkoflifevizhealth,sanita
tion, food production, industrial growth, transportation etc. Water is one of the most
precioussourcesduetoitsuniqueeconomicalaswellasecologicalvalue.Howeverrapid
population growth and economical activities has put extreme pressure on water re
sources to meet various requirements. In addition, effluents discharged from different
industries,andmunicipalsewagefinditswaytowaterbodieslikerivers,seaetc,pollute
theaqueousecosystemanddegradeitsvalueforhealthandsocialpurpose.Recently,
ensuringadequatewateravailability(qualityaswellasquantity)hasbeenrecognisedas
oneoftheefficientwaystoaddressthevulnerabilityassociatedwithclimatechange.
ThestateofKarnatakahasarichwaterresourceincludingcoastalline,lakes,tanksand
manyriverbasinsTable20illustratesthewaterbalanceofthestate.AsshowninTable
below, the state receives a total of 236483 million m3 volume of water every year
mainlyfromtwosourcesnamelyrainfall(contributing92%)waterflowingfromupper
riparian state Maharashtra (8%). Out of the total received, 109727 million m3 is lost
throughtheprocessofevapotranspirationfromforests,nonforestandnonagricultural
land, rain fed agriculture, and irrigated agriculture. Approximately same volume
(109014millionm3)isreleasedtoadjoiningstates(AndhraPradesh,TamilNadu)and
ArabianSea.Thusabalanceof17741millionm3remainswiththestatetomeetitsvari
ous agricultural, industrial, domestic requirements. It can be assessed from above dis
cussionthatthestatewitnessesawaterdeficittomeetgrowingdemands.
Table20:IndicativewaterbalanceofKarnatakaunderaverageconditions1
Specifications
106m3/yr
A.Inputs
PrecipitationoverKarnataka
218323
ExpectedflowfromUpperriparians(Maharashtra
Total
92
18159
08
236483
100
B.Output
EvapotranspirationfromForests
45754
41.69
EvapotranspirationfromNonforest&NonAgriculturalland
18955
17.27
Evapotranspirationfromrainfedagriculture
27172
24.76
Evapotranspirationattributabletoirrigatedagriculture
19046
17.35
TotalEvapotranspiration
WaterReleasedtoAndhraPradesh
WaterReleasedtoTamilNadu
WaterflowintoArabianSea
109727
100
31407
28.81
7607
6.97
70000
64.21
Totalwaterreleaseandflowintosea
109014
100
TotalOutput
218741
92.5
17741
7.5
C.ExcessofInputsoverOutputs
1StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka.2010.Presubmissiondraft(April6,2011)EnvironmentalManagementand
PolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India
49
However,theeverincreasingdemandinvarioussectorshasbeenadverselyaffectingthe
qualityandquantityofwaterresourcesofthestateandsubsequentlymanyregionsof
thestateobserveseverewaterscarcity.
5.2. Surfacewaterresources
The state of Karnataka has about 6% of countrys total surface water which is mainly
contributed by seven river basins and their tributaries with a total catchment area of
1,91,773sqkm(Figure20).TheseriverbasinsincludeKrishna,Cauvery,Godavari,West
flowingrivers,NorthPennar,SouthPennar,andPalar.
Figure20:RiversystemsofKarnataka1
Table 5.2 depicts the contribution of surface water from all the river basins and eco
nomically available water for utilization. The total annual availability of water from
these river basins amounts to about 7663 Thousand Million Cubic Feet (TMC); out of
which,approximately40%oftheavailablesurfacewateriscontributedbyeastflowing
50
riverswhileremaining60%isfromwestflowingrivers.Only3475TMCvolumeofsur
face water is economically utilizable. As shown in Table 21, nearly 58% surface water
availableinwestflowingriversisnotutilizableduetothedifficultiesattributedlargely
tothetopographicalandecologicallimitations.Hence,Karnatakaisabletoeconomically
utilizeonly40%ofavailable3475TMCi.e.1690.3TMCsurface.
Table21:EstimatedyieldofwaterfromriverbasinsofKarnataka1
CatchmentArea
RiverSystem
km2
Economically
Available
Quantity(TMC)
Utilization
(TMC)
1.
Godavari
4,405
2.30
49.97
1.44
22.37
1.32
2.
Krishna
1,13,271
59.10
969.44
27.90
1156.00
68.40
3.
Cauvery
34,273
17.80
425.00
12.23
408.62
24.17
4.
WestFlowing
Rivers
26,214
13.70
1998.83
57.51
5.
NorthPennar
13,610
7.10
32.00
0.92
103.31
6.11
6.
SouthPennar
Palar
Total
1,91,773
100
3475.2
100
1690.30
100
Inadditiontothemajorriverbasins,lakesinthestateofKarnatakaarealsomajorsour
ces of water to meet various requirements. There are as much as 36672 lakes in the
state with an area of 685000 ha. Southern plateaus of the state contain 60% of these
lakesfollowedbyMalnadregion(25%)andremaininginNorthernPlateau.Further,the
stateofKarnatakahas10%ofthecountrystotalirrigationtanki.e.20152withanirri
gationpotentialof0.65Millionhectares.Apart,urbancentreslikeBangalorealsohave
many big lakes and tanks. According to Lakshman Raos Committee report there were
278 lakes in and around Bangalore city covering an area of more than 40 hectares
(KSPCB,2002)
5.3. Groundwaterresources
Theavailabilityofgroundwaterinaparticularregionisdeterminedbyvariousfactors
likespace,time,rainfall,hydrogeologyetc.Table22illustratesthegroundwatersettings
ofthestate.Asshowninthetable,nearly97%areaiscoveredbyweatheredhardrock
aquifersandremaining3%isbelongstoalluvialcoastalorfloodplaindeposits.
Table22:MaingroundwatersettingsinKarnataka2
Approximatearea(%)
Weatheredhardrockaquifers
DeccanTrapbasalts
Granitebasementcomplex
90
Sum
Alluvialcoastal
/floodplaindepos
its
Otherforma
tions
97
The state of Karnataka, as tabulated in Table 23, has experienced the decline in net
annual ground water availability from 1529659 Hectare Metre (HAM) in 2004 to
1481015 HAM in 2009, mainly due to over extraction as compared to replenishable
amount. Ground water sources are responsible for the 45% net irrigation in the state.
1WaterResourcesDepartment,GovernmentofKarnataka,200910
51
The state has 860363 irrigation wells which include dugwells, shallowwells, deep
wells,ofwhich807377(93.8percent)wellshaveelectricpumpstodraftgroundwater.
Outofthis,only900712HAMisavailableforirrigationand99975HAMisfordomestic
andindustrialpurposes.Asshowninthetable,thegroundwaterdevelopmentisat68%
stage and further 618071 HAM water is available for future irrigation against 647580
HAMavailablein2004.
Table23:GroundwaterresourcesofKarnataka(HAM)1
Particulars
2004
NetAnnualGroundWaterAvailability
1529659.5
1481015
974731
900712
96581
99975
ExistinggroundwaterdraftforIrrigation
Existinggroundwaterdraftfordomesticandindustrialsupply
Existinggroundwaterdraftforalluses
2009
1071312
1000687
Provisionfordomesticandindustrialrequirementsupplyfor
2025
140693
126380
NetAnnualgroundwateravailabilityforfutureirrigationdevel
opment
647580
618071
70
68
Stageofgroundwaterdevelopment(%)
Recentstudieshaveindicatedthatasmuchas64watershedscovering35taluksofthe
statehasenteredintooverexploitedcategorywhile123watershedscovering70taluks
arestillinsafecategory.HowevertheincreasingdemandofwaterresourcesinKarna
takaisaseriousthreattothesafecategorisedtaluks(Table24).
Table24:AssessmentofdynamicgroundwaterResourcesofKarnataka(200809)
Categorization
Watershed
Safe
Semicritical
Critical
Overexploited
Mixedcategory
Total
Taluks
123
70
13
10
64
35
32
58
234
176
52
Figure5.2:CategorisationofgroundwaterinKarnataka1
5.4. Demandandpressure
The major sectors demanding huge quanta of water resources can be classified into
three namely agriculture (irrigation), industries (mainly chemical industries, cooling
etc)anddomestic(municipalwatersupply).Thoughadetailedestimationofthewater
usages from these sectors is not available, it can be said that ever increasing demand
with reference to economic development of the state has caused shortage of water re
sourcesinthestate.
5.4.1. Agriculture
Agriculturebeingthelargestconsumerofwater,demandsabout84%ofutilizablewater
ofthestate.Itisestimatedthatthewaterrequirementofagriculturesectorwillcontinue
toincreaseconsideringthecontributionofagricultureinthestateseconomy.Theagri
culture sector also suffers from inefficient water management which results into re
ducedwaterproductivity.Asmentionedabovenearly45%irrigationdemandofstateis
met by ground water sources. This is mainly prevailing in the regions where surface
water is limited. Further the advancement in technology, low cost of extraction and
weakprovisionsareresponsibleforthegrowingpressureongroundwaterresources.A
shown in Table 25, many districts including Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Kolar,
Tumkur,andChitradurgahaveexceededinoverdraftofgroundwaterbeyond100%.
53
Table25:Groundwaterdraftsdevelopmentstage1
District
Irriga
tion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bagalkote
Bangalore(R)
Bangalore(U)
Belgaum
Bellary
Bidar
Bijapur
Chamarajana
gara
9
Chikmagalur
10
Chitrdurga
11
D.Kannada
12
Davanagere
13
Dharwad
14
Gadag
15
Gulbarga
16
Hassan
17
Haveri
18
Kodagu
19
Kolar
20
Koppal
21
Mandya
22
Mysore
23
Raichur
24
Shimoga
25
Tumkur
26
U.Kannada
27
Udupi
Statetotal(HAM)
Statetotal(BCM)
AnnualGroundWaterDraft
Domesticand
Total
Industrialuses
Noof
Bore
wells
Stage of ground
water development
(%)
35962
72223
31470
121666
23740
19826
31028
34597
3416
3336
1557
8818
4182
3279
4617
2162
39378
15559
33027
130485
27921
23105
35646
36760
38189
46701
13980
100318
23369
26990
54314
26007
92
171
197
91
44
56
65
89
20087
55844
27623
42656
9580
19966
19447
31152
26247
6699
110918
31400
19649
19923
10102
23943
96635
15212
17138
974731
(91%)
9.75
3243
3633
3792
3176
1526
2136
5618
5709
2870
1547
4405
2379
4065
3915
3141
3198
5965
2241
2654
96581
(09%)
0.97
23330
59477
31415
45832
11106
22102
25065
36861
29117
8246
115323
33779
23714
23838
13243
27141
102600
17452
19792
1071312
(100%)
24638
50099
41278
43226
9433
9915
33653
47344
24584
1383
61526
28407
38828
26901
11673
26408
111718
27016
29804
977702
48
102
60
77
38
94
28
71
72
29
195
48
37
58
20
32
110
25
39
70
10.71
70
Table26summarisesthesourcesofirrigationinKarnatakaanditcanbeobservedfrom
tablethat34%irrigationdemandismetbytube/borewellwhilecanalscontributeto
36%.Thetotalirrigationpotentialcreatedinthestatefromallthesourcesisestimated
tobe39.42lakhha.
Table26:SourcesofirrigationinKarnataka2
SourcesofIrrigation
Area in Lakh
ha.
Percentage
Canals
14.02
Tanks
2.34
Wells
4.58
12
13.49
34
Tube/BoreWells
36
54
SourcesofIrrigation
Area in Lakh
ha.
Percentage
LiftIrrigation
1.45
OtherSources
3.55
39.42
100
Total
5.4.2. Industries
Thestatehasapproximately6.5lakhindustries1,131ofwhichareclassifiedunderthe
17categoriesashighly.Consideringtheoverallgrowthofindustrialwaterrequirement,
it is estimated that industries are responsible for 3.6% (47.57 TMC) of total water
utilization in the state and it is expected to increase to 125 TMC by 2025. The largest
waterconsumingindustriesincludedying,pulpandpulpandpapermills,paint,ironore
miningandotherchemicalindustries.Ofthetotalwaterpollutinglargescaleindustries
inthestateonly62%arebelievedtohavewaterpollutioncontrolsystemwhereas,57of
the small scale industries have compliance and remaining continue to pollute the sur
rounding water bodies. These industries meet their water demand from both surface
and ground water sources. Further, the highly polluted effluents are discharged into
naturalwaterbodiesorlandbyindustries.Thedischargedwastewaterscontainnotonly
thehighlytoxicandcarcinogenicpollutantsbutalsotheorganicsandnutrientsallowing
variouspathogenstogrow.Dependingonthemodeofdischarge,theseeffluentseither
contaminatethelandsornaturalwaterbodiesrestrictingtheiruseandproductivityor
maycontaminatethegroundwatertables.
5.4.3. Domesticdemand
Withincreasingpopulationandurbanisationofthestate,thedemandtomeetdomestic
water need is also growing continuously. There is increasing demand for both surface
andgroundwaterresourcesandnearly4.4%oftotalwaterdemandofthestateisfrom
domesticsector.Itisestimatedthatpercapitawaterrequirementinurbanareasis200
literspercapitaperday(lpcd)while150lpcdinruralareas.Further,ruralareasexperi
ence the poor supply and quality of water, and women and children spend substantial
timeintravellingtofetchthewaterwhichotherwisecanbeutilisedforproductivepur
poses. On contrary, water supply is better in urban centres as 78.4 per cent of house
holds have access to tap water whereas, in rural areas only 48 per cent of households
accesstothissource.
Similartoindustrialscenario,urbancentresdischargehugeamountofwaterasmunici
palwastewatersloadedwithnutrientsandorganics.Inviewofinadequatewastewater
treatment facilities, the untreated sewage is discharged in to natural water bodies or
lands. As per estimations, about 3000 million litres of sewage is generated per day in
urbanareasofwhichonlyaportionistreated.
5.5. Projections
Indiaobservesextremeeventslikefloodsanddroughtseachyearinsomeorotherre
gions.NationalFloodCommission(RBA)reportsthatnearly40millionhectares(mha)
ofareaisfloodpronewhile51mhaisdroughtpronewhichconstitute12%and16%of
total geographical area geographical area of India. Gupta and Deshpande (2004) re
ported that the gross per capita water availability in India will reduce from about
1ConsultationwithKarnatakaSmallScaleIndustriesAssociation(KASSIA),(2008).
55
1,820m3/yrin2001toaslowasabout1,140m3/yrin2050mainlyattributedtogrow
ingpopulationandincreasingdemandbyvarioussectorsvizagriculture,industriesetc.
Wateravailabilityisfurtherexpectedtodeclineconsideringtheadverseimpactsofcli
matechange.StudiesconductedbyGosainetal.,(2004,2006)suggestedthatthequan
tity of surface runoff may vary across the river basins due to climate change in 2050s
with a decliningtrendsinthequantity.TheMahanadi,Brahmani,Ganga,Godavariand
Cauvery basins may observe increased rainfall under the climate change scenario of
IS92aandA2scenarios.
WaterresourcesofKarnatakahavebeenunderextremepressureduetoincreasingde
mand.Agriculturebeingthelargestconsumerofwaterresourcesisoneoftheessential
economicalactivitiesofthestate.Thestateputsdevelopmentofirrigationfacilitieson
priority in order to enhance agricultural production as well as the livelihood of rural
poor.Therapidurbanisationofthestatealsochallengesgovernmenttoensuresafesup
plyofpotablewatertoitscitizen.Recenttrendshaveindicatedthatthewaterquantity
available to meet such demands is depleting over decades. Also the quality of water is
severely deteriorated due to discharge of industrial effluents and municipal sewage in
naturalwaterbodies.Apart,watersupplyanduseisalsonotveryefficientresultingin
wastageofwaterandreducedwaterproductivity.ThefollowingTable27illustratesthe
projectedwaterdemandbyvarioussectorsinyear20251.
Table27:ProjectionsforsectoralwaterdemandinKarnataka(InTMC)
Years
Sectors
2000
2025
58.15(4.4)
91.62(4.95)
1110.06(84.0)
1356.00(73.33)
47.57(3.6)
125.10(6.76)
HouseholdSector
(orDrinkingPurpose)
AgricultureSector
IndustrialSector
Hydro/ThermalPower
52.86(4.00)
65.19(3.52)
Others
52.86(4.00)
211.44(11.43)
1321.44(100.00)
1850.10(100.00)
Total
As shown in Table 27, agriculture activities will remain the largest consumer of water
resources, though the percentage share may observe slight reduction (84% to 73%).
Further, other sectors like household, industrial demand may increase up to 200% of
demand in 2000. Overall it is projected that water demand will reach to 1850 TMC in
2025against1321TMCin2000.Thiswillcertainlyputchallengestoexistingwaterre
sources of the state. As per projections, Karnataka will have a water demand of 1.41
BCMfordomesticandindustrialpurposeleaving6.48bcmavailableforirrigationpur
poseandthestatewillmark70%developmentalstageofgroundwaterresources.
Apartfromgrowingdemandofwaterbyvarioussectors,climatechangewillaffectthe
availabilityofwateranditsqualityrequiredforvariousneeds.IPCCfourthassessment
reporthassuggestedthatclimatechangewillseverelyaffectboththegroundwaterand
surface water supply by changing the global hydrological cycles. AR 4 (IPCC)2 report
statesThenegativeimpactsofclimatechangeonfreshwatersystemsoutweighitsben
efits. The response to changed hydrological cycles will directly depend on physio
Cambridge,CB22RU,UK.
56
graphical and hydro geological characteristics of the catchments1. The erratic climate
events are most likely to change the evapotranspiration, rainfall pattern, temperature
and extreme events and consequently the available surface water of any region. This
may results into increased events of flood in surplus regions and or drought in deficit
regions.Further,theincreasedfloodeventsmaycontaminateandpollutethesafewater
bodies making it unfit for domestic uses.Gosain et al., (2006)2 has suggested that effi
ciencyofthewatersupplysystem,resilienceandresponsemechanismtoclimatechange
ofaregionwillplaydecisiveroleontheextentofimpactsofclimatechange.
Further, Gosain et al. (2006) assessed the impact of climate change on the major river
basins of India using the weather generated by the HadRM2 control climate scenario
(19812000)andunderthefutureGHGscenario(20412060).FollowingTable28dem
onstrates that how control and GHG scenario will affect the rainfall and evapo
transpirationeventinthestateofKarnatakaandtotalavailabilityofwaterresources.
Table28:ClimatechangeimpactsonrainfallandrunoffofmajorIndianriverbasins3
Rainfall
(mm)
Runoff(mm)
ActualEvapotranspi
ration
(mm)
Basin
Scenario
Cauvery
Control
1309.0
661.2
601.6
GHG
1344.0
650.4
646.8
Godavari
Control
1292.8
622.8
624.1
GHG
1368.6
691.5
628.3
Krishna
Control
1013.0
393.6
585.0
GHG
954.4
346.9
575.6
Pennar
Control
723.2
148.6
556.7
GHG
676.2
110.2
551.7
AsshowninTable28,Krishnabasinmayrecordreducedprecipitationresultinginse
vere drought like situation. On the other hand, Cauvery basin may observe increased
rainfallunderGHGscenario;itmaynotreallyincreasethesurfacerunoff(2%decline)
mainlyduetoenhancedrateofevapotranspirationto7%.
2 Gosain, A.K., Rao, S. and Basuray, D. 2006, Climate change impact assessment on hydrology of Indian river basins,
CurrentScience90(10),346353
3MinistryofEnvironmentandForest(2004).IndiasNationalCommunicationtotheUnitedNationsFrameworkCon
ventiononClimateChange
57
BCCIK(2011)118alsoattemptedtoprojectimpactsofclimatechangeontherunoffchan
ges in the two major river basins (Cauvery and Krishna) of Karnataka using HadCM3
GCMunderIPCCA1Bscenariofor2035susingthreevariablesnamelyprecipitation,sur
face run off and evapotranspiration. Figure 21 to Figure 24 depict the change in the
rainfall during 20212005 during kharif and rabi season in Krishnaand Cauvery basin
respectivelyasprojectedbyBCCIK.
Figure21:Changeinprecipitationby2021
2050forthemonsoon(Kharif)seasonin
Krishnabasin119
2050,forthepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasonin
Krishnabasin120
2050formonsoon(Kharif)seasoninCauvery
basin121
2050forpostmonsoon(Rabi)seasonin
Cauverybasin122
Around 10% increase in precipitation was project for southern part of Krishna basin
during kharif season with up to 20% increase in districts of Shimoga, Chikmagalur,
Haveri,UKandDharwad.BCCIKalsoestimatedaround10%reductioninrainfallinNE
part of Krishna basin while Yadgir district may witness up to 20% decline in rainfall.
However BBCIK projected decline in rainfall up to 10% for all districts in the Cauvery
basin during kharif season with Chikmaglur and Kodagu experiencing up to 20% de
58
cline.Chamrajnagar,duringrabiseason,mayrecordmorethan20%decreasedrainfall
whileRamnagarandBangalore(U)between1020%.
Figure25toFigure28illustratetheprojectedchangeinthetotalrunoff(A1Bscenario)
during20212050duringkharifandrabiseasoninKrishnaandCauverybasinrespec
tivelyasprojectedbyBCCIK.
Figure25:Changeintotalrunoffforthemon
soon(Kharif)seasoninKrishnabasin123
Figure26:Changeintotalrunoffforthepost
monsoon(Rabi)seasoninKrishnabasin124
Figure27:Changeintotalrunoffforthemon
soon(Kharif)seasoninCauverybasin125
Figure28:Changeintotalrunoffforthepost
monsoon(Rabi)seasoninCauverybasin126
Asclearlyrevealedinthefigures,totalrunoffisprojectedtorecordmorethan50%in
crease in the northern district of Bidar during kharif season while southern region of
Krishna basin has been projected to have 025% more runoff. Further, BCCIK did not
predictinanysignificantincreaseinrunoffinotherpartsofKrishnabasinduringkharif
seasonwhileBagalkoteandBijapuraretowitnessreducedrunoff.Howeverduringrabi
season(postmonsoon),exceptBidarwhichisprojectedtohavehigherrunoff,northern
and central region of Cauvery basin would record decrease in total runoff. Similarly,
BCCIKprojectedthateasternpartofCauverybasinwillexhibitanincreaseinrunoffdur
59
ingbothkharifandrabiseason.DistrictslikeMandya,ChamarajanagarandRamanagar
havebeenprojectedtonotice50%morerunoffby50%.025%deviationintotalrunoff
has been predicted in Tumkur and Chickmagalur. BCCIK predicts that while Chamara
janagar,Mandya,Ramanagar,BangaloreUrbanandBangaloreRuralwillshowincreased
runoffduringrabiseason,adecreasedrunoffhasbeenprojectedforthedistrictofHas
san,MysoreandKodagu.
Figure29toFigure32illustratetheprojectedchangeintheevapotranspirationduring
(A1B scenario) for 20212050 during kharif and rabi season in Krishna and Cauvery
basinrespectivelyasprojectedbyBCCIK.
Figure29:Changeinevapotranspirationforthe
monsoon(Kharif)seasoninKrishnabasin127
Figure30:Changeinevapotranspirationfor
thepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninKrishnaba
sin128
Figure31:Changeinevapotranspirationforthe
monsoon(Kharif)seasoninCauverybasin129
Figure32:Changeinevapotranspirationfor
thepostmonsoon(Rabi)seasoninCauveryba
sin130
BCCIKhasprojectedthatKrishnabasin,duringbothkharifandrabiseason,willwitness
an overall reduced evapotranspiration in 20212050 with increased evapo
transpirationinsouthernwesternregionofCauveryduringkharifandreducedevapo
60
transpirationduringrabiseason.Raichurhasbeenpredictedtoobservereductioninev
apotranspirationinbothkharif(upto20%)andrabiseason(morethan20%).Except
Chamrajanagar and Mandya districts where BCCIK projects reduced transpiration and
Kodagu, Hassan, and Chickmagalur where increased evapotranspiration is project, re
mainingdistrictsinCauverydistrictsarepredictedwith05%declineinevapotranspi
rationduringkharifseason.HoweverduringrabiseasonexceptMysorewithdeclineev
apotranspiration,allotherdistrictshavebeenpredictedwithincreaseinevapotranspi
rationbyBCCIK.
Overall both Krishna basin with water intensive paddy, banana, sugarcane as major
cropsandCauverybasinwithpaddy,sugarcane,ragi,jowar,coffeeetcasmajorcropare
predictedtoreceivelessrainandevapotranspirationandincreasedrunoff.Considering
this,BCCIKstatedthatitislikelythatbothbasinsbasinwouldfurthersufferwithwater
stress.
INCCA131alsostudiedtheimpactsofclimatechange(mainlywateryieldandactualev
apotranspiration)onalltheriverbasinsofIndiausingthehydrologicmodelSWAT(Soil
andWaterAssessmentTool)forA1BIPCCSRESscenarioataresolutionofabout50km.
All the input data was collected from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM)
Pune and the output of the PRECIS RCM model were used as the input for the SWAT
model.Basedonthestudy,itisprojectedthatthewestcoastregionwillexhibitawide
variabilityinthechangeinprecipitationunderthe2030sscenariowitha4%25%in
creaseinrainfallpatterninnorthernpartofthewestcoast(GujaratandMaharashtra).
As reported in other studies, INCCA also predict marginal decrease in rainfall (about
4%) in areas of Karnataka and Kerala (Figure 33). Further, the west coast illustrates
about 5% reduction in Evapotranspiration (Figure 34). This is attributed to the in
creased soil moisture storage with increase in rainfall. Karnataka and Kerala are ex
pected to witness higher reduction in Evapotranspiration mainly due to inadequate
availabilityofmoisture.Inaddition,Karnatakaisalsoexpectedtorecordabout10%re
ducedwateryield(Figure35).
131ClimateChangeandIndia:A4*4AssessmentReport.AsectoralandRegionalAnalysisfor2030s.2010.
Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of
India.
61
Figure33:Changeinprecipitationtowards2030swithrespectto1970s.132
Figure34:Changeinevapotranspiration(cropwaterdemand)towards2030swithrespectto
1970s133
62
Figure35:Changeinwateryieldtowards2030swithrespectto1970s134
TheStateWaterPolicy135ofKarnatakaaimsat
Providingdrinkingwaterattherateof55LPCDinruralareas,70LPCDintowns,and
100LPCDinthecitymunicipalcouncilareasand135LPCDincitycorporationareas.
Creating an ultimate irrigation potential of 45 lakh hectares under major, medium
andminorirrigationprojects.
Improved productivity of irrigated agriculture by involving users in irrigation man
agement.
HarnessthehydropowerpotentialintheState.
Providealegislative,administrativeandinfrastructuralenvironment,whichwillen
surefair,justandequitabledistributionandutilisationofwaterresourcesoftheState
tothebenefitofall.
Severaldepartmentsandurbanlocalbodies(ULBs)etcarealsoputtingtheirbestefforts
throughvariousinitiativesinordertosecuresafeandsustainablewatersupply.Thees
tablishmentofRainwaterharvesting(RWH)structurehasbeenmademandatoryfor
certaincategoriesofbuildings136withintheareaofBangaloreWaterSupply&Sewerage
Board(BWSSB)andenforcedbyBWSSBitselfthroughtheBangaloreWaterSupplyand
Sewerage (Amendment) Bill 2009. According to unverified press articles, some 25,000
RWHsystemshavebeenestablishedinthe58,000buildingscomingunderthepurview
135waterresources.kar.nic.in/state_water_policy2002.htm(AccessedonMay15,2011)
136Newbuildingsonsitesmeasuring1,200ft2andabove;existingsitesof2,400ft2andabove
63
oftheBill.While43%complianceisanoteworthylevelofachievementforatimespan
ofmerelytwoyears,measuresarebeingconsideredtoenforcecomplianceinremaining
building more rapidly through disconnection of water supply, a proposal of which has
beenforwardedtotheUrbanDevelopmentDepartment.137
Asagricultureislargestwaterconsumingsector,thestateofKarnatakahasbeeninvest
ing a large share of its budget on major, medium and minor irrigation facilities an
amount of Rs 2586.33 crores was invested on major and medium irrigation and Rs
784.60croreonminorirrigationstructure.
The state is also promoting the adoption water efficient technologies such as drip and
sprinklerirrigationtechniquesinordertoenhancewaterproductivityandconsequently
thecostofcultivation.However,only66300haareainstatewasunderdripirrigationin
2001 (Table 29). The area under sprinkler irrigation has increased from 41900 ha in
1998to125000hain2005(Table30).
Table29:Comparisonofareaunderdripmethodofirrigation138
Area(000ha)
199192
199798
%oftotalarea
200001
199192
199798
200001
Karnataka
11.4
40.8
66.3
16.17
16.58
18.03
India
70.6
246.1
367.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
Table30:Comparisonofareaundersprinklerirrigation:199798and200405139
Area(000ha)
19971998
Karnataka
India
%oftotalarea
200405*
199798
200405*
41.9
125.0
6.36
7.65
658.5
1634.9
100.00
100.00
Ground water quality is monitored by the Department of Mines and Geology through
networklaboratoriesinalldistrictsofKarnataka.Whilesurfacewaterisnotmonitored
routinely, its quality is assessed in cases of complaints. With financial assistance from
World Bank a state of the art Hydrological Information System (HIS) has been estab
lished.140 The department also played a key role in the formulation of the long
anticipatedKarnatakaGroundWater(RegulationandControlofDevelopmentand
Management)Bill,2011.TheBillwaseventuallypassedbytheLegislativeAssemblyin
the recent budget session in March 2011 and is currently awaiting the Governors ap
proval.TheBillisakeyinstrumentforcurbingtheindiscriminateexploitationofground
water.Onceineffect,permissionshavetobeobtainedfordrillingborewellsanddraw
ingwaterforwaterintensivecropsinnotifiedareas.Itisnotimmediatelyclearwhether
thepolicywouldhaveanyimpacton1lakhexistingborewells,some50%ofwhichare
estimatedtobeoperating.
Above response also indicated the establishment of close to 56,000 groundwater re
charge structures by the Department for Panchayat Raj and Rural Development in
137Watchout,thegovernmentmayturnoffyourtap.TheHindu,April19,2011
138 State of Environment Report, Karnataka. 2010. Environment Management and Policy Research Institute, Banga
lore,India
139StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka.2010.Presubmissiondraft(April6,2011)EnvironmentalManagement
140ConsultationwithDepartmentofMines&GeologyonMarch7,2011
64
200910, costing INR 530 crore (approx. INR 94,000 each). Another 90,000 structures
wereproposedin201011withroughlythreetimesthepreviousyearsbudget(INR1.8
lakheach).Overthelast8yearsthedepartmentalsoconstructedrooftoprainwaterhar
vesting structures on around 1,000 sites in four districts where fluoride and chlorine
contentrendereddrinkingwaterunfitforconsumption.141
The Watershed Development Department (which is allied with the Agriculture De
partment and not the Water Resources Department) is reported to establish around
6,000rechargestructuresperannumfromafundofINR100core.Withabudgetofless
than INR 15 crore per annum the Department of Mines and Geology is said to have
constructed 1,200 structures (approx. INR 1.25 lakh each). A budget of INR 500 crore
hasbeenearmarkedforgroundwaterdevelopmentundertheJalasiriProgrammefor
the3yearperiodfrom2010to2012.Recognisingtheimminentneedforgroundwater
recharge, the Water Resources Department proposes the construction of 200,000 re
charge structures per annum for a period of five years with particular focus on over
exploitedandcriticalwatersheds.
Inordertoaddressknowledgedeficitsinwatermanagementandforprovidingaplat
formfortheinclusionofstakeholdersindecisionprocesses,GoKestablishedtheKarna
taka Water Resources Authority under chairmanship of the Minister for Water Re
sourcesin2008142.Thereishoweveranimpressionthattheauthorityfailedtoliveupto
expectationsforunspecifiedreasons.
Thegrowingunderstandingofwateraspreciousresourcethatrequiresprotectionand
professionalmanagementledtoanexpansionoftheformerIrrigationDepartmentinto
theWaterResourcesDepartment.Besidesplanning,constructingandmonitoringirriga
tionprojects,thedepartmentdevelopscommandareas,collectsandanalyseshydrologi
caldataand,bymandate,isrequiredtoconductresearch.Subsidiarybodiesincludethe
Water Resources Development Organisation (WRDO) and a number of Command Area
DevelopmentAuthorities.IndiscussionwithEMPRI,thedepartmentacknowledgedthe
challenge in the management of water resources while ensuring equitable access, em
phasising the need for building conceptual clarity. While a Vision 2020 document has
unfortunatelynotbeenpreparedbytheWaterResourcesDepartment,McKinseyisre
portedlydevelopingastrategyforKarnatakaonitsbehalf.Consideringthatthecostof
thestrategydevelopmentisaroundINR6corefairlyhighforwhatisonlyanassess
mentonecouldassumethatitwouldcoverabroadscopeofworkprovidingahighde
greeofspatialdetail.However,termsoftheassignmentwerenotavailableforreview.A
first draft of the strategy is anticipated in the first half of 2011. The development of
waterinfrastructureisreportedlyimpededbytheneedtoensurenotonlytechnicalvia
bility and socioeconomic acceptance but the need to safeguard advantages for elec
toral politics. The discussion on tariffs for irrigation water is a case in point here. The
absenceofpricingiskeyobstacleincapitalintensivewaterinfrastructuredevelopment
anditisdifficulttoenvisagebuildingconsensusonhugelyunpopularpricing143.
Publicattentionhasjustifiablybeenonthefactthatonly40%ofBangaloressewageis
being treated, the remainder entering water bodies.144 That the existing treatment ca
pacityof721MLD(secondary)isonlyusedtoafractionandthatfurtheronly10%ofthe
142
GovernmentOrderno.WRD85MBI2008,BangaloredatedSeptember8,2008
143ConsultationwithDepartmentofWaterResourcesonMarch31,2011
144StateofEnvironmentReportBangalore(2008).EMPRI,September2009
65
availabletertiarytreatmentcapacityof73MLDisused,duetounavailabilityofsewage
isaparadoxtruism.145 Theboardprojectsthatthisadversesituationwouldberesolved
by2014,bywhichtimetertiarytreatmentisexpectedtoreach60MLD.Whiletheaddi
tion of an additional 339 MLD of secondary treatment capacity is in the pipeline it is
concerningthatnoplanexistsfortheexpansionoftertiarytreatmentcapacity.Tackling
sewageandtherequisiteinfrastructureemergesasoneofthetwokeyprioritiesofthe
board today and the board appears inadequately equipped to deal with this challenge.
Certain decisions are however encouraging, such as on the provision of dual piping in
newlayouts(2010).BWSSBplanofprovingUGDto7CMCsand1TMCby2021,cover
ing230km2appearsiscommendableifnotambitious.By2036theboardaimstocover
afurther110villages.TheBoardrightlypointedoutthatcatchmentprotectionistobe
takenupandthatenormousfundingisrequiredforachieving100%UGDcoverage.
ThesecondpriorityofBWSSBisaddressingthewatersupplydeficit.Bangaloreisre
ceivingonlyaround800MLDofitsrequired1,200MLDfromsurfacewaterandthedif
ferenceischieflymetbygroundwaterdrawings.Theboardhasbeencriticisedforfocus
sing on augmentation of further water resources (500 MLD from the Cauvery River)
while not reducing unaccounted for water (UFW), which stands at 48%. This amount
would suffice meeting water requirements altogether and may last for another 510
yearsifoneassumescontinuedrapidgrowthofBangalore.Itisnotedwithappreciation
thatBWSSBhascommencedtenderingofaddressingUFWforaround1lakhhouseholds,
ascalegreaterthanthatofapilotproject.ThisleaveshopethatUFWwillbeaddressed
andutilisedsystematicallyandthuseffectivelycontributetoreducingwaterrequire
ments.
Central Government is also implementing various programmes to address the challen
ges which water resources sector is facing. These programmes and policies are worth
highlightinghereastheyprovideampleopportunitiestothestateofKarnatakatoman
ageitswaterresourcesefficientlyinsustainablemannerandreducethevulnerabilityof
poor.
BharatNirmanPolicy146:ThispolicyofFederalGovernmentfocusesoncreatingrural
infrastructuretoenhanceruralwatersupplyinareasaffectedbywatercontamination.
NationalRiverConservationPlan147:NationalRiverConservationProgramme(NRCP)
is also centrally sponsored scheme, which was initiated 199293. The National River
ConservationPlanhasidentifiedeighttownsofKarnatakawithanobjectivetoinitiate
action plans to prevent pollution of major rivers (Table 31). Under this scheme, for
interception, diversion of sewage and establishment of Sewerage Treatment Plant, 8
towns were approved by Government of India and 6 towns have been completed, 2
townsareinfinalstagesofcompletion.TheKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoardis
the nodal agency for implementation of noncore schemes taken under NRCP. The on
goingworksareinfinalstageofcompletionbytheBangaloreWaterSupplyandSewer
age Board and Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board with the available
unspentbudgetwiththem.
145ConsultationwithBangaloreWaterSupply&SewerageBoardonMarch7,2011
146bharatnirman.gov.in/download.pdf
147envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/NRCP1.htm
66
Table31:SummaryofNationalRiverConservationPlan(NRCP)
Town
River
Basin
Nanjangud
Cauvery
CauveryBasin
K.R.Nagar
Cauvery
Srirangapatna
Cauvery
Kollegal
Cauvery
Shimoga
Tunga
Bhadravathi
Bhadra
Davanagere
Tungabhadra
Harihar
Tungabhadra
KrishnaBasin
NationalLakeConservationProgrammes148:GovernmentofIndiaprovidesfinancial
assistancetothestategovernmentstoconservethelakesunderNationalLakeConser
vation programmes (NLCP). The activities carried out under this scheme includes de
silting,deweeding,strengtheningofbunds,interceptionanddiversionofsewageenter
ingthetanks,fencingandsuchotherworks.InKarnataka,conservationplanof16lakes
hasbeenapprovedfromtheyear200203anddevelopmentoffourlakeshasbeencom
pletedbyNovember2009.
5.7. MissionsunderNAPCC
TheNationalWaterMissionaimsforconservationofwaterminimizingwastageanden
suringitsmoreequitabledistributionbothacrossandwithinstatesthroughintegrated
water resources development and management. With this objective, five goals have
beenidentifiedandvariousstrategiesforachievingthesegoalswhichleadtointegrated
planforsustainabledevelopmentandefficientmanagementwithactiveparticipationof
thestakeholdershavealsobeenidentified.ThefivegoalsoftheNationalWaterMission,
are:
Establishmentofacomprehensivewaterdatabaseforassessmentofwaterresource
inthepublicdomain,
Promotion of both citizen and state actions for sustainable water consumption, in
cludingconservation,augmentationandconservation;
Focusedattentiontooverexploitedareas;
Increasingtheefficiencyofwaterusesby20%;
Basinwisedesignsforintegratedwaterresourcesmanagement.
Areaswherenationalandstatechallengesmeet
Water resources are under severe threat in Karnataka. The state is endowed with limited
water resources that are stressed and depleting. Sectoral demands are growing rapidly on
accountofincreaseinpopulation,urbanization,rapidindustrializationandrisingincomes.
GovernmentofKarnatakaalongwiththetwoWaterResourcesDepartmentshasalreadyini
tiatedalargerangeofstepstowards.Thestepstakenorproposedappeartobecomprehen
siveandbalancedandtakeintoaccountconservationneeds,replenishment,supplyandthe
participationofcommonpeopleinwatershedmanagement.
148envfor.nic.in/nrcd/NRCD/NLCP.pdf
67
ThemissiondocumentoftheNAPCCemergesasrecommendingarevisionofthenational
waterpolicytoaddressvulnerabilitiesrelatedtoclimatechange.Goingbytheevidenceof
communicationsreceivedfromdepartmentsofGoK,theneedsforarevisionofstatelevel
policydoesnotseemtohavebeenidentifiedyet.
The action on formulation and implementation of projects and schemes of rainwater
harvesting and recharging of underground water sources within the Karnataka state
waterpolicyisinlineswiththeNAPCCtofocustheattentiononoverexploitedareas.
One of the most important goals of the National Water Mission is to improve the effi
ciency of water use at least by 20%. This objective is to be achieved by ensuring im
provedefficiencybothonthedemandsideaswellasthesupplyside.Consistentwater
metering andwaterauditsrecommendedbythemissiondocumentareanecessityfor
thestateofKarnataka.Thereisnoinformationonsectoralgroundwaterconsumption
assessmentfordomesticoragriculturaluses.
Thecomprehensivestudiesproposedunderthemissionwillalsobeextremelyusefulfor
identifyingwatershortageandsurplusregions.Basinwisedesignsforintegratedwater
resources management will also be highly beneficial to Karnataka to address water
shortage.
Setting up a real time dynamic database for water resources and development of a
WaterResourcesInformationSystem(WRIS)(includesmappingofcatchments,sur
veyingandassessinglandusepatternswithemphasisondrainageatdistrictlevel).
Conductingadetailedwaterresourcesinventory,includingannualvariationsatami
crowatershedscale.
Expandingthecurrentnetworkofautomaticweatherstationsandraingaugestations
forevaporationandrainfalldata
Conductingspatialandtemporalassessmentofmicrowatershedwisewateravail
abilityandanalyzingthetrendsusingmodelssuchasSWAT(SurfaceWaterAssess
mentTool)
Setting up dedicated facilities with advanced computing systems to run Global Cli
mateModels(GCMs)andRegionalClimateModels(RCMs)
ConductingGISbasedaquiferstudiesforassessingrechargepossibilities
Conducting ground water exploration to identify potential deeper fresh water aqui
fersupto1000/1500m(canoperateasawaterbank)
Regulationonborewelluse
Policyonwatermeteringforbulkconsumersofgroundwater
Conductingassessmentsonreducingevaporationlosseswithinwaterstoragestruc
tures, wastelands, fallow lands, agriculture lands (through usage of mulches, canal
liningetc.)
Conductingpilotstudiestoexploreaugmentationofwaterresourcesbytransferring
thesurplusfloodwaterintoutilizablewater
Constructing waste water treatments plants in the entire state for treatment and
recyclingtoreuseindomestic,industriesandirrigation
Formulatingalegalprovisioninbylawsoflocalbodiesforwaterconservation
Measurement of unaccounted for water (UFW) and its reduction to an acceptable
levelthroughleakdetectionandrehabilitationprogrammesforwatersupply
68
Installation of water saving equipment (e.g low flush toilets, twin pit toilets) in
Governmentbuildings,schools,colleges,hotelsetc.
Conducting studies on efficient crop water application and utilization by promoting
pressureirrigationmethodslikedrip/sprinklerirrigation
Measurementofflowsinmajorirrigationcanalsforaccountinglossesandimproving
efficiency.
Mandatory water audit for all sectors including domestic, small and large scale in
dustries,alongwithauditingirrigationprojects
Undertake an awareness program of remediation of water losses and educate the
massesaboutthesame
69
70
6. FORESTRY,BIODIVERISTY&WILDLIFE
Karnatakahas3.83millionhaofforestarea,whichaccountstoaround20%ofitsgeo
graphicalarea.ThestatehasvariedforestsrangingfromevergreenforestsoftheWest
ernGhatstothescrubjunglesoftheplains.TheWesternGhatsofKarnatakaareoneof
the25globalpriorityhotspotsforconservationandoneofthetwointheIndiansubcon
tinent. Reserve forest constitutes 74.94%, protected forests 10.27% and unclassified
forestis14.79%.AspertheStateofForestsReport2005,1.21%hasverydenseforest
cover, 56.51% is moderately dense, 34.36% is open forest and 8.23% is scrub forests.
Karnatakaconsistsofthreeregions:149
Coastal Zone: Karnataka coastline extends over a length of 320 kilometers with
about14coralspecies,4spongespecies,62phytoplankton,78speciesofseaweeds,2
speciesofseagrassand115zooplanktons.Also,234speciesofmolluscsarepresent
out of which 3 are threatened. About 33 species of shrimps, 103 species of crabs, 5
species of star fish, 2 species of seaurchius, 1 species of sea cucumber, 390 marine
fishspecies,3speciesofseaturtles,4speciesofwhalesand4speciesofdolphinsare
commonlyseenalongthecoasts.Thereexistsarichfringingcoralreefecosystemsur
roundingtheNethraniIsland.Thecoasthas14speciesofmangrovesbelongingto8
familiesincludingRhizophoramucronata,Avicenniamarina,Avicenniaofficinalis,Bru
guieracylindrical,Rhizophoraapiculata,Sonneratiaalbaetc.
WesternGhats:TheWesternGhatsstretchesfor1600kilometersandincludesvari
ous forest types tropical evergreen, moist and dry deciduous, high altitude sholas,
savannasandscrubs.Thereareover4500speciesoffloweringplants(38%endemic),
330butterflies(11%endemic),156reptiles(62%endemics),508speciesbirds(4%
endemics),150mammals(12%endemics),289fishes(41%endemics)and135am
phibians(75%endemics)intheWesternGhats.Theimportantendemictreespecies
of the region include Dipterocarpus indicus, Hopea parivflora, etc. The economically
importantspecies(naturallygrown)includeSantalamalbum,Dalbergialatifolia,Tec
tonagrandisandDysoxylonmalabaricum.TheindiscriminateharvestingofNTFPsuch
as Machilus macarantha and Halmaddi has resulted in signification reduction in its
populationtoalevelwhichposesthreatofextinction.Sholaforestsareusuallycon
finedtoshelteredvalleys,hollowsanddepressionswherethereisadequatemoisture
and good drainage. The main tree species growing in these forests are Alseodapline
semecarpifolia,Cryptocaryabeddonei,etc.
The Eastern Plains: The Deccan plateau forms the eastern plains of Karnataka
markedbylow/scantyrainfall,hightemperature,rockytopographyandthornyscrub
vegetation.Thetotalforestareainthisregionaccountsonly7%ofthegeographical
area with frequently occurring species like Acacia, Hardwikicia, Neem, Santalam al
bam,Ficusetc.Theregionhas1421speciesofangiospermsbelongingto696genera
under140families.107speciesarelistedasmedicinalplantsbutduetoscarceoccur
rencemanycannotbeharvested.Therearesomeendemicspeciesintheregionsuch
asBrachystelmaciliatum,BrachystelmaKolarensisfromKolardistricts,Brachystelma
elenaduensisfromTumkurdistrict,SchizachyriumsudhanshuiifromRaichurdistrict.
149BiodiversityofKarnataka:AtaGlance.2010.KarnatakaBiodiversityBoard,Forest,EcologyandEnvironmentDe
partment
71
6.1. Wildlife
Karnataka forests support 25% of the elephant population and 10% of the tiger
population of India.150 The wildlife population of India includes 395 tiger, 6185 ele
phants,817panthers,2324bear,15760wildbear,25850deer,8484bison,4998sam
bar and 957 oxen. The Niligiri Biosphere Reserve (5520 sq. kms) was established in
1986,andtheBandipurandNagarholeNationalParkswereincludedinthereserve.The
two tiger reserves of the state are at Bandipur and Bhadra. The state has a total of 5
NationalParksand21WildLifeSanctuaries.
Figure36:NationalParksandWildlifeSanctuariesinKarnataka
6.2. Biodiversity
FollowingTable32presentsthebiodiversityofthestateaswellasthespecieswhichare
underthreatduetolossofhabitat.
Biodiversity of Karnataka: At a Glance. 2010. Karnataka Biodiversity Board, Forest, Ecology and Envi
ronmentDepartment
150
72
Table32:Biodiversityofthestate151
SNo
BiodiversityDomain
TotalNoofspecies
Keyspeciesunderthreat
FishBiodiversity
300freshwaterand405
marinespecies
Atotalof20fishspecieshavebeenreported
tobeonthevergeofextinction,whichin
cludesLabeofimbriatus,(Bloch),Gonoprok
topteruscurmuca(HamiltonBuchanan),
Puntiuscarnaticus(Jerdon),Neolissochilus
hexagonolepis(McClelland),etc.
MedicinalPlants
1493medicinalplants
belongingto808genera
and108families
Rauvolfiaserpentine,Saracoasoca,Glorisa
superba
AvianBiodiversity
Themaximumnumberofendemicbirdsin
KarnatakaisfoundalongtheWesternGhats.
OrchidBiodiversity
176speciesoforchids
from49genera
ThehotspotsoforchidsinWesternGhatsof
KarnatakaareTadianamolinKodagu(61spe
cies,6endemic),BababudaninChickmagalore
(41species,18endemic)andDandeliinUttara
Kannadadistrict(37species,23endemic).
ButterflyBiodiversity
Thereareover300spe
ciesofbutterflies
SomeofthemareendangeredsuchasCrimson
rose,DanaidEggfly,CramerandAppiashippo
etc.
6.3. Criticallyendangeredspecies
Evergreen trees like Dipterocarpus bourdilloni, Hopea erosa and Hopea jacobi, Croton
lawianus (small tree) and Pinnatella limbata (type of moss) are few critically endan
gered species of flora of the state. Other endangered trees found in Karnataka include
Isonandra stocksii, Kingiodendron pinnatum, Maesa velutina, Myristica magnifica, Ra
paneastriataandXylosmalatifolium.
EndangeredspeciesoffaunafoundinKarnatakaincludethetiger,Indianelephant,lion
tailedmacaque,turtleanddhole,theIndianwilddog.Manyendangeredspeciesofam
phibiansarefoundhereincludingfrogs,Indiranabrachytarsus,Microhylasholigari,Min
ervaryasahyadris,Nyctibatrachusaliciae,Nyctibatrachushussaini,Nyctibatrachussancti
palustris, philautus charius, philautus wyaadensis, Ramanells mormorata and Rhy
cophoruslateralsandatoad,BufoBeddomii.Otherendangeredspeciesoffaunainclude
Hipposideroshypophyllus(Kolarleafnosedbat)andPseudomulleriadalyi(mollusc).
6.4. Impactofclimatechange
6.4.1. Onforests
Climateisoneofthemostimportantdeterminantsofforestgrowthandhassignificant
influenceonthedistribution,structureandecologyofforests.Changesinclimatealter
the configuration of forest ecosystems. According to a recent study (BCCIK, 2011), an
overallof38%oftheforestareaisprojectedtobeimpactedbyclimatechangebythe
2030s.WhiletheoverallforestareaismarginallydeclininginKarnataka,theareaunder
denseforestshasdeclinedsignificantly(morethan8%from2001to2007).TheForest
SurveyofIndiaestimatesthattheareaunderforestshasmarginallydeclinedduringthe
period2001to2007,astabulatedbelow(Table33).Thedenseforesthasdeclinedsig
nificantly during this period, and consequently the area under open forest has in
creased.152
151BiodiversityofKarnataka:AtaGlance.2010.KarnatakaBiodiversityBoard,DepartmentofForest,Ecology&Envi
ronment
73
Table33:TrendsinareaunderdifferenttypesofforestinKarnataka(sqkm)
Foresttype
2001
assessment
2003
assessment
2005
assessment
2007
assessment
Denseforest
26156
22461
21968
21958
Openforest
10835
13988
14232
14232
Scrubforest
3245
3141
3173
3176
40236
39590
39373
39366
Total
Accordingtothesamestudy,theprojectedclimateisnotsuitablefortheexistingforest
typesandthespeciespresent.Thedistributionsoftheforests,whichareprojectedtobe
impacted by climate change are presented in Figure 37 for 2030s and Figure 38 for
2080s. Forests grids mainly in the central and northern parts of Western Ghats and
southeastareprojectedtobeimpactedbyclimatechange.
Figure37:Forestvegetationchangeprojectedby
2035inKarnataka153
Figure38:Forestvegetationchangeprojected
by2085inKarnataka154
6.4.2. Oncoralreefs155
Coral reefs are one of the most productive ecosystems in tropical waters. The
Netrani Island off Murdeshwar has existence of a rich fringing coral reef ecosystem
aroundit.Thebiodiversitysurveyresultsshowaveryinterestingpresenceofrareand
new species in the ecosystem. In a survey conducted during 20052006, a total of 89
coralassociated fishes were recorded from the area in which 27 species and 4 Gen
era were thenewrecordsfromtheIndiancoast.Outofthefishesstudied,4fishgenus
werereportedforthefirsttimeinIndiancoast.Outofthe9grouperfishspeciesidenti
fied, 2areincludedintheIUCNRedDataList.TheSurveyidentified14coralspecies,4
sponge, 1 5 bivalves, 48 gastropods and 8 species of nudibranchs. Small giant clams
(Tridacnamaxima)which isprotected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act and
appears in the IUCN Red Data List as Lower Risk: Conservation Dependent species,
was observed from this area. Also, the occurrence of Humphead wrasse at Netrani is
K(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan:InterimReport.BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka
155BiodiversityofKarnataka:AtaGlance.2010.KarnatakaBiodiversityBoard,Forest,EcologyandEnvironmentDe
partment
74
verysignificant.ThisisintheCITESendangeredspecieslistasithasalowrecruitment
rateandisheavilyexploited.
The coral reefs are under threat world wide, mainly due to causes varying from
climate change and anthropogenic activities which may result in their destruction and
disappearance. The present threat to the coral ecosystem of Netrani Island is mostly
humaninorigin.However,NetraniIslandisunderthreatlargelyduetovariousanthro
pogenicactivities.Thestudyrevealedthatthedeadcoralslyingonthesideoftheisland
isduetothehabitatdegradation.
6.4.3. OnWesternGhats
IntheWesternGhats,annualtemperaturesarelikelytoincreaseto26.8oC27.5oCinthe
2030s. The rise in temperature with respect to the 1970s will be between 1.7oC and
1.8oC.Intheregion,minimumtemperaturesmayriseby2oCto4.5oC,withminimumin
creaseinthosepartsofKarnatakathatlieintheWesternGhats.Inthe2030s,themean
annualrainfallislikelytovaryfrom935185.33mmto1794247mm,whichisanin
creaseof6%8%withrespecttothe1970s.Thenumberofrainydaysislikelydecrease
along the entire Western coast, including the Western Ghats. However, an increase in
rainfallintherangeof15daysinKarnatakaregionispredictedwhichiscontrarytothe
projectionswhichindicatesadecreaseinthenumberofrainydaysby5to10dayswith
respectto1970s.Theintensityofrainfallislikelytoincreaseby12mm/day.156
AclimatechangestudybyRavindranathandSukumar(1998)wascarriedoutundertwo
scenariosincreaseingreenhousegases(GHG)andanincreaseinGHGandaerosolcon
centration.Underscenarioone,ashiftinvegetationtypealongthealtitudinalaswellas
west east gradient is predicted for Western Ghats. It is projected that wattles (Acacia
sp.)couldinvadethegrasslands.Longerdryspellsmaycauseanincreaseindryseason
fires,threateningthemoistanddrydeciduousforests.Underscenariotwo,achangein
precipitation pattern is projected that could weaken the Indian summer monsoon
(Ravindranathetal2003)157.
According to the 4X4 Assessment Report of the Ministry of Environment & Forests
(2010), the coastal regions and Western Ghats are moderately vulnerable to climate
change.TheentireWesternGhatsregioniscoveredby54forestgrids,outofwhich18%
areprojectedtoundergochangeinthe2030s.TheNPPoftheregionisprojectedtoin
creaseby20%onanaverage.
ItneedsmentionthattheforestsofUttarKannada,ChikkamagalurandShimogadistricts
areprojectedtobeparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechangeby2030s.Thusthebiodi
versity rich Western Ghats of Karnataka is projected to be adversely impacted by cli
matechangethreateningthebiodiversity.158
6.4.4. Onthecoastalregion
Thewestcoastprojectionsindicatethatin2030stheannualrainfallwillvaryfrom935
185.3mmto1794247.1mm.Thetrendofrainfallin2030sisshowinganincreasewith
respecttothe1970sinthisregionaswell.Theincreaseinrainfallisby6to8%,anin
creasethatisrangingfrom69to109mm.ThoughJune,JulyandAugustshowanaver
ageincreaseof8mmrainfallin2030swithrespectto1970s,however,thewinterrain
157KarnatakaStateDevelopmentReport,Chapter13,Environment,ClimateChange,BiodiversityandUrbanisation
75
fallisprojectedtodecreaseonanaverageby19mmduringtheperiodJanuaryandFeb
ruaryin2030swithreferenceto1970s.TheperiodMarch,AprilandMayalsoshowa
decreaseinrainfallwithrespectto1970s.159
The coastal region is defined by all districts that lie on the Indian coast. The entire
coastalregioniscoveredby96grids,excludingthegridsintheWesternGhats.Ofthese,
30%areprojectedtoundergochange.Thenetprimaryproductivity(NPP)inthisregion
ispredictedtoriseby31%onanaverage.
6.5. Otherthreats
Declineinurbangreencover:Bangalorecityearlierhadverygoodrecordinurban
forestry.RoadsideplantingoffloweringtreeswastakenupbytheUrbanForestDivi
sion.Innumerabletreeshadtoberemovedduetoexpansionofroads,bridges,water
supply&sanitarylines.BBMPhascreatedtwoforestdivisions(NorthandSouthBan
galore)toundertakenurseriesandplantingalongroadsides.
Mining:MiningisakeysectorinKarnataka.Movementofheavymachinery,blasting,
power drilling, excavations, benching, dumping of spoils etc are responsible for de
stabilizingthesoils,slopes,valleys,watercoursesetc.Often,theconditionsstipulated
forsoil&moistureconservation,rehabilitationofminedareasandquickrestoration
ofstabilizingvegetationarenotproperlyfollowedbythelessees.Minesontheridges
andupperslopeofhillscausesubstantialdamagetofloraandfauna.
Forestencroachments:Thelossofforestsduetoencroachmentshasalonghistory.
Evenbeforethebirthofforestadministration,therewasasystemofshiftingcultiva
tion practiced mainly by the scheduled tribes. With a view to regulate loss of forest
cover, certain administrative measures like eksala i.e one year lease, periodic lease,
clearanceofforeststripsaroundcultivatedlandsforcropprotectionfromwildani
mals,grantsforfruitcultivation,permitsforcoffeeorcardamomcultivationetcwere
undertaken.
Rehabilitation: Large stretches of forest lands were released for rehabilitation of
displacedfamilies.TherefugeesfromTibetweresettledintheforestlandsnearBy
lukuppeinKodagu,IndurinUttaraKannadaandKollegalforestsinMysoredistrictsis
a case in point. The impact of such human settlements causing decimation of forest
coverandbiodiversitycanbeseeninandaroundallrehabilitationschemes.Forest
degradation: The extents of forest areas lost only quantifies the loss. But there is
bigger loss by way of honeycombing and habitation of man and the domestic ani
mals. Nearly 1,50,000 families have settled down in the encroached forest lands. In
additiontotheirrequirementsforfuel,fodder,poles,fencing,fodder,grazing,green
manureetc,thesettlementskeeptheirsurroundinglandsclearedrepeatedlyforself
protection from fire and wildlife. The fires spread to the surrounding forests to de
stroythenaturalregenerationandtheprotectiontotopsoil.
159ClimateChangeandIndia:A4*4AssessmentReport.ASectoralandRegionalAnalysisfor2030s.2010.IndianNet
76
InvasiveAlienSpecies:Thesespeciesarethatwhoseintroductionsarespreadout
side their natural distribution and affects the ecosystem. Exotic species have im
pacted the biodiversity of various freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems of Karna
taka. Spread of exotic fishes like Tilapia and, more recently, the African Catfish has
contributedtoanerosionofindigenousfishbiota.Theweedywaterhyacinthischok
ing many of the wetlands. Large tracts of forests have been invaded by the weedy
Eupatorium,theyhavealsobeenconvertedtomonocultureplantationsofexoticspe
ciessuchasAcaciaauriculiformis,A.mangium,EucalyptusspeciesandCasuarinaequi
setifolia.TheRanebennurSanctuary,primarilymeanttoconserveblackbuckandthe
Great Indian Bustard has suffered in this fashion from the plantation of Eucalyptus
trees.Partheniumhascometocovermanyscrublandsandgrasslands.Thedamageis
furtheraggravatedbyclimatechange,pollution,fragmentationandlossofhabitat.
6.6. Policiesandlegislativeframework
Thissectionincludesabasicdescriptionoflawsandregulations(bothstateandcentral)
relevant to the state of Karnataka, particularly in relation to biodiversity, forest and
wildlife.Thekeyfeaturesofsomeoftheimportantregulationsaresummarisedbelow.
IndianForestAct,1927isaimedtoconsolidateandreservetheareashavingforest
cover,orsignificantwildlife,toregulatemovementandtransitofforestproduce,and
dutyleviableontimberandotherforestproduce.Italsodefinestheproceduretobe
followedfordeclaringanareatobeaReservedForest,aProtectedForestoraVillage
Forest.Itdefinesforestoffence,theactivitiesprohibitedinsideaReservedForest,and
penaltiesleviableonviolationoftheprovisionsoftheAct.
Wildlife(Protection)Act,1972providesforprotectiontolistedspeciesoffloraand
faunaandestablishesanetworkofecologicallyimportantprotectedareas.TheWPA
empowersthecentralandstategovernmentstodeclareanyareaawildlifesanctuary,
nationalparkorclosedarea.Thereisablanketbanoncarryingoutanyindustrialac
tivity inside these protected areas. It provides for authorities to administer and im
plementtheAct;regulatethehuntingofwildanimals;protectspecifiedplants,sanc
tuaries,nationalparksandclosedareas;restricttradeorcommerceinwildanimals
or animal articles; and miscellaneous matters. The Act prohibits hunting of animals
exceptwithpermissionofauthorizedofficerwhenananimalhasbecomedangerous
to human life or property or so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery. The
neartotalprohibitiononhuntingwasmademoreeffectivebytheAmendmentActof
1991.
Forest(Conservation)Act,1980wasadoptedtoprotectandconserveforests.The
Actrestrictsthepowersofthestateinrespectofdereservationofforestsanduseof
forestland for nonforest purposes (the term nonforest purpose includes clearing
anyforestlandforcultivationofcashcrops,plantationcrops,horticultureoranypur
poseotherthanreafforestation).
NationalForestPolicy1988isaimedtoensureenvironmentalstabilityandmainte
nanceofecologicalbalanceincludingatmosphericequilibrium,whichisvitalforsus
tenanceofalllifeforms,humanbeings,animalsandplants.Thederivationofdirect
economicbenefitissubordinatedtothisprincipleaim.
77
BiologicalDiversityAct,2002isaimedtoprovidefortheconservationofbiological
diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the
benefits arising out of the sued of biological resources, knowledge and for matters
connectedtherewithorincidentalthereto.Aspertheprovisionofactcertainareas,
which are rich in biodiversity and encompasses unique and representative eco
systemsareidentifiedanddesignatedasbiospherereservetofacilitateitsconserva
tion.AllrestrictionsapplicabletoprotectedareaslikeNationalPark&Sanctuariesare
alsoapplicabletothesereserves.KarnatakaBiodiversityBoardwasestablisheddur
ingAugust2003andtheKarnatakaBiodiversityRuleswasframedin2005.Atotalof
212PBRshasalreadybeenpreparedin30districtsinthestate.
ScheduledTribesandOtherTraditionalForestDwellers(RecognitionofForest
Rights)Act,2006aimstorecogniseandvesttheforestrightsandoccupationinfor
estlandinforestdwellingScheduledTribesandothertraditionalforestdwellerswho
havebeenresidinginsuchforestsforgenerationsbutwhoserightscouldnotbere
corded;toprovideforaframeworkforrecordingforestrightssovestedandthena
tureofevidencerequiredforsuchrecognitionandvestinginrespectofforestland.
NationalBiofuelPolicyaimstofacilitateandbringaboutoptimaldevelopmentand
utilization of indigenous biomass feedstocks for production of biofuels. The Policy
also envisages development of the next generation of more efficient biofuel conver
siontechnologiesbasedonnewfeedstocks.
KarnatakaPreservationofTreesAct,1976aimstomakebetterprovisionforpres
ervationoftreesinthestate,especiallywithregardtorestrictiononfellingoftrees
and liability for preservation of trees.160 The Karnataka Forest Rules was framed in
1977.Underthisact,nopersonshallfellanytreeorcauseanytreetobefelledinany
land,whetherinhisownershiporoccupancyorotherwiseexceptwiththeprevious
permissionoftheTreeOfficer.161
Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 aims to consolidate and amend the law relating to
forests and forest produce in the state of Karnataka.162 The Karnataka Forest Rules
wasframedin1969.
Karnataka Forest Manual is a document prepared by the Department of Forest,
GovernmentofKarnatakathatdescribestheProcedureinrespectoftheconstitution
ofaReservedForest,constitutionofvillageforests,managementofdistrictandpri
vate forests, pasturing of cattle and cutting of grass for fodder in forests, forest of
fences,regulationsrelatedtoforestproduce,etc.163
KarnatakaMarineFishing(Regulation)Act,1986isaimedtoprovidefortheregu
lationoffishingbyfishingvesselsintheseaalongthecoastlineofthestate.Under
theAct,themonsoonperiod(JunetoAugust)hasbeendeclaredclosedforfishingin
thestate.Also,theoperationofmechanizedfishingvesselshasbeenbannedina10
km radius of foreshore that has set apart a 3,000 sq. km area for traditional fishing
andthuspreventingoverexploitationinforeshorewater.
Karnataka Inland Fisheries (Conservation, Development & Regulation) Act
1996 is aimed to provide for conservation, development and regulation of inland
fisheriesinthestate.
160www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KTP_Act_1976.pdfasviewedonApril10,2011
161http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/faq/faq.htmasviewedonApril10,2011
162http://dpal.kar.nic.in/.%5C5%20of%201964%20%28E%29.pdfasviewedonApril10,2011
163http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdfasviewedonApril10,2011
78
KarnatakaForestPolicy:TheKarnatakaForestPolicyisintheprocessofformula
tion. While it does not aim explicitly at climate change, it seeks to strengthen oper
ationalandadministrativecapacitieswithinthedepartment.Itaimstoincreaseper
formance in areas of statutory work by notifying operating guidelines. If successful,
the new policy would enhance KFDs abilities, especially for implementation. This
could be expected to also result in a better institutional base for taking up climate
changerelatedactivities.Someofitselementshoweverhaveadirectbearingonthe
departments climate change agenda. Prominent examples are the identifica
tion/promotionofalternativeenergyfromforestareasandthedemarcationandcon
solidation of forest areas.164 The policy under preparation is understood to aim at
stipulating measures for the protection of forest resources and biodiversity. Major
areasareearmarkedforplantationoftreesincludingmedicinalplants,extendingto
urban and other nonforest areas, degraded forestlands and road sides. It is further
expectedthatitwouldestablishguidelinesfortheprotectionofnaturalresourcesin
vicinityofminesandquarriesandincludepolicyfortribals.Supplyanddemandside
management will be introduced for forest raw material and small forest products.
Theissueofcreatinggreenbeltsaroundindustrialareaswhichhasbeenemphas
isedbynearlyeverystudyonindustrialpollutionandwhichhasnotfoundtakersis
slatedtobeincludedinforestpolicywithcleardefinitionresponsibilities.Avastpro
gramme for wildlife, flora and fauna protection and rehabilitations of endangered
specieswillbeprescribedandcapacitybuildingisexpectedtobeoperationalisedand
incentivisedforbothpersonnelandcollaboratingNGOs.
6.7. Actionsandinstitutionalpreparedness
6.7.1. Forestmanagement
KeepinginmindtheNAPCCsassessmentthatclimatechangewillaffectthenaturalre
sourcesaswellastheNationalMissionforGreenIndiavisionofmaintenanceoftheeco
logicalbalanceandrestorationofbiodiversity,theGovernmentofKarnatakahastaken
thefollowingactions:165
TheKarnatakaForestDepartmenthasundertakenforestdevelopmentactivitiesbypro
tectingoldtreesandlargescaleafforestationwithinvolvementofvillagers.Biodiversity
conservationactivitieshavebeenexpandedover16.5%oftotalforestareabyminimiz
ing disturbances and maintaining integrity of forest habitats with a purpose of carbon
stockenhancement.KarnatakaForestDepartment(KFD)highlightedthesignificanceof
forestry in combating climate change in its 2008 release Forestry & Climate Change.
Thedocumentalsodrewattentionstoapredictedshiftinforesttypesinabout70%of
Indiasforestgridsby2085andoutlinedthedepartmentsfutureroleandresponseto
climate change. It proposes development of robust C sinks and augmenting income of
localcommunitiesfortheirsustainabledevelopmentastargets.166Itcallsformassivere
forestationofdegradedlandsandexpansionofagroforestry,linkedtotheassumption
thatcarbonassimilationcanandshouldbeenhanced.
Someconceptsofthisinitialpaperweredefinedingreaterdetaillateronandpresented
inthedepartmentsVision2020document,releasedin2010167.Itdefinesanumberof
164Policyareasandissues.InternaldraftworkplanofKarnatakaForestDepartment,accessedonApril6,2011
165 State Action Plan on Climate Change Karnataka: Rapid Assessment of Sectoral Actions initiated (2010). Envi
ronmentalMangement&PolicyResearchInstitute
166Forestry&climatechangeVision&MissionDocument.KarnatakaForestDept.,December2008
167Vision2020.KarnatakaForestDepartment,December2010
79
specific intervention areas to achieve quantitative and qualitative transformations,

specifyingmethodsandestimatingevencosts.Althoughtitledasvisiondocument,itis
nothingshortofabroadworkplan,whichincludesthefollowing:
Increaseoftreecoverinthestateto33%ofthegeographicalareathroughafforesta
tion,JointForestryPlanning&Management(JFPM),freedistributionofseedlings,soil
and moisture conservation, roadside afforestation, maximising bamboo and sandal
woodresources,raisingofbiofuelplantations;
Consolidationandprotectionofexistingforestresourcesandexistingdeemedforest;
Enhancementofforestryresourceproductivityandcarbonassimilation;
Protectionandinventorisationofmedicinalplants;
Employmentgenerationthroughforestry;
DevelopmentandimplementationofGISbasedforestlandmanagementsystem;
Curtailingtheutilisationofforestlandintononforestrypurposes
Recruitmentandtrainingofforestpersonnel.
KFD has embarked since a conscious climate change mitigation course by fostering
forestryresourcesascarbonsinks.Althoughitwas(andstillis)aclassicalforestryap
proach, focussing on what constitutes essential responsibilities of the department, it
lookedatforestsinthecontextofclimatechange,thusenlargingthesignificanceofthe
role the departments are endowed with. Seedlings were distributed to private land
owners for reclamation of lost green cover in the state. In 201011 approximately
80,000 ha were planted in Karnataka, including barren lands. Funds are drawn under
different schemes, mostly from the Finance Commission and Compensatory Afforesta
tion Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA). The department envisaged
thatonceadditionalfundsundertheNationalMissionforGreenIndiabecomeavailable,
thescaleofactivitiescouldbeincreased.Butfundswouldnotnecessarilyaddanyele
ment entirely new. The eventually announced mission budget of INR 200 crore168 for
201112wasasobering,becauseitwouldbringKarnatakaperhapsaround5%ofthat
amount, enough for planning which was already accomplished but an amount too
insubstantial for major implementation envisaged by the Centre to commence only in
201213.169
As envisaged in its 2008 document, KFD constituted a Project Formulation Group in
2009. Comprising of 19 members initially, the group aids the integration of climate
changeintothedepartmentswork.Thefocusisonresearchinputanddevelopmentof
concepts, concrete projects and policy recommendations while assisting other depart
mentwingswithresearchandplanning.Centralaimisthedemonstrationofstrategies
for adaption and mitigation strategies. This includes research on one hand, a good ex
ampleforwhichthepreparationofregionspecificcarbonyieldtablesandextendstothe
development of operating procedures for field activities with a view of climate change
needs.170ItshouldberememberedthatthesearevoluntaryactionsinitiatedbytheFor
estDepartmentatstatelevel.
Preparatoryworkhasnowresultedinspecificproposalsforclimatechangeinterven
tionsincollaborationwithIndianInstituteofSciences(IISc).Thisincludesimpactand
vulnerability modelling for forests, mitigation and adaptation projects as well as long
168Unionbudget201112Highlights.PressinformationBureau,MinistryofFinance,February28,2011
169ConsultationwithForestDepartmentonMarch11,2011
170CommunicationonProjectFormulationGroup.KarnatakaForestDepartmentonMarch14,2011
80
termmonitoring.WithinstitutionalsupportfromforestrycollegesinSirsiandPonnam
petKFDintendstoundertakemonitoringbasedresearchoncarbonstocks,biodiversity,
forestgrowthand,inassociationwithInstituteforSocioEconomicChange(ISEC),socio
economic aspects related. Mitigation options have been proposed for 0.56 million ha
(11%)ofthepotentialareaof5.06millionhaovera5yearperiodwithfocusonforest
cover quality, restoration, tree cover increase and agroforestry. The coverage will be
adjusted in accordance with future funding secured, from National Mission for Green
India as well as other budgets. However, KFD acknowledges the insufficiency of man
powerespeciallyatlowerleveltoexecutetheimplementationofprogrammesunderthe
mission.Toovercomethislimitationaspecialpurposevehicle(SPV)ismooted.Institu
tionalcapacityisprojectedtobeexpandedfurtherbyinvolvingtheDirectorateofSocial
Forestryassistedbysubjectspecialistsforsociology,economyandcapacitybuilding.Vil
lageForestCommittees(VFCs)andecodevelopmentcommittees(EDCs)inimplementa
tiontogetherwithNGOsandSelfHelpGroups(SHG).171
6.7.2. Conservationofbiodiversity
GovernmentofIndiapassedtheBiologicalDiversityAct2002toconservebiologicalre
sources, promote sustainable use of these resource and equitable sharing of benefits.
Under the purview of the Act, Karnataka Biodiversity Board (KBB) under the Depart
mentofForest,EcologyandEnvironmentin2003.
Under the guidance of KBB 3,542 Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) were
establishinKarnatakauntilMarch2011.Theirestablishmentsseekstoanchorconser
vation, sustainable use and documentation of biological diversity at local levels. The
preparation of Peoples Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) in consultation with Gram
Panchayatsplaysacrucialroleinthispursuit.PBRaimstobuildupatransparentcom
monplatformtosharethebiodiversityresourceinformationfromvillagelevel.Thisalso
includes medicinal and pharmaceutical information usage and importance of biologi
callydiversifiedresources.Givinganimportancetothetraditionalknowledgeaboutthe
resources befits derive and proportion of sustainable resources use is one of the main
anticipated outcome. 213 of them have been prepared so far and another 25 will be
completedbyMarch2012.InKarnatakahoweverPBRswereinitiatedmuchearlierby
FoundationfortheRevitalisationofLocalHealthTraditions(FRLHT)in1995.Between
1996 and 1998 the Indian Institute of Sciences coordinated preparation of PBR at 52
sites in eight states under the national Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Pro
gramme.
KBBalsoinitiatedthepreparationofabiodiversityatlasandmajoreffortsarebeingdi
rectedatbiodiversityconservationindryzones.Projectareasof100200hahavebeen
demarcatedin13drydistricts.TherewillbenoharvestingintheseareaswhileKBBwill
ensure fire protection, sowing of indigenous species, soil and water conservation. This
pairedwithathroughdocumentationofbiodiversityseekstoprotectespeciallyspecies
helpinconservationofdryzoneforestspecieswhichareunderthreatduetotheirhigh
medicinal value. The project identified 14 RET species. A comprehensive inventory of
bioresources and their commercial use has been developed together with an associa
tion of medicine manufacturers. In Karnataka 198 pharmaceuticals and 82 cosmetics
industriesareusingbioresources.
171ClimatechangeandforestsectorinKarnataka;Impacts,AdaptationandMitigation.IndianInstituteofSciencesand
KarnatakaForestDepartment,receivedonMarch11,2011.
81
6.7.3. ConservationofWesternGhats
In 2008 the Western GhatsTask Force was constituted as custodian of the rich and
unique biodiversity of the region. It is responsible for developing policies for sustain
able development based on a scientific knowledge submission of recommendations to
theChiefMinisteronaperiodicbasis.Strengtheningofinstitutions,institutionalcooper
ationandstakeholderinvolvementemergesasrecurringelementsinitswork.Education
andresearchinstitutionshavebeenapproachedwitharequesttoengageinconserva
tion. Efforts are made to streamline unspecified activities of KFDs Research Wing
through consultations, involving discussions on the possibility of establishing a KFD
promoted Research Institute. Several shortterm studies have been commissioned to
improve planning clarity. A 2010 report1 of the task force presents some noteworthy
achievementsinthisrespect:
Declaration of Bhimagad Reserve Forest in Belgaum district as Wildlife Sanctuary
undertheWildlife(Protection)Act,1972throughtheStateWildlifeBoard.Thesame
isbeingpursuedforChincholiinGulbargadistrictandKappataGuddainGadagdis
trict;
DeclarationoffourbiodiversityhotspotsasConservationReserveundertheWildlife
(Protection)Act,1972throughtheStateWildlifeBoard.TheseincludeAghanahshini
Valley, Bedthi Valley and the Dandeli forest region in Uttara Kannada district and
Basur Amrutha Mahal Kaval in Chikmagalur district. The latter was recommended
particularlyfortheirtraditionalcattlebreeds;
DeclarationoffourareaswereasnaturalheritagesitesundertheBiologicalDiversity
(Conservation) Act, 2002 through the Karnataka Biodiversity Board (KBB). These
compriseofNetraniIsland(UttaraKannadadistrict),avegetationareaGKVKCampus,
Bangalore,Hogrekhan(Chikmagalur)andAmbargudda(Shimoga);
DeclarationoftentreespeciesasheritagetreesundertheBiologicalDiversity(Con
servation),Act2002throughtheKarnatakaBiodiversityBoard(KBB);
Promotion of participatory agroforestry practice through a series of workshops in
fivelocations.ActionhasbeeninitiatedinUttaraKanadatodevelopminorforestwith
certainprivilegestofarmerswithhillylandholdings;
CommencementofdevelopmentofaminereclamationmodelinBisgodreserveforest
(UttaraKannada)withactiveparticipationofthelocalcommunity.
KBB has initiated conducting carrying capacity studies for developmental activities in
theWesternGhats.
6.7.4. Treeplanting
Treeplantingemergesasaninterdepartmentaleffortwithseveralotheragenciescon
tributingwithintheconfinesoftheirrespectivejurisdictions.KSPCBreportstohaveen
couragedindustriestoplantsome75lakhsaplingsoverthepasttwoyearsbymakingit
conditional for according consent for establishment or operation. A target of 1.5 crore
saplingshasbeensetforindustrialareas.2ThePublicWorksDepartment(PWD)reports
toexaminethepossibilityofincludingcostandotherprovisionsfortreeplantinginroad
constructionestimates.3Compensatorytreeplantinghoweverappearstobealreadyes
tablished practice and prerequisite for obtaining environmental clearances. PWDs
1MajorAchievements.ReportoftheWesternGhatsTaskForce,September28,2010
2ConsultationwithKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB)onMarch8,2011
3LetterofPublicWorksDepartment(PWD)datedFebruary02,2011
82
PWDsKarnatakaStateHighwaysImprovementProjectforexamplewasaccordedcon
sent to fell nearly 11,000 trees for upgrading 650 km of state highway as its proposal
providedforplantationsalongtheentireroadlengthatarateof200treesperkm.For
everytreefelledaroundtennewoneswillbeplanted.1Obligationsemergingfromenvi
ronmentalmanagementplansaresaidtobeimplementedwithcareandthought,stress
ingonbenefitssuchasemissionreductionsthroughimprovedriding,carbonsinkscre
atedand,withoutquantification,adoptionofsocialforestryandimprovementofroad
sideponds.2
TheNationalMissionforaGreenIndiarecognizesthatclimatechangephenomenawill
affectandalterthedistribution,typeandqualityofnaturalresourcesandtheassociated
livelihoodsofthepeople.TheMissionacknowledgestheinfluencesthattheforestrysec
torhasonenvironmentalameliorationthroughclimatemitigation,foodsecurity,water
security,biodiversityconservationandlivelihoodsecurityofforestdependentcommu
nities.TheMissionaimsataddressingclimatechangeby:
Enhancingcarbonsinksinsustainablymanagedforestsandotherecosystems;
Enhancingtheresilienceandabilityofvulnerablespecies/ecosystemstoadapttothe
changing
climate;and
Enabling adaptation of forest dependant local communities in the face of climatic
variability.
Withregardtothefunctioningofthemission,anAdvisoryCouncilchairedbytheMinis
terforEnvironmentandForests,Govt.ofIndiawillprovideoverallguidancetothemis
sion.ANationalSteeringCommitteewillprovidenecessarydirectionandsupporttothe
Mission activities. The implementation period of the mission would be 10 years, i.e.,
fromFY20102011toFY20192020.ThetotalmissioncostisestimatedtobeRs44,000
crores.Theobjectivesofthemissionarethreefold:
Doubletheareatobetakenupforafforestation/ecorestorationinIndiainthenext
10years,takingthetotalareatobeafforestedorecorestoredto20millionha.
Increase the GHG removals by India's forests to 6.35% of India's annual total GHG
emissionsbytheyear2020
Enhancetheresilienceofforests/ecosystemsbeingtreatedunderthemission
Themissiontargetsaspecificsetofoutputsasgivenbelowbyallocatingcertaintenta
tive costs for interventions. The state of Karnataka may make use of these allocations,
whereverapplicable.
Themissiontargetsanincreaseonforestcoveranddensityof2.0millionhaofmod
erately dense forests. It has allocated Rs. 3,000 crore to regenerate 2 million ha of
moderatelydenseforest.
The mission targets that 4.0 million ha of degraded forests are regener
ated/afforestedandsustainablymanaged.TheMissionhasallocatedRs.12,000crore
toregenerate4millionhascrub/grasslandecosystems.AssuggestedbytheMission,
Karnataka will proactively take action on degraded land through direct action by
communitiesorganizedthroughJFMCs(JointForestManagementCommittees).
1LetterofStateLevelEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentAuthority(SLEIAA),datedJanuary29,2011
2Noteinthecontextofclimatechange.KarnatakaStateHighwaysImprovementProject,April20,2011
83
Atotalof2.0mhaofscrub/grasslandsisaimedtoberestoredandputundersustain
able multiple uses. The Mission has allocated Rs 5000 Crore to regenerate 2 mha
scrub/grasslandecosystem.
TheMissiontargets0.10mhaofmangrovestoberestored/established.TheMission
hasallocatedRs500Croretoregenerate0.1mhamangroveecosystem.
TheMissionhastargeted0.10mhaofwetlandstoshowenhancedconservationsta
tus.IthasallocatedRs600Croretoregenerate0.1mhawetlandecosystem.
A total of 0.20 m ha of urban/peri urban forest lands and institutional lands is tar
getedtobebroughtundertreecover.TheMissionhastargetedRs.2000Croretore
generate0.2mhaurban/periurban/Institutionallands.
The Mission targets 1.50 m ha of degraded agricultural lands and fallows to be
broughtunderagroforestry.Forthispurpose,ithasallocatedRs7500Croretode
velop1.5mhaagroforestry&socialforestry.
Itaimsthat0.10mhaofcorridorareas,criticaltowildlifemigrationaresecured.The
MissionhasallocatedRs500Croretodevelop0.1Mhacorridors.
The Mission targets that improved fuel wood use efficiency devices are adopted in
about10millionhouseholds(alongwithalternativeenergydevices).Italsoaimsto
enhance biomass/NTFP based community livelihoods that will lead to reduced vul
nerability.
Strategies should be adopted to identify marketlinked opportunities for develop
mentofrobustcarbonsinksaswellasincreasingincomeforlocalcommunities.
Climate change impact research studies on the state carried out by various depart
ments and organisations should be collated and analysed for developing adaptation
andmitigationprojects.
Inordertooptimizecarbonstockinforests,regenerationandproductionpracticesin
forestsshouldbeassessedregularly.
ItisrequiredtoensuretheminimizationofGHGemissions,standardCodeofoper
ationsshouldexistforactivitiessuchasplanting,soilandwaterconservation,useof
fertilizersandmachinery.
Plantationactivitiessurroundinglakesandwatershedsshouldbedonetopreventsoil
erosion,evaporationloss,preventionofsiltation,waterleachingtootherareas,beau
tificationoflocalarea,maintenanceoflocalgeochemicalprocessetc.
UrbanForestryplanshouldbedevelopedalongwithcitymasterplans
Aplanshouldbedevelopedforplanting1.5croresaplingsincludingbiodieselplants
between2010and2012.
Acomprehensiveplanshouldbemadeforcreatingawarenessfortouristsaboutthe
importanceoftourismandbiodiversityconservation.
Survey demarcation & notification of forest areas facilitating identification of areas
wherebufferscanbecreated
Theplantationmodelsbasedontheindigenousspeciessuitabletolocalclimaticcon
ditionsshouldbedefined
Prepare a plan for involvement of local communities through Participatory Forest
Managementanddevelopingagroforestrymodels
Obtaincarboncreditsforforestconservation
84
Identification of important buffer areas, corridors and potential areas for afforesta
tionbysatelliteandgroundsurveys
Establishing weather monitoring data loggers at at least 100 distinct sites in pro
tectedareasandotherimportanthabitatsofthestate.
Satellite based monitoring process continues and feedback is communicated to the
policymakersforfurtheractions.
Establishinggermplasmcollectionbanksofforestgeneticresourcesat3sitesinthe
stateaccordingtotheagroecologicalregions.
85
86
7. COASTALZONE
Karnatakas coast (1245' 1500' and 7400' 7500') stretches for 320 kilometres
alongthethreedistrictsofDakshinaKannada,UdupiandUttaraKannada(Figure39).Of
thesedistricts,UttaraKannadahas160kilometrelongcoastlinewhile98kilometresare
in Udupi district and the rest is in Dakshina Kannada1. There are three distinct agro
climaticzonesrangingfromcoastalflatlandsinthewestwithundulatinghillsandval
leysinthemiddleandhighhillintheeastthatseparatesitfromthepeninsula.Thereisa
narrowstripofcoastalplainswithvaryingwidthbetweenthemountainandtheArabian
Sea,theaveragewidthbeingabout50to80km.Theaverageheightofthehinterlandis
7075meters,butinsomeplacesitisashighas150meters.Theabruptrisesatthe
easternflanksformtheWesternGhats.ThenorthernpartsoftheGhatsareoflowerele
vations(450600meters)ascomparedtosouthernparts(900to1500meters)2.Inview
of the exploitation of natural resources like fisheries, sand mining and developmental
activitiessuchasvariouspetrochemical,fertilizersandalliedindustrieshasputextreme
ecologicalpressureonthecoastofthestate.
Figure39:CoastalDistrictsofKarnataka
7.1. Socioeconomicsofthecoastalzone
ThecostalKarnatakastatehaseightmaritimetaluks;one(Mangalur)inDakshinaKan
nadadistrict,two(UdupiandKundapur)inUdupidistrictandfive(Bhatkal,Honnavar,
Kumta,AnkolaandKarwar)inUttaraKannadadistrict.Thecoasthas22urbanagglom
erations and 1,044 villages3. As per 2001 census Mangalore has highest population of
8,82,856 and Ankola the lowest. In Karnataka, the coastal areas average population
densityis253persons/Km2(337highestinDakshinaKannada,Udupi;290andUttara
Kannada;132)4.Table34exhibitsthecurrentstatusofpopulationandprojectedpopu
1 Reddy, H. R.V. (2010). Coastal issues and concerned: Challenges for research Community, Annamalai University
Chennai
3BusinessLine,2004,FinancialDaily,TheHindu,Friday,March12.
4www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/States_at_glance/state_profile.aspx
87
lationgrowthincoastalcitiesofKarnatakaasreportedbyKarnatakaUrbanInfrastruc
tureDevelopmentCorporationunderKarnatakaUrbanDevelopmentandCoastalEnvi
ronmentalManagementProject1.Itcanbenoticedfromthetablethatcurrentandpro
jectedpopulationgrowthremainshighforMangalorecityfollowedbyUdupi.
Table34:ProjectedpopulationgrowthincoastalcitiesofKarnataka2
Town
Mangalore
Ullaa
Population
Areakm2
Exiting(2011)
Projected(2016)
415272
676788
132.82
49862
84864
11.00
Puttur
48063
63967
34.00
Udupi
113039
170180
65.08
Kundapura
28595
43049
15.00
Karwar
62960
99564
27.15
Ankola
14306
26362
7.42
Bhatkal
58711
136420
12.48
Dandeli
31785
74651
5.57
Sirsi
53287
102842
9.50
Total
875880
1478687
320.02
The area is predominantly agrarian involving about 60% of the workforce. More than
70%ofcultivatedlandisundercerealswithriceastheprinciplecrop.Fishingisoneof
themajorsourcesoflivelihoodwithaboutonelakhpeopledirectlyengagedinitandan
othertwolakhinassociatedactivities3.
Inaddition,industrialactivitieshavealsorecordedarapidgrowthprovidingdirectem
ploymenttonearlytwolakhpeople4.Similartoproblemsacrosstheglobe,thesituation
is no different in Karnataka industrialization, improper land use, unsustainable eco
nomic activities and overexploitation of natural resources have adversely affected the
coastal environment. The effluents and emissions discharged by large industries and
power plants, unregulated tourism, and intensive aquaculture have negatively affected
the coastal environment. Decline in mangroves and coastal wetlands have eroded its
pollutantfilteringcapacity.
Table35exhibitsthelandusepatterninthecoastaldistrictsofKarnataka.Asrevealed
inthetable,UttaraKannadadistricthasthehighestpercentage(84.4%)ofuncultivable
landfollowedbyDakshinaKannada(51.8%).Outoftotaluncultivableland,around27%
is covered under forest in Udupi and Dakshina Kannada while Uttara Kannada district
has land as high 79.5% under forest. Approximately 28% land is under cultivation in
UdupiandDakshinaKannadawhileUttaraKannadahasonly10.6%landundercultiva
tion.
1www.kuidfc.com/website/webpage.nsf/b6c681c02f07751f65256e93001f37f0/72714b7c9916266565256e9b002fb
5f1/$FILE/STATE%20POLICY%20ON%20ISWMapproved%20by%20GOK.pdf
2www.kuidfc.com/website/webpage.nsf/b6c681c02f07751f65256e93001f37f0/72714b7c9916266565256e9b002fb
5f1/$FILE/STATE%20POLICY%20ON%20ISWMapproved%20by%20GOK.pdf
3BusinessLine,2004,FinancialDaily,TheHindu,Friday,March12.
4Reddy, H. R.V. (2010). Coastal issues and concerned: Challenges for research Community, Annamalai University
Chennai
88
Table35:LanduseincostalKarnatakaasa%ofthegeographicareaofthedistrict(200102)1
LandUse
District
DakshinaKannada
GeographicalArea(000ha)
Udupi
UttaraKannada
477149
356446
1024679
Areaunderforestcover
26.9
27.9
79.5
LandPuttoNonAgricultureuse
12.5
10.8
3.3
BarrenandUncultivableLand
12.4
3.3
1.6
TotalA
51.8
42
84.4
6.9
9.3
0.7
4.1
1.9
A.NonAvailableforcultivation(%oftotalarea)
B.CultivableWasteLand(%oftotalarea)
UncultivableLand(%oftotalarea)
PermanentpastureandGrazingland
Landusertreesandgroves
6.8
13.6
0.4
17.8
25.9
Currentfallowland
1.4
1.2
0.9
Otherfallowland
1.1
2.4
TotalC
2.5
3.6
1.9
28
28.5
10.6
34
36.3
11.6
7.8
TotalB
C.FallowLand(%oftotalarea)
D.Netsownarea(%oftotalarea)
Totalgrosscroppedarea(%oftotalarea)
Areasownmorethanonce(%oftotalarea)
7.2. Coastalbiodiversity
ThestateofKarnatakahasarichbiodiversitysupportingnumberofecologicalfunctions
inthecoastalecosystemsincludinglivelihoodopportunitiestomillionsofpeople.Kar
natakascoastlineextendsoveralengthof320kilometreswithnumerousrivermouths,
lagoons,bays,creeks,cliffs,sanddunesandlongbeaches.TheshelfoffKarnatakahasan
averagewidthof80kilometresandthedepthofshelfbreakisbetween90and120me
ters.Thereare26estuarieswithmorethan70000hawaterspreadareaand8000haof
brackishwaterarea,makingthecoastallineofKarnatakaveryrichinmarine,estuarine
andriverinebiodiversity2.TheWesternGhats,whichrunparalleltothecoastline,isin
deed an integral part of the coast. Fourteen rivers which originate in these Ghats run
westwardandjointheArabianSea.Theseriverscarrysiltandorganicdebrisfromthe
forestedhinterlandintotheestuarineareasandthecoastalseaandcontributegreatlyto
theproductivityanddiversityofthecoastalecosystems.Thetidestravellongdistances,
even2030kmsinterior,throughmanyoftheserivers,makingthesalineaquatichabitat
suitable for several marine and estuarine organisms. The important estuaries include
Netravati,Gurpur,Mulki,Hangarkatta,Gangolli,Sharavathi,Aghanashini,Gangavaliand
Kalinadi3.Theforestsofthehinterlands,almost20to30kmsinterior,wereconsidered
duringtheBritishperiodasinnercoastalzone4.Thecommercialexploitationofcoastal
resourcesiscausingirreparabledamagetoregenerationofcoastalvulnerableresources.
These are subjected to severe threats due to anthropogenic pressures in the coastal
1http://mospi.nic.in/nad10_2008_karnataka_final.pdf
2BiodiversityconservationandmanagementincoastaldistrictsofKarnatakasurvey(2007).KarnatakaBiodiversity
Board
3StateofEnvironmentReport,Karnataka.2003.EMPRI,GovernmentofKarnataka
4BiodiversityconservationandmanagementincoastaldistrictsofKarnatakasurvey(2007).KarnatakaBiodiversity
Board
89
areasovertheyears.Manyanthropogenicactivitieshaveledtothelossofbiodiversity.
There are few islands of the coast such as St. Marys island, 4 kilometers from Malpe.
Coastal areas are some of the most productive and important habitat of the biosphere
includingestuaries,backwatersandcoastalwetlands.Thereare14coralspeciesand4
spongespeciesfoundinthisregionsuchasDendrophyllionSp.TurbinanaSp,Goniastrea
pectinatu che. Small gaint clams (Tridacna maxiona) are protected under the Indian
wildlifeprotectionAct.Thereareabout62phytoplankton;78speciesofseaweeds(san
gassamilicifolium),2speciesofseagrass,115zooplanktonsuchasAcartiaclausii,Acro
calanusgibber,Euphausiadiomedeae,Stylocheironarmatumetcareobservedalongthe
Karnatakacoastsapartfromthese234speciesofMollusceoutofwhich3arethreatened
suchasTridacnamaxima,Lambischiragraandplacenta.33speciesofshrimpswerefirst
recordedfromKarnatakacoastsrecently.103speciesofcrabs,5speciesofstarfish,2
speciesofseaurchius,onespeciesofseacucumberhavebeenobservedalongthecoasts.
390 marine fish species, 3 species of sea turtles, 4 species of whales, 4 species of dol
phinsarecommonlyseenalongthecoasts.1.
7.3. Fisheries
InKarnataka,fisheriessectorcontributes0.7%ofgrossSGDPand3.18%ofNetSGDPto
the States economy at current prices. The share of fisheries within agriculture sector
andinthetotalisonanincreasingtrend.Thusfisheriesareoneofthethrustareainthe
developmentofthestate.Thecoasthas27,000Km2ofcontinentalshelfarea,richinpel
agic fishery resources. The states share of Exclusive Economic Zone comprises of
87,000 Km2 of coastal waters and open sea with more than 300 varieties of marine
fishes.Itsresourcepotentialisestimatedatannualfishharvestof4.25LakhMtonsof
which2.25lakhmetrictonsfrominshoreareasuptoadepthof70mandremaining2.0
lakhmetrictonsfromtheoffshore/deepseazone.Thereare29fishlandingcentresin
cludingfiveminorfishingharboursalongtheKarnatakacoast2.Marinefishproduction
fromKarnatakacoasthaswitnessedconsiderablevariation.Duringthelast10yearsthe
lowestproductionof1.28lakhmetrictonswasrecordedduring200102.Howeverthe
marine fish production during 200910 was 2.49 lakh metric tons and 57359 metric
tonsofmarineproductsworthRs.391.12crorewereexportedfromthestate3.
Table36:FishproductioncostalKarnataka4
Year
Marine
quantity(Mt)
Inland
quantity(Mt)
Total
quantity(Mt)
199798
189859
120542
310401
199899
160627
118419
279046
199900
165653
126646
292299
200001
177907
127468
305375
200102
128416
121196
249612
200203
180161
86262
266423
200304
187003
70036
257039
200405
171227
80470
251698
200506
176974
120599
297573
1Prajapati,R.C(2010)KarnatakaBiodiversityatglance,KarnatakabiodiversityboardBangalore
2www.karunadu.gov.in/Fisheries/.../DRAFT_FISHERIES_POLICY.doc
3KarnatakaataGlance200607.DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,Bangalore
4KarnatakaataGlance200607.DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,Bangalore
90
Year
Marine
quantity(Mt)
Inland
quantity(Mt)
Total
quantity(Mt)
200607
168545
123919
292464
200708
175566
122124
297690
200809
218137
143717
361854
7.4. Environmentalissues
7.4.1. Coastalerosionandsealevelrise1
Increasing reports of coastal erosion in the last two decades have raised a doubt
whether the erosion is a recent phenomenon? Dynamic changes have occurred in this
fragile 'boundary between the land and the sea, ever since the boundary was formed,
butthechangeshavereceivedpublic,attentiononlynowbecauseoftheirincreasedim
portance and economic impact It is also possible that increased human interference
mayhaveupsetthedelicateequilibriumestablishedbynature.Manhasnobusinessto
interfereinnature'splayfieldsandmustfacetheconsequencesofsuchintervention.The
primarycausesofcoastalerosioninanygivenregionaregenerallythefollowing"1)Di
rect wave action, 2) Interception of littoral drift., 3)Sea level changes, 4) River mouth
changes,and5)Sandmining2
About 30 percent of the area under coastal zone is subjected to moderate soil erosion
and16percentoftheareatoseveresoilerosion.Theannualratesofsoilerosionvary
from515tons/hectareto1540tons/hectareinmoderatetoseveresoilerosionareas3.
TheproblemisrelativelymoresevereinDakshinaKannadaandUdupicoasts.Theero
sion becomes severe due to the synchronization of high flood in the river with strong
wave activity during southwest monsoon. The most affected locations are Kundapur
Kodi,HangarkattaandBengre.Erosion/bankcollapseinthetidalreachesofriverisalso
severeandextendsatleasttoabout12kilometers.ThishasalsobeennoticedinHaladi
River, Sitanadi near Mabukal and Ullal side of Netravathi riverbank4. In another study
coastalerosionandsubmergenceoflandhavebeenreportedatAnkola,Bhatkal,Malpe,
Mulur, Mangalore, Honnavar, Maravante and Gokarn in Karnataka. About 60 km of
beach(19%ofthetotallengthofshoreline)isaffectedbyerosion.Theproblemisrela
tivelymoresevereinDakshinaKannadaandUdupicoasts,whereabout28%ofthetotal
stretchiscritical.InUttaraKannadaregion,about8%ofthecoastissubjectedtosevere
erosion56. During 2004 MoEF reported that mouths of the small coastal rivers and
backwaters at many places are undergoing erosion. Around 41% area of coastline is
erodedwhichincludes6%highlyerodedarea.Dynamicandmigratingshoalingactivi
tiesatvariouslocationsalongthecoastline,makesitpronetodestructionandvulnera
bletoclimaterelatedrisks.
ThesealevelriseprojectionalongtheIndiancoastlineisinsyncwiththeglobalprojec
tions as assessed in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report and found that there are four
1KarnatakaAgriculturePolicy,2006.GovernmentofKarnataka
2http://www.nlsenlaw.org/crz/articles/coastalerosionamdprotectionalongkarnatakacoast/
Chennai
4 Reddy, H.R.V. (2010). Coastal issues and concerned: Challenges for research Community, Annamalai University
Chennai
Das,C.K.L.(2006)CoastalErosionManagement:RecentInitiatives.NationalInstituteofDisasterManagement,New
Delhi
91
majorfactorsrelatedtothisphenomenon.Thermalexpansionoftheoceans,meltingof
the mountain glaciers and small ice caps, melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the
rapid breakdown of the edge of the Antarctic ice sheet are the possible factors for the
globalsealevelrise1.DescriptivestatisticsofthemeansealevelislistedinTable37.In
oneofthestudies,ofUdupicoast(stretchof95km)inKarnatakastate,ithasbeenob
servedbetween2000and2006,rateoferosionwas0.6018km2/yearandaround46km
isundercriticalerosion.Duetosealevelrise,59%oftotal95kmstretchisatveryhigh
risk,7%high,4%moderateand30%liesinthelowvulnerablecategory.Inundationan
alysisofUdupicoastshowsthat42.19km2and372.08km2ofthelandareawillbesub
mergedbyfloodingat1mand10minundationlevelsrespectively2.
Table37:Meansealevelofthemonitoringstationandestimatedtrend(mm/year)3
Hotspot
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Observed
StdDev
MangalorePrior1980
6962.88
7018.29
24
6919
27.52
Mangaloreafter1980
7072.43
714098
20
7028
32.08
Trend(mm/100year)by2100
Mangalore
(149before1978)
256(after1978)
StudyonProjectionsofimpactofclimatechangeorsealevelriseonfoodproductionor
biodiversity loss along west coast particularly Karnataka coast are still in an infancy
stage. However, some simulation analysis on possible impacts of climate change on
some of the prominent crops in western coastal districts of India was carried out for
A1B2030scenario4.Climatechangeisprojectedtoaffecttheyieldsofirrigatedricein
somepartsofwestcoastdistricts.Irrigatedriceyieldsareprojectedtomarginallyin
crease(<5%)butOntheotherhand,rainfedricemayreducebyupto20%inthewest
coast district. Whereas yields of coconut are projected to increase in the west coast of
Indiaupto30%(providedcurrentlevelofwaterismadeavailableinfuturescenarioas
well).Thismaybeduetolowercurrenttemperatureinthewestcoast.
ImpactofsealevelriseoncoastalwetlandsofKarnatakawasstudiedduring2005and
theresultsaredepictedinTable38.Theseresultsclearlyindicatethatthereisdirectre
lationship between sea level rise and costal wetland loss. Also it was noticed that cur
rent projected rise in sea level was 0.256 M and if present trend continue to next 100
years.Lossiscostalwetlandareawouldbe460.8km5.
1Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001. The scientific basis, Cambridge University Press, Cam
bridge,CB22RU,UK.
2G.S.Dwarakish,S.A.Vinay,UshaNatesan,ToshiyukiAsano,TaroKakinuma,KattaVenkataramanaB.JagadeeshaPai
andM.KBabita(2009).CoastalvulnerabilityassessmentofthefuturesealevelriseinUdupicoastalzoneofKarna
takastate,westcoastofIndia,OceanandCoastalmanagement,52(9):467to478
3Dwijendra,N.D.andVinodKumarS.(2005)AnalysisofsealevelriseanditsimpactoncoastalwetlandsofIndia
Proceedingsofthe14thBiennialCoastalZoneConferenceNewOrleans,Louisiana
92
Table38:Projectedlossinthecoastalwetland(km2)indifferentscenarioofsealevelrise1
SeaLevelrise
0.1(m)
0.2(m)
0.3(m)
0.4(m)
0.5(m)
Karnataka
180
360
540
720
900
Karnataka
(ifthepresenttrendcontinuesinthenext100years)
Projectedriseinsealevel(M)
LossinWetlandArea
0.256
460.8
7.4.2. Coastalpollution
Asfarasindustrialwastedisposalisconcerned,theFishandFishOilIndustrialunitsare
at present directly discharging their effluents into the sea or backwaters. Solid waste
dumpingyardofMangalorecityhasanareaof28.32hectares,whichispoorlymanaged.
Itisestimatedthatabout300tonsperdaysolidwasteisgeneratedintheMangalorecity
of which 200 tons per day is collected and disposed into landfill. At Udupi, the solid
wastegenerationisoftheorderof8tonsperdayofwhich5tonsperdayisdisposedat
unsecured landfill with an area of six acres2. The near shore and estuarine waters are
subjectedtopollutionduetovariousreasonssuchasinadequatesanitarymeasuresin
adjacentareas,portactivities,effluentdischargefromindustries,dumpingoffishwastes
etc.Themarinepollutionheregenerallyextendsupto5kilometersandrarelyupto10
kilometresfromtheshore3.
Tosumup,intheCoastalregionthemajorthreathasbeenlitteringtheregionwithbio
medical waste, solid waste and municipal sewage in the urban area and plastic as
againstmajorindustrialwastes.Largescaleawarenessandpeopleparticipationandpe
nalisingtheviolatorswillhelpimprovetheenvironment.Animmediatenecessityisthe
eliminationofplasticfromthetowns.
7.4.3. Salinity
Oneofthegraveproblemsinthecoastalregionhasbeensalinewaterintrusiondestroy
inglargespanofstandingagricultureandhorticulturecrops.Instancesofsalinewater
intrusionarerecordedinthecoastduetoseaerosionandtidalinfluxintheestuary.The
coastalalluvialaquifersarehighlypermeableandareinhydrauliccontinuitywithsea/
estuarinewater.Therefore,indiscriminatepumpingfromwellshereleadstosalinityin
trusion. The high level of ground water exploitation, levelling of sand dunes to extend
agriculturelandorforconstructionpurposeinthecoastalzone,accentuatestheprob
lem4. The intrusion of saline water into ground water aquifers and the ingression of
seawatertotherivers/estuariesareadverselyaffectingtheavailabilityofpotablewater,
especiallyduringdryseason.Ontheriverbank,mainreasonfortidalwaterintrusionis
thepoorqualityofconstructioncausingbreachinthebunds.Toaddressthisproblem,
GovernmentofKarnatakainitiatedconstructionseawalltopreventsaltwaterentryinto
Chennai
93
thepaddyfields.However,poorqualityofconstructiondestroysthewallandtheprob
lempersists1.
Table39:ProjectedgroundwaterexploitationincoastalcitiesofKarnataka2
Place
LevelofExploitation(%)
1998
2002
2007
2012
Areacategory
Karwar
16
22.6
37
52
White
Kumata
54
60
75
90
Dark
Honnavar
45
51
66
81
Gray
Bhatakal
52
58
73
89
Dark
Ankola
16
22
37
52
White
Kundapur
33
41
60
79
Gray
Udupi
45
53
72
90
Dark
Mangalore
45
53
66
80
Grey
7.4.4. Unsustainablefishing
ThecommerciallyimportantfishesintheseaaroundKarnatakaaresoilsardine,mack
erel, catfishes, penaeid prawns, sharks, seer fishes, anchoivies, clupiods, squill and
squids.Karnatakahasashelfareaof27,000km2ofwhich8,000squarekilometerswith
waterdepthupto50mareextensivelyexploitedformarinefisheries.Thestatecontri
butesabout10percentofthetotalmarinefishlandinginthecountry.Therehasbeen
substantial increase in the use of trawlers in recent years. In the year 200405, alto
getherabout5500trawlnetsand425purseseinenetshavebeenused.Onanaverage,
about82percentofthetotalcatchisharvestedusingpursseine(27percent)andtrawl
nets(55%)3,4.Thepurseseinenetmethodtargetsanidentifiedshoalandthetrawlac
tivityleadstoscoopingoftheseabottom.Selectivescoopingbytrawlnetshasexerted
tremendouspressureonbenthicorganismsandtheirsurvivalasthesearethrownover
boardandarediscarded.Inoneofthestudyitwasestimatedthatthepeakcatchover
thelast20yearsfromthestatewas0.22milliontonnesintheyear199697asanesti
matedmaximumsustainableyieldof0.15milliontonnes.Theperuniteffortandthere
turnoninvestmentaredeclineinmarinefisherysectoratKarnatakacoast5.
7.4.5. Encroachment
A Notable encroachment is observed in the Mangalore Port, Belekeri port, Naval Base,
Murdeshwaretc.Inaddition,dredgingactivitiesintheharbourregionleadtodumping
ofdredgingmaterialreclaimingland.Suchencroachmentsanddredginghavebeencaus
ingerosionatseveralplacesthatrequirescientificconfirmation.Forexampleafterthe
constructionofbreakwaterinBaithkol,KarwarandBingaNavalarea,Similarlyforcon
1StateofEnvironmentReport,Karnataka.(2003).GovernmentofKarnataka
3 Reddy, H. R. V. (2010). Coastal issues and concerned: Challenges for research Community, Annamalay University
Chennai
94
structionofjettieswharfsetcencroachmentsaremadeintotheseaintheentirecoastal
region1.
The coastal ecosystems are highly disturbed and very much threatened, encountering
problems like pollution, siltation, and erosion, flooding, saltwater intrusion, storm
surgesduetoeverexpandinghumansettlements.UndertheEnvironment(Protection)
Act,1986,theCoastalRegulationZoneNotificationwasissuedin1991.Bythesaidnoti
fication,thecoastalareaswereclassifiedintofourcategories.i.e.CRZI,CRZII,CRZ
III,CRZIV.Theecologicallysensitiveareasandareasofextraordinarynaturalbeauty
areincludedunderCRZI,wherenoactivityisallowed.Thecoastalstretchesofurban
anddevelopedareasarecategorizedunderCRZII.Theareas,whichdonotcomeunder
CRZIandIIareincludedinCRZIIIwherenoconstructionispermittedupto200m
from the high tide line. The Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and small
islandsarecategorizedinCRZIV.InallCRZnotification,EIAhasbeenmademandatory
to carry out before notification of any CRZ. Karnataka State Coastal Zone Management
Authority, has been constituted vide notification No. S.O.21 (E), dated 04.01.2002 by
MoEF,GOIaspersubsection(1)and(3)ofsection3ofEnvironment(protection)Act,
1986foraperiodofthreeyears.2345 ItpreparedthestatesfirstCoastalZoneManage
mentPlan,whichreceivedMoEFapprovalin1996.6Areastoberegulatedwereidenti
fied using maps and satellite imagery. The precision of the definition of demarcations
howeverprovedinsufficiently.Mappingwiththebetteraccuracywasthenentrustedto
National Hydrographic Office, Dehradun.7 Karnataka State Coastal Management Auth
ority established in a regional office in each of Karnatakas three coastal districts, fol
lowed by the constitution of District Coastal Zone Management Committees in 2002.
These are sought to be reconstituted now, including representatives of local fishing
communities,implyingthatthecommitteeshavefallendefunct.InitsMarch2011meet
ingKarnatakaStateCoastalManagementAuthoritydefinedarangeoffurtheractionsto
betakenbyGoK.8Theseactionpointsareindicativeofabsoluteclarityonprioritiesand
stipulatingbothtimeframesandagenciesresponsibleandinclude:
Curbing the discharge of untreated effluents from industries and settlements (April
2013)andunauthoriseddumpingofmunicipalwaste,industrialwaste,construction
debrisandflyash(April2012);
Enforcingtheprohibitiononminingofsand,rock(March2011);
Enforcingaprohibitiononportsandharboursinhighlyerodedareasyettobeidenti
fied;
Preparation of comprehensive plan for permitting dwelling units of traditional
coastal communities between 100200 m in CRZ III in consultation with traditional
coastalcommunitiesandincorporatingmeasuresfordisastermanagement;
2http://www.icsf.net/icsf2006/uploads/resources/legalIndia/pdf/english/resource/1119443024107***CRZ__Notific
ations_India.PDF
3StateofEnvironmentReport,Karnataka.2010.PreSubmissionDraft,GovernmentofKarnataka
4http://www.dakshin.org/DOWNLOADS/BitterorBetterFare.pdf
5AarathiS.,ManjuM.,SudarshanR.andSeemaS..(2008).CoastalManagementZoneNotification08,thelastnailin
theCoffin.,ATREEBangalore
6StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka2003.DepartmentofForest,EcologyandEnvironment.GovtofKarnataka
7DepartmentofEcologyandEnvironment,GoKhttp://parisara.kar.nic.in/czm.htmlaccessedonMay4,2011
8Proceedingsofthemeeting,KarnatakaStateCoastalZoneManagementAuthority(KSCZMA),March14,2011
95
PreparationofarevisedCoastalZoneManagementPlaninaccordancewiththelatest
notificationandunderdevelopmentoftherequisitemapswithin(April2013)andob
tainingMoEFapprovalfortheformer(October2013);
Advising MoEF of the need to amend the notification by including permissibility of
certainfacilitiestosafeguardinterestandlivelihood.
Inaddition,theDepartmentofMinorIrrigationcreatedunspecifiedlengthsofseawalls,
invitingatonepointcriticismonaccountofimproperslopesandformationsduringan
inspectioninDakshinKannadain2005.1Responsibilitiesweresubsequentlytransferred
to the Department of Ports & Inland Water Transport (under PWD) who has been en
gagedinthecreationofseawallssince1979.2Between2006and2008atotalof111km
ofseawallwasconstructedbythedepartmentwithabudgetofINR118crore.3During
thesameperiodPWDproposedanINR140coremasterplanforpermanentseaerosion
work to the Central Water Commission. Between 2008 and 2010 also the Western
GhatsTaskForcejoinedhandsbylaunchingaprojectforconstructionofgreenwallsto
combat erosion through vegetation barriers grown beyond the high tide line in
Honnavara,KundapuraandMangaloreForestDivisions.4
ThoughNAPCCdoesnotidentifyaseparatemissiononcoastalzonemanagement,how
ever, coastal zone issues has been covered under three missions namely National Mis
siononWater,NationalMissiononGreenIndiaandNationalMissiononStrategicKnow
ledgeforClimateChange.
The National Water Mission primarily focuses on conservation of water, minimizing
wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States
through integrated water resources development and management. Key areas high
lightedunderthismissionaredevelopinganinventoryofwetlands,Waterpurification
technologiesandMappingofcatchmentsandsurveyingandassessinglandusepatterns
withemphasisonconservationofmangroveareas.Therecommendedstrategyadapted
tomeettheidentifiedareaarereviewandestablishmentofnetworkforcollectionofad
ditional necessary data: hydrometeorological and hydrological data particularly from
coastalregion,Coastalandestuarinewater,salinityandtidalwaterlevelsandthechan
ging discharges in both directions in estuarine areas, Establishment/strengthening of
groundwatermonitoringnetwork,sanctuarywellsforcoastalaquifermanagementand
waterqualitymonitoring,massivetidalhydraulicsdatacollection,developmentofwater
resourcesinformationsystemandresearchandstudiesonimpactofclimatechangeon
water resources including quality, planning tidal embankments, flood frequency, in
creasedsealevelandgroundwatersalinity.
Themissionalsohighlightsformulationandimplementationofregulatoryregimetoen
surewiseuseofwetlandatthenational,thestate,anddistrictlevels,Environmentalap
praisal,ImpactassessmentofdevelopmentalprojectsonwetlandandStrengthenlinks
withafforestationprogrammesandwetlandconservation,themissiontoseektoensure
thataconsiderableshareofthewaterneedsofurbanareasaremetthroughrecyclingof
wastewater;andensuringthatthewaterrequirementsofcoastalcitieswithinadequate
1Minutesofthe8thMeeting.CoastalProtection&DevelopmentAdvisoryCommittee,June17,2005
2StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka2003.DepartmentofForest,EcologyandEnvironment,GovtofKarnataka
3ManagementInformationSystem,2007,2008and2009.PublicWorksDepartment,2007,2008and2009
4MajorAchievements.ReportoftheWesternGhatsTaskForce,September28,2010
96
alternative sources of water are met through adoption of new and appropriate tech
nologiessuchaslowtemperaturedesalinationtechnologiesthatallowforuseofocean
water.
ThetotalestimatedadditionalfundrequiredduringXIplanforaddressingthespecific
issuesrelatedtoimpactofClimateChangeonwaterresourcesworksouttobeRs28,651
crores with Rs 10,038 crores in Central sector and Rs 18,613 crores in State sector.
However,itisbelievedthatprovidinghighersupportintermsoftechnicalandfinancial
forstatecostalwaterwillbeensuringwaterforall.
The National Mission on Green India aims at addressing climate change by enhancing
carbonsinksinsustainablymanagedforestsandotherecosystems,enhancingtheresili
enceandabilityofvulnerablespecies/ecosystemstoadapttothechangingclimate,and
enabling the adaptation of forest dependant local communities in the face of climatic
variability.However,someofthesubmissionobjectivesarecloselyrelatedtocostalre
sourcesdevelopmentandrestoringnewmangroveandwetlandswith0.10mharespec
tively and their protection. The strategy adapted for this intervention is to planting
mangrovespeciesweremangroveshistoricallybutarenotundermangrovevegetation
now. While, restoring coastal wetlands will be done through protection from; en
croachments,changeoflanduse,infrastructuredevelopment,pollution,growthofinva
sive species and overfishing. Additionally this intervention supports enhancement of
carbon stocks by 0.25 and 0.04 million tons of carbon per year respectively. The total
missioncostforgreenIndiaisfixeduptoRs.44,000croresfortreatmentof10million
ha over next 10 years. Out of this, cost for restoring mangrove and wetlands are fixed
about500and600croresrespectively.Theseresourceswillbemobilizedasadditionally
fromPlanningCommission.Thedeficitifanywillbetakencareofbydevelopingprojects
forseekingassistancefrominternationalfundingagencies,UNorganization,etc.
The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) speaks the Indias vision of sus
tainable development and planned steps of India for avoiding Greenhouse Gas emis
sions. While, the one of the main constraints that limit at present the ability of the
nationalknowledgesystemtodelivertherequiredandexpectedoutcomesforeffective
responseisinadequateknowledgeontheimpactsofclimatechangeindifferentsectors
ofeconomye.g.,biodiversity,coastalzones,etc.Toaddressthisconstraintthefollowing
strategicplanisadopted1)Establishingresearchnetworksandencouragingresearchin
the areas of climate change impacts on important socioeconomic of coastal zones. 2)
OceanandcoastalbiogeochemistryandinfluenceonGHGsourcesandsinks3)Coastal
geomorphology change and mapping / modelling of coastal hazards including cyclone
hazards. 3) Desalination of coastal water and wave energy technology. It is estimated
thatatotalfundofRs150CrorewillberequiredfortheimplementationoftheMission
forthereminderpartoftheXIthPlanperiod.
CostalKarnatakahaseightmaritimetalukswith22urbanagglomerationsand1,044vil
lages.Thecoastalareasaveragepopulationdensityis253persons/Km2andtheareais
predominantlyagrarianinvolvingabout60percentoftheworkforceandfishing.Since
thesetwosectorsareverysensitivetoclimatechangeimpactsandNationalMissionon
StrategicKnowledgeforClimateChangewillcertainlygivediversereturntothecoastal
citiesinthestatebyprovidingfinancialandtechnicalsupport.Presenceofhigherliteracy
levelinthecostaldistrictofKarnatakawillalsogiveadditionalsupporttoimprovethe
knowledgeonclimatechangeimpactsandtheirmitigationpracticesforsustainablede
velopment.
97
Biodiversity
Beachprotectionthroughbioshielding:Theconstructionofseawallstoenderosion
and breakwaters can have adverse consequences. Seawalls and breakwaters should
be restricted to areas where they are extremely necessary. Since a healthy beach is
the best protection for the coast, beach nourishment, strand vegetation etc. along
withselectedtechnologicalinterventionsshouldbepromoted
BaselineKnowledgeonFloraandFauna:Beachesshouldbeevaluatedfortheirflor
istic and faunal richness and appropriate restoration and conservation plans to be
implementedforsuitablebeaches.
Specialprotectionforturtlebreedingareas:Manyofthebeacheswhichmarinetur
tles likeOliveRidleyvisittolayeggsshouldbegivenspecialprotectionandprefer
ablybebroughtundercomanagementprogrammes.
BeachManagementtoStrengthenLocaleconomy:Plantingofvariousplantspeciesof
medicinal,foodandothereconomicvalue,suitableforbeachesneedtobepromoted
and brought under comanagement with the local people. Beach beautification pro
grammes through restoration of natural vegetation can also enhance their tourism
potentialandbenefitthelocalresidents.
Nursery of beach plant species: Districtwise plant nurseries may be opened up for
propagation of key psammophytic plant species, both local and selected introduced
ones,afterproperevaluationoftheireconomicandecologicvalues
Promoting best practices for conservation and sustainable utilisation of costal re
sources
PolicyandInstitutionalarrangements
Strengthening delivery and monitoring system and preparedness in disaster prone
coastalareasKnowledge
Construction of seawalls/breakwaters should be subjected to comprehensive envi
ronmentimpactassessment.
Researchinterventions
Flood mapping, flood forecasting, downscaled climate change projections using ad
vancedGIStoolsandimprovedgridresolutionmodelling
Studyhastobeconductedonglobalchangeandresponseofcostalecosystemfunc
tions.
AssessmentoferosionproneareaswiththehelpofDigitalElevationModel
Study of impact of global warming on the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems of the
state
Assessmentofriskduetochangeintheclimate(precipitation,temperature,humidity
etc.)oncostalfunctionandservices
Otherinterventions
Beaches to be zero waste areas: Steps should be taken to promote beaches as zero
wasteareasthroughawarenessprogrammes,villageandtownlevelsolidwasteman
agementprogrammes,providingsanitationfacilitiesallalongthecoastandperiodic
cleaningofbeaches;
98
Integrated solid waste management in the urban environment of the coastal cities
communityinitiativeforcostalresourcesmanagement;
Promotingcommunityeducationandenvironmentalactionplancentre;
EncouragemitigationbyindividualsbypromotingLowCarbonLifestyles;
Improvingcostalfloodmanagement;
Settingupintegratedcoastalzonemanagementtrainingcentre;
Developing a technolegal regime for construction disaster resilient housing and
infrastructureinthecostaldistrictsofKarnataka;
Strengtheningexitingcostalprotectionmethodsinthestate.
99
100
8. ENERGY
8.1. Introduction
Amidtherisingenergyprices,energysecurityisakeyissueforIndia.Thenationalen
ergyscenarioisundergoingatransformationwithseverelystressedenergysuppliesin
relationtotheincreasesinenergydemand.Further,withscientificevidenceclearlycor
relatingtheuseoffossilfuelstoclimatechange,energyplaysapivotalroleinGHGmiti
gationthroughNationalandStateActionPlanonClimateChange.
Karnataka is the ninth most populous state of India, with decadal population growth
rateof17.5%perdecade.ItsGrossStateDomesticProduct(GSDP)isgrowingata6.48%
compounded annual growth rate. The structure of GSDP gives reference to the energy
demand of a state, where services led growth tend to lead to lower energy intensity
growthascomparedtoamanufacturingsectorledgrowth.ForKarnataka,theshareof
servicesandmanufacturingsectorisincreasing,andthatofagriculturedecreasing,lead
ing to lower energy intensity growth for the State. However, the absolute demand for
energyintheStatewillcontinuetoincreaseasevidentfromtheincreaseinGSDPfrom
around 47% to over 57% from services sector, with over 8.4% of annual growth rate.
Also equally perceptible is the growth in manufacturing sector with an annual growth
rateof9.5%1.Karnatakafacesvariouschallengeswithsupplyconstraintscoupledwith
generationofenergythroughcleansources.
8.2. Energysources
Coal continues to be a dominant source of primary energy for Karnataka with 51.7%
contribution2. The State takes advantage of its coastal area with the import of coal
throughitsports.Petroleumproductsalsoformamajorshareoftheenergysourcesat
38.6%3. In 200910, petroleum supplied almost onethird of Karnatakas commercial
energyconsumptionat353.9millionGJ4.Thisimpliesaprominenceoffossilfuelsinits
energymixofKarnataka,whichleadtohighGHGemissions.However,Karnatakaisalso
abundantly supplied with hydro resources. In 200809, hydro resources generated
51.7%ofthestateselectricity,muchabovethenationalaverageof21%5.
PolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India.
101
Figure40:ShareofvariouspetroleumproductsinenergysourcesforKarnataka1
Traditional biomass such as agriculture residues, animal wastes, forest produce, fire
wood,etc.,alsoformanimportantsourceofenergyforthestateespeciallyforruralre
quirements2.Othersourcesofenergyincluderenewableresourceslikewind,solarand
lowcarbonsourceslikenuclearwhichaccountfor9.7%ofKarnatakassupply3.Natural
gasisnotasignificantsourceofenergyinthestate.Table40belowgivesanoverviewof
theenergysourcesinKarnataka.
Table40:EnergysourcesinKarnatakafor20104
QuantityCon
sumed
FuelType
Coal
Coal(Electricity)
Coal(NonElectricity)
TotalCoal
PetroleumCrude/Processing
MotorGasoline
Diesel
Kerosene
Naphtha
LPG
LDO
FO/LSHS
Bitumen
Lubes
ATF
CrudeProcessingLoss
TotalPetroleum
Electricity(excl.Coalthermal)
Total(excludingBiomass)
Biomass
Total(includingBiomass)
11,742,072.82
15,281,704.47
859,700.00
3,438,420.00
468,110.00
209,120.00
885,020.00
13,412.37
734,719.62
301,692.61
49,420.93
364,000.02
24,781.16
833,341.40
Units
Coal
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MetricTons
MillionUnits
MillionMJ
EnergyConsumed
(GJ)
206,341,097.21
268,542,336.40
474,883,433.61
38,513,700.30
148,997,053.86
20,480,748.72
9,412,072.96
41,871,181.22
581,198.23
29,530,585.69
12,125,931.03
1,986,375.44
16,306,836.75
34,177,500.00
353,983,184.20
89,212.,176.00
918,078,793.81
833,341,401.08
1,751,420,194.90
%Excl.Bio
mass
%Incl.Bio
mass
22.5%
29.3%
51.7%
11.8%
15.3%
27.1
4.2%
16.2%
2.2%
1.0%
4.6%
0.1%
3.2%
1.3%
0.2%
1.8%
3.7%
38.6%
9.7%
100.0%
2.2%
8.5%
1.2%
0.5%
2.4%
0.0%
1.7%
0.7%
0.1%
0.9%
2.0%
20.2%
5.1%
52.4%
47.6%
100%
102
8.3. Powergeneration
Karnataka generates power in four main forms hydro power, thermal power, wind
powerandsolarpower.Ofthese,hydroandthermalpowergenerationsaccountforthe
majority source of generation whereas wind and solar make only marginal additions.
ThetotalinstalledcapacityofpowerinKarnatakaason31stMarch2010was8685.91
MWincludingbothpublic(66%)andprivate(34%)sectors1.
Karnatakaremainsapowerdeficitstatedespiteconsumingashareofabout6.4%ofthe
nationalelectricityconsumption.Currently,thepowerdeficitsamountto15%,butvari
ationsinshorttermdemandprojectionsisexpectedtogrowat5.4%.Despitethedeficit,
thepowersuppliedinthestatehasvirtuallyremainedstagnantataround39000million
unitsofelectricitywithavariationofjust2%inthelastfouryears2,whichisareasonfor
concern.
Fortheperiod2001to2010,electricitysupplyfromthermalsourcesandnonthermal
sources(mainlywindandhydro)averagedat50.8%and49.2%respectively.Ofthenon
thermal sources, hydro electricity constituted about 27% of the total energy mix in
2010. However, the generation of hydropower has shown a declining trend with a de
creaseof18%between2007and2009.Theprimaryreasonforthisdeclineistheerratic
trendsofrainfall.Thissituationisexpectedtoworsenwiththechangesinprecipitation
predictedbyclimatescientists,leadingtononuniformwateravailability3.
The state has significant renewable energy (RE) installations, mainly wind power. But
duetolowplantloadfactors,theshareofrenewablesislowerinpowergeneration4.The
currentandprojectedinstalledcapacityandnetgenerationforthepowersectorispre
sented below in Table 41, which shows the limited contribution of renewable sources
towardspowergenerationintheState.
Table41:Currentandprojectedpowergeneration5
2010
Powergenerationtechnology
2020Businessasusualscenario
Totalinstalled
Capacity(MW)
NetGeneration
(BillionkWh)
Totalinstalled
Capacity(MW)
NetGeneration
(BillionkWh)
3,903
220
333
195
3,763
1,448
623
10
1,000
23.59
0.84
1.28
0.62
11.44
2.49
2.03
0.02
2.01
12,600
400
440
460
880
4,200
2,000
800
100
81.24
2.58
1.87
1.96
5.55
12.77
3.43
2.61
0.16
Total(Utility+NonUtility)
11,495
44
21,880
112
CO2emission(milliontons)
29
84
CoalSubcritical
CoalSupercritical
Gas
Diesel
Nuclear(PHWR)
Hydro+Smallhydro
Wind
Biomass+Cogeneration
Solar
CaptiveGeneration
1EconomicSurvey(20092010and20102011).DirectorateofEconomicsandStatistics,GovernmentofKarnataka.
103
Transmissionanddistribution(T&D)lossesremainsignificantinthestate.Thisisdes
pitethereductioninT&Dlossesfrom38%in199900to22%in200910.Itisexpected
toreducethelossestolessthan21%in2010/111.TheGovernmenthasalsotakenthe
initiative to implement Central governments Restructured Accelerated Power Devel
opment Program (RAPDRP) with the aim to reduce its Aggregate Technical and Com
mercialLosses(AT&C)to15%in5years2.
8.4. Energyconsumption
Over the last few years, the consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing sharply in
the state. The graph below shows the trend in consumption over the past 7 years, re
flectingasubstantialincreaseinaviationfuel,highspeeddieselandmotorspirit(Figure
41).
Figure41:TrendsoffossilfuelconsumptioninKarnataka3
While considering the power sector, there are four prime consumers in Karnataka,
mainly irrigation pump sets; domestic lighting and electric appliances; industries and
commerciallighting.Thesefoursectorsaccountedforabout87%ofthetotalpowercon
sumption in the state in 2009104. This indicates the extent of demand pressures on
electricity.TheTable 42belowshowsthepatternofincreasingpowerconsumptionin
thestate.
104
Table42:PowerconsumptionandtariffsinKarnataka1
ElectricityConsumption(MU)
ConsumerGroups
200809
200910
201011
(uptoDec
2010)
Average
ratepaise/
kWh)
(200910)
1.Industries
5692.98
(17.78%)
5932.03
(17.61%)
4958.48
(18.54%)
495
2.I.P.Sets
11216.55
(35.03%)
11772.05
(34.94%)
8733.48
(32.65%)
102
6710.26
(20.96%)
7359.97
(21.84%)
6059.53
(22.66%)
343
4.I.T.Industries&Waterworks
1519.40
(4.75%)
2365.66
(7.02%)
1878.36
(7.03%)
412
5. Public Water works and Sewerage

pumping
1779.24
(5.56%)
1044.16
(3.10%)
802.50
(3.00%)
354
4009.69
(12.52%)
4349.76
(12.91%)
3636.13
(13.59%)
644
492.90
(1.54%)
690.01
(2.05%)
541.60
(2.03%)
311
598.98
(1.87%)
176.82
(0.52%)
135.08
(0.5%)
1013
32020
(100%)
33690.48
(100%)
26745.16
(100%)
3.Domesticlighting&AEH
6.CommercialLighting
7.PublicLighting
8.Others
Total
333
Note:Theaveragerateisworkedoutbasedontherevenuerealised.
8.4.1. Industries
Industrialsectorisenergyintensiveandoneofthelargestconsumersofenergyinthe
state.Cement,iron&steel,aluminium,textileandpaperaresomeoftheenergyinten
sivemanufacturingindustries.Karnatakaranksseventhintheproductionofcementin
the country with an annual production of 12.1 million tons of cement which emits 7.6
milliontonsofCO2annually.KarnatakaisalsothethirdlargeststeelproducerinIndia
with an annual production of 10.7 million tons. These two industries account for over
20% of the overall emissions of the state and over 40% of the emissions due from in
dustrialsector2.TheemissionsofGHGfromindustrialsectorin202021arelikelytoin
creaseto54milliontonsfrom18milliontonsfortheyear2008093.Thetotalemissions
duetocementandiron&steelarehighataround8milliontonseachforthesamepe
riod4.
MostoftheindustriesinKarnatakabeingsmallscaleindustriesdonotmeetcurrenten
ergy efficiency standards, thus pose a greater threat to the already scarce energy re
sources. However, there is a move towards optimising energy efficiency through the
government of Indias Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme which is a market
based mechanism for the industries but not yet operational in Karnataka. This mecha
nismallowstradeofenergyefficiencycertificatesinthemarket5.
105
8.4.2. Transportation
KarnatakahasawelldevelopedtransportsystemandisalargeemitterofCO2withits
shareofGHGemissionsincreasingoverthelastfewyears1.Allmodesoftransportation
rail,road,airand/orshiparecompletelydependentonhydrocarbonfuels,mostlype
troleum fuels with less emphasis on LPG/ CNG and biofuels constitutes a statistically
lessinsignificantsourceofautomobilefleetinthestate2.Airandroadtransportarethe
most energy intensive sectors, while rail and ship transport consume the least energy
perunitoftransport.
TherehasbeenafourfoldincreaseofvehicularpopulationinKarnatakainlessthan20
years3. In 200708, emissions due to transportation were 8.35 million tons in Karna
taka.EmissionsfromthetransportationsectoratstateGDPgrowthrateof8%islikely
to be 23 million tons. This projects an increase in the consumption of petroleum and
callsforattentiontocurbtheexcessivedependenceoffossilfuelsinthetransportation
sector4.
Table43:GHGemissionsfromdifferentmodesoftransportation5
TypeofTransportMode
Loadfactor
(averageoccu
pancy)
g(gram)CO2equiv.emissionsper
passengerkm(fullenergycycle)
Car(gasoline)
2.5
Car(diesel)
2.5
85120
Car(naturalgas)
2.5
100135
Car(electric)
2.0
30100
Scooter(twostoke)
1.5
6090
Scooter(fourstroke)
1.5
4060
Minibus(gasoline)
12.0
5070
Minibus(diesel)
12.0
4060
Bus(naturalgas)
40.0
2525
40.0
1525
75%full
2050
Bus(hydrogenfuelcell)
RailTransit
130170
Within road transport, buses are less energy intensive than individual modes of road
transport whether two wheelers or four wheelers. Unfortunately, Urban Transporta
tiondoesnotreceiveaseparateMissionstatusundertheNAPCC6.
8.4.3. Agriculture
Energy inputs into modern agriculture generally includes: synthetic fertiliser, pumped
water,andmanufactureofchemicalpesticideswhichutilizepetroleumproducts.Other
sourcesofenergyutilisationincludeonfarmprocessingandtransportationoffinished
1BangaloreClimateChangeInitiativeKarnataka(2011).KarnatakaClimateChangeActionPlan;FinalReport..
Energy,Pune,India
Energy,Pune,India
Energy,Pune,India
106
goods.Irrigationsectoristhehighestconsumerofelectricitywithashareof3540%254.
Allprocessesrelatedtoagriculturearebasedonfossilfuelinputswithconsequencesin
termsofGHGemissions.
8.4.4. Households
Over75%ofthehouseholdsinIndiausebiomass255.Currentlybiomassisthemainstay
asacookingfuelinalargepercentageofruralhouseholdsinthestate.Whilebiomassis
consideredcarbonneutral,theirCH4andN2Oemissionsaretakenintoaccount.Extend
ingthesupplyofLPGtoallhouseholdscanhavepositiveenvironmentalimpactandwill
helpalleviateairpollutionrelatedhealthproblemstohouseholds256.
8.4.5. Energydemandforecasts
Karnatakas overall energy intensity has been estimated at 521.11 toe/$ mn, which is
lower than the national average257. The energy intensity of the state has dropped by
25.2% since the 1990s, which is attributed to the expansion of services sector in the
structure of Karnatakas economy258. The graphs below show the trend in increase of
energyconsumptionintheState,withtheestimatedincreasetill2015intheBusinessas
Usual(BAU)scenario.
Figure42:Presentstatusandfutureestimatesofenergyconsumption259
DemandforelectricityinKarnatakaislikelytogrowby55.8%inthenext6yearsfrom
the present 44.71 billion units to 80 billion units in 201617 as per the 17th Electric
PowerSurveyreportbyCentralElectricityAuthority(CEA)260.Karnatakaalreadyfaces
power deficits to the tune of 20%, and obtains a major part of its energy supplies like
coal,petroleumandapartofelectricityfromoutsidethestate261.Toillustrate,thetotal
electricitygenerationuptoNovember2010was28,455Muandabout25.5%ofelectri
257toereferstoenergyexpressedintonnesofoilequivalentandthereforeenergyintensityisthequantityofenergy
consumedinthestateofKarnatakatogenerateeconomicvalueofonemilliondollar
andPolicyResearchInstitute,Bangalore,India.
107
citywasimported.AnyelectricitydeficitleadstoalossofeconomicproductivityofINR
21.222Billionperyear262.
TheabovescenariosforKarnatakaclearlyreflecttheneedtoenhanceenergyefficiency
aswellasharnesscleanersourcesofenergy.
8.5.1. EnergyConservationAct2001
Mandatoryuseofsolarwaterheatingsystems(ii)MandatoryuseofCompactFlores
cent Lamp (CFL) in Government Buildings / aided institutions / Boards/ Corpora
tions(iii)
MandatoryuseofISImarkEnergyEfficientMotorpumpsets,Powercapacitor,Foot
valvesinAgriculturesectorand(iv)PromotionofEnergyEfficientBuildingdesign263.
StrategicActionPlanToimplementtheAct,KREDLwillprepareaStrategicAction
Plan to (i) Regulate activities for enforcing Energy Conservation Act in State (ii)
Schoolandcollegeeducation,policypromotion&research(iii)Informationdissemi
nationonEnergyEfficiency(iv)CoordinationwithotherstateDesignatedAgencies.
(v)DevelopingEnergyEfficiency/DSMprograms(vi)DeliveryMechanismforEnergy
Efficiencyprograms264 .
Energy Conservation Programs: To achieve energy conservation/efficiency objec
tives, KREDL will implement a set of energy conservation programs as part of the
StrategicEnergyConservationPlan.Theseprogramswillbeundertakenincollabor
ationwithrelevantstategovernmentagenciesandprivatesector.Theboxabovepro
videsalistofsuchprograms265.
EnergyConservationFund:Thisfundwillbeestablishedtoovercomefinancialbar
riersfacedinimplementingenergyefficiencyactivities.Itisproposedtoaugmentthe
fund with a contribution of Rs.5 crores annually from Akshaya Shakthi Nidhi for 5
yearstill2014.TheEnergyConservationFundmayalsobeutilisedforEnergyCon
servation Awards and Publicity Awareness Campaigns capacity building and Train
ingsetc266.
Energy Auditing: Energy auditing and adopting energy efficiency measures will be
mandatoryforallindustrialandcommercialinstallationsof600KVAandabovecon
tract demand. Various measures such as promotion of Solar Water Heaters (SWHs)
througharebateofRs.100permonthinelectricitybillsfordomesticusersetc.arees
timatedtoleadtosavingsofabout1000MWinthefirst5yearsandupto20%inthe
next5years267.
Over30governmentbuildingsinBangalorehavereportedlybeingenergyauditedby
KREDL,anditaimstoconductauditsforallconsumerswithaconnectionloadof110
kVAandabove.However,nodefinedtimeframeshavebeendeclaredsofar268.
263KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy200914
264KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy200914
265KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy200914.
268ConsultationwithKarnatakaRenewableEnergyDevelopmentLimited(KREDL)onMarch8,2011
108
EnergyObligation:Largeindustrieshaving2000KVAandaboveasconnectedload
shouldproduceatleast5%oftheirrequirementthroughcaptivepowerplantsusing
RenewableEnergySources269.
Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE): The National Mission for
EnhancedEnergyEfficiencyrequiresstatestomovetowardsMTEE.However,Karna
takahasnottakenmanyinitiativesinthisregard.KREDLreckonsthatsuchtransfor
mation would require several years worth of awareness creation to enhance the
popularity.Noplansexistinthestatetoactiontheleverageofmarketmechanisms
into changing buyers and investors decisions in favouring environmentally benign
choices270.
8.5.2. Institutionalanchorage
Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL) is the nodal agency for
promotionforrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Itpassesonsubsidiesprovided
bytheMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergySources(MNRES),GovernmentofIndia,
coordinates with the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), is responsible for the imple
mentationoftheEnergyConservationActandemergesasthenodalagencyforimple
mentationofboththeNationalSolarMissionandtheNationalMissionforEnhancesEn
ergy Efficiency in Karnataka. The integration of energy efficiency constitutes a signifi
cantexpansionofKREDLsresponsibilities.Thoughcapacitiesforprovidingservicesin
thisnewareadonotexistyetKREDLintendstoestablishaninhouseteamofcertified
EnergyAuditors.Optionsforhumanresourcedevelopmentwereexaminedandtheag
ency is understood to have embarked on a major capacity building initiative that in
volvestransfersandtrainingofofficersfromtheDepartmentofEnergy.Timeframesand
targetshaveeithernotbeencommunicatedornotbeenestablished.Theincreasingof
fice space requirement is being addressed through shifting from the smaller Queens
RoadpremisestoalargerbuildingnearVidhanaSoudha.
8.5.3. KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy
Renewableenergyplaysatwinrolebytacklingclimatechangewhilealsoimprovingen
ergy access and energy security. It has large carbon avoidance potential and is a key
focus for climate mitigation strategies. Preliminary estimates for renewable energy in
Indiashowthat16milliontonnesofcarboncanbeavoidedeveryyearbytheendofthe
10thFiveYearPlanexpectedcapacityinstallation.Thiswouldincreasetoabout27mil
liontonneofcarbonavoidancebytheendofthe11thPlan271.
Karnataka has large renewable energy potential estimated at 28,686 MW, primarily
from wind, small hydro, cogeneration and biomass sectors. Of this, as on November
2010theinstalledcapacityinthestateisonly10%ofthefullpotential,implyingalarge
potential remaining to be tapped. Further, the government has allotted 13,512 MW to
renewableenergypowercapacitywhichamountstonearly50%ofthefullpotential272.
The State has been emphasising on wind potential for power generation, but has not
harnessedthesolarpotential,ascanbeobservedintheTable44below.
271http://kredl.kar.nic.in,accessedon14thApril2011.
109
Table44:Progressofgridconnectedprojectsason30.11.2010
Sector
Wind
Potentialavail
able
Projectsallottedby
government
No
MW
Projects
commissioned
No
MW
13236
485
9530.995
681
1607.985
SmallHydro
3000
458
2654.61
71
617.00
Cogeneration
1500
59
1692.9
31
668.8
Biomass
950
66
471.00
12
87.0
Solar
10000
21
129
Total
28686
1089
13908.505
797
2986.785
KREDL has the lead role in the development Karnataka Renewable Energy Policy
20092014.273 Targets and also instruments of the policy effort optimism. It sets forth
nearly tripling renewable energy generation capacity within 5 years, leading to an in
creasefrom2,400MWin2009to6,600MWin2014atanestimatedcostofINR22,000
cores.Italsoaimsatconservingnearly8,000millionkWhofelectricityinthefiveyear
period,equivalenttheavoidanceofroughly900MWofgenerationcapacity.Itlaysem
phasisonarapidexpansionofparticularlywindpowercapacity,anareawhereKarna
taka has lost a point in its leadership position to Gujarat which overtook Karnataka in
bothinstalledcapacityandannualwindpowergeneration,puttingKarnatakaonplace
four after Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat.274 In 2009 the exploitation of Karna
takaswindpotentialwasestimatedtobearound11%.275Thepolicyalsoenvisagesthe
creationofanINR55crorefundthrougha0.05INR/kWhlevyfromcommercialandin
dustrialconsumers.ThepurposeoftheGreenEnergyFund(AkshayaShaktiNidhi)isto
generatefinancialresourceswithinthestatetoimplementitspolicy,whichisotherwise
presumablyreliantoncentralfunds.Beingroughlymidwayofthepolicysplanningho
rizon,thefundremainsyettobecreatedasadministrativeapprovalsremaintobeob
tained.
HighlightsoftheKarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicyinclude276:
Increaserenewableenergypowergenerationfrom2400MWtoabout6600MWby2014(nearlytriplingREgen
erationwithin5years).Thisimpliesincreasingtheshareofrenewableenergyintheelectricitymixfrom11.5%
to20%by2014.
Saving 7900 million units of energy (equivalent to 900 MW of generation capacity) over the fiveyear period
througheffectivemeasuresofenergyconservationandenergyefficiency.
CreationofaGreenEnergyFundthroughacessofRs.0.05perkWhforcommercialandindustrialconsumersto
generateaboutRs55croresannually
RenewableEnergyEconomicZoneAllSEZs10%landsforRenewableEnergy
SolarKarnatakaProgrammefor25000SolarRoofTopsof5to10kWwithNetMeter
ingwillbetakenupwitha250MWpotentialduringnext5yearswithageneration
potentialof350MU2.Thisislimitedtosupplynotexceeding70%ofconsumption.
273KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy20092014,DepartmentofEnergy,January19,2010
274Statewiseunitgenerationdatafromwindpowerprojects;www.windpowerindia.comonApril13,2011
275KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy20092014,DepartmentofEnergy
110
Table45:RenewableenergytargetsoftheKarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy277
Projectedannualcapacityaddition
Source
200910
201011
201112
201213
201314
Gross
targetin
MW
Investmentat
currentprices
inINR
Windpower
630
680
530
530
599
2,969
15,680crore
Miniandsmallhydro
100
100
150
150
100
600
2,700crore
Cogenerationinsugarin
dustries
56
56
56
56
57
281
1,120crore
Biomassandbiogas
60
60
60
60
60
300
2,100crore
Wastetoenergy
Total
10
10
10
10
10
50
400crore
856
906
806
806
826
4,200
22,000crore
Targetforrenewableenergy(2012&2018)
WindPowercapacityfromthecurrentinstalledcapacityof1120.685MWto3500MWby2012(contribut
ingabout8260M.U./year)and7500MWby2018(contributingabout17700M.U./year)
MiniandSmallHydrocapacityfromthecurrentinstalledcapacityof416.09MW,istargetedat900MWby
2012(contributing2754M.U./year)and1500MWby2018(contributing4590M.U./year)
Cogeneration in sugar industries from the current capacity level of 339.90 MW is targeted at 450 MW by
2012(contributingabout2363MU)and700MW(contributingabout3675MU)by2018.
Biomass (including Waste to Energy) from current capacity level of 81.00 MW is targeted as 400 MW by
2012(contributingabout2452M.U)and1000MW(contributingabout6130M.U.)by2018.
Grid connected solar PV and off Grid solar PV and thermal power plants are targeted at 200 MW by 2012
(about290MU)andat1000MWby2018(about1450MU).
Itisestimatedthatfromtheabovetargets,additionalcapacityof3392MWby2012willbringaninvestment
ofRs22,341/crores,andadditionalcapacityof6050MWby2018Rs46,250/crores,atcurrentprices.The
investmentismainlythroughprivateentrepreneursanddevelopers.
Programmestobeimplementedduring20092010
1.
HomeBrightResidentialHighEfficiencyLightingProgram,CFL/LED/Electronicchokes
2.
SchoolCollagecurriculumCapacitybuildingandTraining.
3.
PublicBuildingsPartnershipProgramEnergyEfficiencyimplementationinpublicbuildingsusing
ESCOMsroute.
4.
Solar/LPGwaterheatingMandatorySolar/LPGWaterHeatingProgram.
5.
Energy Efficiency Financing Financing of energy efficiency improvement using the Energy
ConservationFund.
Programmestobeimplementedduring20112014
6.
SMEProgramEnergyefficiencyimprovementinsmallandmediumenterprises.
7.
WorkBrightProgramCommercialHighEfficiencyLightingProgram,CFL/LED/SolarLighting.
8.
MotorRenewableEnergyPowerHighEfficiencyMotorRewindingProgram.
9.
Agricultural Efficiency Energy efficiency improvement in agriculture by modification & retrofit
ting, Star Rated Pumps/Solar Pumps, non metallic PVC/polyethylene pipes for suction and deliv
ery,frictionfreefootvalves.
10.
Bright Streets Municipal Street Lighting Program Using advanced technology,
CFL/LED/Solar/OnOffTimer.
11.
GreenBuildingsProgramGreenBuildingsProgramConstructoneortwonewGreenBuildings
ineachdistrictofthestate,ECBCCode.TheGreenBuildingconceptwillbemandatoryforallcor
poratebuildingsandthebuildingsconstructedbythedevelopersinallthecitycorporationlimits
ofthestateunderthesuitableamendmenttobuildingbyelaws.
12.
Municipal Energy Efficiency Program Improvement of energy efficiency in Municipal Water
Pumping,EffluentTreatmentandWastetoEnergy.
Source:KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy200914
277KarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicy20092014,DepartmentofEnergy
111
8.5.1. Feedintariffs
Tariffs for power purchase from renewable energy sources are notified by Karnataka
Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC) in line the KERC (Power Procurement from
Renewable Sources by Distribution Licensee) Regulations 2004. Its most recent order
effectivefrom2010constitutesasubstantialincreaseoftariffsforallfourcategoriesfor
aperiodoftenyearsascomparedto2005(refertoTable46).
Table46:Notifiedpowerpurchasetariffsforrenewables278
Year
Wind
inINR/kWh
Minihydroin
INR/kWh
Cogeneration
inINR/kWh
Biomass
inINR/kWh
2.80with
2%annualappreci
ation
2.85with
2%annualappreci
ation
OrderofJanuary18,2005
3.40withoutap
preciation
2.80withoutap
preciation
RevisioneffectiveasofJanuary1,2010
Year1
3.70
3.40
3.59
3.66
Year2
3.70
3.40
3.63
3.69
Year3
3.70
3.40
3.67
3.72
Year4
3.70
3.40
3.72
3.77
Year5
3.70
3.40
3.77
3.81
Year6
3.70
3.40
3.83
3.86
Year7
3.70
3.40
3.90
3.92
Year8
3.70
3.40
3.97
3.99
Year9
3.70
3.40
4.05
4.06
Year10
3.70
3.40
4.14
4.13
KERCalsodefined3.40INR/kWhasfeedintariffforgridconnectedphotovoltaic(PV)
systems.279Regrettable,thisincentiveislimitedtodemonstrationprojectsalonewhile
theCommissionreservesdecisiononcommercialplants.280Underthepolicyanidentical
tariffisextendedtogridconnectedrooftopsolarPVsystemsbetween5and100kWP
foraslongassupplydoesnotexceed70%ofconsumption.MinistryofNew&Renew
ableEnergy(MNRE)isbackingthestatesinincentivisingrooftopsolarPVconnectedto
the LT/11 KV grid. While the distribution is obliged to pay the tariff determined by
KERC,theutilityreceivesanormativegenerationbasedincentiveundertheNationalSo
larMission.281Forpowerplantsof1MWandgreaterMNREoffersafeedintariffof12
INR/kWh for solar PV and 10 INR/kWh for solar thermal power generation. The scale
indicates commitment to the much needed development of large commercial scale
power generation as envisaged by the National Solar Mission. Generation based tariffs
incentivesareapreconditionforattractingprivatefundsandhavingmarketforcessup
portabroadintroductionintothemarketdominatedbyfossilfuelthatcostmuchless.
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) has taken the lead in this direction and
278OrderondeterminationoftariffinrespectofrenewablesourcesofEnergy;KarnatakaElectricityRegulatoryCom
mission(KERC),December11,2009
280 Order on determination of tariff for grid interactive solar power demonstration projects, Karnataka Electricity
RegulatoryCommission(KERC),November26,2008
281NationalMissionforSolarEnergy,MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy,GovernmentofIndia,2009
112
commissionedtwogridconnectedsolarpowerplantsof3MWeachinKolarinBelgaum
districtandissaidtocommissionathirdunitofthesamecapacityinRaichurdistrict.282
KERC also established limits for power purchases by ESCOMs in Karnataka which are
10% for BESCOM, Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM) and Chamun
deshwariElectricitySupplyCorporationLimited(CESC)and7%fortheotherESCOMs.
Whiletheselimitsarepresumedtoaidsafeguardingfinancialviability,theyalsoenforce
aceilingonthequantumforgridconnectedrenewablepowergenerationfromprivate
parties without which doubling the present contribution of 11.5% of renewables by
2014asenvisagedbyKarnatakaRenewableEnergyPolicywouldbedifficult.283
8.5.2. Energyefficiency
The replacement of incandescent lights, commonly know as bulbs, with compact
fluorescentlamps(CFLs)inallgovernmentbuildingsacrossKarnatakawasnotifiedby
GoK284in2007andisunderstoodtohavebeenfullycompleted.ThePublicWorksDe
partment (PWD), responsible for construction and maintenance of government build
ings, acted on the 2007 notification. It replaced electric geysers with solar hot water
heaters wherever funds permitted (more than 100 government buildings) and pro
ceededwithreplacementofincandescentbulbswithCFLs.Quantitativedataonthelat
terhasregretfullynotbeenpresentedintheconsultationprocess.285
InMarch2011,justbeforethereleaseofthe201112budget,theBelakuschemewas
announcedbytheChiefministerinwhicheachhouseholdcouldexchangeuptofourin
candescentbulbsforCFLsatasubsidisedrateofINR15perlamp.TheCFLsaresupplied
byaoneselectedmanufacturer/merchant.Whiletheschemehasbeenlaunchedinareas
served by Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) its extension to the entire
state is expected in September 2011. Expected energy saving of the scheme are esti
mated to be 3,000 million kWh286, nearly 38% of energy savings targeted with Karna
takaRenewableEnergyPolicy.InviewofKarnatakashistoricenergysupplydeficitthe
Belakuschemeisanoverdueresponsetoexploitingtheenergysavingspotentialofthe
household sector. It is estimated that in spite of the subsidy, the scheme would make
economicsensebecauseitsetsoffmuchneededelectricityloadKarnatakaisunableto
supplyinthenearterm.KREDLintendstopullincarbonfinancethroughCleanDevel
opmentMechanisms(CDM)throughtenderingintotheschemeeventually.Thebenefits
oftheschemeseemtoaddressbothecologicandeconomicconcernswhilealsobeingin
tunewithdevelopmentalprioritiesofthestate.However,thereareconcernsrelatedto
thefactthatnoadequateCFLdisposalandmercuryrecoverymechanismhavebeenes
tablished,thusenlarginganalreadyexistingproblemwithCFLandtubelightrecycling.
Anotheranxietyexiststhatthesubsidycreatingahugelowpricemarkeddominated,as
isfeared,byproductswhosequalityandlifetimemaybeinferiortobrandedproducts.
Otherandperhapsmorereliableproductsmaythusbedrivenintoanicemarketwhile
thereputationofCFLsasawholemaydecline.Theschemeunderminesthemarketfor
cesthathaveledtothesuccessfulintroductionofCFLsonitsownstrengths.Intheworst
case,whensubsidisedCFLbegintofailinalargerscale.Inthiscase,defectiveCFLsare
282DiscussionpaperondeterminationoftariffforgridconnectedsolarpowerplantsinKarnataka,KarnatakaElectri
cityRegulatoryCommission,May27,2010
284NotificationEN396NCE2006ofDepartmentofEnergy,datedNovember13,2007
285ConsultationswithPublicWorksDepartment(PWD)onMarch10,2011
286TheHindu,Bangaloreedition;March1,2011
113
more likely to be replaced with low cost incandescent bulbs rather than unsubsidised
expensiveCFLs,aproductinwhichcustomerconfidencehascollectivelydeclined.
Energy efficiency (EE) or demand side management (DSM) is one of the cost effective,
easily implemented measures for reducing energy consumption. These measures also
havetheadvantageofbeingimplementedinshorttimeperiods.ProactivenessofKar
natakatowardsenergyefficiencyisevidentfromthefactthatithasalreadysetatarget
of 7900 MU savings in the period of 200914287. Table 47 illustrates the energy effi
ciencytargetsofthestate.
Table47:EnergyefficiencytargetsofKarnataka288
Sector
EnergyconservationTarget
(25%)MU
Consumption
MU
MU2009to14
PerAnnum
Agriculture
10814
35
2703
540
Industries
7263
24
1815
363
Domestic
6690
21
1672
334
Commercial
4006
14
1001
200
MunicipalUtilitiesandothers
2841
710
142
100
7901
1579
Total
31614
Toachievetheabovetherearetwobroadapproaches:
Demandsidemeasuresenergyefficiencymeasuresanddemandsidemanagement
(efficientappliances,buildingdesigns,consumerawarenessetc.)289
Supplysidemeasuresuseofmorerenewableenergyresources,reductioninT&D
lossesetc290 .
ItisestimatedthatimplementingstrictenergyefficiencyprogramsandDSMwillreduce
demandforelectricityby1015%or90to100billionkWhby202021291. Further,DSM
isexpectedtoreduceCO2emissionsby15%(71milliontons)in202021fromtheesti
mated 84 million tons with business as usual. This value can still be further reduced
throughshifttocarbonfriendlysources292.
ItappearsthataMarketTransformationforEnergyEfficiency(MTEE),asenvisaged
bytheNationalMissionforEnhancesEnergyEfficiencyinKarnatakaisnotquiteonthe
horizon yet. KREDL reckons that such transformation would require several years
worthofawarenesscreationsoastoincreaseitspopularitywhilenoclearplanexists
onhowexactlytoleveragemarketmechanismsintochangingbuyersandinvestorsde
cisionsinfavourofenvironmentallypreferablechoices.293
289CleanEnergyTechnologyActionPlanforClimateMitigationforKarnataka(2010).WorldInstituteofSustainable
Energy,Pune,India
Energy,Pune,India
114
Some30governmentbuildingsinBangalorehavereportedlybeingenergyauditedby
KarnatakaRenewableEnergyDevelopmentLimited(KREDL)anditisplannedtocom
pletetheauditofremainingbuildingsthisyear.Itisaimedtoconductauditsforallcon
sumerswithaconnectionloadof110kVAandabove.Nodefinedtimeframeshavebeen
communicated or set here as well.294 Energy efficiency made inroads with two other
prominent initiatives. A major energy audit pilot is being conducted in Mysore. Some
250,000connectionsaresaidtohavebeenauditedinthistownofinhabitedbyapopula
tionofabout800,000butitisunknownwhatenergysavingsthisefforthasresultedin.
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is yet to be legislated at state level.
KREDLinitsroleaskeyadvisoronmattersofenergyefficiencycanbeassumedtohave
aroleinthisprocessbuttimeframeprojectionswerenotavailable.Itisfearedthatstate
level implementation is and thus cannot be scheduled. This fact combined with unav
ailability of publicly declared targets for KREDLs capacity expansion suggests that a
broaderinitiativeontheNationalMissionforEnhancesEnergyEfficiencyinKarnataka
maynotbeimplementedanytimesoon.ThisconcernalsorelatestotheconceptofGreen
RatingforIntegratedHabitatAssessment
8.5.3. Karnatakassolarwaterheaterinitiative
In order to facilitate the implementation of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 Gov
ernmentofKarnatakain2007notifiedthemandatoryuseofsolarwaterheaters,CFLs,
ISImarkedmotorpumpsetsandintegrationofenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy
in new buildings.295 In 2007 the use of solar water heaters was made mandatory in
Karnataka for a wide range of establishments within the municipal corporations. The
notificationcovershospitals,hotels,canteens,housingcomplexesandresidentialbuild
ings with a builtup area of at least 600 ft2 on sites measuring 1,200 ft2 and above, all
government buildings and even industries with water heating requirements. Energy
supply companies (ESCOMs) were positioned as enforcers by making the installation
prerequisite to the provision of electricity connections. Bangalore Electricity Supply
Company (BESCOM), which serves the districts of Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Da
vangerebesidestheBangaloreMetropolitanRegion,hasgoneonestepfurtherbypro
vidingtariffrebateof0.5INR/kWh296forconnectionswithasolarwaterheatingsystem
installed. This incentive believed to have contributed in shaving off a portion of the
morningpeakloadreducingtheneedforloadsheddingduringthisperiod.Astherebate
is ceiled at INR 50 per month per installation it may fail to excite high income house
holdswithhighcomfortneedswhileatthesametimeremainingoutofreachforlowin
comesectionsbecausetheinvestment.Itappearsneverthelessastepintherightdirec
tionwhileitsexpansiontootherESCOMisprincipledesirableandpreferablymonitored
toassesstheactualimpactmade.
8.5.4. BiofuelPolicy
Karnataka has prepared a draft Biofuels Policy under the Rural Development and
PanchayatiRajDepartment(RDPR)whichaimstoachievea20%shareofbiofuelsby
the year 2025. The policy proposes to establish the Karnataka BioFuel Development
Authority (KBDA) to finalise the policy and oversee its implementation. The state gov
ernmenthasproposedabudgetof500croresforbiofueldevelopmentinthe11thfive
295NotificationEN396NCE2006ofDepartmentofEnergy,datedNovember13,2007
296www.bescom.org/en/services/bescompoliciestarifflt.aspretrievedonApril7,2011
115
year plan (20072012). The policy proposes mandatory use of biofuels by state de
partmentsasapartofpopularizationstrategyforbiofuelsinthestate.
8.5.5. ScopeforCDM
There is large scope for CDM benefits in Karnataka according to KREDL. In Karnataka,
about31renewableenergyprojectshaveavailed80,62,9540ofCERs(CarbonEmission
Reduction)by2008(RenewableEnergyPolicy)297.KREDLisalsofacilitatingenergyeffi
ciency/conservationandDemandSideManagement(DSM)projects298.
8.5.6. GHGinventory
While a greenhouse gas emission inventory has not been prepared for Karnataka, the
developmentofsectoralinventorieswasinitiatedbyKarnatakaStatePollutionControl
Board (KSPCB). An assessment of the transport sector for Bangalore299 was commis
sionedbytheboardin2008andlateronforselectedotherdistricts300.Theboardalso
intendstoprepareaGHGprofileforallhighlypollutingcategoriesofindustriesinKar
nataka in 201112.301 This would comprise of 17 categories of industries with highest
levelsofresourcesconsumption.
8.6.1. NationalSolarMission
TheNationalSolarMissionisamajorinitiativepromotedtoachieveanecologicallysus
tainablegrowthwhileaddressingIndiasenergysecuritychallenge.Indiabeingatropi
calcountryhassunshineforlongerperiodoftimeandingreatdensity.Thuswithcondi
tionsbeingaptforthestateaswellwithmostoftheregionexperiencinghothumidcli
mate the vast potential of solar energy in the state could be well harnessed into solar
thermalandsolarphotovoltaics.
Also now as the whole world is concerned about global warming and climate change
whichcouldbecontainedbytheuseofrenewableenergy,theuseofsolarenergyhelps
inempoweringpeopleatthegrassrootlevel.Thusitbecomesimperativetosetupapol
icyforthecaptureofsolarenergyandfortheefficientpenetrationofsolartechnology
bothatcentralisedaswellatdecentralisedlevel.
InordertoachievethegoalofSolarIndiaandtocombatthelossesandinefficienciesas
sociated with the centralised system of power generation there calls a grave need to
promote proactive implementation of Special Incentive Package (SIPs) policy for the
photovoltaicsmanufacturingplants,includingdomesticmanufactureofsiliconmaterial
inordertominimisetheimportsofcriticalrawmaterialsandcomponentsincludingsili
conwafersforsolarPVindustry.ThisnotjustopensupavenuesforsolarPVindustry
butalsocreateemploymentopportunitiestothelocalpeoplehencereducingdrudgery.
TheobjectiveoftheNationalSolarMissionwastoestablishIndiaasagloballeaderin
solar energy, by creating the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country. To
achievethesame,someofthekeychallengesforthestatearementionedbelow:
299GreenhousegasinventoryofKarnataka,Series1:BangaloreCityRoadTransportSector,EnzenGlobal,2008
300GreenhousegasinventoryofKarnataka,Series2:7SouthernDistricts,EnzenGlobal,undated
301ConsultationwithKarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB)onMarch8,2011
116
Tocreateconditionsthroughrapidscaleupofcapacityandtechnologicalinnovation
to drive down costs towards grid parity. Recognising that cost trajectory depends
uponthescaleofglobaldeploymentandtechnologydevelopmentandtransfer.
Offgrid solar applications to meet the rural energy needs and to serve populations
withoutaccesstocommercialenergyandmodestcapacityadditioningridbasedsys
tems.
Policytofacilitatethemandatoryuseoftherenewablepurchaseobligationbyutili
tiesbackedwithapreferentialtariff.
IndiaistheonlycountryhavingseparateMinistryfordevelopmentofrenewableenergy
sourcesintheworld.MinistryofNonConventionalEnergySources(MNES),forpromot
ingtheusageofrenewableenergysourcesinthecountry,whichformdifferentNational
ProgrammestoimplementineachStateoftheCountryinordertopopulariseusageof
solar devices in the country. Thus in accordance to the same Solar Photovoltaic pro
gramme was encouraged. National Photovoltaic Program under the Ministry of Non
conventionalEnergySources,Govt.ofIndiaprovidessubsidyandotherfacilitiesforen
couraging the use of solar energy devices, which are channelized through State Nodal
Agencies. For Karnataka, the nodal agency is the Karnataka Renewable Energy Devel
opment Limited (KREDL). KREDL identifies the beneficiaries through Tender mode or
market mode and disburses the subsidy accordingly.In doing so the nodal agency not
justswitchestoanenvironmentfriendlytechnologybutalsohelpstoformalocalgrid
(which could be increased to meet additional demand) reducing the dependence on
otherfuels.
AlsoasapartoftheNationalSolarmission,targethasbeensettorampupcapacityof
gridconnected solar power generation to 1000 MW by 2013 and an additional 3000
MWby2017throughthemandatoryuseoftherenewablepurchaseobligationbyutili
tiesbackedwithapreferentialtariff.Inthisregard,KarnatakaPowerCorporationLim
ited(KPCL)astateownedenterprisehassetitsfirst3MWsolarphotovoltaicplantin
YelesandravillageinBengarupettalukinKolardistrictfollowedbysimilarplantsinShi
karipurtalukinShimogadistrictandinItnalvillageinChikoditalukofBelgaumdistrict.
Theseplantssupplypowertostategridwhichisusedtomeettheirrigationpowersup
plydemand.ThetotalinvestmentforthesamewasaroundRs.2250million.Karnataka
hasalsosetupatargetforachieving126MWofsolarpowerby20132014.
Enhancement of research and development with new technology interventions to up
scalethesolartechnologywouldhelpcarveIndiaaswellasthestateaneconomyenergy
efficientinitself.
8.6.2. NationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency
Indiaisfacedwithachallengeofsustainingitsrapideconomicgrowthwhileatthesame
timedealingwiththethreatofclimatechangeandtoenhancefurthertheecologicalsus
tainabilityofitsdevelopmentalpath.Inachievingsothekeychallengesforthestateare
belowmentioned:
Improving energy intensity in the state with current commercially available tech
nologiesandbestpractices.
Increase in energy generation and energy supply to meet the sustained economic
growth.
117
Acceleratingtheshifttoenergyefficientappliancesinvarioussectorsthroughinno
vativemeasurestomaketheproductsmoreaffordablebytheMarketTransformation
forEnergyEfficiency(MTEE)scheme.
Indiasenergyefficiencyisthefifthlowestintheworldandthereisroomforsubstantial
energy savings. Also keeping in mind that the energy demand is expected to be more
thandoubleovertheyearstocomewithboomingofstrongeconomicactivitybythein
dustrialactivity,urbanagglomerationandmushroomingofmanylargeandsmallscale
firms,thereisapressingneedtodevelopinnovativewaystoconserveenergy.Someof
the initiatives taken in this regards are the Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
mechanism.TheNationalTariffPolicy2006mandatestheStateElectricityRegulatory
Commissions(SERC)tofixaminimumpercentageofenergypurchasefromrenewable
sourcesofenergytakingintoaccountavailabilityofsuchresourcesintheregionandits
impactonretailtariff.AspertheKarnatakadraftsolarpolicy,thesolarenergygenera
torsacrossKarnatakacanselltheelectricitytotheESCOMSatthepooledcostofpower
purchase,asdeterminedbytheKERCundertheRECmechanismandselltheRenewable
EnergyCertificatetootherobligatedentities.ThiscreatestheforumforCDMprogram
mesacrosstheregionwhereinsellerscanjointhisprogrammetoearncarboncredits.
Also, one more initiative in this regards in Demand Side Measures (DSM) interven
tionswhereintheIntegratedEnergyPolicy(IEP)laysemphasisonenergyconservation
andefficiency,particularlythroughDSMandwasestimatedthat15%savingofenergyis
possible by such interventions. The Belaku scheme under the national Bachat Lamp
YojanaprovidesanexchangefortheincandescentbulbswithCFLsatsubsidizedratesof
Rs.15toeachhousehold.Theexpectedenergysavingsfromtheschemeare3,000mil
lionkWh,nearly38%ofenergysavingtargetedundertheKarnatakaRenewableEnergy
Policy.
Thus,itbecomesnecessarytorecognisetheformidablechallengeslaidtomeettheen
ergy needs and to provide adequate and varied energy of desired quality to users in a
sustainable manner and at reasonable costs by improvising the efficiency of conven
tionalandnonconventionalenergy.
Future emission scenarios building on future energy needs for Karnataka could be
predictedusinganoptimizationenergyenvironmentmodellingframework.Thiswill
facilitateinlongtermplanninginidentifyingtechnologicalandpolicychoicestoday
thatwouldresultinsustainablelowcarbonhighgrowthdevelopment.
Integration of GHG management plan with existing plans and policies targeting rel
evant sectors such as control of local pollution, energy & infrastructure planning,
urbandevelopmentandindustrialdevelopment.
Capacitybuildingofnodalagenciesregardingtheformatsofdatacollectionanddata
basemanagementaswellasuserswillberequired.
To study the impacts of climate change on its energy systems. For example, there
might be further significant increases in electricity use and peak demand in Karna
taka due to temperature rise in future. Impact of changes in rainfall pattern, water
availability etc are also yet to be studied for hydel power generation. Therefore, a
study inthisregardisimportanttoadaptthepoliciesthatenableharnessingoffull
potentialofrenewableenergyforlongtermenergysecurity.
118
Developmentofindigenousandcosteffectivesolartechnologyinthestatetoenable
harnessingfullpotentialandalsoreachgridparityinthenext67years.
Detailedbiomassassessmentstudyandforecastingforpreparinganintegratedplan
for biomass dealing with production, transportation, distribution, regulation, and
monitoring, etc. It should look into long term forecasting of demand, proper use of
agriculturalwaste,establishmentofawarenessgenerationcentersandtechnicalsup
portcentres.
The solar policy and other instruments should also provide fiscal incentives to pro
motesettingupofmanufacturingunitsinstate.Conductingtrainingprogramstocre
ateskilledandsemiskilledmanpower.
Wastetoenergy:Thegreenhousegasesandtheirsourcecategoriesincludemunicipal
solidwastedisposal,domesticwastewaterdisposal,andindustrialwastewaterdis
posal. Therearenoestimatesofemissionsfromthissectoratthestatelevel.Broad
strategiesandactionsarecoveredaspartoftaskforceonsustainablehabitat.Some
oftheoptionstoreduceemissionsfromthissectorincludesecurelandfills,compost
ingplants,andwastetoenergyprojects.Capacitybuildingoflocalbodiesandmunici
palitiesforthispurposewouldberequired.
Creationofsolarcentreofexcellencewhichwouldenableappliedresearchandcom
mercialisationofnascenttechnologiesincaseofsolar.
Launch a comprehensive programme for both rural and urban setup. Efficient bio
mass gasification based cooking systems, solar based lighting solutions, solar based
irrigationpumps,desalinationsystemscouldbelaunchedorreinitiated(asincaseof
biogasandbiomass)inthestate.Forurbanareas,taskforceonsustainablehabitats
elaboratesonsomeoptionsincludingbuildingsandtransport.
Sincethestateiscomingupwithnewclustersandgrowthcentreswhichareessential
fortheprogressofthestate,itisimportantthatproperplanningisdoneintermsof
landscapeplanning,utilizationofrenewableenergyapplicationsasapplicable,energy
efficienttechnologiesamongstother.
ThereisnorelevantmeanstoregulatetheSMEsector.Also,theindustrialpolicyor
the investment policy does not consider energy efficiency. Therefore an integrated
approach to ensure industrial growth in an efficient manner is needed. Some of the
specificactionpointsarediscussedinthesectionbelowonindustries.
Creation of energy conservation fund for energy efficiency and renewable energy
measuresinthestate.Theresourcesshallbegeneratedbyacessonunitenergycon
sumption.
Capacitybuildingofthemunicipalbodiesandotherlocalbodiesneedtobebuiltfor
planningandimplementationenergyefficiencymeans.
Developingenergyefficientfarmmachinerytoreduceemissions(e.g.solarpumpsto
replacedieselpumpsforirrigation)
Development of green manuring and organic farming facilities. Better manure man
agementandmethanerecoverytechniquestogenerateenergycouldbeused.Either
manurecanbekeptunderaerobicconditionbyturningthemanureregularlytore
duce emissions or methane can be used for energy generation or flaring. Revival of
community Biogas plants could be a potential activity as besides mitigating emis
sions, it also supplies energy and manure. This further reduces emissions and local
pollutantsthroughsubstitutingfirewoodforcooking,keroseneforlightingandcook
ingandchemicalfertilizers.
119
Mitigation opportunities in agriculture sector also lie in promoting resource effi

ciencyandsustainablefarmpractices.Developingefficientirrigationtechnologyand
smartsystemsforenergyuseneedtobetargetedasapriorityrequirementinthisre
gard. Same can be said for the widespread deployment of renewable energy tech
nologies in the sector. A right mix of market based incentives and regulatory ar
rangementswouldberequiredtoachievetheabovegoals.
Providingsubsidiesfororganicfarming,purchaseofenergyefficientfarmmachinery,
climatehardyseedvarietiesetc.
120
9. URBANISATION
Duetoincreasingpopulations,thecitiesareunderimmensepressuretomeetthegrow
ingdemandsandaspirationoftheircitizensinaqualitative,costeconomicandsustain
ablemanner.ThestateofKarnatakahasobservedarapideconomicgrowthinthelast
twodecadesaccompaniedbythefasturbanizationlevelsdeclaringitasthirdmostur
banized state in India. The cities are transformed as engines for economic growth.302.
The state of Karnataka has a total of 214 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The state ULBs
consists of 68 Town Panchayaths (TP), 94 Town Municipal Councils (TMC), 44 City
Municipal Councils (CMC), eight City Corporations (CC)1. According to the provisional
2011Census,BangaloreUrbanisthemostpopulousdistrictinthestatewith95.88lakh
populationwiththedecadalgrowthof46.68percentagainstthestateaverageof15.67
percent303. This pace of transition in amalgamation with degradation of natural re
sources,hasposedahugechallengeforcitygoverningbodies.
Therapidgrowthinurbanpopulationinthestatehasbeendrivenbybothpushandpull
factors.Theabsenceofbasicamenitiesandthelackofemploymentopportunitiesinru
ral areas act as push factors driving away the population from rural areas as well as
smallurbansettlements.Ontheotherhand,theperceivedpresenceofsuchfacilitiesin
largerurbansettlementsactsasthepullfactorleadingtothemigrationofruralpopula
tionintotheurbanareas304.
9.1. Rapidindustrialisation
KarnatakahasalwaysbeenattheforefrontofindustrialgrowthinIndia.Withitsinher
ent capabilities, Karnataka provides the ideal choice for investment opportunities. The
stateofKarnataka,withrichmineralresourcesisfamousforcement,andoreindustries
likeironore,limestoneetc.Othermajorindustriesincludesugar,coconut,andpulpand
paper industries. However, the major contributor still remains the services sector be
causeofthegrowingITITESindustriesespeciallyinthecityofBangalore305.Bangalore,
thecapitalcityofKarnatakaiscalledtheSiliconValleyofIndiabecauseofitsposition
as nations leading IT exporter provide huge employment opportunities and also the
presenceoflargenumberofpremiumeducationalinstitutionshasledtoincreasedmi
grationofpeoplefromwithinstateandvariousstatesofIndia306.
Increasedurbanizationhasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects.Thepercapitaincomeof
thestatehasrisen307.Theincreasedrateofmigrationtourbancitieshasledtodemand
formorevehicles,leadingtomoredemandforfuelandthusmoreGHGemissions.Grow
ing population also offer the challenges of managing increasing solid waste and also
posesathreattotheexistingnaturalresourceslikewaterandairquality.
9.2. Transportation
The efficient transportation including road network, railways, and waterways is con
sideredasoneofthemajordrivingforceofthedevelopmentofanystate.Asshownin
302www.municipaladmn.gov.in/dmaWebsite/Docs/On_Urbanization_Karnataka.pdfaccessedon25April,2011
303www.municipaladmn.gov.in/dmaWebsite/Docs/On_Urbanization_Karnataka.pdfaccessedon25April,2011
304StateofEnvironmentReportBangalore2008.,EMPRI,Bangalore,India.
305www.karnataka.com/industryaccessedon25April,2011
121
Table 48, the vehicular population in Karnataka has increased by almost 70% (48.76
lakhsin2003to82.90lakhsin2009).
Table48:GrowthofmotorvehiclesinKarnataka(in'000s)308
Vehicletype
2003
Motorcycles
3,556.74
72.95
5,914.00
71.34
66.28
Cars
537.47
11.02
1,018.00
12.28
89.41
Autos
188.59
3.87
276.00
3.33
46.35
Buses
2009
%Change
80.8
1.66
142.00
1.71
75.74
Trucks
161.12
3.30
302.00
3.64
87.44
Others
351.04
7.20
638.00
7.70
81.75
4,875.76 100.00 8,290.00
100.00
70.02
Total
From the table it is evident that the growth rate of cars is more than that of MS and
Buses. Apart from this, the numbers of buses have increased from 15,421 in 2002 to
about 20,000 buses in the year 2009. Karnataka has to go up by 500 additional buses
everyyear.Thenetnewbusestobeaddedannuallytoallthecorporationsworksoutto
1600to1800.
Table49:Breakupofmotorvehicles(000s)309
Items
Motorcycles
Motorcars
Jeeps
Autorickshaws
200708
200809
201011
(uptoDec2010)
200910
5269
5914
6242
6665
774
910
973
1115
45
46
46
47
249
276
288
293
Omnibuses
68
77
80
91
MotorCabs
58
62
72
69
KSRTCbuses
19
18.2
18.7
20.8
Privatebuses
17
Goodscarriages
254
302
310
418
Tractor
210
230
238
240
Trailers
200
216
221
226
Others
164
180
321
205
7317
8239.2
8818.7
9406.8
Total
InthestateofKarnataka,thetrafficconsistsofbothmotorizedandnonmotorizedvehi
clesusingthesameroadspace.Thehigherdensityofvehiclesintheurbanareascom
paredtononurbanareasisattributedtotheconcentrationofeconomicactivitiesinthe
urban centres. These vehicles with different physical and operational characteristics,
accelerationandcruisingspeeds,coupledwithinsufficientroadspace,drasticallyreduce
theaveragespeedontheroads.Reductioninspeedincreasesthetraveltimeandleads
toincreasedconsumptionoffuelandemissionofcarbondioxide,hydrocarbonsandox
122
idesofnitrogen310.PerdayconsumptionofpetrolanddieselinthestateisRs31lakh
litresandRs81lakhlitresrespectively311.Theconsequenceofincreasedvehicleusage
getsreflectedinhighairpollution(higheremissionpercapitawiththegrowthinprivate
vehicles),andnoisepollution312.
9.3. Roadnetwork
The states road network consists of national highways, state highways, major district
roads, municipal roads and other village connectivity roads. The total road network in
Karnatakaasof200910was2,31,032km.Table50detailstheincreaseinthetotalroad
lengthinthestate.Thetotalroadlengthhasincreasedbyalmost66%duringthepast
sixyears313.
Table50:RoadlengthinKarnataka(2009)314
2003
RoadType
Length(km)
2009
PercentofTotal
roadlength
Length(km)
PercentofTotal
roadlength
NationalHighways(NH)
3,728
2.78%
4,490
2.02%
StateHighways(SH)
9,829
7.33%
20,528
9.22%
MajorDistrictRoads(MDR)
28,247
21.07%
50,436
22.65%
VillageRoads(VR)
92,258
68.82%
1,47,212
66.11%
1,34,062
100.00%
2,22,666
100.00%
Total
70%oftrafficiscarriedbyNationalHighways(NH)inKarnataka.However,duringthe
lastsixyearseventhoughtheNHsystemisincreasedby762km,itspercentagetototal
roadlengthofstatehasdeclinedfrom2.78%to2.02%whichmayleadtocongestionat
somelocations.DuringthesameperiodtheshareofStateHighways(SH)hasincreased
from7.33%to9.22%whichisaverywelcomescenario.Thoughitappearsthatmostof
thebottlenecksofSHsystemhasbeenaddressedduringthelastsixyears,thenumberof
trips,percapitatriprateasresultofallthethree(PopulationGrowth,Vehiculargrowth
and increase in the road network) increase substantially and created more envi
ronmentaldegradation315.Thevolumecapacity(V/C)ratioincertaincitieslikeBanga
loreisbeyondthestandard316.
9.4. Impactonairquality
The transport sector, especially road and air transport, contribute significantly to air
pollution. Vehicular air pollution is a very complicated phenomenon that depends on
manyfactorslikevehicleage,fuelcomposition,enginemaintenance,typeofvehicle.The
petrolenginesemitmorecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbonswhiledieselenginesemit
311www.stvat.com/strvat/pages/press/karnataka/kar_petrol.htmaccessedon26April,2011
123
moreparticulatematter,oxidesofsulphurandnitrogen.Carbonmonoxideisthesingle
biggest pollutant emitted by automobiles. Vehicle speed and congestion are other im
portantfactorsasvehiclesaremostefficientatspeedsbetween80and100kilometers
perhour.Thequalityoffuelaffectsengineperformanceanduseofadulteratedfuelre
sults in higher emissions. The age of the vehicle fleetis important since older vehicles
contributemoretoairandnoisepollution317.
9.5. TransportationGHGs
ThetransportationsectorisalargeemitterofCO2anditsshareofGHGemissionshave
beenincreasingcontinuously.Indiaimports80%ofitspetroleumrequirements,anda
significantpercentageofthisisusedbytransportationsector318.
Thetotalemissionfromroad,aviationandnavigationasawholearecalculatedfromthe
fuel consumed by vehicles used for road and air transportation. For Karnataka, the
emissionsduetotransportationwere8.35milliontonsintheyear200708.Atastate
GDPgrowthrateof8%,assuminganelasticityof1,theemissionsduetothissectoris
likelytobe23milliontons319.Atotalof8.35milliontonsofCO2areemittedbythetrans
portationsectorasawhole.HereagainCH4andN2Oarenotaccountedduetotheirin
significantemissionfromtransportationactivities320.
For developing countries, the GHG emissions from vehicles and transport modes are
showninTable51.
Table51:GHGemissionsbyvehicletypes321
Vehicletype
Car(gasoline)
Car(diesel)
Car(naturalgas)
Car(electric)
Scooter(twostroke)
Scooter(fourstroke)
Minibus(gasoline)
Minibus(diesel)
Bus(naturalgas)
Bus(hydrogenfuelcell)
RailTransit
Loadfactor(averageoc
cupancy)
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.5
12.0
12.0
40.0
40.0
75%
gramsCO2eqemissionsper
passengerkm (full energy
cycle)
130170
85120
100135
30100
6090
4060
5070
4060
2535
1525
full2050
ItcanbenoticedfromtheabovetablethatrailtransportemitslessGHGperpassenger
kmascomparedtopassengercar,twowheelers,electriccarsandminibuses.Withinthe
road transportation mode, buses score significantly over personalized modes of trans
portationi.e.carsandtwowheelers.
Energy,Pune,India
Energy,Pune,India
124
9.6. Waste
9.6.1. Municipalsolidwaste
Solid wastes including toxic and biodegradable waste are highly harmful to health of
human beings and ecosystems. Wastes including municipal solid waste, hazardous
waste, ewaste, biomedical waste, animal (slaughtering) waste, plastic waste impose
external cost on the society in the form of health and economic costs. The piling up
amountofsolidwastesalsodamagestheaestheticenvironmentofanyplace.
Thequantityofmunicipalsolidwastegeneratedvariesfrom0.57(tonperday)TPDina
smalltownto140TPDinBelgaumCityCorporation322.ThetotalquantityofMunicipal
solid waste generation from 219 municipalities in Karnataka is about 6,515 Tons per
day (calculated as per 2001 population data). Bangalore city alone generates about
3,500tonsperday323.
Table52presentsthedetailsofthesolidwastegeneratedintheselectedULBs.Fromthe
table,itisclearthatthecitycorporationgeneratesmaximumamountofsolidwaste.
Table52:Wastegenerationandcollectionason200809324
TypeofULB
Quantityofwaste
generated(TPD)
Quantityofwaste
collected(TPD)
Collectionefficiency
(Avg.Valuesin%)
CityCorporations
4650
3720
80
CityMunicipalCouncils
2179
1591
73
TownMunicipalCouncils
1244
933
75
752
534
71
8825
6778
75
TownPanchayats
Total
Table53:MunicipalSolidWastegenerationinselectUrbanLocalBodies325
Sl.No
NameofULB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Hospet
Hassan
Shimoga
Raichur
Chikmaglur
Belgaum
Gadag
Bidar
Bijapur
Gangavathi
Bellary
Davangere
Chitradurga
Bhadravathi
Kolar
Robertsonpet
Population(2001)cen
sus
1,63,284
1,16,628
2,74,105
2,05,634
1,01,022
3,99,600
1,54,849
1,72,298
2,45,946
93,249
3,17,000
3,63,780
1,22,594
1,60,392
1,13,299
1,41,294
MSWGenerated
(TPD)
39.93
54.51
85.00
90.68
40.86
121.90
67.20
42.76
80.63
38.62
123.46
180.00
50.00
51.68
52.00
55.30
PerCapitaGenera
tion(gms)
244.54
467.38
310.10
440.98
404.47
305.06
433.97
248.17
327.84
414.16
389.46
494.80
407.85
322.21
458.96
391.38
323http://kspcb.gov.in/Anual%20Report%2020092010.pdfaccessedon26April,2011
125
Sl.No
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
NameofULB
Population(2001)cen
sus
Holenarsipura
Channarayapatna
Sakaleshpura
Arasikere
Alur
Belur
Moodigere
N.R.Pura
Shringeri
Ullal
Tumkur
Ramanagaram
Channapatna
Mandya
Maddur
Kundapura
MSWGenerated
(TPD)
27,018
33,240
23,201
45,160
6,133
20,225
8,962
7,441
4,253
49,862
2,48,592
79,365
63,561
1,31,211
26,456
28,595
PerCapitaGenera
tion(gms)
12.00
10.00
6.00
14.00
1.00
8.00
4.50
5.00
1.50
9.90
54.00
20.00
20.00
50.00
6.00
11.34
444.15
300.84
258.61
310.01
163.05
395.55
502.12
671.95
352.69
198.55
217.22
252.00
314.66
381.07
226.79
396.57
9.6.2. Wastetransportation
Records from Directorate of Municipal Administration reveal that, nearly 91% of the
wastecollectedinthestateistransportedtothedisposalsitesforfurthertreatmentand
final disposal. This includes both the organic and inorganic waste. Several modes of
transportationareusedtotransferthewastefromthecollectionpointstothedisposal
sitedependingontheroadconditions,thequantityofwastecollectedandalsothefinan
cialviability.FollowingTable54providesthedetailsofthevariousmodesoftransporta
tioninvolvedinwastetransportationinthestate326.
Table54:ModesofwastetransportationemployedinULBs(2004)327
No.oflorries
No.ofminilor
ries
No.oftractors
No.ofmodes
CityCorporations
43
11
55
CMC
28
25
170
20
TMC
14
129
12
TP
99
25
TypeofULB
Itisevidentfromtableabovethatinmajorcities,largernumberoflorriesareemployed
for transportation of waste whereas in smaller Panchayats, it is transported mostly
using tractors328. With increase in population, the generation of municipal solid waste
alsoincreasesinthestate.Forthedisposalofthesolidwaste,theULBsshouldemploy
more modes of transport for the disposal of the MSW. The increase in the number of
vehiclesisdirectlyproportionaltotheconsumptionoffuelandincreasedairpollution.
126
9.6.3. Indiscriminateburningofwaste
InKarnataka,noengineeredlandfillwithatotalwasterecyclingsystemexiststodispose
municipalwastes329.Mostofthecollectedwasteisdisposedonprivatelandsormunici
pal land located in the outskirts of the city. It is burnt either as roadside heaps or at
dumpsitestoreducewastevolumeand/ortorecoverrecyclablematerials.Indiscrimi
nateopenburningofwastesignificantlycontributestourbanairpollutionasthemixed
wastecontainstyres,aluminiumfoils,metallicscrapanddomestichazardouswastethat
emithighlytoxicfumes330.
Apartfromthis,residentsburntheirhouseholdwastelikefoodscraps,plastics,paper,
cardboard,andvegetabletrimmingsontheirownpropertyorstreetcorners,municipal
wastedumpsoropenpitsreferredasbackyardburning.Burningwasteintheopenair
produces many air pollutants including highly toxic substances like dioxin, particulate
matter, Volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide polycyclic aromatic hydrocar
bons,hexachlorobenzeneandash331.
Illegaldisposalofwastesisalsoaseriousproblemhavingseverallongtermecological
impacts.Unscientificdisposalofwastes,forprolongeddurationresultsinlanddegrada
tionandgroundwaterpollutionthroughleachatepercolation.AstudyinBangalorere
veals that daily an estimated 600 tons of municipal solid waste is dumped illegally in
residentialareasandoutskirtsofthecity332.Duringmonsoonthestagnantwatercould
causesoilcontamination.Duetolackofknowledgeonwasteminimizationandthebene
fitsofrecycling,thechainoftherecyclingprocessisnotcompleteandoftenresultsin
illegalburningordumping333.
9.6.4. Trendsandprojections
Consideringagrowthrateof6%inwastegenerationinthestateasindicatedbyNEERI
the projected municipal solid waste for the year 2020 will be 14, 550 TPD. Even if a
maximum reduction in waste through incineration and composting is assumed, still
therewillbeaminimumof20%residueofwastethatwillhavetobelandfilled334.
9.6.5. GHGemissions
The major green house gas emission from waste management is methane. The three
mainsourcesarefrommunicipalsolidwaste,domesticwastewaterandtheindustrial
wastewater.TheCH4emissionisduetodecompositionofwasteinanaerobiccondition
andN2Oemissionsfromdomesticwastewaterisduetoitsproteincontent.
An IPCC (1996) revised methodology was adopted by BCCIK to estimate and calculate
methane emission from municipal solid waste. The urban population in Karnataka is
consideredtobe37%of2011projectedstatepopulation.Themunicipalwastegenera
tion rate on an average in all cities is estimated to about 0.55kg/capita/day and 70%
329StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka2003.EMPRI,India
333StateofEnvironmentReportKarnataka2003.India
127
reachesthelandfillsite.Theseparametersareconsideredinthecalculationofemission
ofmethane,andfoundtobe69thousandtons1.
WasteproducedbyhumanactivitiesisincreasinginmostpartsoftheWorld.Theoutput
depends on the degree of urbanization, dietary habits, lifestyles and living standards.
Withtheriseinurbanization,landareasavailableforfillingaregettinglesserandlesser.
Toxic products from wastes disposed in landfill sites increasingly leach into ground
waterorcausethegenerationofexplosivemethanegas.Thesewastematerialsarealso
attractivetocockroaches,fliesandrodentsandhenceneedearlyandeffectivedisposal2.
9.7. Wastewatergeneration
The wastewater produced in Karnataka is estimated to 1036 million liters per day3.
FromtheadoptedIPCC2006guideline,itiscalculatedthat19thousandtonesofCH4is
emitted.However,theN2Oemissionsarenegligible.Theoverallemissionfromthissec
torhasbeenestimatedas5%ofthenationalemissionfromthewastesectorwhichac
countsfor2.89milliontonsofCO2equivalenceemissioninKarnataka.Table55shows
theGHGinventoryofwaste4.
Table55:GHGinventoryofWaste5
Quantity/
Production/
Area
Production
(units)
Waste
CO2emis
sions(in
million
tons)
_
CH4emis
sions(in
million
tons)
0.126
N2Oemis
sions(in
milliontons)
CO2equivalent
(inmilliontons)
0.00079
2.89
9.8. Landuse
The state geographical area is 1,91,791 km2. It comprises of 27,481 inhabited villages
and270towns/urbanagglomerations.Thegeographicalareaofthe29districtsisfur
nishedbelowinTable56forinformation.
Table56:Landutilizationdistrictwise(ha)6
Sl.No
District
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bangalore
BangaloreUrban
Ramanagara
Chitradurga
Davangere
Kolar
Chikkaballapur
Shimoga
Tumkur
Chickamagalur
Forest
5055
11322
69946
73719
89918
20620
49704
276855
45177
200485
Areanotavail
ableforAgri
culture
116347
50965
50564
76646
59496
74547
66235
101765
151780
70961
OtherUnculti
vatedland
17616
20004
29790
121672
33018
52824
72135
206638
160128
130839
FallowLand
19508
43376
46683
63229
25394
54114
45728
41637
99477
23041
Areasown
60814
134084
163595
484550
422634
179355
174212
256163
664314
325270
128
Sl.No
District
Forest
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Total
DakshinaKannada
Udupi
Hassan
Kodagu
Mandya
Mysore
Chamrajanagar
Belgaum
Bijapur
Bagalkote
Dharwad
Gadag
Haveri
UttaraKannada
Bellary
Bidar
Gulbarga
Raichur
Koppal
128476
100102
58775
134597
24765
62851
275610
190424
1977
81126
35235
32614
47454
813595
97017
27707
69089
18167
29451
3,071,833
Areanotavail
ableforAgri
culture
122853
50857
109046
54971
82425
112840
46040
113710
64906
53642
25732
22109
37480
50656
122100
41133
131107
40647
55497
2,157,057
OtherUnculti
vatedland
82409
94489
54042
47354
83386
83587
35169
40653
16393
5738
6418
3865
17334
28116
33917
44207
51257
44208
17453
1,634,659
FallowLand
13012
10122
71084
6501
73723
75798
27019
166574
90982
50095
41450
22396
17645
17620
96101
98491
200985
15270
68440
1,625,495
Areasown
158179
122943
440719
179229
283928
579739
218655
1051947
1060841
600414
528521
558533
429658
125263
602438
411180
1444923
722518
508052
12,892,671
Table56indicatesthat30,71,833hectaresoflandisundertheforestcover.Atotalof7,
87,776hectaresoflandisbarrenand13,69,281hectaresoflandisnonagricultural.In
northernregionofKarnataka69%ofthelandavailableiscultivableland,12%isforest
landandtheremainingarenoncultivable.SouthernKarnatakahas49%landsownand
16%underforestland.Theremainingarenoncultivable1.
Outofthe5,28,50,562(populationofKarnatakaasperCensus2001),1,79,61,529peo
pleliveinurbanareasand3,48,89,033inruralareas.Assumingfivepersonsperfamily,
thetotalnumberofhousesinthestateoughttobe1,05,70,112.Aspercensus2001stat
isticsthenumberofhousesinthestateis1,00,69,299.Thenumbersofurbanhousesare
34,92,863whiletheruralhousesare65,71,436.Thisindicatesthatthereisashortageof
housing of about 5 Lakhs2. Considering the average decennial growth at 4% over the
projected population of 2010 the estimated population by 2011 is 64,000000 and as
suminganaveragegrowthrateof16.4%thepopulationby2021is7,20,00000,thetotal
numberofhousesrequiredwouldbe1,28,00,000by2011and1,44,00,000by20213.
Assumingagrossdensitystandardof100persons/hectarethelandrequiredtohouse
thepopulationof7,20,00,000by2021worksoutto2,16,535hectaresoflandconsider
ingthealreadymadeavailablelandfortheexisting1,00,69,299houses.Asperstatistics
69%and49%oflandisagriculturelandand12%and16%offorestarearespectively
in the northern and southern Karnataka. The other lands available are the fallow land
129
and uncultivated land. It may be necessary to convert agricultural land to Non

agriculturalpurposestoaccommodatethegrowingpopulace1.
To accommodate the growing population, the trees have to be cleared for constriction
activities. This will also lead to illegal construction of houses. The reduction in the
greenerywouldleadtoincreasedcarbondioxideconcentrationintheatmospheres,as
thetreesactascarbonsinks.Thereisanincreaseinthenumberofbuildingsduetoin
creasedpopulationandmigrationofpeopleintocitiesinsearchofbetterlivelihoodhas
ledtoincreaseintemperaturesduetoradiationfrombuildingsandpavedroads(heat
islands),andinadequatetreecovertocounterthisriseintemperature.Aircirculationis
alsoreducedduetothedenseresidentialdevelopmentandlossofvegetationcover2.
Increasedconstructionworkhasledtoincreaseintheparticulatemattersinair.Thein
creasedmovementsofheavyvehiclescarryingconstructionmaterialliketrucksandlor
ries,andconcretemixturesalsoleadstoairpollution3.
9.8.1. Urbangreenspaces4
AtthecurrenttrendsthegreenspacesinKarnatakaarereducing.Incitiesthereisaper
ceivedlackofadequatelungspaceintermsofparksandopenspaces.
9.8.2. Transportationneeds
Land use and transportation are interconnected. Added to this is the Inter / Intra
Transportationmovement.Karnatakahasatotalof8,294,202registeredvehiclesasof
March2009.Motorcyclesconstituteamajorportionofthesevehicles(5,576,638).Rail
waysandroadwaysaremajorinterandintratransportmeansinthestate.Roadsforma
minimummeansofconnectivityintheStateandareveryessentialforthedevelopment
ofthestate5.Also,thecapacityoftheroadsisstrainedtothelimit,withmorevehicleson
plyingontheroads.Thisreducesthevehiclespeed,increasingthecongestionandlead
ingtoairpollution6.Constructionofroadforbetterconnectivitybetweentheneighbour
ingstateswillleadtocuttingdownofforestpatchesthusleadingtoincreasedemission
ofCO2.
RapidurbanisationoftheBangaloreregionwasandisdriveninsomepartbyregional
imbalances, some of which can be traced back to the formation of Karnataka state in
1956. The Dr Nanjundappa Committee report identified imbalances in opportunities,
developmentandeducationin20027.GoKimplementsseveralimportantrecommenda
tionsofitsuchastheSpecialDevelopmentPlanforbackwardtaluksandtheprogressis
monitored.8AddressingregionalimbalancesalsoformsanelementoftheKarnatakaIn
2StateofEnvironmentReport,Karnataka2003.EMPRI,India
7 Report of the High Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalances in Karnataka. Dr. D. M. Nanjundappa
Committee,2002
2011
130
dustrialPolicy200914,whichaimsatattractinginvestmentofINR300,000croreand
employmentof10lakh.Theincentivesitprovidestoindustriesinmorebackwardtaluks
areconsistentlyhigher.Inthelongrun,thiswouldbeacapableinstrumentforshifting
thefocusofindustrialdevelopmentintoruralareas.Veryappropriately,environmental
managementincentivesarenotlinkedtolocation.1
The needs of urban planning and development are in custody of the Urban Develop
mentDepartment.Threedirectoratesareunderitsumbrellaarewithspecificroles:Di
rectorate for Town & Country Planning, District Municipal Administration (DMA) and
theDirectorateofUrbanLandTransport(DULT).TheUrbanDevelopmentDepartment
also provides anchorage to urban development authorities across the state and, in re
spectofBangalore,BangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(BDA)andBangaloreMetropoli
tanRegionDevelopmentAuthority(BMRDA).2DMAinturncoordinateswith218Urban
Local Bodies (ULBs), consisting of 8 City Corporations, 43 City Municipal Councils
(CMCs),94TownMunicipalCouncils(TMCs),68TownPanchayatsaswellas5Notified
Area Councils (NACs).3 Through its line agencies, the department is a key facilitator of
environmentalpracticeswithacertainbearingonmitigatoryaspectsofclimatechange.
Thisincludesplanningofurbanareas,preparationoftheblueprintsforcreationofparks
andlungspacesandimplementationofwastemanagement.
TheKarnatakaTownandCountryPlanningAct,1961providesforathreetiersystemof
urbanplanning.ThisincludestheOutlineDevelopmentPlanforthelocalplanningarea
whichispreparedfirst.OutlineDevelopmentPlanbroadlyindicatestheproposedzon
ing of land use for residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational and
other public purposes, proposed circulation pattern and a set of zoning regulations.
ThentheComprehensiveDevelopmentPlanispreparedindicatingthereinthecompre
hensive zoning of land use together with zoning regulations, complete street pattern,
improvementstoexistingroadpatterns,reservationofareasforpublicpurposesuchas
parks,playgroundsandotherrecreationaluses,publicbuildings,institutions,areasfor
housing,etc.Finally,thetownplanningschemesarepreparedfortheplanningareafor
implementationoftheproposalsofComprehensiveDevelopmentPlan.Thisisatime
consumingprocesswhichtakesnearly20years4.ThustheKarnatakaStateLegislature
hasalsopassedanamendmenttotheabovementionedActinFebruary2004todoaway
with Comprehensive Development Plan and Outline Development Plan. The amended
provision prescribes preparation Master Plan by all the Planning Authorities in one
stage.Addedtothis,thereisprovisionforInterimMasterPlanpendingpreparationof
theMasterPlanforregulatinglandusepatternandroadpattern.Furtherthereisatime
limitofoneyearforpreparationofMasterPlan.Anotherveryimportantfeatureisthatit
ismandatorytorevisetheMasterPlanonceineverytenyears5.
Structure Plans are the central underlying planning instrument which also integrates
policy decisions. The Directorate of Town & Country Planning prepares them and
BMRDA in case of Bangalore. In its development zones, are demarcated from areas
whereaconservatoryapproachistakentopreservethenaturalcharacteroragricultural
utilisation.ZonalRegulationsfromanaccompanyinginstrument,ensuringthatpolicies
1KarnatakaIndustrialPolicy200914.DepartmentofIndustriesandCommerce,2009
2ConsultationwithDirectorateofUrbanLandTransport(DULT)onMarch9,2011
3PresentationonMunicipalsolidwastemanagementbyDirectorateofMunicipalAdministrationsubmittedonMarch
8,2011
131
adoptedinStructurePlanswillbeintegratedintosubsequentMasterPlansaswell.Ap
provalforthelatterrestswithrespectiveULBs.Whileplanninginstitutions,mechanisms
andcapacitiesappearprimafaceadequateforenvironmentalplanning,bottlenecksexist
intheimplementationofMasterPlans.Fundshortagesarecommonlyresultingintode
laysinthedevelopmentoftheprescribedlungspaces,forwhichspaceisreserved.After
adelayoffiveyearsMasterPlansexpireandtheobligationonpartoftheULBfordevel
opmentofthatspaceasparklapses.Thecurrentownerofthelandinquestionisthen
reentitledtoitsuseforanypurposedesiredandtheregulationeventuallyfails.1
Theprescribeduseofsolarwaterheatersandrainwaterharvestingsystemsaretwo
prominentexampleswherepolicydecisionsweremademandatorythroughintegration
intoStructurePlansandhenceMasterPlans.Whiletheintegrationintoplansisnotan
implementation or enforcement arrangement by itself, it sets clear goals for ULBs and
placesthesubjectprominentlyontheradarofauthorities.Thegreatersuccessinthese
twocasesprobablyowestothefactthatrequiredfundingisnottobefootedbyULBs.
Andthenotunimportantfactthatareatlibertytodevisemechanismsforrealisingthese
goalsaspertheirdiscretion.InBangaloreforexample,BMRDAintroducedarefundable
security deposit of 2% of the project cost for construction of solar water heaters. The
agency also makes tree plantations prerequisite for approval of development plans.
However, no quantitative data has been published regarding achievements of these
interventions.2
ConsiderableeffortisbeingmadebyDMAtoimplementwastemanagementinall218
ULB.An8monthseducationandcommunicationprogrammeforwastesegregationwas
conducted back in 200506 in three phases. With the help of selected NGOs the pro
grammeissaidtohavecovered43towns,23CMCs,66TMCsand81otherULBs.Apart
from shorterterm breakthroughs, particularly in coastal urban areas, segregation has
notcaughtonsubstantially.Constrainsareattributablenotonlytolackofawarenessbut
also the absence of people participation paired with unavailability of decentralised
wastehandlingcentres,aspointedoutbyanNGOduringaLokAdalathearingin2010.3
DMA holds that efforts are being renewed and it is suggested tentatively that Mysore
mightemergeasthefirsttowntoimplementsegregationsuccessfully.Highestpriorityis
attachedtoachievingcompliancewithlegalprovisionsonmunicipalsolidwaste.213of
the218ULBshavesofarpreparedasolidwastemanagementplan.Landfortheestab
lishmentofthenecessarywastemanagementfacilitieshasbeenacquiredby183ULBs
(84%).Insomecasestheacquisitionprocessistiedtocourtproceedingsandheretime
framesforcompletioncannotbeprojected.Ithasbeenreportedthatdoortodoorwaste
collectionhasbeenachievedin79ULBssofarwiththeinvolvementofmorethan1,000
selfhelpgroups.DMAappearsoptimisticthatlegalcomplianceinmunicipalsolidwaste
managementwillbeachievedbyallULBsin201213.4
APolicyonIntegratedSolidWasteManagementwasadoptedbythestatein2004.The
main objective of the document is to develop and implement scientific & sustainable
methods for Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) comprising of collection,
segregation,storage,transportation,treatmentanddisposalofwastebyproperutiliza
1ConsultationwithDirectorateforTown&CountryPlanningonMarch11,2011
2ConsultationwithBangaloreMetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority(BMRDA)onMarch9,2011
3PresentationbySolidWasteManagementRoundTableonOctober23,2010
4PresentationonMunicipalsolidwastemanagementbyDirectorateofMunicipalAdministrationsubmittedonMarch
8,2011
132
tion of resources (human and financial) in Urban Local Bodies of the state, as per the
provisionsofMunicipalSolidWasteManagement(MSWM)Rules20001.
TheKarnatakaMunicipalitiesAct,1964:TheActisapplicabletoallmunicipalitiesin
thestateandvariousobligatoryfunctionsofthemunicipalcouncilarelistedunderSec
tion87oftheAct.Theprovisionsrelatingtosolidwasteprovideforcleaningofpublic
streets,places,sewersandallspacesnotbeingprivateproperty,removingnoxiousvegeta
tion, etc. The same provision further provides for providing respectable for collecting
'rubbish'.Section224oftheActprohibitsdisposalof'rubbishandfilth'inpublicplaces,
streets,drains,watercourses,etc2.
Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976: The obligatory functions of the mu
nicipal corporations are covered under the provisions of this Act. The Corporation
Commissioner is responsible for proper arrangement of storage and final disposal of
'rubbishandfilth'asperSection225oftheAct.Further,Sections256and257empower
the Corporation Commissioner to direct either the owner or occupier of the private
premises to remove rubbish or filth. This Act also provides for imposing very nominal
penalty for violating the provisions mentioned above. Section 103A of the Karnataka
MunicipalCorporationsAct,1976hasbeenamendedin2000byintroducinganewpro
visionthatenablesmunicipalcorporationstolevysolidwastemanagementcessnotex
ceeding1000rupeespermonth3.
Further,theschedule12oftheConstitutionofIndiaenjoinsthelocalbodiestomaintain
theenvironmentoftheareaundertheirjurisdictionandincludespublichealth,sanita
tion,conservancyandsolidwastemanagement4.
Recently,GovernmentofKarnatakahasallocatedfundsforformulationandimplemen
tation of solid waste management action plan under the eleventh and twelfth Finance
Commissiongrants.KUIDFC,undertheKUIDPprogrammehasundertakenvariousIEC
activitiesforeffectiveimplementationofSWMActionplan.UndertheJNNURM,BMPis
developing engineered sanitary landfills with private participation. These integrated
waste processing and landfill facilities at Kannahalli and Mavallipura are being imple
mentedunderabuildoperatetransferconcessionframework.Awastetoenergyplant
isalsobeingdevelopedbytheprivatedeveloper5.
Table57:Wastetoenergypotential
RESource
WastetoEnergy
Capacityadditionby2014
PotentialMW
Installedcapacity
MW
Target
Cumulative
135
50
50
To integrate transportation needs better into urban planning, the Directorate of

Urban Land Transport (DULT) was established under the Urban Development Depart
mentin2007.Itsfocusissetonimprovingbothutilityandacceptanceofpublictrans
port and to create and improve infrastructure for pedestrians and bicycles. DULTs
mandate was initially limited to seven CMCs, expanding gradually to all urban settle
5StatefopEnvironmentReport,Bangalore2008.EMPRI,India
133
mentswithapopulationofoveronelakh. 1Thedirectoratedeservescreditforprepar
ingtransportationplansforsixtownsandcomprehensivemobilityplansforfourtowns
others. It pioneered the concept of rapid bus transit systems in Karnataka which has
sincebeenintroducedinBangalore,MysoreandHubliDharwad.BangaloreMetroisex
pectedcommenceoperationin2011onalimitedrouteandachievefullscaleoperation
by 2014. DULT is working on a bus feeder concept to widen its geographic reach.
EquippedwithabudgetofINR178crore,DULThasropedinadditionalfundingthrough
aStateLevelUrbanFundwithaninitialcorpusofINR60core.Itspurposesaretopro
videfundingforfeasibilityandtransportstudies,buildcapacitiesofULBsandevenim
plementationofprojects.Thepromotionofpedestrianinfrastructureandestablishment
ofdedicatedcyclelanesisoverseenbyaTaskforceforNonmotorizedTransportonthe
initiativeofDULT.FeasibilitystudiesforfivecyclelanesfortheJayanagarareainsouth
BangalorehavebeenforwardedtoBangaloreBruhatMahanagarPalike(BBMP)forim
plementation.Trafficfreepedestrianzones,oneinGandhiBazaarandanotherCommer
cialStreethavebeenproposedaswellasajoggingtrackaroundtheMadiwalaLake.Itis
worth noting that here modes of transport are being reconsidered and promoted that
were hitherto excluded from transportation concepts altogether. The narrow, uneven
andobstacleladenpavementsexemplifybesttheprioritygiventopedestrianssofar.If
successful,DULTsproposalswillcreateurbanspacesthroughwhichapartofthecityis
beingreturnedtoitscitizens,providingspacesforrediscoveriesofqualitiesoflifelost
decadesago.StreetDesignGuidelinesarecurrentlyunderpreparationbythedirector
atetobepresentedaroundDecember2011.Theseaimtoestablishconceptsandstand
ardsforthedesignofjunctions,thewidthofpavementsbesidesintroducingahierarchy
of roads. The need for development of a pedestrian policy was also expressed in this
context.23
City Corporations in state are also adopting new technologies like derating of the Fuel
Injection Pump for speed control and fuel efficiency, improved hi tech passenger seat,
increasedhorsepowerandInternationalandExternaldesignetc,toachieveincreased
increasetheefficiencyofvehicles4.
The National Biofuel Policy of Government of India prepared by Ministry of New and
RenewableEnergy(MNRE)hasproposeda20%substitutionofdieselbybiodieseltobe
achievedintheyear20175.TheBiofuelpolicydealswithtwoclassesofrenewablebio
fuelsnamelyBiodieselandBioethanol.Governmentrecognizestheimportanceofbio
fuels as extremely critical to sustainable energy security and environment protection
withcreationofemploymentandfurthereconomicgrowth.BMTCandKSRTChaveal
readyintroducedtheusageofbiofuelinBangalore6.
Sincetransportationisgloballythe3rdlargestemitterofCO2,itisnecessarytouseall
possiblemeanstooptimizevariousmodesoftransportationinsuchawaythatmodern
meansoftransportareavailabletoallpartsofthepopulationwithoutgreatlyincreasing
overall emissions from the sector. It is also necessary to examine the relationship be
tween communication and transportation and whether improvements in communica
1Bangalore,Mysore,Mangalore,HubliDharwad,Belgaum,GulbargaandBellary
2ResponsetoquestionnairebyDirectorateofUrbanLandTransport(DULT)onMarch5,2011
3ConsultationwithDirectorateofUrbanLandTransport(DULT)onMarch9,2011
5CleanEnergyClimateMitigationinKarnatakaWISEreport
6(http://rdpr.kar.nic.in/MGIRED.pdfaccessedon26April,2011)Furtherreading
http://www.biofuelkarnataka.com/State_Policy_on_BioFuel_Development.html
134
tion,nowavailablethroughadvancesintechnology,provideasubstitutioneffectforre
ducingtransportation1.
InviewofbuildingresearchcapacityfortransportationandurbanplanningtheTrans
portDepartmentcreatedadedicatedbodyin2009.PoolinginacorpusofaboutINR30
crore from stakeholder departments, it established the Centre for infrastructure and
Sustainable Transportation (CiSTUP) in 2009, hosted by Indian Institute of Science
(IISc).2
The department also intervened with several actions so as to improve air quality in
Bangalore.In2001itachievedpassingofaGovernmentOrderprohibitingcommercial
vehiclesolderthan15years.Implementationofthisorderhashoweverprovendifficult
ifnotimpossible.Andwhiletheorderappearstonothavebeenwithdrawn,itisnotap
parently acted upon.3 Equipping petrolengined auto rickshaws with LPG conversion
kits is made attractive through a subsidy offered by the department. Around 90% of
autorickshawsareassumedtohaveconvertedbynow.ItalsooffersINR10,000asre
wardreplacementofeverytwostrokeautorickshawwithafourstrokeone.Raisingthe
subsidytoINR20,000isalreadyunderreview.Acatchhoweveristhatthetwostroke
vehicle replaced need not be scrapped but can and should be reregistered elsewhere,
proof of which has to be submitted for availing the subsidy. Across Karnataka the de
partmenthaslicensed460emissiontestcentres,260(57%)ofwhichareinBangalore
alone.NearlyhalfofthoseinBangalorearehavingtheirtestresultsautomaticallysub
mittedtoadatabase.Whilethisnetworkiscurrentlybeingexpandeditisunclearwhat
exactlyisbeingdonewiththedatacollected.Itappearsthatsulphurdioxideandnitrous
oxidesarewellincheckasmostofthetimewhilesuspendedparticulatematter(SPM)is
reason for concern.4 Ironically, SPM, which has its source in twostroke and diesel en
ginesapartfromordinarydust,isnotcoveredbyemissiontestsbecausethesubstanceis
notcoveredbytheCentralMotorVehicleAct.Thispointsatapossibleopportunityfor
intervention. However, SPM testing would possibly require testing under load and not
idle speed for which test centres are not equipped. A CNG pipeline is currently being
buildandbutitisuncertainwhetherthefuelisexpectedtoenterthevehiclemarket,es
peciallyinviewofthefactthatLPGhasalreadymadesignificantinroadsandmodifica
tions required for conversion from LPG to CNG may cost another INR 2,000 on top of
whatever conversion expenses were incurred for the switch to LPG.5 The Bangalore
MetropolitanTransportCorporationhasinitiatedmanymeasuresinitsdrivetobecome
anecofriendlytransportserviceprovider.Someoftheinitiativesbeing,procurementof
highspeeddieselwith0.05mgofsulphurcontent,replacementall15yearsandabove
oldbuses6.
RajivGandhiRuralHousingCorporationLimited(RGRHC)caterstothehousingneeds
of the economically weaker sections of the society. Housing for some 20 lakh people
werecreatedsofar,75%ofwhichinruralareas.AllschoolsconstructedbytheRGRHC
are equipped with rainwater harvesting. Cementbound mud blocks are promoted al
Energy,Pune,India
2 Memorandum of Understanding for Centre of infrastructure and Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning
(CiSTUP)betweenGovernmentofKarnatakaandIndianInstituteofSciences(IISc),November19,2009
3Minutesofthe18thTaskforceforControlofAirPollutionInBangaloreheldonDecember14,2010
4StateofEnvironmentReportBangalore2008byEMPRI,September2009
5ConsultationwithTransportDepartmentonMarch8,2011
135
lowenergyalternativeinabout23%ofhousingprojectsinurbanareas.Decentralised
wastewatertreatmentssystems(DEWATS)forsewagehavebeeninstalledforfourlay
outs comprising of around 4,000 houses. In contrast to conventional treatment plants,
DEWATS operate without electricity. For the latter initiative the corporation received
support from the Bremen Overseas Research & Development Association (BORDA),
Germany.RGRHCcommitmenttoimplementingkeyelementsforsustainablehousingin
linewiththespiritoftheNationalMissionforSustainableHabitatiscommendable,es
peciallyinviewofitslimitedfinancialflexibility.1
Karnataka Housing Board (KHB) provides housing at an ownership base, 1015% of
whichisreservedforeconomicallyweakersections.Asselffinancingorganisation,cost
recoveryisessentialandfundingfornewprojectsissecuredchieflythroughloans.More
than300housingschemes2havebeenestablishedinthiswayinKarnatakasince1960,
creatingaround2lakhhousesin176differenttaluksforanunknownnumberofbenefi
ciaries. It operates several schemes with different target groups, budgets and levels of
convenience.Theboardassertsthatparksaredevelopedin10%oftheareareservedfor
thispurpose,inthese,rainwaterisharvestedforgroundwaterrechargeandseptictanks
areprovidedineachoftheschemes.Since2010,alsosolarwaterheatersareincluded
foreachbuilding.Apilotprojectwith20solarstreetlightshasalsobeencommissioned
in Bangalore in 2011, its scale limited only by the funding available.3 The systematic
integrationoftheseelementsarebothlaudableandimportantbecausethestatehasto
takealeadinadoptingsustainablepractices.
EvenKarnatakaSlumClearanceBoardwhichwasrenamedasKarnatakaSlumDevel
opment Board in 2010 intends to follow suit by adopting rainwater harvesting, DE
WATSandsolarlightingatsomescale.Theboardhasnotonlybeenrenamedbutalso
reoriented. Today it is mandated to provide essential amenities, create hygienic living
conditionsandensureaccesstosafedrinkingwaterfor2,251notifiedslums.4Theem
phasisisclearlyondevelopmentandtheboardhasproposedtheinclusionofrainwater
harvesting,DEWATSandsolarlightingforRajivAwasYojanaprogramme,aforthcoming
5year scheme. The crux is additional funding and the board is already reeling under
deficitsasstateissaidtocontributelessthanthestipulated20%.Nevertheless,apilot
projectwith9solarstreetlightshasbeenimplementedinLaggere,Bangaloreandasec
ondoneatSadarmanagala,Bangaloreissaidtobecommissionedshortly.5
It is noteworthy that Rajiv Gandhi Rural Housing Corporation Limited (RGRHC) is ac
tivelypursuingflyashutilisation.Fivethermalpowerplantsandapapermillhaveal
lottedlandtothecorporationformmakingofbuildingblocksinproximitytotheirprem
ises.TheagencyconsidersitselftobethelargestsingleuserofflyashinKarnataka.6Fly
ash is also utilised by Public Works Department, (PWD) although quantities were not
reported.In2002itnotifiedasmandatorytheuseofflyashforcertainbuildingandroad
constructionswithin100kmfromthermalpowerplantsandPWDisbelievedtobeim
1ConsultationwithRajivGandhiRuralHousingCorporationLimited(RGRHC)onMarch10,2011
2LetterfromHousingDepartmentdatedFebruary17,2011
3ConsultationwithKarnatakaHousingBoard(KHB)onMarch10,2011
4ConsultationwithKarnatakaSlumClearanceBoardonMarch10,2011
5LetterfromHousingDepartmentdatedFebruary17,2011
6ConsultationwithRajivGandhiRuralHousingCorporationLimited(RGRHC)onMarch10,2011
136
plementing the same.1 It noted with concern however, that unspecified amounts of fly
asharedumpedonthecoast,actiononwhichisbeinginitiated.2
TheNationalBuildingCodeofIndia2005(NBC2005)providesguidelinesforregulating
buildingconstructionactivitiesacrossthecountry.Itservesasamodelcodeforadop
tion, containing administrative regulations, development control rules and general
buildingrequirements.Further,theMinistryofPower'sBureauofEnergyEfficiencyhas
alsodevelopedtheEnergyConservationBuildingCode2006.Thepurposeofthiscodeis
to provide minimum requirements for the energyefficient design and construction of
buildings. Mandatory for commercial buildings and complexes, codes for residential
structuresareonlyvoluntary3.
TheNationalMissiononSustainableHabitatunderNAPCCstatesthatinordertoreduce
risksofclimatechange,anyurbanisationactivityinthecountryshouldtargetat
Promotingenergyefficiencyintheresidentialandcommercialsector
ManagementOfMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)
PromotionOfUrbanPublicTransport
The Energy conservation act enables the government to prescribe the Energy Efficient
Buildingcodethatsetsminimumperformancestandardsforbuildings.InKarnataka,the
GovernmenthasauthorizedKREDLtoestablishaseparatedepartmentwithintheorga
nizationforimplementingtheprovisionoftheenergyconservationactandtotakene
cessarystepsforcapacitybuildingprogramsinKREDLwiththeassistanceofbureauof
energyefficiencyestablishedbythegovernmentofIndiafortheeffectiveimplementa
tionoftheenergyconservationActinthestate.
EcohousingProgramme:TheEcohousingprogramlaunchedbyPuneMunicipalCor
poration(PMC)isimplementedunderthetechnicalassistanceofUnitedStatesAgency
for International Development (USAID). The program promotes the adoption of envi
ronmentally friendly practices, energy efficient products, and techniques by the con
struction industry. In Karnataka, Biodiversity Conservation India limited in Bangalore
hascreatednumerousecohousingprojectsthataimatautonomyonenergy,wasteand
wastemanagement.BCILsresidentialprojectshavebeenmoresuccessfulandhavese
curedcarbonemissionReductionatconstructionlevels.
Anincreaseinthedemandfortransportationservicesforbothpassengersandfreight
isinevitable,giveneconomicgrowthandincreaseofpopulation.Thekeyactionsidenti
fiedinthemissionaresettingupofademonstrationunittotakeuprecyclingofvehicles,
especiallytwowheelers,whichrequirenewtechniques.Themissionalsofocusesonthe
needtosetupaCombustion Research Institute to facilitateR&Dinadvancedengine
design. Providing tax benefits and investment support for recovery of materials from
scrapvehiclesisalsoenvisagedasencouragingincentivetotherecyclers.
Estimates of the Planning Commission indicate an energy saving potential of 115 mtoe
(milliontonnesofoilequivalent)intheyear2031/32byincreasingtheshareofrailways
andimprovingefficienciesofdifferentmodesoftransport(PlanningCommission,2006).Simi
1NoticePWD345CRM200onFlyashutilisation.PublicWorksDepartment(PWD),December2,2002
2Proceedingsofthemeeting,KarnatakaStateCoastalZoneManagementAuthority(KSCZMA),March14,2011
3www.sustainablebuildings.org/accessedon26April,2011
137
larly,TERIestimatesindicateanenergysavingof144mtoein2031byincludingefficiencyim
provementacrossmodesaswellasconsideringenhanceduseofpublictransportationand
railbasedmovement,useofbiodieselascomparedtobusinessasusualtrends.Thecorrespond
ingCO2emissionsreductionisestimatedat433milliontonnesin2031.
TheNationalMissiononBiodieselaimsinthefirst(demonstration)phasetoestablish
biodieselplantationsin26states,whilethesecondphasewillleadtotheproductionof
sufficientbiodieseltoenablea20%blendinvehicledieselin2011/12.Onsimilarlines,
inKarnataka,TheNationalBiofuelPolicyofGovernmentofIndiapreparedbyMinistry
of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has proposed a 20% substitution of diesel by
biodieseltobeachievedintheyear2017.TheBiofuelpolicydealswithtwoclassesof
renewablebiofuelsnamelyBiodieselandBioethanol.Governmentrecognizestheim
portance of biofuels as extremely critical to sustainable energy security and environ
mentprotectionwithcreationofemploymentandfurthereconomicgrowth.BMTCand
KSRTChavealreadyintroducedtheusageofbiofuelinBangalore
Another emerging problem due to rapid urbanisation is Solid waste management. To
mitigateGHGsemissionformmunicipalwaste,appropriateactionshavebeenidentified
including adaptation of scientific solid waste management system with options for re
coveryofwealthfromwaste.
TheMSWRulesundertheEnvironmentProtectionActarecurrentlysomewhatfocused
onspecifictreatmentoptions,includingthechainofcollection,transportanddisposal.This
focusisundulyprescriptive,andpreventsinnovationinsystemsandprocedures,aswell
as update on new technologies and techniques. In Karnataka, policies like the Karna
takaStatePolicyforIntegratedWasteManagementmainlyfocusoncreatingawareness
among thepublicandminimizingmultipleandmanualhandlingofwaste,definingthe
roles and responsibility of various stakeholders, developing systems for effective re
sources utilization and deployment, Promoting recovery of value from MSW, primary
andsecondarycollectionofwasteandtransportationofwaste,treatmentandlandfilling
ofthewaste.
Asdiscussedinearliersection,TheKarnatakaMunicipalitiesAct,1964isapplicableto
allmunicipalitiesinthestateandvariousobligatoryfunctionsofthemunicipalcouncil
arelistedunderSection87oftheAct.Theprovisionsrelatingtosolidwasteprovidefor
cleaningofpublicstreets,places,sewersandallspacesnotbeingprivateproperty,remov
ingnoxiousvegetation,etc.Thesameprovisionfurtherprovidesforprovidingrespect
able for collecting 'rubbish'. Section 224 of the Act prohibits disposal of 'rubbish and
filth'inpublicplaces,streets,drains,watercourses,etc.
NationalMissiononSustainableHabitatalsoestimatesthefund/investmentamounting
to Rs 53761 crore required to implement the identified action. This financial require
mentiscategorizedbasedontheidentifiedsectorsandneedtocreateawareness,pilot
scale demonstration and Research and Development need. The sector wise fund re
quirementisRs30032croreforwatersupply,Rs17061croreforwastewatermanage
ment,Rs6163croreforsolidwastemanagement,Rs207croreforEnhancedenergyef
ficiency,andRs298croreforurbantransport.
Conduct studies to identify relevant tools/policy options to integrate land use and
transportplanning.
Conductresearchontoolssuchasaccessibilityindex,walkabilityindexetc.
138
National policy support in terms of the National Urban Transport Policy and the
NationalMissiononSustainableHabitatsisalreadypresent.
Training on tools for travel demand modelling, spatial planning, etc like TransCad,
GIS.
Develop guidelines for green/less energy incentive buildings like water harvest
ing/solarheating/energyconservation/waterconservationduringconstructionetcin
lineswiththeGRIHAratingsystem,especiallyforaridclimateconditions.
Incentives for new construction (developers/individuals) for following developed
guidelinesintheformoftaxrebates/subsidies,etc
Issueadirectivetoalltheurbanlocalbodiestoincorporatenotonlysolarwaterheat
ingbutothercomponentslikewaterharvesting,passivecooling(asdevelopedinthe
guidelines)intheexistingbuildingbylaws
CustomizingtheECBC,initiativesbytheMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergylike
solarcitiesandthirdpartyratingsystemslikegreenratingsystembyIGBCinlinesof
LEEDandGRIHAtosuitestatespecificclimateconditions.
Researchintermsofinnovativebuildingtechniquesformaximumutilizationofsolar
energy,minimumutilizationofwaterandintroducingpassivecoolingsystems
Trainingongreenbuildingpracticestobeprovidedtothemunicipal/stateofficials.
Massiveawarenessdriveongreenbuildingsconceptamongthebuildingcommunity.
Putinplaceaneducationandsocialmarketingbehaviorchangecampaigntoedu
cateandurgethepopulationtotakepublictransport.Introduceincentivesforpublic
transportlike,anoffpeakdiscount,corporatediscountschemesonbusfare,etc.
Improve the public/non motorized transport options (quality, comfort, frequency,
affordability)andalternativepointtopointmobilityoptions.
Mandate the possession of PUC while annual renewal of insurance, registration of
vehicle,transferinownership,etctoensureenforcement.Thesamecanbeapplicable
totwowheelers.
Revise the existing PUC guidelines in order for it to consider factors like vehicle
(two/three/four wheeler), type of fuel (LPG/CNG/Petrol), age of vehicle, type of
emissions,etc.
Thestatealongwithprivateservicestationscanissuemaintenancecertificatesthat
would allow the vehicle owner to fetch greater price while selling. Increase the
license plate fee and registration costs for gasguzzling SUVs. Subsidize the cost of
cleannaturalgas(CNG)enginehookupsforcarsandincreasetheavailabilityofCNG
acrossthecity.
Traffic congestion /transport mobility study to be carried in big cities or urban ag
glomerationofthestatetobecarriedoutbycompetentagenciesforprovidingsolu
tionsfortrafficandtraveldemandmanagement.
Researchinidentifyingbarriersthatexistinusinghybrid/electricvehiclesonIndian
roads.
Create incentives for auto manufacturers/research institutes to pursue research in
environmentfriendlyvehicles.
139
Encouraging the use of efficient public transport in place of private transport will
help to reduce the number of vehicles. There is an urgent need to build a transport
systemcateringtothedemandsofallsectionsofsocietywithemphasisonbuses,bi
cycles,pedestriantrafficetc.JNNURMcouldbetappedforthispurpose.Rapidtransit
system with city buses could be provided to the satellite towns being developed as
growthcentresaroundthemaincities.
Implementanintegratedmunicipalsolidwastemanagementprograminallthecities
thatincludesdoortodoorcollectionandsegregationsystem.Anawarenessandbe
haviouralcampaign(basiccleanlinessandhygienepracticeslikenolittering,etc)in
structingsegregationathouseholdlevel(recyclableandnonrecyclable)shouldalso
beapartofthisintegratedapproach.Ensurethatallthemunicipalitiesactaccording
totheprovisionsofMSWRules2000
Strengthen collection and recycling by integrating handlers and recyclers into the
mainstream. Inventorization of biomedical waste and ewaste to inform pol
icy/programsinthatcontext.Identifysuccessfulmodelsofsolidwastemanagement
emergingoutoftheRUIDPcitiesandscaleupthesame
Establishcommonbiomedicalwastetreatmentfacilities.Implementstateofartad
vancedendoflifewastemanagementlandfillgastoenergysystems
Research on lifecycle assessment (LCA) of critical materials in order to understand
thematerialinputs,energyinputsandenvironmentalreleasesassociatedwithmanu
facturing,using,transportinganddisposingofagivenmaterialcanbecarriedoutto
suggeststrategiestoreducethenegativeimpactstoenvironmentinthesame.
Research on the current status and contribution of the informal recycling sector to
themainstreamsolidwastemanagementshouldbeconductedinordertounderstand
theirrole,andinformpolicy/programmesforthem.
140
10. HUMANHEALTH
Sincethedawnofcivilization,mankindhasbeencontinuouslyengagedinitsprotection
through food security and developing resistance against various diseases. The overall
healthofacommunityisgenerallydeterminedbygeneticresistanceofindividualsand
environmental quality. Any kind of deterioration in environmental quality severely af
fects the community health, either by providing suitable conditions to various vector
borne diseases to spread (indirect affect) or by inducing food insecurity and physical
chemical environment related illnesses (excessive heat and cold, flood, drought, envi
ronmentalpollutionetc).Pollutioninair,waterandsoilfindstheirwayintothehuman
bodythroughinhalation,ingestion,dermalcontact,occupationalexposureetc.Amajor
shareofbudgetofanynationisspentonprovidingefficientmedicalfacilitiestoitsciti
zen in order to ensure human health. Public health depends on availability of enough
food,safedrinkingwater,decenthousing,protectionagainstdisasters,areasonablein
comeandgoodsocialandcommunityrelations1.
InIndia,Karnatakahasshownasteadyprogressinensuringhealthservicestoitscitizen
sinceindependence.FollowingTable58capturesthestatusofHealthIndicatorsinthe
stateaswellastargetsettoenhancethequalityfor2020bythegovernment;
Table58:StatusofHealthIndicatorsinKarnataka2
Indicator
CurrentLevel
NationalFigure
Goalfor2020
19.9
23.1
CrudeDeathRate
7.3
7.4
IMR(InfantMortalityRate)
47
55
10
MMR(MaternalMortalityRate)
228
254
50
Under5Mortality
54.7
65.6
15
TFR(TotalFertilityRate)
2.08
2.7
1.8
ChildSexRatio
949
914
975
50%
15%
Birthsassistedbyappropriatehealthpersonnel
7.13%
100%
Anaemiainchildren(635Month)
82.7%
25%
55%
100%
CrudeBirthRate(SRS2007)
Womeninreproductiveage(1549year)with
Anaemia
ChildVaccination
Itcanbenoticedfromthetablethatthoughimportantdemographicandhealthindica
torssuchasInfantandMaternalMortalityRate,CrudeBirthandDeathRateandLifeEx
pectancyatBirtharebetterforKarnatakawhencomparedtoallIndiafigure,thestateof
Karnatakaneedstoputextraeffortstoperformatparwiththebestperformingstates.
ModeratelyhighIMR,MMR,malnutritionamongchildrenandwomen,highincidenceof
childhood diseases, inadequacies in water supply and sanitation, and poor socio
economicstatusofwomenalongwithsocialdiscrimination,arefewimportantconcerns
inthestate.AsperNFHS33,70%childreninagegroup659monthsand60.4%preg
nantwomenwereanaemicinthestateduring20052006.About3539%childrenofage
1WHO,(2003).Socialdeterminantsofhealth:thesolidfacts,WilkinsonRG,MarmotMG(eds),WorldHealthOrgani
zation,Copenhagen.
3NationalFamilyHealthSurvey3(http://www.nfhsindia.org/pdf/Karnataka.pdf)
141
below 5 yr. are underweight. Inadequate availability and poor quality of water, unsafe
sanitationpracticesandlackofawarenessonpersonalhygieneandprimaryhealthcare
aresomeofthekeyfactorsresponsibleforthecommonandwidespreadhealthrisksas
sociated with consumption of pathogen infested drinking water in rural habitations of
Karnataka.
10.1. Impactofclimatechangeonhealth
Climate change presents severe risk to adversely impact human health in numerous
ways.Theseinclude:
Projected increase in temperature may trigger the frequent incidents of heat waves
and thermal stress leading to heat cramps, dehydration, influenza, cardiovascular
andrespiratorydiseases.
The extreme weather like excessive rainfall or no rainfall will result in flood or
drought.Thesecalamitieswilldirectlyaffecttheprimarysectorandwillchangethe
croppingpatternandproductivity.Thismayleadintofoodshortageresultinginmal
nutritionorinadequatenutritionandnutritionrelateddiseases.Whileononehand,
malnutritionwouldreducetheindividualsresistancetovariousinfectionsbyweak
eninghostsimmuneresponse,infectiousdiseasesdecreasesanindividualscapacity
for food intake and nutrient absorption resulting in nutrition deficit body on other
hand. Many studies have established link between deficiencies in micronutrients
(Vitamin A, zinc, iron etc) and substantial incidents of malaria morbidity and mor
tality. It is depicted that 1.7 to 1.8 0C rise in temperature in 2030s with respect to
1970sinWesternGhatmaycauseheavyrainfallwhichwilladverselyaffectthecash
crop production (coffee, tea), and may cause heavy soil erosion due to flood, thus
leadingtoincreasedmorbidity,limitedemploymentopportunityresultinginimpacts
onhealthandlifeexpectancy1.
Warmingtrendswillfavourthevectorbornediseases(malaria,kalaazar,dengue)to
spread into new area by shortening the development duration of vectors (mainly
mosquitos). Bhattacharya et al, (2006)2 summarised that however the Malarias
transmission window with respect to temperature lies between 15C and 40C, the
number of days required to complete life cycle by parasite (Plasmodium sp.) varies
with the number of days with particular range of temperature and the relative hu
midity(Table10.2).Further,withriseintemperatures,therateofdigestionofblood
mealinmosquitosincreaseswhichinturnacceleratestheovariandevelopment,and
reducedurationofthegonotrophiccycle.Thisleadstohigherfrequencyoffeedingon
hosts, and consequent enhanced probability of transmission (Martens et al., 1995).
The studies conducted worldwide suggest that depending on projected increase in
temperature and humidity, some states will remain exposed to the risk of malaria
while few states may observe a reduction in exposure. For Karnataka state, the
transmission window of malaria is 1012 months considering a 3.8 0C increase in
temperatureand7%increaseinrelativehumidityin2050s(Figure10.1).
2 Bhattacharya S, Sharma C, Dhiman R C, Mitra A P, (2006). Climate change and malaria in India, Current Science,
90:369375.
142
Figure43:TransmissionwindowofmalariaindifferentstatesofIndia:(a)forbaseyear2000(b)
underprojectedclimatechangescenario(2050s)1
Table59:Averagedurationofsporogonyofhumanplasmodiumatdifferenttemperature2
Parasitespecies
Noofdaysrequiredforsporogonyatdifferenttemperatures
200C
250C
P.falciparum
2223
1214
P.vivax
1617
910
3035
2324
notknown
1516
P.malariae
P.ovale
Floods may cause the contamination of safe drinking water supply which may cause
outburst of epidemiological disease (mainly water borne like diarrhoea). The increase
incidents of droughts especially in north Karnataka would cause inadequate supply of
potablewaterwhichmayresultinpoorsanitationaffectinghealthofcommunities.
ClimatechangealsoposesrisksonthewellbeingofcoastalcommunityofKarnataka.An
increaseof1.7C1.8C,willresultinhighseasurfacetemperaturecausingseathermal
expansionandsealevelrise.Thiswilladverselyimpactthecoconutproduction,costal
fisheriesandintensifytheproblemofseawaterintrusionchangingtheagriculturepat
terninadditiontohabitatlossduetosubmergence.Theseimpactsmaycauseforcedmi
grationduetolossofemploymentandhabitation,increaseinwaterbornediseasesand
increaseinsalinityofwater3.
ThefollowingTable60summariseshealthrelatedvulnerabilitiesofthecommunitydue
toclimatechange.
143
Table60:Potentialhealthvulnerabilitiesduetoclimatechange(NATCOM,2004)1
HealthConcern
Vulnerabilityduetoclimatechange
TemperatureRelatedMorbidity
HeatandColdrelatedillnesses
Cardiovascularillnesses
VectorBorneDisease
Changedpatternofdiseases
Malaria,filaria,kalaazar,Japaneseencephalitis,anddenguecausedby
bacteria,virusesandotherpathogenscarriedbymosquitoes,ticks,and
othervectors
HealthEffectsofExtremeWeather
Diarrhoea, cholera and poisoning caused by biological and chemical

contaminantsinthewater(eventodayabout70%oftheepidemicem
ergenciesinIndiaarewaterborne).
Damagedpublichealthinfrastructureduetocyclones/floods
Injuriesandillnesses
Socialandmentalhealthstressduetodisastersanddisplacement
Health Effects due to Insecurity in Food Malnutritionandhunger,especiallyinchildren

Production
10.2.1. Preparednessandfacilities
TheIPCC2007reportanticipatesthatclimatechangewillincreasebothvulnerabilities
andrisksforhumanhealth.DiscussionswiththeDepartmentofHealthandFamilyWel
fare suggest that no longterm strategy appears to exist in this respect. The programs
implemented by the department are focusing existing priorities and a longterm plan,
suchasintendedwiththeVision2020document,hasnotbeenprepared.2
Karnatakastateisoneofthepioneerstatesinthecountryinprovidingcomprehensive
publichealthservicestoitspeople.Withitswideinstitutionalnetwork,thestateispro
viding health services both in urban and rural areas through 17 district hospitals, 10
otherhospitals,29Autonomous&TeachingHospitals,325CommunityHealthCentres,
2193PrimaryHealthCentres,and8143subcentres.AccordingtotheEconomicSurvey,
the state has a doctor to population ratio of 1:10018 and bed to population ratio of
1:11203. This would imply that there are nine times more hospital beds than doctors,
whichappearsimplausible.
10.2.1. Managementofbiomedicalwaste
There is an appreciable level of knowledge on environmental requirements and com
mitmenttoachievecompliancewithapplicablelegislationinstaterunhealthfacilities.
Theattentionhereisonmanagementofbiomedicalwasteandcapacitybuilding,aspects
where the department is known to struggle. Deficiencies in treatment and disposal of
liquidwastehavereceivedsignificantpublicattentionin2010withKarnatakaStatePol
lutionControlBoard(KSPCB)issuingclosureorderstosome.TheGovernmentofKarna
taka,thoughtheDepartmentofHealthandFamilyWelfareoperates17districthospitals
and 2,586 other health care facilities, the great majority being Primary Health Centres
(PHCs).Preferenceisbeinggiventobiomedicalwaste(BMW)managedthroughtieups
with centralised collection system. His is however is possible only if the including of
thesefacilitiesiseconomicallyfeasibleinviewofthequantitiesgeneratedandthedis
2ConsultationwithDepartmentofHealthandFamilyWelfareonMarch10,2011
144
tancefromcollectionroutes.Thishasbeenachievedin76%ofdistricthospitals,41%of
taluk hospitals only to 15% in Community Health Centres (CHCs). PHC being often re
moteandinaccessibletocollectionsystems,emphasishasbeenlaidonestablishmentof
deep burial practices and procedures, which constitute a greater risk of contact expo
suretoinfectiousmaterials.1
The establishment of liquid waste treatment plants has also significantly advanced. At
both district hospital and PHC level 53% of compliance has been achieved whole the
successissomewhatlowerattaluklevelhospitals(38%)andsignificantlyloweratCHCs
(15%). The department projects that the remaining facilities will achieve compliance
withinMarch31,2011whichisanambitiousandperhapsslightlyunrealistictarget.
Theseinitiativesaresupportedbysubstantialcapacitybuildingmeasures.106trainers
wereinductedthroughatrainingoftrainers(ToT).Itisplannedtotrainatotalof5,028
staffacrossall2,603facilitieswithinMarch2012.Successpermitting,thiswouldresult
intotwotrainedstaffforeachfacilityonaverage.Nongovernmentalorganisationswere
assigned key roles in training activities. Also EMPRI has embarked on supporting this
areawithalargerscaleprogramme,involvingToTsatdistrictlevels.
Table61:Biomedicalwastemanagementinstaterunhealthcarefacilities
Facilities
Total
Districthospitals
BMWcollection
system
BMWdeepburial
Liquidwastetreat
ment
17
13
(76%)
(53%)
Talukhospitals
146
60
(41%)
55
(38%)
CommunityHealthCent.
182
27
(15%)
27
(15%)
1,205
(53%)
PrimaryHealthCentre
2,258
1,114
(49%)
10.2.2. NationalVectorBorneDiseaseControlprogramme(NVBDCP)2
This is the umbrella programme initiated by Government of India for all the Vector
BorneDiseases(VBDs)likeMalaria,DengueChikungunya,inthestate.Specificprogram
andtechnicalguidelineshavebeenestablishedfordifferentVBDs(prevention,detection
and case management)andtheimplementationstatusoftheprogrammeismonitored
throughregularreporting.
10.2.3. KarnatakaHealthSystemDevelopment&ReformProject3
KarnatakaHealthSystemDevelopment&ReformProjectwaslaunchedin2007withthe
supportfromWorldBankatacostofRs897.77crore.Theprojectisinits4thyearof
implementation. The project aims to increase utilization of Curative, Preventive and
PublicHealthServices,particularlyinthebackwardareasandamongvulnerablegroups,
toaccelerateachievementoftheHealthrelatedMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs).
10.2.4. NationalRuralHealthMission4
NationalRuralHealthMission(NRHM)aimstoprovideaccessible,affordable,acceptable
andaccountablehealthcarethroughafunctionalpublichealthsystem.Themainobjec
tivesofthemissionfollow;
1Letteronbiomedicalwastemanagement.DepartmentofHealthandFamilyWelfaredatedMarch3,2011
2www.nvbdcp.gov.in
3www.karhfw.gov.in
4www.mohfw.nic.in/nrhm.htm
145
Atleast50%reductioninInfantMortalityRateandMaternalMortalityRatioinnext
sevenyears
Arranging to universalize access to public health services for womens health, child
health,water,hygiene,sanitationandnutrition
Preventionandcontrolofcommunicableandnoncommunicablediseases,including
locallyendemicdiseases
Accesstointegratedcomprehensiveprimaryhealthcare
Ensuringpopulationstabilization,genderanddemographicbalance
IncreasingCommunityownershipbyvestingresponsibilitywithPRIs,Decentralized
villageanddistrictlevelhealthplanningandmanagementand
AppointmentofAccreditedSocialHealthActivist(ASHA)tofacilitateaccesstohealth
services
NationalRuralHealthMissionisbeingimplementedinthestatefromApril2005.Since
itsinception,thestatehasconstitutedStateHealthMissionforpolicyandinstitutional
reforms to enable effective implementation, state level planning, implementation and
monitoring. In order to ensure the programme implementation, District Health and
FamilyWelfareSocietyhasbeenformedinallthedistricts.
10.2.5. PHCsproviding24x7service
Atotal974PHCshavebeenconvertedinto24hoursserviceproviderstoprovideround
theclockaccesstoessentialobstetriccareandnewborncarein6Ccategorydistrict
viz.,Gulbarga,Bidar,Raichur,Koppal,BijapurandBagalkot.
10.2.6. ThayiBhagya1
ThisschemeThayiBhagyaenvisagesabasketofinterventionsfundedbyGovernment
ofIndiaunderNRHMcomponentsandGovernmentofKarnataka.Theinterventionsin
clude;
JananiSurakshaYojana(Safedelivery):Themainobjectivesofthisprogrammearea
reduction in maternal mortality and infant mortality rate, increase the institutional
deliveriesinBPL(BelowPovertyLine)andSC/STfamilies.Thisschemeensuresma
ternityservices(threeantenatalcheckups),referraltransport,andcashassistance.
b)PrasuthiAriakeYojana:Thisschemeaimsatprovidingfinancialsupportfornutri
tiousdietandincentivetoseekantenatalcheckup.Thiswasintroducedin7districts
andnowhasbeenextendedinallthedistrictsduringthisyear.
Inaddition,stateinterventionsduring200910includealso:
AarogyaKavaacha:Ambulanceserviceisprovidedforemergencycaseslikedelivery,
accidentetc.atfreeofcostwithin30minutes
ArogyaSanjeeviniScheme:ThisschemeaimsatprovidingfreehealthfacilitiestoSC&
STpopulationwhoarecomingunderBPLfamilies.
10.2.7. Safedrinkingwater
Afocusedinitiativesafeguardinghumanhealthiscominghoweverfromadifferentcor
ner:TheDepartmentforPanchayatRajandRuralDevelopment.Itconstructedrooftop
rainwater harvesting structures on around 1,000 sites in four districts over the past 8
146
yearswherefluorideandchlorinecontentrendereddrinkingwaterunfitforconsump
tion.1
Further,theStateBudget20112012includesaRs.2428crorepackageforhealthand
familywelfareandproposedtosetapartasumofRs.2crorefortreatmentofopportu
nistic infections of all the HIV infected persons in the high prevalent districts of Ba
galkote,BijapurandBelgaumandalltheHIVinfectedchildrenintheState.
ThoughNAPCCdoesnotidentifyamissiononthehealthsector,itanticipatesthethreat
tohumanhealthwhichclimatechangeoffersincludingincreasedtransmissionwindow
forvectorbornediseases,heatstress,coldstress,droughtetc.
NAPCCenvisagesnotonlytheneedofenhancedpublichealthcareservicesbutresearch
anddevelopmentneedstoassessincreasedcasesofdiseasesduetoclimatechange.The
identifiedfocusareasincludea.highresolutionweatherandclimatedatatostudythe
regionalpatternofdisease,b.developmentofahighresolutionhealthimpactmodel
at the state level, c. GIS mapping of access routes to health facilities in areas prone to
climatic extremes, d. prioritization of geographic areas based on epidemiological data
and the extent of vulnerability to climate change, e. ecological study of air pollutants
andaffectofclimatechangeonsame,f.studiesontheresponseofdiseasevectorstocli
matechange,andf.enhancedprovisionofprimary,secondary,andtertiaryhealthcare
facilities.
ThestateofKarnatakahoweveroffersfairhealthcareservicestoitscitizenbutinthe
lackofanyregionallevelimpactstudies,itisdifficultforthestatetodevisestrategiesto
reduceclimatechangerelatedhealthrisks.NAPCCprovidestheprovisionsforthestate
levelhighresolutionhealthimpactmodelsandecologicalstudyofairpollutants
Improvethequalityofdata,periodicityofcollectionandtheextentofcoverageinex
istingsystemsofsurveillancesuchasthoseundertheIntegratedDiseaseSurveillance
Program, National Surveillance Program for Communicable Diseases and National
VectorBorneDiseaseControlProgramme
Maintainadecentralizeddigitalhealthdatabaseatfinespatialandtemporalscalesfor
bothcommunicableandnoncommunicablediseases
Regularanalysisofdataatdistrictleveltoidentifychangingtrends,triggereventsand
regularfeedbacktostatesurveillanceunits
DevelopefficientcoordinationwithstatelaboratoriesandRapidResponseTeamsto
improveresponsetime
Specific guidelines for quality control of data collected and reported; submission of
regularmonitoringreports
Proper training to ANMs/other medical workers responsible for identifying the
symptomsandreportingcases
Trainingstafftohandletheinformationflowincludingthedatamanagersanddata
entryoperatorsaswellasepidemiologists,microbiologistandhealthworkers
Upgradationandstrengtheningoflaboratoriesforcasediagnosis
147
IECactivitiesincludingprovisionofcomputerhardwareandsoftware,internetcon
nectivityandhumanresources
Studytheregionalpatternofclimatesensitivediseases&diseaseoutbreakssuchas
malaria,dengue,chikungunya,waterbornediseases,heatstressetc.toanalyzetrends
inincidenceandprevalence
Assessregionalvulnerability(spatially&temporally)withrespecttochangesinthe
climatetoidentifyareas,populationgroupsanddiseasesthatmaybeimpactedmore
significantly
Procure/develop/customizehealthimpactmodelstoassesspotentialimpact
Identify trigger events (climatic and nonclimatic) that influence infection
transmissionspreadofclimatesensitivediseases
Validatepredictivemodellingresultswithqualitative&quantitativeassessments
Prioritize water scarce regions to ensure supply of potable drinking water and ad
equatesanitationfacilitiesinbothruralandurbanareasasalreadyenvisagedunder
theStateWaterPolicy
SpecialemphasisonVectorBorneDiseasessuchasMalariawhichareendemicinthe
Stateandareprojectedtogetimpactedbyclimatechange
Establish early warning systems and evacuation plans including emergency prepar
ednessincaseofclimaticextremes
Strengthendisastermanagementplanforthehealthsectormanagementofcasualty,
mental health, environmental health, reproductive health, provision of emergency
shelter,sanitation,foodandwateremergencyfeeding,communicablediseasesurveil
lanceandresponse
Convergence with programs of Departments of Medical Education, AYUSH, Depart
ment of Women and Children, Public Health and Engineering Department, State
Water Resources Planning Department, Communication and Capacity Development
Unit,UrbanLocalBodies,PanchayatiRajinstitutions,CBOsetc.
Promotehealthinsurance,especiallyfortheweakersectionsofthesociety
TakingupregionspecificIECactivitiesinvolvingPRIs,Cooperatives,WomenGroups,
SHGs,NGOs
Promotehealtheducationandawarenessw.r.tclimaterisksandadaptationthrough
schoolsandCBOsandintensiveandsustainedInformation,EducationandCommuni
cationactivities.
148
11. ACTIONPLAN
11.1. Actionsalreadyunderway1
Agricultureandalliedsectors
Introductionofwatertariffsinirrigation
Provision of crop insurance under the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme and
(NAIS)andWeatherBasedCropInsuranceScheme(WBCIS)
BhooChetana(landimprovement)programme
Promotionoforganicfarming
SookshmaNeeravari(Microirrigation)scheme
Implementation of the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (National Agriculture Develop
mentScheme)
ImplementationoftheRashtriyaKrishiBimaYojana(NationalAgriculturalInsurance
Scheme)programme
Implementation of the Mathsya Mahila Swavalambana Yojane (financial aiding for
fisherwoman)scheme
Incentivesforfishfarming,constructionoffishmarketsandMathsyashraya(housing
forfisherfolk)programme
ImplementationoftheSuvarnaGramodhya(villagedevelopment)scheme
ImplementationoftheSuvarnaBhoomi(landprosperity)scheme
Implementation of the Shramashakti (skill development) scheme for skills improve
mentofartisansandtraditionalworkers
AllocationofaseparateagriculturebudgetofINR17,000crorefor201112
ImplementationoftheNationalHorticultureMission
Waterresources
Mandatory use of rainwater harvesting in residential and commercial buildings in
certainareas
PassingoftheKarnatakaGroundwater(RegulationandControlofDevelopmentand
Management)Bill,2011inAssemblyforbetterprotectionofgroundwaterresources
Rainwaterharvestingbycreatingbarricadeofabout3feetaroundroadsidetrees
Watersheddevelopmentandconstructionofgroundwaterrechargestructures
LaunchoftheJalasiri(waterrecharge)programme
Installationofapermanentwaterstoragescheme7.5Litergroundlevelreservoirat
Ramamurthynagar(foundationcompleted)
Introductionoftariffsforirrigationwater2
Mandatorydualpipinginnewlayoutsforuseoftreatedwater
1BasedonconsultationwithdepartmentsofGovernmentofKarnatakabetweenMarch7to11,2011,submissionsby
departmentstoEMPRIandpublishedadvertisementsofGovernmentofKarnatakaintheTimesofIndia
2ConsultationwithDepartmentofWaterResourcesonMarch31,2011
149
Bharat Nirman Policy (rural India development), a flagship programme under

MahatmaGandhiNationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeSchemeforcreationofrural
infrastructure to enhance rural water supply in areas affected by water contamina
tion.
StateWaterPolicy2002
Nationallakeandriverconservation
ForestryandBiodiversity
Approximately80,000haofplantationwereplantedbyKarnatakaForestDepartment
in201011
Developmentofcarbonsinksandpotential
Protectionofforests,enhancementofresourcesproductivityandgrowingofmedici
nalplan
EstablishmentoftheWesternGhatsTaskForce
Coastalzone
Initiation of the construction of a sea wall to prevent saltwater entry into paddy
fields.However,poorqualityofconstructiondestroysthewallandtheproblemper
sists1
Energy
Mandatoryuseofsolarwaterheaters,CFLs,ISImarkedmotorpumpsetsandintegra
tionofenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyinnewbuildings
Incentivisation of installation of solar water heater by BESCOM through tariff dis
counts
Tariffsforpowerpurchasefromrenewableenergysources
DecisionofcreatingaGreenEnergyFund(AkshayaShaktiNidhi)togeneratefinancial
resourceswithinthestatetoimplementitspolicy
Belaku(light)schemetoreplaceuptofourincandescentbulbswithCFLsatasubsi
disedratesperhousehold
DecisiontointroduceaGreenEnergyCessofRs.0.05(fivepaise)perkWhoncom
mercial and industrial consumers to generate about INR 55 crore annually through
theKarnatakaRenewableEnergypolicy20092014.
Decisiontoreserve10%oflandinSEZsfordevelopmentofrenewableenergy
SolarKarnatakaProgrammefor25,000solarrooftopsof5to10kWwithnetmeter
ing
EstablishmentofKarnatakaStateBiofuelDevelopmentBoardKSBDAforbiofuelen
ergypolicydevelopment
Inaugurationofthreegridconnectedphotovoltaicpowerplantswithacombinedca
pacityof11MW
Work on the DhabolBangalore CNG pipeline is in progress and join venture agree
mentsignedtopursuenaturalgasdeploymentinKarnataka
Urbanisation
1StateofEnvironmentReport,Karnataka.(2003).GovernmentofKarnataka
150
Developmentoftheprescribedlungspaces
Wastemanagement
Planningandapprovalofdedicatedcyclelanesandtrafficfreepedestrianonlyzones
inBangalore
Promotionofreplacementof2strokeautorickshawswitha4strokeones
Establishmentofdecentralisedwastewatertreatmentssystems(DEWATS)
CommissioningofsolarstreetlightsinBangalore
Implementation of Rajiv Awas Yojana (housing scheme named after Rajiv Gandhi)
programmeandestablishmentof1,300permanenthousesforslumdwellersinAgar
haraDasarahalliandPantharapalya
DevelopmentoftrafficandtransitmanagementcentreatYeshwanthpur
ProposalofhighspeedrailconnectingM.G.RoadtoBIAL
Formationofagreenpoliceguardingprominenttouristlocations
Health
Systematicenforcementofproperdisposalofbiomedicalwaste
Rooftoprainwaterharvestingstructuresprovidingdrinkingwaterforareascontami
natedwithchlorineandfluorineforsafeguardingdrinkingwater
ImplementationoftheNationalVectorBorneDiseaseControlProgramme(NVBDCP)
ImplementationoftheKarnatakaHealthSystemDevelopment&ReformProject
Implementation of the Janani Suraksha Yojana (maternal care scheme) and Prasuthi
Ariake Yojana (pregnant woman care) schemes under the umbrella of the Thayi
Bhagya(maternalhealthcare)programme
FreeemergencycareservicestotheruralpeopleundertheArogyaKavacha(health
care)scheme
Free heart surgery 2,000 very poor patients under the Hrudaya Sanjeevini (Heart
care)schemesofarandanotherINR5crorehasbeenallottedto201112
Improvingaccessofqualitymedicalcarefortreatmentforseriousillnessesforbelow
povertyline (BPL) citizens under the Vajpayee Arogya Shree (health care scheme
namedafterMrVajpayee)scheme
Otherinterventions
ReleaseofKarnatakasfirstDisasterManagementPlanin2010
ConsistentmonitoringofnaturaldisastersthroughtheKarnatakaStateNaturalDisas
terMonitoringCentre(KSNDMC)
151
11.2. Actionsrequired
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
1. Data on the seasonal

peak power consumption
pattern
2. Data on the number of
Power consuming machi
neriesatfarms
1.Identifyingintervention
areas for improving en
ergy efficiency at farm
levels, especially in view
of irrigation charts and
theneedtoaidstabilizing
voltage through demand
sidemanagement
2. Cost benefits analysis
(CBA) in order to assess
theextrafinancialburden
onthegovernment
1. Restructuring the
power tariffs in the
agricultural sector to
disincentivise avoid
able electricity con
sumption. The same
volume of subsidies
may be shifted to
things such as in
vestment in more
efficient plant and
machinery (refer to
sectionEnergy,point
2. Incentives and sub
sidies on promotion of
renewable energy for
poweratfarmlevel
1. Preparation of an in
ventory of cropping pat
terns and changes in the
same with respect to
agroclimaticzonesofthe
state.
1. Studies on adaptation
and mitigation measures
in agriculture sector of
thestate
1. Formulation of the
Mission for Sustain
able Agriculture under
the NAPCC, which
could be the most im
portant mission for
India considering cli
mate change impact,
food security and live
lihoods of farming
1.Agriculture
1. Agriculture consumes a significant
portion of electricity, causing a roughly
proportionate emission of GHGs emis
sionsfromenergyalone
1.Ensuringvoltagestabilityas
prerequisite for enhancing
energy efficiency of pumps
and other machines (refer to
sectionEnergy)
2. Preparation of irrigation
charts to optimize the irriga
tion efficiency and hence re
ducingpowerconsumption
3. Promotion of renewable
energy at farm level, espe
cially biogas, which also re
ducesmethaneemissions,and
solarphotovoltaicforIPsets
4.Promotionoforganicfarm
ing
2. Cultivations and subsidies supporting

farming lack mechanisms for shifting
cropping patterns in line with projected
climaticshiftsacrossagroclimaticzones
152
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
dependant
popula
tions
2. Establishment of a
state level policy
bodytodevelopsuit
able mechanisms for
encouraging
crop
ping shifts through
redistribution of ex
istingsubsidies
3. Re assessing the
stateagriculturepolicy
and provision for sub
sidies and incentives
to grow climate hardy
crops
3.Thecurrentlevelofknowledgeonthe
spatialdimension,timescaleandmagni
tudeofclimaticchangesistoolimitedto
make predictions for cropping pattern
withthenecessarycertainty
1. Institutional strengthening 1.DMCmaycollectallthe 1.Researchstudiesonthe

andcapacitybuilding
relevant block level data regional level prediction
on the likely impact of
2.Web based services to pro andpublishonline
climate change on crop
vide all the weather related
pingpattern.
information
2.
Development
of
weather derivative mod
els
4. Widespread absence of scientific dry 1. National Mission on Sus

landfarmingpractices
tainable Agriculture under
NAPCC provides instru
ments for the development
ofdrylandfarming
153
1. Reevaluating all
agriculture
related
policies, schemes etc
in order to integrate
climatechangeissues.
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
5.Significantuntappedminimisationpo 1. Promotion of Integrated

tential in the application of synthetic Pest Management (IPM) and
agrochemicals(pesticides,fertilizers)
Integrated Nutrient Manage
ment(INM)inordertoreduce
chemicalconsumption
2.GovernmentofKarnatakais
already promoting organic
farming, IPM and INM
through various schemes like
Bhoo Chetana. The coverage
of the same needs to be wi
dened.
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
1. Block wise data on the

agrochemical usage at
farmlevel
2. Pest and disease sur
veillance
1. Research on the nutri

ent requirement of soils
agroclimaticzoneswise.
2. Research on pests ac
tivities
and
climate
changelinkages
3. Soil resource mapping
using GIS and remote
sensing
1. Provision for incen

tives/subsidies on the
organic farming, inte
grated pest manage
ment (IPM) and inte
grated nutrient man
agement(INM).
6. Significant untapped potential to en

hanced irrigation efficiency especially in
Northern Karnataka. The expansion of
micro irrigation is also hampered by se
curity concerns of theft of distribution
pipes
1. Promote pressurised micro 1. District wise available

irrigationtechniquesatlarger land for possible micro
scales.
irrigationpractices
2. Create awareness through
the demonstration of efficient
irrigationtechnologies.
1. Eradication of the
market for stolen
pipes through re
distribution of exist
ing subsidies on mi
croirrigationsoasto
bring farmers net
cost of distribution
pipes below the
blackmarketcost.
7. Agrobiodiversity is jeopardised. In
digenous resilient varieties of crops like
maize, rice, sorghum require interven
tionstosafeguardtheirpreservation
1. Preservation of indigen
ous varieties of crops
through creation of a mar
ket for such products. The
network of state agencies
including HOPCOMS could
help market these as speci
alitiesforahigherprice.
1. Preparation of com
prehensive inventory on
the agroclimatic zone
based agrobiodiversity
of the state on regular
intervals.Forthistheon
goingpreparationofPeo
ples
Biodiversity
Registersisestablishinga
1. Creation of a policy
framework to create
viable markets for in
digenousspecies.
2. Development of
Agrobiodiversity
parks
154
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
1. Research focusing on
the local solution to re
claimdegradedlands
2.
Development
of
drought and pest resist
antcropvarieties
1. The possible con

vergence of National
Horticulture Mission
and Green India Mis
sion on this subject
could help muster
fundsunderboth
1.GovernmentofIndia
has already initiated
mega food processing
parks and Karnataka
can seek the possible
convergence
1. Preparation of com
prehensive inventory of
the agroclimatic zones
based agrobiodiversity
in regular intervals. For
thistheongoingprepara
tion of Peoples Biodi
versityRegistersisestab
lishingasolidfundament.
1. Creation of a policy
framework to create
viable markets for in
digenousspecies.
solidfundament.
Horticulture
8. Significant unutilised portions of de
gradedland/aridlandareunsuitablefor
agriculture but suitable for horticulture,
especiallyinnorthernKarnataka
1. Promotion of development
ofpastureland
2. Promotion of drought re
silienttreesforaridareas
3. Create awareness through
massive tree plantation cam
paign in the arid/semi arid
region
4. Improving soil and water
conservation
1. Comprehensive block
wise data on the type,
area and problems of de
gradedlands
9. Necessary food processing facilities 1. Development of mega food

and marketing mechanism supporting processingparks
horticultural
produce
from
de
graded/arid lands do not exist at re

quiredscale.
10. Horticultural biodiversity is jeopar
dised.Indigenousresilientvarietiessuch
asmangoandjackfruitrequireinterven
tionstosafeguardtheirpreservation
1. Preservation of indigen
ous varieties of crops
through creation of a mar
ket for such products. The
network of state agencies
including HOPCOMS could
help market these as speci
alitiesforahigherprice.
155
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
AnimalHusbandry
11.ThereductionofGHGsemissionfrom
ruminants is unfeasible at scale unless
livestock holding itself is discouraged.
The resulting destabilisation of rural
livelihoods however would be greatly
undesirable.
Promotion of renewable en
ergy at farm level, especially
biogas, which also reduces
methane emissions (refer to
sectionAgriculture,item3)
1. Research on improving
cattle productivity in
order to reduce GHGs
emission by reducing the
necessity to maintain the
current large cattle popu
lation
12. Lack of mechanisms, initiative and 1. Vaccination of animals at 1. Prepare district wise
incentives for systematically enhancing largerscale
inventory of livestock
livestock resistance to vector borne dis
mortality and morbidity
eases and increasing heat/cold stresses
andattributedcauses
as may be expected from changes in the
climate
1. Studies on animal
health and the climate
changelink
2. Develop nutritional
strategies to reduce heat
andwaterstress
3. Studies on the pest ac
tivities in relation to pro
jected weather patterns
using high resolution cli
matemodels
13. Lack of mechanisms, initiative and

incentives for preserving indigenous cli
mate tolerant breeds of cattle (Amrith
mahal, Hallikar, Khillar) and buffalo
(Pandharpuri,Surthi)
1.Improvetheknowledge
on coping abilities / re
silience of indigenous
breedstoclimatestresses
onacomparativebasis
1. Indigenous breeds are

being developed by selec
tive breeding in livestock
farms located in Tumkur,
Chickmagalur and Haveri.
Thisneedstobeextended.
2. Improve coordination be
tweenDepartmentsofAnimal
Husbandry & Veterinary Ser
vices, veterinary institutes
1. Maintaining data on
thenumberofindigenous
breeds and trends ob
served
156
1.
Central
Gov
ernment to concep
tualiseandformulate
a livestock insurance
policy with pre
miums taking into
account vaccination
records and suita
bilityofabreedfora
givenregion
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
1. Prepare and update

inventory of sectoral use
ofgroundwater.
1. Groundwater resource
mappingusingGIStools.
2. Spatial and temporal
assessment of micro
watershed based water
availability using models
suchastheSoilandWater
AssessmentTool(SWAT).
3.GISbasedstudyofgeo
hydrology.
1. Establishment of a
state level policy
body to review the
possibility of prohib
iting the use of
groundwater
for
nondrinking
and
nonemergency uses.
Should in conclusion
groundwater use be
approvedforagricul
tural uses than a
water price should
be introduced as in
centive for water
saving.
1. Prediction of actual
water availability and
trends in the state using
high resolution Providing
Regional Climates for Im
pacts Studies (PRECIS) at
blocklevel.
1. Introduction of a
groundwater
cess
from which a ground
water fund would be
created. The ground
water fund would
finance groundwater
recharge
schemes
within the state pro
posed by private and
public project pro
ponents.
andfarmers.
2.Waterresources
1. Overextraction of groundwater re 1. Ground Water Monitoring
sources, especially in 35 overexploited forqualityandquantitycheck
and3criticaltaluks
atblocklevel.
2. Expand the promotion of
groundwater recharges be
yondpresentlevels.
3.Enforcementofregulation
measuresinplaceunderthe
newlyenactedGroundwater
Act.
2. The vast potential for collection of

rainwater for productive use, ground
waterrechargeandtemporarystoragein
waterbodiesin order to reduce the irri
gation dependency on groundwater (at
presentitis45%)istobemaximised
1. Extend the BWSSB rule on

rainwater harvesting to other
urbanlocalbodies(ULBs).
2.Promotemultipleusewater
services in drought/flood
proneareas.
3. Demonstrate pilot scale
bestpractices.
157
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
2.Deviseanincentive
in form of a capital
investment subsidy
for rainwater har
vesting
structures
(also refer to section
Urbanisation, point
3).
3. Urban water supply is dramatically

inefficient. In Bangalore 48% is lost as
unaccountedfor.Thisamountgrowsin
termsofactualsasitriseswiththegrow
ing demand and supply. This wastage
jeopardiseswatersecurity,increasesthe
dependence on groundwater apart from
wastingenergyandotherresources
Suggestionsforaddressingthisissuearebeingsolicitedfromagenciesconcerned.
4. Reuse of treated water in industries 1. Integrated water re

and urban local bodies (ULBs) has been sources management to
unabletomakesignificantinroads
commence in public build
ings to set examples and
inspireconfidence.
2. Create awareness in order
to enhance social accept
abilityoftreatedwater.
1.
Conduct
socio
economic studies to
understand the social ac
ceptability of treated
water.
2. Assess the potential
volume of treated water
that can be reused and
applicationareas.
1. Formulation of a
stateWaterReusePol
icytomakemandatory
dual piping in new
layouts and preferen
tial usage of treated
water for watering
parks in existing lay
outs.
5. Low priced irrigation water is a sub

stantial impediment for investment,
water infrastructure and sustainable re
sourceutilisationandmanagement
1. Water Resources
Departmenttoleada
costbenefitsanalysis
(CBA) in order to as
sess the financial
158
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
burden of irrigation
water and to formu
late a pricing policy
rationalising the use
of irrigation purpose
in view of longterm
sustainability
and
the need for ad
equatefinance.
6. A minimum flow of rivers in the dry

season is not being maintained, leading
toexcessiveconcentrationsofpollutants
entering
1. Estimate a safe mini

mum water flow for
maintenance of eco
systems
3.ForestryandBiodiversity
1. Longterm carbon capture strategies
would require a currently not envisaged
return to timber as building material
from mature and sustainably managed
forestsandplantations.
1. Monitoring of carbon stock

through collaboration of Kar
nataka Forest Department
with Indian Institute of Sci
ences(IISc)andotheruniver
sities.
2.Raisingofforestplantations
in nonforest land unfit for
agriculture.
2. Biodiversity hotspots such as the

Western Ghats are insufficiently pro
tected
159
1. Devise strategies to
identify
marketlinked
opportunities for devel
opment of robust carbon
sinksaswellasincreasing
income for local commu
nities.
1. Develop a sustain
able timber harvest
plan along with refor
estation schemes and
revenueplantations
2. Develop a policy to
protect existing forest
stocks as carbon sinks
through stronger con
servation and com
munityparticipation.
1. Estimate the carrying

capacity of the Western
Ghats for settlements,
agriculture, roads, and
mines.
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
2.Establishwildlifepopu
lation monitoring mecha
nism to detect changes
and needs for responses
early.
3. Forest degradation due to unplanned 1. Implement reforestation/
extraction of fuel wood, fodder, NTFP, afforestation activities in de
greenmanureetc
gradedareas.
1.Systematicrecordingof
unplanned extraction of
fuel wood, fodder, non
timber forest products
(NTFP), green manure
etc.
160
1. Enhance capacities
of communities to
manage,tostoreunder
ambient conditions, to
provide institutional
credit and to create
alternative market op
tions(basedonmarket
conditions).
2. Devise schemes for
providing alternative
sources of energy for
forest fringe house
holds to prevent fire
wood collections in
forests.
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
4. Invasion of alien species (Tilapia sp, 1.

Implement
educa
Eupatoriumspetc)
tion/outreach activities that
are targeted to ensure public
support for rapid response

measures.
2. Establish a coordinated
public monitoring network to
detect and report invasive
alienspecies.
1.Developandmaintaina
database containing in
formation on the control
andmanagementofinva
sive alien species that is
easilyaccessibletopublic
1. Scientific research on
eradication,
con
tainment and control
methods and technolo
gies for priority inva
sivealienspecies.
1. A surveillance strat
egy including inspec
tion and interception
is essential to verify
authorized introduc
tions, detect illegal
introductions, and de
tect
unintentional
introductions through
key
commodities,
pathways,andvectors,
as is the capacity to
implement the strat
egy.
5. Encroachment of forests by human 1. Remove encroachments

settlements, agriculture, coffee planta within a timeframe of 5
tionsandmines
years
A database to be estab
lished and maintained
tracking encroachments,
evictions and reforesta
tionmeasures.
6.Vasttractsofforestfallvictimtoforest
fireseveryyear.Bothfirepreventionand
emergency response appear inadequate
totacklethechallenge
1.Incentivebasedcommunity
participation in fire preven
tion.
2. A strategy for fire forecast
ing,preventionandfightingto
beimplemented.
7. Gradual loss of green cover in urban 1. Implement urban biodi

areas
versity education programme
for schools and common citi
zens.
1. Research on adopting
modern technology to
locate forecast fires.
Based on satellite image
ries,fireriskzonespriori
tisationandmonitoring.
1. Biodiversity inventor
ies of specific areas
within cities should be
documented.
161
1. Urban forestry plan

should be developed
along with city master
plans with the addi
tional objective of
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
strengthening emotio
nal bonding between
treesandcitizens.
2. Dovetailing the ac
tivities of National
Mission for Green
India under Enhan
cing tree cover in
urban and periurban
areasincludinginstitu
tionallands.
4.CoastalZoneManagement
1. Coastal pollution due to Industries,
aquaculture, port activities and sand
mining upset the fragile coastal ecologi
calbalance
1. Promoting of treatment
plants at point source/
CETPsforsmallindustries.
2. Strengthening implementa
tion arrangement for Coastal
ZoneRegulation.
2. Strict followup on Envi
ronmental Impact Assess
ment,EnvironmentalAudit.
3. Promoting and restoring
Mangrove/ wetlands vegeta
tionalongcostalbelttoretain
furtherdischargeofpollutants
intosea.
2.Inportionsofthecoastlinethescaleof
marine fishing is ecologically unsustain
able, leading to substantial seasonal fish
population decimations. Dependent
1. Data maintaining on
type and amount of haz
ardous or chemicals re
leased from individual
sector
2. Data on area under

mangrove ecosystem and
temporal change in the
same.
1. Research on the im
plementation of advance
treatment technology to
reduce the pollutants en
teringsea.
2. Conduct research into
the scope, options and
viability for turning con
ventional into organic
aquaculture.
1. Conducting a socio
economic impact study
due to change in ecologi
cal conditions and impact
162
1. Reassessing the
state fishery policy
and provision for sub
sidies and incentives
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
communities have in a number of cases

moved on to shell collection and sand
mining for the sake of livelihood while
labourcostalongthecoastishigh
3.Verylimitedresearchpublicationsare
available that investigate the link be
tween climate change and behavioural
responses of fish and other marine
biodiversity
R&Dintervention
onlivelihood.
1. Karnataka Costal De
velopment Authority and
Karnataka State Natural
Disaster
Monitoring
Centre (KSNDMC) may
collect relevant data at
hobli level and publish
online
2. Development of a Ma
rine Resources Informa
tionSystem
3.Promoting web based
services to provide in
formation on costal cli
mateandresources
163
Policyintervention
to sustainable fishing
practice.
2. Formulation of
committee to develop
an action plan for sus
tainable fishing prac
tices in costal districts
ofKarnataka.
3. Formulate policies
to provide alternative
livelihood opportuni
ties especially during
fish breeding seasons
by utilising synergies
withNREGS.
1.Researchstudiesonthe
regional level prediction
oflikelyimpactofclimate
change on the costal fish
eries/ecosystem.
2. Review of options for
establishment of a net
work for collection of ad
ditional necessary data:
hydrometeorological and
hydrological data from
thecoastalregion,Coastal
and estuarine water, sa
linity and tidal water lev
els and the changing dis
chargesinbothdirections
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
inestuarineareas
4.NosystematicmappingofKarnatakas
320kmcoastlinehasbeenundertakento
projectthepossibleimpactoftheantici
pated sea level rise and determine pro
tectionmeasuresandtimeframes
1. Reassessment and
mapping of costal re
sources. Concerned de
partment and research
organisations to manage
data related to sea level,
sea erosion, flood, river
flowandchangeinbiodi
versityetc.
2. Establishment of a sea
level monitoring station
under the aegis of the
National Institute of
Oceanography.
3.
Establishment/
strengthening of ground
water monitoring net
work, sanctuary wells for
coastal aquifer manage
ment and water quality
monitoring, massive tidal
hydraulics data collec
tion.
164
1.Researchonfloodfore
casting, downscaled cli
mate change projections
using advanced GIS tools
andimprovedgridresolu
tionmodelling.
2. Research on impact of
sea level rise on ground
water salinity including
hydrochemical and sol
utetransportmodelling.
3. Research into marine
biogeochemistry and in
fluence on GHG sources
andsinks.
4. Establishment of an
inventory of wetlands es
pecially,mappingofvege
tation cover, silting, en
croachment, conservation
of mangrove areas con
servation, afforestation,
hydrological and hydro
meteorological data, sa
linity, well observation,
sea level rise, sediment
transportintheriveretc
5. Mapping of encroach
ments,changeoflanduse,
infrastructure develop
Policyintervention
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
ment,pollution,growthof
invasivespeciesandover
fishing.
5. Bengere, a coastal settlement near
Mangalore locked between the sea and
river, is completely unprotected. A natu
raldisastersuchasatsunamiortyphoon
wouldlikelywipeoutitspopulation.
6. The mangrove ecosystem and coral 1. Expand existing mangrove

reefsareinsufficientlyprotected
coveracrossthecoast
165
1. Establish a mangrove
study centre, which will
takeupresearchonman
groves and associated
biodiversity visvis cli
matechange.
2. Monitor the relation
ship between changes in
mangrove species (14)
under changing climate
patterns.
1. Formulate an ac
tionplanforreplant
ing of mangrove in
lands where they
havedisappeared.To
be taken up in con
junction with protec
tion of mangroves,
patches of biodi
versity rich habitats
in the coastal, river
ine and deltaic belt
(dovetailing
with
National Mission for
GreenIndia).
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
5.Energy
1. The demand supply gap (13.2% of
peak demand) remains largely unad
dressed,leadingtoloadsheddingandthe
emergenceoflargecostumerinvestment
into secondary energy infrastructure
such DG sets and UPSs which increase
the burden on the environment through
air pollution, high noise levels and dis
posaloflargequantitiesofleadacidbat
teries.
No concepts appear to exist on prefer
able technology choices for large scale
generating capacity additions in Karna
taka.Coalhaslargecarbonemissionsper
unit of electricity apart from fly ash, hy
dropower cannot be expanded at scale,
nuclearpowerwouldneeddecadesuntil
commencementwhileleaveningradioac
tive waste for future generations to deal
with. The opportunities lying in gas
based power generation remain largely
unrecognised. Gas power costs less and
is less CO2 intensive than coal or oil
basedpowergenerationandaCNGpipe
line is being laid from Gujarat to Karna
taka and supply may commence from
2014.
1. Assess the feasibility of es

tablishing gasbased power
generation. It should be
treated as interim solution
until renewable energy gen
eration capacity has picked
up.
2. The electricity demand for
the next 15 years should be
forecasted along with an an
ticipated supply from state
owned plants, the contribu
tionfromcentralschemesand
private power producers to
determine the scale of the re
quiredcapacityaddition.
3. If the feasibility is con
firmed, negotiations for a gas
purchase agreement could
commence.
4. In the meantime, load
shedding to follow a struc
tured plan notified 1 week in
advanceforallcategories,but
keeping especially industries
needtopredictinmind.
2.Freeelectricitytofarmersisasubstan
tial impediment for garnering the in
vestment necessary to addressing the
1.Aggregatedataonload
shedding and to develop
a procedure to allocate it
by urban and rural areas
andbycustomercategory
to avoid dependence on
secondarysources
Constitution of a
committee to review
the options for dis
166
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
demandsupply gap and for improving

voltage stability necessary for many en
ergyefficientapplications
incentivising energy
consumption by far
mers by shifting exist
ing subsidies, for in
stancetocapitalgoods
(refer to section Agri
culture,point1)
3. High transmission and distribution 1.ReduceT&Dlossesthrough 1. Computation of T&D

lossesofcurrently22%
improvementsofsubstations, losses by Aggregate
modernized automation and Technical & Commercial
instrumentation.
(AT&C) losses to capture
2. Minimise the theft of elec the difference between
the billing and collection
tricity
for units of power under
the Restructured Accel
erated Power Develop
ment Programme (R
APDRP).
1.Establishapolicyfor
improving metering
efficiency, proper en
ergy accounting &
auditingandimproved
billing and collection
efficiency.
5. Energy efficiency failed to make sub

stantial inroads. Energy audit still has
low visibility, the necessary professional
capacities remain to be created at scale,
the Energy Conservation Building Code
(ECBC)isyettobenotifiedatstatelevel,
the concept of Green Rating for Inte
grated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is
also not in force as it is a part of ECBC.
Altogether, the Market Transformation
for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) under the
NAPCC are not on the horizon in Karna
takayet
1. The Energy Con

servation Building
Code (ECBC) to be
notifiedatstatelevel
within2011
2. KREDL to develop
strategies for Market
Transformation for
Energy
Efficiency
(MTEE) under the
Enhanced Energy Ef
ficiency.
1. Stabilise the grid supply

voltage in a systematic and
time bound manner so that
appliances achieve their
design efficiently and life
time. This requires sched
uled
load
plan
ning/shedding until the
demandsupply gap is
closed
2. KREDL to strategise cov
ering all establishments
with a connected load of
1. Collection of data for

trend analysis in electri
city demand before/after
incorporation of energy
efficientmeasures.
167
1. Conduct market sur

veys to evaluate the pen
etration potential of en
ergy efficient appliances
inthedomesticsector.
2. Carry out studies to
assessthescopeofenergy
saving at farm level
through voltage stabilisa
tion and more efficient
appliances
(electric
motors,
agricultural
pumpsetsetc)
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
500 kVA and above in a

time bound manner with
priority on industries. This
entails capacity building on
partofKREDL
3.Perform,AchieveandTrade
(PAT)mechanismtomandate
specific energy consumption
targets for large industries
and trade of savings beyond
thetarget
6.Theestimatedpotentialofrenewables
has till date been harnessed to 11.5%.
Largescalepilotsprojectsarenotonthe
horizon, apart from a few MW demon
strationplantsbuiltbyKPCL
1.Rapidscalingupofactivi
ties to implement the Re
newable Energy Policy
wherever instruments of
the National Solar Mission
provide for the requisite
resources through time
bound targets. Reliance on
solar, wind, small hydro, co
generation and biomass sec
torsasasourceofenergy
1. Tracking the success

rate and performance of
implementation of re
newableenergyprojects
168
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
3. Study the trend of en

ergy demand over the
years as a result of urban
agglomeration
4.Assesstheimpactofthe
Belakuschemeintermsof
power savings, CFL life
time and consumer confi
dence over a period of at
least2years
a) Create institutional
capacity for creating a
market/platform for
sale of carbon credits
b) Offer fiscal incen
tives for adoption of
energyefficient
equipment and appli
ances
under
the
Enhanced Energy Effi
ciency
c) Introducing CDM
intoenergyefficiency.
2. Devise strategies
and polices for de
mand side manage
ment (DSM) interven
tions beyond the
Belakuscheme
1. Research interventions
totapbiogenicgasgener
ated from methanogenic
organisms in marshes,
bogs,landfillsandshallow
sediments.
1. Review of the bar

riersthathaveresul
ted into Karnataka
losingitsleadingrole
in wind energy and
the slow pace of ex
pandingsolarenergy
power
generation
anddeterminationof
instruments through
which renewable de
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
2. Renewable energy at de
centralisedlevel
2. Operationalise purchase
obligationsbyutilitiesbacked
withapreferentialtariff.
3. Proactive implementation
of Special Incentive Package
(SIPs) policy to promote
photovoltaics manufacturing
plants.
4. Capacity building on use of
solar and biomass energy for
domestic purposes at decen
tralised level and successful
demonstration of these tech
nologies.
7. Except from traditional firewood use,

the use of biofuels failed to make sub
stantialinroadsatscale.
Policyintervention
ployment can be
progressively accel
erated with specific
attention to private
sector investments,
PPP and timebound
targets.
2. Enhancing the Re
newable Energy Cer
tificate (REC) mecha
nism across the state
to facilitate purchase
and sale of these cer
tificates enabling car
bontrade.
3. Reviewing gaps in
present financing for
renewable
energy
financing and identify
ing means for improv
ing banking services
for the benefit of re
newable energy de
ployment.
169
1.R&Dtofocusonpilot
ing viable options for a
subsequent largerscale
deployment of biofuels
as substitutes for fossil
fuel for diesel and pet
rol engines (vehicles
1. Subject to the suc

cessful conclusion of
piloting (refer to the
adjacent cell) the Kar
nataka Biofuel Policy
2009
should
be
amended
through
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
andDGsets).
quantifiable
targets
and specific incentives
forrealisingthem.
1.Expansionofdeploymentof
improved chulas by leverag
ingpublicprivatepartnership
fordissemination.
1. Conduct a larger field

surveyofindoorairpollu
tion in respect of tradi
tional and improved
stoves under reallife
conditions across Karna
taka and identify reasons
impeding further de
ployment of improved
stoves.
1. Action plan for the

development
and
deployment of im
proved chulas to the
most vulnerable sec
tion of society under
National
Biomass
Cookstoves
Initia
tives(NBCI).
1. The magnitude of present migration

fromruralareastourbanresultingfrom
inadequacies in health, education, hous
ingandemploymentintier2and3cities
1. Improve the quality and

accessibility of health care,
education, housing and em
ploymentinvillages.
1. Creating employ
ment opportunities for
rural populations es
pecially in seasons of
noncultivation by fur
thering the incentives
providedbytheKarna
taka Industrial Policy,
which encourages in
dustriesintier2and3
cities.
2.Stromwaterdrainsareunabletodeal
with water from moderately heavy rain
falls while climate change may lead to
greaterprecipitationinshorterintervals
thanpreviouslyencountered
1. Encouraging rainwater
harvesting in cities similar to
BWSSBRules
2. Create awareness about
rainwater harvesting among
1. Develop a better rain

fall runoff model in the
urban context to improve
on the empirical system
still followed for sizing of
1. Revision of design
guidelines for storm
waterdrainstoreduce
flooding risk from
presently60%to0%.
8. The use of improved cooking stoves

(chulas)istoolimitedforitspotentialof
reducing wood consumption while re
ducing indoor air pollution and safe
guarding human health, especially of
women who spend considerable time
indoors
6.Urbanisation
1. Data on potential for

rainwater harvesting and
artificial recharge possi
bility
170
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
citizens through Residents

Welfare Associations (RWAs)
withthehelpofNGOs
3. Cleaning of existing drain
agesystempriortomonsoon.
4. Ensuring sewage does not
enterintostormwaterdrains
(alsorefertosectionUrbani
sation,point6)
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
stormwaterdrains.
3. Much remains to be done to manage 1. Emphasis on achieving a

municipal solid waste in line with good fair degree of segregation of
practicesandlegislativerequirements
waste at source so as to
maximisereuseandrecycling
options.
2. Promoting awareness
amongcitizensonthe4Rsin
association with Residents
WelfareAssociations(RWAs).
1. Assessment of im
pediments in proper
management of munici
pal waste at the level of
urban local bodies
(ULBs).
2. Using GIS/ remote
sensing techniques for
tracking disposal of
waste.
3.Targetedexplorationof
new and economically
viablerecyclingoptions.
4.Largeuntappedenergypotentialfrom 1. Provision for collection of

solid waste (135 MW), tapping of which wet waste form restaurants
wouldbeaninterimsolutionuntilbetter andapartments.
compostingcanbeoperationalised
1. R & D on techniques/ 1. Policies incentivis

methods to generate en ing
waste
co
ergyfromwaste.
processing in power
plants to address
health issues besides
energygeneration.
171
1. Providing incentives
for organisations and
adult rag pickers ex
tensively
collecting
recyclable waste by
considering support
prices to stimulate re
cycling.
2. Devising means of
introducing buyback
mechanisms at state
level.
KeyChallenges
5. Considerable inadequacy in sewage
collection,treatmentandreuseoftreated
water
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
1. Initiation of longterm
planning processes which are
followed through to their im
plementation/logicalconclu
sion.
7.Providingthebasicneedstotheurban 1. Ensure continuation of the

poor(water,sanitation,electricityetc)
work of Karnataka Slum De
velopment Board in ensuring
accesstosafewaterandsani
tationinslums.
6. Absence of a planning perspective

capable of spanning decades as neces
sary for establishing railbound public
transportincitiesandpublictransportin
emergingcities
8. Difficult to change behavioural pat

terns result in road humps that increase
fuelconsumption,airpollutionandnoise
apart from being undesirable for com
muters
9. Gradual loss of green cover in urban 1. Encouraging plantation of 1. Maintain data on

areas
suitablespecies
annual tree plantations
andremovals.
1. Implementation of
ParksAct.
7.Health
1.Absenceofahealthstatusinventory
1.Enhancingdiseasemonitor
ing & surveillance systems,
especially in respect of ma
laria
1.Maintenanceofdisease
data related to mortality
and morbidity at dis
trict/blocklevel.
172
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
2. The relationship between human

health and climate change (vector borne
disease, heat stress etc.) is not well es
tablishedinpublishedliterature
1. Development of a
database on the cases of
vector borne diseases
andtransmission.
1. Conduct region wise

research on diseases re
lated to water availability
andquality.
2.Procure/develop/custo
mize
highresolution
health impact models to
assess potential impact.
The NAPCC also focuses
ontheddevelopmentofa
highresolution health
impactmodelatthestate
level.GoKcancollaborate
with national, interna
tional expert agencies to
exchangeknowledge.
3. Studies on the climate
change linked parasite
activities and impact on
humanhealth.
3.Mostvulnerableregionsofthestatein
the context of health climate change
events like drought, flood, transmission
of vector borne diseases remain to be
identified
1. Conduct research on
the trend of vector borne
diseases and identify the
most vulnerable regions
ofthestate.
2. GIS mapping of the
most vulnerable areas in
the state. This is also be
ing prioritised by the
NAPCC.
173
Implementation
andplanning
KeyChallenges
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
4. Institutional strengthening and ca

pacitybuilding
1.Conductingcategorisedand
specific training of health de
partmentpersonnel
1. Establish collabor
ation with institutes
such as ICMR, AIIMS,
Medicalcollegesetc.to
createapool.
5. Drinking water quality is often com

promised
1.Waterutilitiesneedtoinsti
tutionalise rigorous quality
assurance to ensure meeting
ofdrinkingwaterstandardsat
consumerend
8.Otherinterventionaspects
1.Thecurrentlevelofknowledgeonthe
spatialdimension,timescaleandmagni
tudeofclimaticchangesisextremelylim
ited. An accurate and quantitative in
depth understanding of climate change
impacts emerges as critical need. In its
absence the framing of longterm policy
and appropriate adaptive measures re
mainsseverelyimpeded.
174
1. Conduct extensive
research on the spatial
dimension, time scale
and magnitude of cli
matic changes impacts
soastobeabletomake
more accurate predic
tions about likely im
pacts of climate change
in Karnataka. This
should
include
a) Establishment of a re
gional climate monitoring
network whose results
arecheckedagainstchan
ges in soil, yield, ground
water,aridityetcandwho
could increase under
standing
of
climate
KeyChallenges
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
R&Dintervention
Policyintervention
change processes specific

toKarnatakaanddelinea
tion from those of neigh
bourhoods.
b) Enhancing the spatial
resolution of present cli
mate models, which are
too coarse to generate
localised actionable re
sults actionable, espe
ciallyinviewofthesharp
sea/land border. More
reliable projections re
main to be made, drawn
from a sufficiently large
number of models tested
against each to carry out
necessarycalibrations.
2.Thereisnomechanismforsharingin
formationonadaptationpilots,practices
and experiences made across India. This
being a very new field, the absence of a
communicationmightleadtoasituation
whereeachstatereinventswheelsstart
ing from zero while the opportunities to
buildoneachothersexperiencearefore
gone
1. The Central Gov

ernmenttoleadthesys
tematic documentation
and evaluation of adap
tation practices in the
country.
Karnataka
shoulddesignateastate
nodalagencytoprovide
relevantinformationon
behalfofKarnatakaand
provide
experiences
madeelsewhere.
175
KeyChallenges
3. This present Action Plan is based on
current understanding and published
reports, which, the underlying know
ledge of which subject to rapid evolve
ment. Without a regular review and up
dation,thisActionPlanisboundtoloose
itsrelevancewithinaspanofyears.
Implementation
andplanning
Datamanagement
176
R&Dintervention
1.Establishasystematic
review process for new
scientific findings, new
modelling results and
changes in policy, legis
lation and incentives,
leading to an updation
Karnataka State Action
Plan on Climate Change
every5years.
Policyintervention
11.3. Priorityactionsandentrypoints
11.3.1. Restructuringofagriculturalpowertariffs
Sector:
Agriculture
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
Agricultureconsumesasignificantportionofelectricity,causingaroughlypro
portionateemissionofGHGsemissions.
Restructuring the power tariffs in the agricultural sector to disincentivise
avoidableelectricityconsumption.Thesamevolumeofsubsidiesmaybeshifted
tootherpriorityareassuchasinvestmentinmoreefficientplantandmachinery
Duetosubsidisedelectricityinagriculturesector,theenergysectorincurs
financiallossesshoulderedbyGoK.Howeverwiththerestructuredpower
tariffs, the revenue thus earned could be invested to promote renewable
energyatfarmlevels.
Formulation of a committee with the representation from Key imple
menter and stakeholders to draw a policy aiming at gradually increasing

thepowertariffsintheagriculturesectorandpromotionofrenewableen
ergy.
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofEnergy
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofAgriculture
DepartmentofWaterResources
PanchayatiRajinstitutions
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Tobedefined
Timeframe:
Shorttem(12year).Thecommitteecanbesetupimmediately.
Funding:
Nosignificantfundingrequirementenvisaged
177
11.3.2. Policybodyfordevisingcroppingshifts
Sector:
Agriculture
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
Cultivations and subsidies supporting farming lack mechanisms for shifting

cropping patterns in line with projected climatic shifts across agroclimatic
zones
Establishment of a state level policy body to develop suitable mechanisms for
encouragingcroppingshiftsthroughredistributionofexistingsubsidies
DepartmentofAgriculturewouldestablishthestatelevelpolicybodywith
therepresentationfromallthestakeholders.Thebodywouldaimtofor
mulateplansto
Identifyagroclimaticzonewiseenergyintensivecropsandtheiralterna
tives
Redistributesubsidytoencouragecroppingofidentifiedalternatives
Arrive at consensus among farmers organizations and building their ca
pacityforchangedcroppingpattern
Marketinganddistributionofidentifiedalternativecrops
Fixing minimum support price for identified alternative crops to encour
agefarmers
Pilotscaleexecutionmaybedemonstratedinanyoneagroclimatezoneto
assessthefeasibilityandobstacles.
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
StateAgricultureUniversities
IndianCouncilofAgricultureResearch(ICAR)
FoodCorporationofIndia(FCI)Regional
Farmersorganizations
NGOs
RegionalRuralBanks
CooperativeBanks
Capacitybuilding
needs:
As identified in institutional arrangement to enhance farmers capacities to

understand risks of climate change on current crops and advantages on the al
ternativecropsbeingpromoted.LocalNGOsandPRIswillplayimportantrolein
suchprogrammes.
Timeframe:
MidTerm(25yr).Thecommitteecansubmitaplanwithinaperiodoftwoyear
Funding:
Release of NAPCC National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture with pertaining

fundingprovisionsisbeingawaited(referTable1).
178
11.3.3. UseNAPCCdrylandfarminginstruments
Sector:
Agriculture
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
Implementationandplanning
No.:
Thereisawidespreadabsenceofscientificdrylandfarmingpractices.
NationalMissiononSustainableAgricultureunderNAPCCprovidesinstruments
forthedevelopmentofdrylandfarming
Instruments under NAPCC on Sustainable Agriculture include develop
mentofdroughtandpestresistantcropvarieties,waterandsoilconserva
tion,capacitybuildingandfinancialassistance.
Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and water resources may jointly

developthestatelevelplanincluding
Identifyingthecropslackingadequateresistance
Priority region (select districts) in the state for water and soil conserva
tion
Assesstrainingneedsofvariousstakeholders
Possible convergence with ongoing programmes like BhooChetana, or

NationalHorticultureMission
TheplanonceapprovedatstatelevelmaybesubmittedtoNationalMis
siononSustainableAgriculture(MinistryofAgriculture,GoI).
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofAgricultureandDepartmentofHorticulture
Stakeholders:
StateAgricultureUniversities
IndianCouncilofAgricultureResearch(ICAR)
Research/Academicinstitutes
LocalNGOs
PanchayatiRajInstitutions
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Thecapacitybuildingprogrammecanbeclassifiedinfollowing
For Government personnel State Agriculture Universities may conduct

suchtrainingprogrammesalongwithonfielddemonstration.Thesetrain
ingprogrammesshouldbeconductedatDistrictlevelandatstatelevel
For farmers communities State Agriculture Universities may prepare

trainingprogrammewhichmaybeconductedbyLocalNGOsinparticipa
tion with State Agriculture and Horticulture Departments. These training
programmestobeconductedatblock/GramPanchayatlevel
Timeframe:
Shortterm(Shouldbeinitiatedimmediately)
Funding:

179
11.3.4. Maketheftofsprinklerpipesunviable
Sector:
Agriculture
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Significant untapped potential to enhanced irrigation efficiency especially in

NorthernKarnataka.Theexpansionofmicroirrigationisalsohamperedbyse
curityconcernsoftheftofdistributionpipes
Eradication of the market for stolen pipes through redistribution of existing
subsidies on micro irrigation so as to bring farmers net cost of distribution
pipesbelowtheblackmarketcost
Implementation
arrangement:
Redistribute existing subsidies on microirrigation so that the supply pipes,

whichareoftensubjectedtotheft,fetcharesalevaluebelowfarmerssubsidised
procurementprice.Thiswouldrendertheftunattractive.
Requirescoordinationwithgovernmentsofneighbouringstates
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofHorticulture
Stakeholders:
KarnatakaWaterResourceAuthority
WatershedDepartment
LocalNGOs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Propagatemicroirrigationthroughcreatingfarmersawareness(atblock/Gram
Panchayat level) on benefits of microirrigation, available financial assistance
andgovernmentssupportingprogrammes.LocalNGOsmayplayimportantrole
insuchawarenesscreationprogrammes
Timeframe:
Shortterm(12yr)
Funding:
Rs. 20,630 and Rs. 49.600 crore have been allotted under National Water Mis
sionforPolicyandInstitutionalFrameworkandEfficientUseofWaterforVari
ousPurposerespectively.
180
11.3.5. Createamarkedforindigenousagriculturalcrops
Sector:
Agriculture
Type:
No.:
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Agrobiodiversity is jeopardised. Indigenous resilient varieties of crops like

maize,rice,sorghumrequireinterventionstosafeguardtheirpreservation
Preservation of indigenous varieties of crops through creation of a market for
such products. The network of state agencies including HOPCOMS could help
markettheseasspecialitiesforahigherprice
Implementation
arrangement:
Tobeginwith,theDepartmentofAgriculturewouldberequiredto;
Prepareinventoryofindigenousvarietiesofdifferentcrops
Screenthevarietiesunderimmediatethreat
Appoint nodal agency (agriculture universities or research institutes) to
undertakethepreservationofsuchidentifiedindigenousvarieties.
Devise an intelligent, consumer centric marketing initiative for products

fromsuchvarietiesofcrops
Fixminimumsupportpriceforsuchproducts
Drawanincentiveplantopromotesuchproducts
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Agricultureuniversities
ResearchInstitutes
IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch
Cooperativebanksandsocieties
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Trainingprogrammesoffarmersonbenefitsofpreservingindigenousvarieties.
Department of Agriculture may conduct such training programme at
Block/Gram Panchayat level through Krishi Vigyan Kendra/ Agriculture Exten
siondepartmentwiththesupportofPRIs
Timeframe:
Midterm(25yr)
Funding:

181
11.3.6. Createamarkedforindigenoushorticulturalcrops
Sector:
Horticulture
Type:
No.:
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Horticultural biodiversity is jeopardised. Indigenous resilient varieties such as

mangoandjackfruitrequireinterventionstosafeguardtheirpreservation
Preservation of indigenous varieties of crops through creation of a market for
such products. The network of state agencies including HOPCOMS could help
markettheseasspecialitiesforahigherprice
Implementation
arrangement:
Atoutset,DepartmentofHorticultureisrequiredto
Prepareinventoryofindigenousvarietiesofdifferentcrops
Screenthevarietiesunderimmediatethreat
Appoint nodal agency (agriculture universities or research institutes) to
undertakethepreservationofsuchidentifiedindigenousvarieties.
Deviseanintelligent,consumercentricmarketinginitiativeforproductsof
suchvarietiesofcrops
Fixaminimumsupportprice
Drawaplantoprovideincentivessuchproducts
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Researchinstitutes
IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch
Cooperativebanksandsocieties
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Trainingprogrammesoffarmersonbenefitsofpreservingindigenousvarieties.
Department of Agriculture may conduct such training programme at
Block/Gram Panchayat level through Krishi Vigyan Kendra/ Agriculture Exten
siondepartmentwiththesupportofPRIs
Timeframe:
Midterm(25yr)
Funding:

182
11.3.7. Formulationofalivestockinsurancepolicy
Sector:
AnimalHusbandry
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
Lack of mechanisms, initiative and incentives for systematically enhancing re

sistanceoflivestocktovectorbornediseasesandincreasingheat/coldstresses
asmaybeexpectedfromchangesintheclimate
CentralGovernmenttoconceptualiseandformulatealivestockinsurancepolicy
withpremiumstakingintoaccountvaccinationrecordsandsuitabilityofabreed
foragivenregion
Preparedetailedlivestockinventoryincludingregionwisebreeds,existing
resistance, level of vaccination and threat due to climate change. This
wouldhelpinidentifyingthetarget(priority)breeds.
Formulateaplantoexecutelargescalevaccination.Thiswillalsoinclude
awarenessoflivestockowners.
SubmissionofaproposalforaninsurancetoCentralGovernment
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofAnimalHusbandry
Stakeholders:
StateVeterinaryResearchInstitutes
IndianVeterinaryResearchInstitute(IVRI)
PanchayatRajinstitutions
LocalNGOs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Training for administrators on assessment of resistance and threats emerging

fromclimatechange.
Trainingforlivestockownerson
Risksassociatedwithclimatechanges
Benefitsofvaccination
PromotionofLivestockinsurance
Timeframe:
Midterm(25yr)
Funding:

183
11.3.8. Expandbreedingofindigenouscattlebreeds
Sector:
AnimalHusbandry
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
No.:
Lackofmechanisms,initiativeandincentivesforpreservingindigenousclimate
tolerantbreedsofcattle(Amrithmahal,Hallikar,Khillar)andbuffalo(Pandhar
puri,Surthi)
Indigenousbreedsarebeingdevelopedbyselectivebreedinginlivestockfarms
locatedinTumkur,ChickmagalurandHaveri.Thisneedstobeextended.
Department of Animal Husbandry may approve new livestock farms in
otherdistrictsofstatetopromotethepreservationofindigenousbreeds.
This may be based on the geographical division of the state. Further de
pendingupontheneed,newbreedsmayalsobeincludedinpreservation
plan.
Department may also seek research collaboration with international
premiereinstitutesthroughexchangeofscientists,MoUetc.Thiswillbring
internationalexpertiseatlocallevel.
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofAnimalHusbandry
Stakeholders:
Veterinaryresearchinstitutes
IndianVeterinaryResearchInstitute(IVRI)
LocalNGOs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Capacitybuildingofveterinarydoctorsandscientistsasmentionedabove.
Timeframe:
Midtolongterm(37yr)
Funding:

184
11.3.9. EnforcementofGroundwaterAct
Sector:
WaterResources
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Overextractionofgroundwaterresources,especiallyin35overexploitedand3
criticaltaluks
EnforcementofregulationmeasuresinplaceunderthenewlyenactedGround
waterAct.
Implementationar
rangement:
InitiationofstatutoryfunctionsofthebodytobeconstitutedundertheGround
waterAct.
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofMiningandGeology
Watersupplyboards
ULBs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Tobedefined
Timeframe:
Shortterm(~1yr)
Funding:
Rs. 7,805 crore has been allotted for groundwater management under the
NAPCCNationalWaterMission
185
11.3.10.
Sector:
Policybodyforrestrictinggroundwateruse
WaterResources
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
10
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Overextractionofgroundwaterresources,especiallyin35overexploitedand3
criticaltaluk
Establishmentofastatelevelpolicybodytoreviewthepossibilityofprohibiting
theuseofgroundwaterfornondrinkingandnonemergencyuses.
Implementation
arrangement:
State Government to set up a policy body to review the existing scenario and
prepareaplantoimposerestrictiononGroundWater.Theplanwillinclude
Restrictionongroundwateruseinoverexploitedandcriticaltaluksforall
usesexceptdrinkingpurpose
Fixingthediameterofpipestodrawgroundwaterfordrinkingwateruses
Provision for mandatory groundwater recharge by water supply boards

and other agencies extracting ground water for large scale drinking pur
pose.
Arrivingatgroundwatertariffforthenondrinkingpurposeslikeagricul
ture,industrialetcinothertaluks.
Provision for rebate on water tariffs to ground water recharging entities

(farmers,industriesetc.)
Promotionofartificialgroundwaterrecharge
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
CentralGroundWaterBoard(CGWB)
DepartmentofMines&Geology
DepartmentofRuralDevelopment&PanchayatRaj
ULBs
WaterSupplyandSewerageBoards
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Trainingandawarenessprogrammesforlargeconsumers(industries,farmers)
on the benefits of groundwater recharges, governments support for same in
cludingrebateandincentives.LocalNGOsmaybeimportantpartners.
Timeframe:
Shortterm(13yr)
Funding:
186
11.3.11.
Sector:
Introductionofagroundwatercess
WaterResources
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
11
The vast potential for collection of rainwater for productive use, groundwater
rechargeandtemporarystorageinwaterbodiesinordertoreducetheirrigation
dependencyongroundwater(atpresentitis45%)istobemaximised
Introduction of a groundwater cess from which a ground water fund would be
created. The ground water fund would finance groundwater recharge schemes
withinthestateproposedbyprivateandpublicprojectproponents.
Asdiscussedunderpoint10,groundwatercesswouldenablegovernment
tomaintainfinancialviabilityofGroundWaterManagementActivities.
Such cess may be finalised based on the stage of groundwater develop
mentinparticularregion.ThisCesstorangefordifferentvolumebrackets.
Arebatemayalsobeprovidedtotheentitiespractisinggroundwaterre
charge.
Such funds may be utilised for the promotion and implementation of

Groundwaterrecharge.
Apartfromcess,governmentmayalsomakegroundwaterrechargeman
datorytolargeconsumersofgroundwater.
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
CentralGroundWaterBoard(CGWB)
DepartmentofMines&Geology
DepartmentofRuralDevelopment&PanchayatRaj
ULBs
Watersupplyboards
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Anodalagency(academicinstitute)maybeappointedtodevelopuniformtech
nicalguidelinesforartificialgroundwaterrechargeinthestate.
Timeframe:
Shortterm(12yr)
Funding:
187
11.3.12.
Sector:
DevisecapitalsubsidyforRWHstructures
WaterResources
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
12
Issuesbeing
addressed:
The vast potential for collection of rainwater for productive use, groundwater
rechargeandtemporarystorageinwaterbodiesinordertoreducetheirrigation
dependencyongroundwater(atpresentitis45%)istobemaximised.
Devise an incentive in form of a capital investment subsidy for rainwater har
vesting(RWH)structures
Implementation
arrangement:
Formulationofastatelevelbodywithrepresentationfromallstakeholdersto
Review the existing situations and agro climatic zone wise pressure on
groundwater
PromotionofRWH
Designagroclimaticzonewiseincentiveplansincludingsubsidiesonthe
raw materials for such measures (pipes, roof materials, filters etc) (such
financial need may be met through funds received from Groundwater
cess)
Formulatemechanismsforfinancialsustainability
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Academic/researchinstitutes
Capacitybuilding
needs:
A nodal agency (academic institute) may be appointed to develop uni

formtechnicalguidelinesforrainwaterharvestinginthestate
RWHpromotionthroughawarenesscreationamongfarmers
Timeframe:
Shortterm(13yr)
Funding:
188
11.3.13.
Sector:
Integratedwaterresourcesmanagementinpublicbuildings
WaterResources
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
No.:
13
Reuseoftreatedwaterinindustriesandurbanlocalbodies(ULBs)hasbeenun
abletomakesignificantinroads
Integratedwaterresourcesmanagementtocommenceinpublicbuildingstoset
examplesandinspireconfidence.
Department of Urban Development to make RWH and reuse of treated

wastewatermandatoryinpublicbuildings.
Also, department may provide rebate on water tariffs in case of RWH

equippedbuildings,recycleandreuseoftreatedwastewaterpracticed.
Watertariffsmayberestructuredtakingintoaccountnotonlytheinflow
waterbutalsooutflowwater(wastewater)inlargepublicbuildings.
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofTownPlanning
ULBs
Municipalities
Watersupplyandsewerageboards
Capacitybuilding
needs:
A nodal agency may be appointed to develop uniform simple technical

guidelinesforrainwaterharvestinginthestate
RWH promotion through awareness creation among civilians with the

helpofCBO,Civilsocieties,NGOs,RWAs
Timeframe:
Shorttomidterm(25year)
Funding:
Rs.47,059crorehasbeenallottedunderCityDevelopmentNationalMissionon
SustainableHabitattowardssewagetreatment,reuse,recycleofwastewaterand
rainwaterharvestingandRs25CroreforcapacitybuildingforRWHandreuse
recyclewastewater.Substantialfinancialcommitmentsarealsoavailableunder
NationalWaterMission.
189
11.3.14.
Sector:
Pricingpolicyrevisionforirrigationwater
WaterResources
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
14
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Low priced irrigation water is a substantial impediment for investment, water

infrastructureandsustainableresourceutilisationandmanagement
Water Resources Department to lead a cost benefits analysis (CBA) in order to
assessthefinancialburdenofirrigationwaterandtoformulateapricingpolicy
rationalisingtheuseofirrigationpurposeinviewoflongtermsustainabilityand
theneedforadequatefinance.
Implementation
arrangement:
Governmentmayappointacommitteetostudyandassess
Financialsustainabilityandweaknessofcurrentirrigationwaterscheme
Financialneedfortheoperationandmaintenanceofwatershed,distribu
tioninfrastructure
CarryoutCostBenefitAnalysistoarriveatsuitablewatertariffstructure
to provide for the operation and maintenance of watershed, distribution
infrastructure
Convince various stakeholders on water tariffs through interactive ses

sions,andawarenesscreation
Apartofthusgeneratedrevenuesmayalsobeutilizedtowardspromotion
anddemonstrationofRWHandefficientmicroirrigationtechniques
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Farmerscommunities
DepartmentofRevenue
Capacitybuilding
needs:
WiththehelpoflocalNGOs,awarenessprogrammesforthefarmerstodemon
stratetheneedofwatertariffsmaybeconductedatBlock/GramPanchayatlev
els
Timeframe:
Midterm(35yr)
Funding:
190
11.3.15.
Sector:
EstimatethecarryingcapacityoftheWesternGhats
RandDIntervention
Type:
No.:
15
Issuesbeing
addressed:
BiodiversityhotspotssuchastheWesternGhatsareinsufficientlyprotected
EstimatethecarryingcapacityoftheWesternGhatsforsettlements,agriculture,
roadsandotherconstruction,industriesandmines.
Implementation
arrangement:
Anodalagency(groupofexpertinstitutes)maybeappointedto
StudytheexistingdevelopmentpressureonWesternGhats
Assesstheextentofcarryingcapacityutilization
Develop high resolution maps for monitoring the status of the Western
Ghats
Recommendontherestriction/prohibitionoffurtherdevelopmentactivi
ties in Western Ghats (mining, agriculture, road etc) and develop a com
prehensiveWesternGhatsManagementPlan
The study may also be replicated for other biodiversity hot spots in the
state
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofForest
Stakeholders:
WesternGhatsTaskForce
Researchinstitutes
Capacitybuilding
needs:
ForestDepartmentpersonnelmaybeprovidedtrainingoncapacitybuildingon
protectionandefficientmanagementofsuchhotspots
Timeframe:
Shorttomidterm(25yr).
Funding:
Funding sources to be identified; Consider purview of the NAPCC Mission for

GreenIndiaandbudgetaryprovisionshereunder
191
11.3.16.
Sector:
Respondtoinvasionofalienspecies
Type:
RandDintervention
No.:
16
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Invasionofalienspecies
Scientific methods for eradication, containment and control methods and tech
nologiesforinvasivespecies
Implementation
arrangement:
Department of Forest may initiate partnership with institutes of premium re

puteto
Assesstheextentofinvasion(regionwise)
Assesstheimpactofsuchinvasiononexistingbioresourcesofthestate
Developscientificmethods/evaluateexistingmethodstocontrolinvasive
species
Onfielddemonstrationofsuchsuccessfultechniquesandimplementation
atlargescale
Periodicalmonitoringofcontrolprogrammes
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofForest
Stakeholders:
Research/academicinstitutes
Capacitybuilding
needs:
To train the department personnel on the efficient implementation of devel

oped/improvedcontrolmeasuresatfieldlevel.
Timeframe:
Midterm(25yr)
Funding:
Fundingsourcestobeidentified
192
11.3.17.
Sector:
Clearforestencroachments
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
ImplementationandPlanning
Type:
No.:
17
Encroachment of forests by human settlements, agriculture, coffee plantations

andmines
Removeencroachmentswithinatimeframeof5years
Identificationandlistingofsectorwiseencroachment(agriculture,mining,
humansettlement)
Removalofencroachmentthroughenforcementofexistinglegislation
Listofdefaultersresponsibleforsuchencroachmentmaybewidelycircu
lated and advertised to generate further awareness on the stringent ac

tions
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofForest
Stakeholders:
RevenueDepartment
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Training of Forest department personnel to enable them in removing such en

croachment like understanding on related legislations, addressing socio
economicchallengesinperformingdutiesetc
Timeframe:
Shorttomidterm(15yr)
Funding:
193
11.3.18.
Sector:
Stabilisethegridsupplyvoltage
Energy
Type:
No.:
18
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Energy efficiency failed to make substantial inroads. Energy audit still has low
visibility,thenecessaryprofessionalcapacitiesremaintobecreatedatscale,the
EnergyConservationBuildingCode(ECBC)isyettobenotifiedatstatelevel,the
conceptofGreenRatingforIntegratedHabitatAssessment(GRIHA)isalsonotin
force as it is a part of ECBC. Altogether, the Market Transformation for Energy
Efficiency(MTEE)undertheNAPCCarenotonthehorizoninKarnatakayet
Stabilisethegridsupplyvoltageinasystematicandtimeboundmannersothat
appliancesachievetheirdesignefficientlyandlifetime.Thisrequiresscheduled
loadplanning/sheddinguntilthedemandsupplygapisclosed
Implementation
arrangement:
Increaseenergyefficiencywithtechnologicalinterventionsandbestpractices
Developmentofautomatedloadsheddingsystembyutilizingactualoper
atingconditionsandknowledgeofpastsystemdisturbances
Reductionintheoverloadingofexistinglinesandsubstationequipments
Policyinterventionstocompelenergyauditsforbothsmallandlargescale
industries
Initiatestandardsandlabelingprogrammeforenduseequipmentandap
pliances
Overcomingcostbiasonenhancedenergyefficientproducts
Keyimplementer:
Electricitysupplycompanies(ESCOMs)
Stakeholders:
KarnatakaElectricityRegulatoryCommission(KERC)
KarnatakaRenewableEnergyDevelopmentLimited(KREDL)
RajivGandhiGrameenVidyutikaranYojana
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Trainingprogrammetoutilitypersonnelforupgradationofknowledgeonoper
ationandmaintenance
Timeframe:
13years
Funding:
Rs.485croreplusadditionalanticipatedprivatecontributionsofRs.14,000core
tothemission
194
11.3.19.
Sector:
Strategiseenergyaudits
Energy
Issues
addressed:
being
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
No.:
19
KREDL to strategise covering all establishments with a connected load of 500
kVA and above in a time bound manner with energy audit with priority on in
dustries.ThisentailscapacitybuildingonpartofKREDL
Effective coordination between different department BEE, KREDL to es

tablishspecificenergyconsumption(SEC)normsandstandardsfordiffer
entindustries
Provideplatformforefficienttradingofenergycertificatesobtained
Industries to appoint energy managers, file energy consumption returns

eachyearandconductmandatoryenergyaudits
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofEnergy
BureauofEnergyEfficiency(BEE)
Electricitysupplycompanies(ESCOMs)
DepartmentofCommerceandIndustries
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Capacity building to include mechanism to enhance cost effectiveness of im

provementsinenergyefficiencyinenergyintensivelargescaleindustries
Timeframe:
13years
Funding:
Funding sources to be identified; Consider purview of NAPCC Mission for En

hancedEnergyEfficiencyandbudgetaryprovisionshereunder
195
11.3.20.
Sector:
NotifytheEnergyConservationBuildingCode(ECBC)
Energy
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
20
The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) to be notified at state level
within2011
Institutionalizing and strengthening delivery mechanism for energy effi

ciencyprogramsinthestate
Provideaframeworkforthemuchneededcoordinationbetweenvarious
governmententities
Establishingenergyconsumptionformsforlargeenergyconsumers
MakingECBCofbuildingsmandatory
MassawarenesscreationonECBC
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Capacitybuilding
needs:
2040%potentialenergysavingsinbuildingscompliedunderECBCnorms
ECBC enhancing the thermal and visual comforts and productivity of the occu
pants
Timeframe:
13years
Funding:
Nosignificantfundingrequirementenvisagedforthenotification
196
11.3.21.
Sector:
ImplementNAPCCsMarketTransformationforEnergyEfficiency
Energy
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Type:
PolicyIntervention
21
No.:
KREDL to develop strategies for Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency
(MTEE)undertheNationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency
Create institutional capacity for creating a market/platform for sale of

carboncredits
Offer fiscal incentives for adoption of energyefficient equipment and ap

pliancesundertheNationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency
Preparationofarankingofcarbonemissionabatementcostsfordifferent
mitigationoptionsspecifictoKarnatakaaswasdoneforIndiainorderto
informdecisionprocesses
Figure44:EmissionabatementcostsforIndiain20301
Implementationar
rangement:
Overcomingcostbiastoinitiatemarkettransformationtowardstheirpre
ferentialadoption
Integrationofenergysectormitigationoptionsinthepolicydesign
Active involvement of public sector to effectively leverage CDM revenues

formarkettransformation
Aggregated Energy Efficiency projects through programmatic approach

holdsthekeytothegrowthandexpansionofCDMprojects
Adoptefficientmethodologies
Keyimplementer:
Privateparties
1EnvironmentalandEnergySustainability:AnApproachforIndia(2009).McKinsey&Company,Inc
197
Sector:
Energy
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
21
Stakeholders:
BureauofEnergyEfficiency(BEE)
DepartmentofRevenue
Capacitybuilding
needs:
ToreducetransactioncostanddispersesmallcreditflowsunderMTEE
Tosupportfinancing,technologyandcapacitybuildingundertheacceptedprin
ciplesofcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities(CBDR)
Timeframe:
13years
Funding:

198
11.3.22.
Sector:
Scaleuprenewablescontribution
Energy
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
No.:
22
The estimated potential of renewables has till date been harnessed to 11.5%.
Largescalepilotsprojectsarenotonthehorizon,apartfromafewMWdemon
strationplantsbuiltbyKPCL.
RapidscalingupofactivitiestoimplementtheRenewableEnergyPolicywher
ever instruments of the National Solar Mission provide for the requisite re
sourcesthroughtimeboundtargets.
Efficient scale up of capacity and technological innovation to drive down

thecost
Offgrid decentralised application will be advantageous from rural

electrificationperspectiveandmeetingotherenergyneeds
Removal of implementation barriers of renewable/ solar/biomass based

generationwithregulatoryincentivesforitspromotion
Create platform for domestic solar industry followed by effective mecha

nismforcertificationandratingofmanufacturersofsolarthermalapplica
tions
Conduct an indepth assessment of leveraging carbon finance including
CDM for single/bundled projects, programmatic approach, voluntary

emission reductions for renewables projects. Identify barriers and most
viable options followed by the development of a Karnataka guide to car
bonfinance
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Mostfeasibleenergygenerationsourcetomeetlongtermenergyneeds
Tosetupanenvironmentforsolartechnologypenetrationtoservepopulations
withoutaccesstocommercialenergy
Timeframe:
57years
Funding:
Rs. 12,00015,000 crore under the NAPCC Mission for Enhanced Energy Effi
ciency
199
11.3.23.
Sector:
Reviewbarriersinwindenergydeployment
Energy
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
PolicyIntervention
No.:
23
The estimated potential of renewables has till date been harnessed to 11.5%.
Largescalepilotsprojectsarenotonthehorizon,apartfromafewMWdemon
strationplantsbuiltbyKPCL
ReviewofthebarriersthathaveresultedintoKarnatakalosingitsleadingrolein
windenergyandtheslowpaceofexpandingsolarenergypowergenerationand
determinationofinstrumentsthroughwhichrenewabledeploymentcanbepro
gressivelyacceleratedwithspecificattentiontoprivatesectorinvestments,PPP
andtimeboundtargets
Create a platform to attract industries, PPP and project developers to in

vestinresearch,domesticmanufacturinganddevelopmentofwindenergy
andsolarpowergeneration
State government to involve regulators, power utilities and local citizens

toformulateeffectivepolicyandframework
Makingrenewablepurchaseobligationmandatory
Support up gradation of technologies and manufacturing capacities

throughsoftloanstoachievehigherefficienciesandcostreduction
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
KarnatakaElectricityRegulatoryCommission(KERC)
Electricitytradingcompanies
DepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandPanchayatRaj
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Tobeidentified
Timeframe:
Tobeidentified
Funding:

200
11.3.24.
Sector:
Pilotlargescalebiofuelsubstationinthetransportsector
Energy
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
RandDIntervention
Type:
No.:
24
Exceptfromtraditionalfirewooduse,theuseofbiofuelsfailedtomakesubstan
tialinroadsatscale
R&D to focus on piloting viable options for a subsequent largerscale deploy
mentofbiofuelsassubstitutesforfossilfuelfordieselandpetrolengines(vehi
clesandDGsets)
Settingupofahighlevelresearchcounciltoguidetheoveralltechnology
developmentstrategy
Environmentally sound, stateofthe art R&D projects to improve the

qualityoflifeofthepoorandtheenvironment
Subsidy options for farmers to grow plantations supporting biofuels at

largescale
Keyimplementer:
KarnatakaStateBiofuelBoard
Stakeholders:
IndianRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAgency(IREDA)
Transportcorporations
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Tobeidentified
Timeframe:
13years
Funding:
201
11.3.25.
Sector:
Achievegreaterdeploymentofimprovedchulas
Energy
Type:
Policyimplementation
No.:
25
Issuesbeing
addressed:
The use of improved cooking stoves (chulas) is too limited for its potential of
reducingwoodconsumptionwhilereducingindoorairpollutionandsafeguard
inghumanhealth,especiallyofwomenwhospendconsiderabletimeindoors
Actionplanforthedevelopmentanddeploymentofimprovedchulastothemost
vulnerable section of society under National Biomass Cookstoves Initiatives
(NBCI).
Implementation
arrangement:
Setting up of stateofthe art testing, certification and monitoring facilities and

strengtheningR&Dprogrammesinkeyinstitutionstoenhancetechnicalcapac
ity
Leveraging PPP to explore the range of technologies available for deployment,
biomassprocessinganddeliverymodels
Keyimplementer:
GramPanchayats
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofForest
Energysupplycompanies(ESCOMs)
DepartmentofRuralDevelopmentandPanchayatRaj
DepartmentofHealthandFamilyWelfare
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Toenhancetheavailabilityofcleanandefficientenergyfortheenergydeficient
andpoorersectionsofthecountry
Toachievequalityofenergyservicesfromcookstovescomparabletothatfrom
othercleanenergysourcessuchasLPG.
Timeframe:
35years
Funding:
202
11.3.26.
Sector:
Promoteeffluenttreatmentplants
CoastalZone
Type:
No.:
26
Issuesbeing
addressed:
CoastalpollutionduetoIndustries,aquaculture,portactivitiesandsandmining
upsetthefragilecoastalecologicalbalance
Promotingoftreatmentplantsatpointsource/CETPsforsmallindustries
Implementation
arrangement:
KarnatakaStatePollutionControlBoard(KSPCB)to;
Updatetheinventoryofindustrieslocatedincoastalzone(withandwithout
treatmentfacilities)
UndertakeneedassessmentofCETPincoastalzone
DevelopandimplementtechnicalandfinancialplantosetupCETPinthere
gion
Enforceexistingrulesandregulationinstrictermanner
Provisionforefficientmonitoring
KSPCBmayalsoundertakeecotoxicologicalstudies
Devisestrategiestolimitthesanctionofnewindustriesinvulnerablecoastal
hotspot
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
KarnatakaStateCoastalZoneManagementAuthority
Researchinstitutes
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Conducting training programme of owners of small industries on the need of

CETPandthreatfromdischarginguntreatedeffluent
Timeframe:
Shortterm(12year)
Funding:
203
11.3.27.
Sector:
Actonmangrovereplanting
CoastalZone
PolicyIntervention
Type:
No.:
27
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Themangroveecosystemandcoralreefsareinsufficientlyprotected
Formulateanactionplanforreplantingofmangroveintheareawheretheyhave
disappeared. To be taken up in conjunction with protection of mangroves,
patches of biodiversity rich habitats in the coastal, riverine and deltaic belt
(dovetailingwithNationalMissionforGreenIndia).
Implementation
arrangement:
KarnatakaStateCoastalZoneManagementAuthoritytostrategise:
Ensuringlocalcommunitiesparticipationtoprotectmangroves
Promotionofawarenessontheimportanceofmangroveecosystem
Removalofencroachmentsposingathreattomangroveecosystem
DeclarationofhighlyvulnerablezonesasNoActivityZonetoprotectman
groves
Replantationplantorejuvenatethemangroveecosystem
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofForests
Stakeholders:
KarnatakaStateCoastalZoneManagementAuthority
StateBiodiversityBoard
LocalNGOs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Conductingtrainingprogrammetoenhanceawarenessonmangroveprotection
incoastalzone.
Use of information, education and communication to achieve a desired level of
awareness
Timeframe:
Shorttomidterm(25year)
Funding:
NAPCCNationalMissiononGreenIndiaallocatesRs.500croretoregenerate0.1
millionhaofmangroveecosystem
204
11.3.28.
Sector:
AssessmentofMSWmanagementimpediments
Urbanisation
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
RandDintervention
No.:
28
Much remains to be done to manage municipal solid waste in line with good
practicesandlegislativerequirements
Assessment of impediments in proper management of municipal waste at the
levelofurbanlocalbodies(ULBs).
Researchinterventiontobeinitiated
ImplementULBslevelintegratedsolidwastemanagementplans
Demonstration of complete efficient solid waste management cycle (in
cluding segregation, collection, waste recovery, pre disposal treatment,

anddisposal)inselectULBs
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Researchinstitutes
ULBs
DevelopmentauthoritiessuchasBangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(BDA)
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Conducting awareness at citizen levels on the segregation, and management of

solidwaste
Capacitybuildingofpersonnelonefficientandintegratedmanagementofsolid
waste
Use of information, education and communication to achieve a desired level of
awareness
Timeframe:
Funding:
UnderNAPCCNationalMissiononSustainableHabitat
Rs.90croreforcapacitybuilding
Rs.6,073croreforUrbanSolidWasteManagement
Rs.40croreonSolidWasteManagement(Complimentaryaction)
205
11.3.29.
Sector:
Regionalresearchonclimatechange
Otherinterventions
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
RandDintervention
No.:
29
Thecurrentlevelofknowledgeonthespatialdimension,timescaleandmagni
tude of climatic changes is extremely limited. An accurate and quantitative in
depth understanding of climate change impacts emerges as critical need. In its
absencetheframingoflongtermpolicyandappropriateadaptivemeasuresre
mainsseverelyimpeded.
Conductextensiveresearchonthespatialdimension,timescaleandmagnitude
ofclimaticchangesimpactssoastobeabletomakemoreaccuratepredictions
oflikelyimpactsofclimatechangeinKarnataka.
Develop centre of excellence for climate change and establish a regional

climate monitoring network to carry out all the relevant research inter
ventionsandresultsofsuchstudiesmayhelpinincreasedunderstanding
ofclimatechangeprocessesspecifictoKarnataka.
Improvingthespatialresolutionofpresentclimatemodelsinordertocap
turethechangesinvarioussectors(biodiversity,water,soil,rainfall,tem
perature,agriculturalpatternetc).
Partnership/MoU with research institutes, academic institutes within
stateandinterstatetobridgetheknowledgegapsandenhanceefficiency
oftheprogramme.
Keyimplementer:
DepartmentofEcology&Environment
Stakeholders:
IndianMeteorologicalDepartment
DepartmentofRevenue
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Capacity building of department personnel by conducting training workshop,

visitstocentresofexcellenceinclimatechangeacrossthestateand/orabroad.
Timeframe:
Shortterm(13yr)
Funding:
Rs. 2,650 crore has been allocated under NAPCC National Mission for Strategic
Knowledge
206
11.3.30.
Sector:
Documentationofadaptationpractices
Otherinterventions
Type:
DataManagement
No.:
30
Issuesbeing
addressed:
There is no mechanism for sharing information on adaptation pilots, practices

andexperiencesmadeacrossIndia.Thisbeingaverynewfield,theabsenceofa
communication might lead to a situation where each state reinvents wheels
starting from zero while the opportunities to build on each others experience
areforegone
TheCentralGovernmenttoleadthesystematicdocumentationandevaluationof
adaptation practices in the country. Karnataka should designate a state nodal
agencytoproviderelevantinformationonbehalfofKarnatakaandprovideex
periencesmadeelsewhere.
Implementation
arrangement:
Nodalagencytobeappointed
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
DepartmentofPanchyatRajandRuralDevelopment
DepartmentofForest
LocalNGOs
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Disseminationatstateanddistrictlevelsthroughpublicationsandtraining
Timeframe:
Funding:
Fundingsourcestobeidentified;ConsiderthepurviewofNAPCCNationalMis
sionforStrategicKnowledgeandbudgetaryprovisionshereunder
207
11.3.31.
Sector:
SAPCCupdationprocess
Otherinterventions
Issuesbeing
addressed:
Implementation
arrangement:
Type:
RandDintervention
No.:
31
This present Action Plan is based on current understanding and published re

ports, which, the underlying knowledge of which subject to rapid evolvement.
Withoutaregularreviewandupdation,thisActionPlanisboundtolooseitsrel
evancewithinaspanofyears.
Establishasystematicreviewprocessfornewscientificfindings,newmodelling
resultsandchangesinpolicy,legislationandincentives,leadingtoanupdationof
KarnatakaStateActionPlanonClimateChangeevery5years.
Nodalagencytobeappointed
Nodalagencytosystematicallykeepitselfupdatedwiththelatestdevelop
mentinthefieldofClimatechangeincludingpolicies,technologies,adapta
tion,mitigation,internationalnegotiationetc.
Nodalagencytodevelopcomprehensiveannualreportforthecirculationto
allrelevantstakeholderstodrawimmediateattentiononanyurgentissue
Every 5 year, nodalagency topresentanupdatedreportalong andaction

plan with recommendation to revise action plan, circulate it to all stake
holders and host stakeholders; consultation workshop to present its rec
ommendationsonrevisionofactionplan.
Keyimplementer:
Stakeholders:
Allagencies
Capacitybuilding
needs:
Tobedefined
Timeframe:
Longterm(520yr)
Funding:
208

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KARNATAKASTATE

2. CLIMATE TRENDS ................................................................................. 7

3. GHG S EMISSION S ................................................................................ 21

4. AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTOR S ............................................... 27

6. FORESTRY, BIODIVERISTY & WILDLIFE ........................................... 71

7. COASTAL ZONE .................................................................................. 87

8. ENERGY ............................................................................................ 101

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 101

9. URBANISATION ................................................................................ 121

RAPIDINDUSTRIALISATION ........................................................................................................ 121

9.7. WASTEWATERGENERATION...................................................................................................... 128

11.3.22. Scaleuprenewablescontribution........................................................................... 199

tions of science aside, imminent vulnerabilities of an ecologically sensitive, developing

commenced training of government personnel, NGOs, elected representatives and civil

North Eastern Dry Zone (Rabi jowar, Bajra,

Northern Dry Zone (Maize, Bajra, Groundnut,

Central Dry Zone (Ragi, Jowar, Pulses and Oil

Eastern Dry Zone (Ragi, Rice, Pulses, Maize and

Southern Transition Zone (Rice, Ragi, Pulses,

Northern Transition zone (Rice, Jowar, Ground

Mysore, Hassan, Kolar, Chitradurga,Dava

Areaunder rained Maize, Sorghumand Wheat is proposedto beincreasedsubsti

The area under kharif sorghum proposed to be increased in view of

Area under Redgram in Chikmagaluris to be increased.Rice area inShimogacanbe

15199 13530 16830

Karnataka Livestock Development Policy, 2010 Draft. http://www.karnataka.gov.in/Documents/Karnataka

First Order consisting of sectors whose performance is directly determined by cli

implemented in state include laying and maintenance of demonstration plots, estab

specific intervention areas to achieve quantitative and qualitative transformations,

5. Public Water works and Sewerage

Mitigation opportunities in agriculture sector also lie in promoting resource effi

4,875.76 100.00 8,290.00

and uncultivated land. It may be necessary to convert agricultural land to Non

To integrate transportation needs better into urban planning, the Directorate of

Diarrhoea, cholera and poisoning caused by biological and chemical

Health Effects due to Insecurity in Food Malnutritionandhunger,especiallyinchildren

Bharat Nirman Policy (rural India development), a flagship programme under

1. Data on the seasonal

2. Cultivations and subsidies supporting

1. Institutional strengthening 1.DMCmaycollectallthe 1.Researchstudiesonthe

4. Widespread absence of scientific dry 1. National Mission on Sus

5.Significantuntappedminimisationpo 1. Promotion of Integrated

1. Block wise data on the

1. Research on the nutri

1. Provision for incen

6. Significant untapped potential to en

1. Promote pressurised micro 1. District wise available

1. The possible con

9. Necessary food processing facilities 1. Development of mega food

graded/arid lands do not exist at re

13. Lack of mechanisms, initiative and

1. Indigenous breeds are

1. Prepare and update

2. The vast potential for collection of

1. Extend the BWSSB rule on

3. Urban water supply is dramatically

4. Reuse of treated water in industries 1. Integrated water re

5. Low priced irrigation water is a sub

6. A minimum flow of rivers in the dry

1. Estimate a safe mini

1. Monitoring of carbon stock

2. Biodiversity hotspots such as the

1. Estimate the carrying