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ESO204A,FluidMechanicsandrateProcesses
DimensionalAnalysisand
Similitude
Simpleandpowerfulqualitativetechniqueapplicableto
manyfieldsofscienceandengineering
Chapter5ofFMWhite
Chapter 7ofFoxMcDonald
RightangledtriangleABCis
uniquelydeterminedby and c
a
Areaoftriangle
ABC: Ac f1 , c
f 2 Ac , c
dimensionless
c2 a 2 b2
Rearranging:
L2
A
f3 2c
c
Ac
f
c2
Ac c 2 f
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
9/19/2016
Areaoftriangle
ABC: Ac c 2 f
Similarlyarea
oftriangleABD:
Aa a f
2
Similarlyarea
oftriangleACD:
Ab b 2 f
c a b
2
c 2 f a 2 f b 2 f c 2 a 2 b 2
Thetheoremisprovedusingdimensionrelated
argumentsonly
Forquasisteady,
incompressible,
frictionlessflow,wehave
derived(BernoulliEq.)
V 2 gh
Alternateapproach
Experiment(orthoughtexperiment)suggests
V f1 g , h V f 2 u
where u is made of g and h
u g mhn
u gh
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
9/19/2016
u g mhn
LT-2
LT-1
Lm nT 2 m
m n 1; 2m 1
m n 1 2
u gh
V f2
LT 1 LT 2
gh
Thinkaboutthenatureoff2
V c gh ; c is a constant
Thesolutionmay
alsobewrittenas
Theconstantcanbe
evaluatedfromexperiments
V
c; is nondiemsnional
gh
Summary
Given f V , g , h 0
Theabovesystemisequivalentto
0; is nondimensional
V
gh
Thetechniquedescribedaboveisknownas
DimensionalAnalysis
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
9/19/2016
DimensionalAnalysis
Ifcertainphysicalphenomenonisgovernedby
where some/all of the
f x1 , x2 ,....xn 0
Thentheabovephenomenacanberepresentedas
1 , 2 ,.... m 0
mn
are non-dimensional
DimensionalAnalysis:BuckinghamPiTheorem
f x1 , x2 ,....xn 0
1 , 2 ,.... m 0
where some/all x
are dimensional
where m n, m n k
Minimum numberoffundamentaldimensions
involved:k
Example: f V , g , h 0
n3
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
k 2
m n k 1
9/19/2016
Experimentshows
f V , g , h 0 0
AboveEquationsuggests
L0T 0 LT 1 LT 2 L
a
V a g b hc
a b c a 2b 0
V
gh
La b cT a 2b
b c a 2
Anyarbitraryvalueofa
shouldbeok
V
0
gh
PiTheorem:Repeatingandnonrepeatingvariables
x1 , x2 ,....xn
Selectionofrepeating
variables:
ConstructionofPiterms
1 xnr1 xr1
a11
2 xnr 2 xr1
xr 2 xr 3
a21
a12
a13
xr 2 xr 3
a22
... xrk 1k
a
a23
... xrk
a2 k
.....
.....
m xnrm xr1
am1
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
xr 2 xr 3
am 2
am 3
... xrk
amk
o They mustbe
dimensionally
independent
o Together,they
mustinclude all
fundamental
dimensions
9/19/2016
Experimentshows,for
viscousflow f V , g , h, 0
V
g
h
m2
k 2
n4
Wehavetoselecttwo
(02)repeatingvariables
Letstaketherepeatingvariables: g , h
Nonrepeatingvariables: V ,
V
g
h
L
1
T
1
f V , g , h, 0
n4
k 2
m2
Repeatingvariables: g , h
Nonrepeatingvariables: V ,
1 xnr1 xr1
a11
xr 2 xr 3
a12
a13
... xrk 1k
a
1 V g h L0T 0 LT 1 LT 2 a L b L1 a bT 1 2 a
a
a b 1 2
V
gh
2 a b 0 1 2a a 1 2, b 3 2
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
gh3
9/19/2016
V
0
f1
,
gh gh3
f V , g , h, 0
V
Fr
gh
Wemayalsowrite
Frictionlessflow:
Viscousflow:
ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in
Froudenumber
gh3
Fr
V
gh Vh Re
f 2 Fr, Fr Re 0 Fr Fr Re
Fr constant
Fr Fr Re Experimentsare
necessarytofindthe
natureoffunction