Matrices and Determinant Maths Theory

Matrices and Determinants

1.
DEFINITION OF MATRIX
A system of m n numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of m rows and n columns is called
an m n matrix. It can be read as m by n matrix. It is represents as A = [aij]m n and can be written in
expanded form as
a11 a12 . . . a1n
a a . . . a 2n
A 21 22

a m1 a m2 . . . a mn
Page 1 of 43
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRICES

(i)
Horizontal Matrix : Any matrix in which the number of columns is more than the number
of rows is called a horizontal matrix.
yS
te
4
5
2 3
e.g. 8 9
7 2 is a horizontal matrix.
2 2 3 4
ud
Since here number of columns > number of rows.
(ii)
Row Matrix:
(iii)
Vertical Matrix :
A matrix which has only one row and n columns is called a row
matrix of length n
e.g., [2 1 3 0]14 is a row matrix of length 4.
St
2.
.in
2 1 0
1 1 3
is a 3by 3 matrix.
e.g.,
6 5 1
Any matrix in which the number of rows is more than the number
of columns is called column matrix.
2
4
e.g. 6
8
(iv)
Column Matrix:
3
5
7 is a column matrix.
Since here number of rows > number of columns.

A matrix which has only one column and m rows is called a column
matrix of length m.
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1
3
e.g. x is a column matrix of length 4.
2

1
(v)
Null or Zero Matrix : The matrix whose all elements are zero is called null matrix or zero
matrix. It is usually denoted by O.
e.g. O 33
(vi)
Square Matrix:
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
A matrix for which the number of rows is equal to the number of

columns (each equal to n) is called a square matrix of order n.
Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix of any order with zero elements every where,

except on the main diagonal, is called a diagonal matrix.
te
(vii)
ps
.in
1 0 2 3
2 1 4 5
is a square matrix of order 4.
e.g. A =
3 2 4 1
1 0 0 2
yS
3 0 0
0 5 0
is a diagonal matrix of order 3.

0 0 1
Scalar matrix :
A matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal and other entries
St
(viii)
ud
e.g.
are zero, is called a scalar matrix
(ix)
k 0 0
e.g. A 0 k 0
0 0 k
Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix in which all the elements along the
main diagonal (elements of the from aii) are unity is called
an identity matrix or a unit matrix. An identity matrix of
order n is denoted by In.
1 0 0
e.g. I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
(x)
Note: (i)
(ii)
Page 2 of 43
Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal or below

the main diagonal are all zero is called a triangular matrix.
[aij]n n is said to be upper triangular matrix if i > j aij = 0,

[aij]n n is said to be lower triangular matrix if i < j aij = 0.
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1
0
e.g.
(xi)
Sub Matrix :
2 1 3
2 1 0
is an upper triangular matrix.
0 3 1
0 0 3
A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or

both of a given matrix A is called a sub matrix of A.
2 0 4
2 0
e.g., If A 5 6 8 , then
is a submatrix of A which
5 6
3 2 29
is obtained by omitting third row and third column of A.
EQUALITY OFTWO MATRICES
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal. If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.
4.
ADDITION OF MATRICES
If A and B are two matrices of the same order m n, then their sum is defined to be the matrix of
order m n obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
yS
a12 b12
a 22 b 22
St
a11 b11
then A B a 21 b 21
a 31 b 31
a13
b11 b12
a 23 and B b 21 b 22
b31 b32
a 33
ud
e.g.
a11 a12
If A a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
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ps
.in
3.
4.1
Page 3 of 43
a 32 b 32
b13
b 23 ,
b33
a13 b13
a 23 b 23
a 33 b 33
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

(i)
Matrix Addition is Commutative
If A and B are two m n matrices, then A + B = B + A.
(ii)
Matrix addition is associative

If A, B, C are three matrices, each of the order m n, then (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii)
Existence of additive identity

If O is the m n null matrix, then A + O = A = O + A for every m n matrix A. O is called
additive identity.
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Illustration 1:
If is an imaginary cube root of unity, show that
1
2

1 2
1
2
1
1 2

1
2
2
is a null matrix.
1
Solution:
1
2

1 2
1
2
1
1 2

1
2
2
1
MULTIPLICATION OFA MATRIX BYA SCALAR

If A = [aij]m n and is a scalar, then A = [ aij]m n
6 3 9
6 15 3 .
0 3 6
MULTIPLICATION OFTWO MATRICES

Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bjk]np be two matrices such that the number of columns in A is equal to
number of rows in B. Then the m p matrix C = [cik]m p ,
St
6.
ud
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2 1 3
e.g. A 2 5 1 3A =
0 1 2
te
5.
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.in
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
, which is a null matrix.
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
where cik =
a .b
j1
ij
jk
(where i = 1, 2, 3 ... m, k = 1, 2, 3 ... p), is called the product of the matrices
A and B. We have
a11
a
21
...
a m1
a12
a 22
...
a m2
... a1n
... a 2n
... ...
... a mn mn
b11
b
21
...
b n1
b12
b 22
...
bn 2
... b1p
c11
c
... b 2p
12
...
... ...
... b np
c m1
np
n
where Cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj =
a
k 1
ik
b kj
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
Page 4 of 43
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c12
c 22
...
cm 2
... c1p
... c 2p
... ... ,
... c mp
m p
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Matrix multiplication is associative

i.e.,
(AB)C = A(BC), A, B and C are m n, n p and p q matrices respectively.
Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition of matrices
i.e.,
A(B + C) = AB + AC
Existence of multiplicative identity of square matrices.
If A is a square matrix of order n and I n is the identity matrix of order n, then
A In = In A = A.
Whenever AB and BA both exist, it is not necessary that AB = BA.
The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix while neither of them is a zero matrix.
0 1
1 0
0 0
If A =
and B
then AB
, while neither A nor B is a

0 0
0 0
0 0
null matrix.
In the case of matrix multiplication of AB = 0, then it doesnt necessarily imply that A = 0
or B = 0 or BA = 0.
e.g.,
(vi)
yS
te
ps
.in
Illustration 2:
Show that product of two upper (lower) triangular matrices is an upper (lower) triangular matrix.
Solution:
Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bjk]np be two upper triangular matrices.
we know that aij = 0, when i > j and bjk = 0 when j > k.
a
j1
ij
b jk .
ud
Now C = AB is of the type m p, where C = [cik]mp, cik =
St
For i > k, cik = ai1 b1k + ai2 b2k + . . . + aik bkk + aik + 1 bk + 1k + . . . + bnk = 0.
Hence AB is an upper triangular matrix.
DRILL EXERCISE - 1
1.
Construct a 2 3 matrix whose elements are given by aij = i + 2j.
2.
1 1
For A =
, show that A B is a diagonal matrix for any value of if =
2 3
3.
cos 2
cos 2
cos sec
cos sec
is
Show that the product of the matrices
and
sin 2
sin 2
cos sin
cos sin
Page 5 of 43
the zero matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of
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.
2
1
2 5 .
4.
1 1
For A =
, show that A2 4A + 5I2 = 0.
2 3
5.
If A is a diagonal matrix then prove that AB = BA is possible only when B is a diagonal matrix.
7.
TRACE OFA MATRIX

Let A be a square matrix of order n. The sum of the diagonal elements of A is called the trace of A.
n
a
i 1
ii
a11 a 22 ... a nn .
TRANSPOSE OFA MATRIX

The matrix obtained from any given matrix A, by interchanging rows and columns, is called the transpose
of A and is denoted by A or AT .
te
ps
1 2
1 4 7
e.g., If A 4 5 , then A
2 5 8 23
7 8 32
.in
8.
Trace (A) =
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Properties of Transpose of a matrix

(A) A
(iii)
(A) A, being any scalar
(ii)
(A B) A B
(iv)
(AB) BA
St
ud
(i)
DRILL EXERCISE - 2
1.
If a, b, and c are the roots of an equation of the form x 3 x 2 p 0 , prove that the matrix
a b c
A = c a b satisfy AAT = I .
b c a
2.
3.
Page 6 of 43
LMcos x
0
Let A = MM 0
MN 1
Show that :
1
cos 2 x
OP
0
1
P
.
If
trace
A
=
, find x .
1 P
2
P
cos 4 x Q
0
cos 3x
(i) tr. (A + B) = tr. A + tr. B, A and B being of order n.

(ii) If A is of order m n and B of order n m, then tr. AB = tr. BA
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4.
If A is 3 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that AB and BA are both defined, then find the
type of B.
5.
8 1 4
1
4 7 , then prove that AA T = I.
If A = 4
9
1 8 4
9.
SPECIAL MATRICES
Symmetric Matrix
A matrix which is unchanged by transposition is called a symmetric matrix. Such a matrix is necessarily
square
2 1 3
1 4 1
e.g.,
3 1 5
Thus if A = [aij]m n is a symmetric matrix then m = n, aij = aji i.e., A A .
ps
te
yS
e.g.
0 2 3 1
2 0 4 3
3 4 0 1
1 3 1 0
.in
Skew Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric, if aij = aji for all i and j
i.e., A A .
ud
Thus if A = [aij]m n is a skew symmetric matrix, then m = n, a ij = aji

Obviously diagonal elements of a square matrix are zero.
Note: Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
St
1
1
1
1
(A A) (A A) , where ( A A) and ( A A) are symmetric and skew
2
2
2
2
symmetric parts of A.
Illustration 3:
i.e., A =
4 2 3
1 3 6
.
Express A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix, where A =
5 0 7
Solution:
Page 7 of 43
We have
4 2 3
1 3 6
A=
5 0 7
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4 1 5
A 2 3 0
3 6 7
Then
1 5
4 2 3 4

3
0
A A 1 3 6 + 2
5 0 7 3 6 7
3 8
8
3
6
6
=
8 6 0
1 5
4 2 3 4
1 3 6 2
3
0
A A

5 0 7 3 6 7
.in
and
................(i)
................(ii)
te
ps
0 1 2
= 1 0 6
2 6 14
yS
Adding (1) and (ii) we get
St
ud
3 8 0 1 2
8
3
6
6 1 0 6
2A =
8 6 0 2 6 14
1/ 2 1
4 3 / 2 4 0
3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 0 3

A=
4 3 0 1
3
7
Symmetric matrix
Skew symmetric matrix
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal, if AA = AA I , where I is a unit matrix.
Note: (i)
(ii)
If A is orthogonal, then A is also orthogonal.

If A and B are orthogonal matrices then AB and BA are also orthogonal matrices.
Illustration 4:
Page 8 of 43
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l1
If A = l2
l3
n1
m 2 n 2 , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction of
m3 n 3
cosines of three mutually perpendicular straight lines, then prove that AA = I.
m1
Solution:
Since < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction cosines of three mutually
perpendicular straight lines
l12 m12 n12 1, l22 m 22 n 22 1and l32 n 32 m 32 1
and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
l3 l1
m3 l2
n 3 l3
m2
n2
m1
m2
m3
l12 l1m1 l1n1

n1
n 2 l1n1 m12 m1n1

n1l1 m1n1 n12
n 3
yS
1 0 0
0 1 0 I
0 0 1
Hence proved.
l3
m3
.
n 3
ud
l2
l2
l1
A m1 m 2
n1 n 2
.in
l1
AA m1
n1
m3
n1
n 2
n 3
ps
m2
m1
te
l1
We have A = l2
l3
St
Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 = A.
2 2 4
e.g. The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Involuntary Matrix
A matrix A such that A2 = I, is called involuntary matrix.
Illustration 5:
Page 9 of 43
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0 1
Show that the matrix A =
satisfies A2 = I. Hence or otherwise find the 16th power of the
1
0
1 1
matrix
.
1 1
Solution:
0 1 0 1 1 0
A2
I
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
Let B = 1 1 1 0 0 1 = A + I
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = I, B2 = 2A
.in
1 0 256 0
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (I)4 = 28 0 1 0 256 .
ud
yS
te
ps
Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic, if Ak + 1 = A, where k is a positive integer. If k is the least positive
integer for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A2 = A and we called
it to be idempotent matrix.
Nilopotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix, if there exists a positive integer m such that Am =O. If m
is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the nilpotent
matrix A.
Illustration 6:
3
6 is a nilpotent matrix of index 3.
3
0 0 0
2
A 3 3 9
1 1 3
St
1 1
Show that the matrix 5 2
2 1
1 1 3
Solution: Let A 5 2 6
2 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
A A .A 3 3 9 5 2 6 0 0 0
1 1 3 2 1 3 0 0 0
A3 = 0 i.e., A is a nilopotent matrix of index 3.
DRILL EXERCISE - 3
1.
Page 10 of 43
If A and B are two given square matrices, then show that

(i) BT AB is symmetric, if A is symmetric .
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(ii) BT AB is skew-symmetric, if A is skew symmetric.
4.
5.
10.
23
1 3
2 3 is idempotent, where 1 , 2 , 3 are the direction

32
LM0x
Determine x, y, z such that
MN x
OP
PQ
2y
z
y
z is orthogonal.
y
z
If A, B, A + I and A + B are idempotent matrices, show that AB = BA.
1 2
4
6
8
1 .
Find symmetric & skew symmetric parts of A =
3 5
7
LM
MN
OP
PQ
1 3 4
4 is a nilpotent matrix, then find the index of given matrix.

The matrix 1 5
1 3 4
.in
(ii)
2
2
DETERMINANT
Equations a1x + b1y = 0 and a2x + b2y = 0 in x and y have a unique solution if and only if
a1b2 a2b1 0. We write a1b2 a2b1 as
a1
b1
ps
3.(i)
1 2
and call it a determinant of order 2.
te
2.
12
Prove that the matrix 1 2

1 3
cosines of a line .
a2
b2
yS
Similarly the equations a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 have a unique
solution if a1(b2 c3 b3c2) + b1 (a3c2 a2c3) + c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2) 0
b1
c1
i.e., a 2
a3
b2
c2 0
b3
c3
St
ud
a1
The number ai, bi, ci (i = 1, 2, 3) are called the elements of the determinant.
The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is called the minor of the element at
the ith row and jth column. We shall denote it by Mij. The cofactor of this element is (1)i+j Mij,
denoted by Cij.
Let A = [aij]33 be a matrix, then the corresponding determinant (denoted by det A or | A |) is
a11
a12
a 21 a 22
a 31
a 32
a13
a 23 .
a 33
It is easy to see that | A | = a11C11+ a12 C12 + a13C13 (we say that we have expanded the determinant
| A | along first row). Infect value of | A | can be obtained by expanding it along any row or along any
column. Further note that if elements of a row (column) are multiplied to the cofactors of other row
(column) and then added, then the result is zero : a11C21 a12 C22 a13C23 0 .
10.1
Page 11 of 43
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
(i)
The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if its rows are changed into columns and the
columns into rows.
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Page 12 of 43
a1
b1
c1
e.g., a 2 b 2
a 3 b3
columns.
c3
c2
b3 . Thus any property true for rows will also be true for
c3
c1
c1
a1
b1
c1
0 b2
c 2 0, 0
0 0
0 b3
c3
b3
c3
a3
a2
c2 0
c1
b1
a1
c1
a2
b2
c2 b2
a2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a3
c3
b3
ps
b1
te
a1
.in
a 3 a 3 c3
The interchange of any two rows (columns) of a determinant results in change of its sign
kb1
a2
kb 2
a3
kb3
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1
c1
ka1
kb1
kc1
c2 k a 2
b2
b2
c2 a 2
b2
c2
c3
b3
c2 and k a 2
a3
c3
b3
c3
b3
c3
c1
ud
a1
yS
If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplies by a non-zero constant,
then the determinant gets multiplied by that constant.
e.g.,
(vi)
b2
0 b1
a2
i.e,
(v)
c 2 b1
If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant
is zero.
a1 a1 c1
e.g.,
(iv)
a3
If all the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are zero, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
e.g.,
(iii)
a2
St
(ii)
a1
a3
a3
If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is a sum of two terms, then determinant
can be written as sum of two determinant in the following way:
a1
b1
c1 d1
a1
b1
c1
a1
b1
d1
a2
b2
c2 d 2 a 2
b2
c2 a 2
b2
d2
a3
b3
c3 d 3
b3
c3
b3
d3
a3
a3
n
f (r) g(r) h(r)

a2
b2
c2
r 1
a3
b3
c3
n
In general
f (r) g(r) h(r)

r 1
a2
a3
r 1
b2
b3
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r 1
c2
c3
(vii)
The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column operation of the form
Ci Ci C j C k ( j, k i) or a row operation of the form
R i R i R j R k ( j, k i).
e.g.,
b1
c1
a1
b1 2a1 3c1
c1
a2
b2
c2 a 2
b 2 2a 2 3c 2
a3
b3
c3
b3 2a 3 3c3
c 2 obtained after C2 C2 + 2C1 + 3C3.

c3
a3
Product of two determinants
a1
b1
c1
l1
l2
l3
a2
b2
c 2 m1 m 2
m3
a3
b3
c3
n3
n1
a1l3 b1m3 c1n 3
a 2l1 b 2 m1 c 2 n1 a 2l2 b 2 m 2 c 2 n 2
a 2l3 b 2 m3 c 2 n 3
a 3l2 b3m 2 c3n 2
a 3l3 b3m3 c3n 3
ps
a 3l1 b3m1 c3n1
.in
a1l2 b1m 2 c1n 2
(row by column multiplication)
te
a1l1 b1m1 c1n1
n2
a1l1 b1l2 c1l3
a1m1 b1m 2 c1m3
a1n1 b1n 2 c1n 3
a 2l1 b 2l2 c 2l3
a 2 m1 b 2 m 2 c 2 m3
a 2 n1 b 2 n 2 c 2 n 3
a 3l1 b3l2 c3l3
a 3m1 b3m 2 c3m3
a 3 n1 b 3 n 2 c 3 n 3
(row by row multiplication)
St
ud
yS
(viii)
a1
We can also multiply determinants column by row or column by column.
DRILL EXERCISE - 4
1.
If a, b and c are positive and are the pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P., then show without
log a p 1
expanding that log b q 1 0 .
log c r 1
cos( ) cos( ) cos( )

2.
Page 13 of 43
Prove that sin( )

sin( )
sin( )
sin( ) is independent of .
sin( ) sin( )
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a 2 2
3.
ab c ca b
Prove that ab c b bc a c
ac b bc a c 2 2
b a
2
a = 3 ( 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 3 .
3 13
15 26
3 65
2 5
5
15
5
10 .
5
Find the value of determinant
5.
A mixture is to be made of three foods A, B, C. The three foods A, B, C contain nutrients P, Q, R as

shown below :
Ounces per pound of Nutrient
Food
P
Q
R
A
1
2
5
B
3
2
1
C
4
2
1
How to form a mixture which will have ounces of P, 5 ounces of Q and 7 ounces of R ?
Page 14 of 43
Limit of a determinant
ps
(ix)
.in
4.
x a
x a
x a
ud
yS
te
lim f (x) lim g(x) lim h(x)

f (x) g(x) h(x)
x a
x a
x a
Let (x) l (x) m(x) n(x) , then lim (x) lim l(x) lim m(x) lim n(x) ,
x a
x a
x a
x a
u(x) v(x) w(x)
lim u(x) lim v(x) lim w(x)
(x)
Let
St
provided each of nine limiting values exist finitely.

Differentiation of a determinant
f (x)
g(x)
h(x)
(x) l(x)
m(x)
n(x) ,
u(x)
v(x)
w(x)
f (x) g(x) h (x)

then
(x) l (x)
u(x)
f (x) g(x) h(x)

f (x) g(x) h(x)
m(x) n(x) l (x) m(x) n (x) l (x) m(x) n(x)
v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x)
u (x) v(x) w (x)
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(xi)
Integration of a Determinant
f (x) g(x) h(x)

Let
(x) a
(x) dx
then
, where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants,
f (x)dx
g(x)dx
h(x) dx
a
l
b
m
c
n
Note that if more than one row (column) of (x) are variable, then in order to find (x) dx first
a
.in
we evaluate the determinant (x) by using the properties of determinants and then we integrate it.
Let f(x) =
2 sin x x
tan x
te
cos( x x 2 )
cos( x x 2 )
sin( x x 2 ) then find f (0) .

sin(2 x 2 )
yS
2
If f(x) = sin( x x )
sin(2 x)
cos x
2.
sin( x x 2 )
2x
St
1.
ud
cos x x 2
ps
DRILL EXERCISE - 5
f ' ( 0)
.
x0 x
, then find lim
3.
x a x2 1 1
2
If a, b, c are in A.P. and f(x) = x b 2x 1 1 then f(x) is
x c 3x 2 2 1
4.
If f r (x), g r (x), h r (x) where r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x, such that
f1 (x)
f 2 (x)
f 3 (x)
fr(a) = gr(a) = hr (a) ; r = 1, 2, 3 and F(x) g1 (x) g 2 (x) g 3 (x) , then find F(a) .
h1 (x) h 2 (x) h 3 (x)
5.
Page 15 of 43
u v 0
2
u
3 d y
u v v .
If y , where u and v are functions of x, show that v
v
dx 2
u v 2v
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11.
SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
(i)
Skew symmetric Determinant
A determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero. e.g.,
a 0
Circulant Determinant
A determinant is called circulant if its rows (columns) are cyclic shifts of the first row (columns).
e.g.,
b c
b c a
c a
(iv)
c (a b) (b c) (c a)
c2
c (a b) (b c) (c a) (a b c)
a3
b3
c3
c2
b3
c3
a3
te
yS
ps
(iv)
1
a
(v)
. It can be show that its value is (a3 + b3 + c3 3abc) .
.in
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca)
ud
(iii)
St
Illustration 7:
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and
1
1 sin A
1 sin B
1 sin C
0 , prove that the ABC is isosceles.
sin A sin 2 A sin B sin 2 B sin C sin 2 C

Solution :
Page 16 of 43
1
Let
1 sin A
1 sin B
1 sin C
sin A sin A sin B sin B sin C sin 2 C

Applying C 2 C 2 C1 and C3 C3 C1 , we get
2
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1 sin A
sin B sin A
sin C sin A
sin A sin 2 A (sin B sin A) (sin B sin A 1) (sin C sin A) (sin C sin A 1)
Expanding along R1
sin B sin A
sin C sin A
(sin B sin A) (sin B sin A 1) (sin C sin A) (sin C sin A 1)
= (sinB sinA) (sinC sinA)
1
1
sin B sin A 1 sin C sin A 1
Now 0 (sinB sinA) (sinC sinA) (sinC sinB) = 0

sinB = sinA or sinC = sinA or sinC = sinB
B = A or C = A or C = B
In all the three cases, we will have an isosceles triangle.
.in
ADJOINT OFA SQUARE MATRIX

Let A = [aij]nn be an n n matrix. The transpose B of the matrix B = [Aij]n n, where Aij denotes the
cofactor of the element aij in the determinant |A|, is called the adjoint of the matrix A and is denoted by
the symbol adj A.
Thus the adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the matrix formed by the cofactors of A i.e., if
te
ps
12.
ud
yS
a11 a12 a1n

A11
a
A
a 22 a 2n
21
A
, then AdjA 12

a n1 a n 2 a nn
A1n
A 21 A1n
A 22 A n 2
A 2n A nn
St
It is easy to see that A(adjA) = (adj A)A = |A|. In.

13.
INVERSE OFA SQUARE MATRIX

Let A be any nrowed square matrix. Then a matrix B, if exists, such that AB = BA = In, is called
the inverse of A. Inverse of A is usually denoted by A1 (if exists).
We have |A| In = A(adjA)
|A| A1 = (adjA). Thus the necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to possess
Adj(A)
. A square matrix A is called non-singular if
|A|
|A| 0. Hence a square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is non-singular..
the inverse is that |A| 0 and then A1 =
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix

(i)
Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(ii)
If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and
(AB)1 = B1 A1.
(iii)
If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)1 = (A1)T.
(iv)
If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adjA| = |A|n1
(v)
If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then
adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Page 17 of 43
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Illustration 8:
1 2 2
If A = 2 1 2 , then show that A2 4A 5I = 0, where I and 0 are the unit matrix and the null
2 2 1
matrix of order 3 respectively. Use this result to find A1 .

Solution :
1 2 2
Given A = 2 1 2
2 2 1
9 8 8 1 2 2
1 0 0
A 4A 5I 8 9 8 4 2 1 2 5 0 1 0
8 8 9 2 2 1
0 0 1
.in
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8
A2 = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9
A2 4A 5I = 0
or
5I = A2 4A
yS
te
ps
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0 0 0 0
=
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
ud
on multiplying by A1 , we get
St
3 2 2
1 2 2 4 0 0
2 3 2
5A1 = A 4I 2 1 2 0 4 0
2 2 1 0 0 4 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5
1
A 1 2 3 2 2 / 5 3 / 5 2 / 5 .
2 2 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5
DRILL EXERCISE - 6
1.
Prove that Adj (Adj (A)) = |A| n2 A. Deduce that |Adj (Adj (A))| = | A |( n 1) .
2.
1 2
If A = 3 4 , show that A satisfies the equation A2 5A 2I = 0. Using this result determine A5.
Page 18 of 43
www.StudySteps.in
3.
4.
If A and B are non-singular matrices of order n n, prove that

(a) (AB)1 = B1A1
(b) If A is non-singular then (A1)1 = A.
(c) If A is non-singular, then (A1) = (A)1.
(d) If the matrix product AB of two square matrices is zero, then either A = 0 or B = 0 or both
A and B are singular matrices.
a b (a b)
Find the condition for the matrix b c (b c) to be non invertible.
2 1
0
If a matrices A satisfies a relation A2 + A I = 0, prove that A1 exists and A1 = I + A, I being
identity matrix.
14.
SYSTEM OF LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Consider the system of linear non-homogeneous simultaneous equations in three unknowns x, y
and z, given by a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ,
a1
b1
c1
d1
b1
c1
Let | A | = a 2
a3
b2
c2 , x d 2
b2
b3
c3
b3
c 2 , obtained on replacing first column of by B.

c3
yS
ud
b2
te
b3
c1
x
d1
c 2 , X y , B d 2 ,
c3
z
d 3
b1
St
a1
Let A a 2
a 3
ps
.in
5.
d3
a1
d1
c1
a1
b1
d1
Similarly let y a 2
d2
c2 and z a 2
b2
d2 .
a3
d3
c3
b3
d3
a3
It can be shown that AX = B, x x , y. y , z z .

14.1
Determinant Method of Solution

We have the following two cases :
Case I
If 0, then the given system of equations has unique solution, given by
x x / , y y / and z z / .
Case II
Page 19 of 43
If 0, then two sub cases arise:
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(a)
at least one of x , y and z is non-zero, say x 0. Now in x. x , L.H.S. is zero

and R.H.S. is not equal to zero. Thus we have no value of x satisfying x. x . Hence
given system of equations has no solution.
(b)
x y z 0. In the case the given equations are dependent. Delete one or two
equation from the given system (as the case may be) to obtain independent equation(s).
The remaining equation(s) may have no solution or infinitely many solution(s).
For example in x + y + z = 3, 2x + 2y + 2z = 9, 3x + 3y + 3z = 12, x y z 0
and hence equations are dependent (infact third equation is the sum of first two equations).
Now after deleting the third equation we obtain independent equations x + y + z = 3,
2x + 2y + 2z = 9, which obviously have no solution (infact these are parallel planes) where
as in x + y + z = 3, 2x y + 3z = 4, 3x + 4z = 7, x = y z 0 and hence
equations are dependent (infact third equation is the sum of first two equations). Now after
deleting any equation (say third) we obtain independent equations x + y + z = 3,
2x y + 3z = 4, which have infinitely many solutions (infact these are non parallel planes)
Matrix Method of Solution
ps
14.2
7 4
2
and y
. Hence we get infinitely many solutions.
3
3
.in
For let z = R, then x
0, then A1 exists and hence AX = B A1 (AX) = A1 B x = A1 B and therefore

unique values of x, y and z are obtained.
(b) : We have AX = B ((adj A)A)X = (adj A)B X = (adj A)B.
If = 0, then X = 03 1, zero matrix of order 3 1. Now if (adj A)B = 0, then the system
AX = B has infinitely many solution, else no solution.
Note : A system of equation is called consistent if it has a least one solution. If the system has no solution,
then it is called inconsistent.
ud
yS
te
(a)
Page 20 of 43
St
Illustration 9:
Solve the system of equations, x + 2y + 3z = 1 ; 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 ; 3x + 3y + 4z = 1
with the help of matrix inversion.
Solution :
The given system of equations in the matrix form can be written as
1 2 3 x 1
2 3 2 y 2
AX = B
3 3 4 z 1
1 2 3
x
1
where A 2 3 2 , X y and B 2 .
3 3 4
z
1
Now |A| = 1(12 6) 2 (8 6) + 3(6 9) = 6 4 9 = 7 0.
Hence the given system has unique solution.
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C11 C12
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |A|. Then C C21 C22
C31 C32
C13
C23
C33
Here
6 2 3
C 1 5 3
5 4 1
6 1 5 6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7
AdjA
1
A
2 5 4 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
|A|
7
3 3 1 3 / 7 3 / 7 1/ 7
6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7
A B 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
3 / 7 3 / 7 1/ 7
x 3 / 7
y 8 / 7

z 2 / 7
te
ps
.in
6 1 5
Adj A = C 2 5 4
3 3 1
ud
yS
St
1
2

1
( A1 B = X )
x = 3/7, y = 8/7, z = 2/7
DRILL EXERCISE - 7
1.
Page 21 of 43
Solve the following system of equations by Determinant Method.

(i)
x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14, x + 4y + 7z = 30
(ii)
x + y + z = 6, x y + z = 2, 2x + y z = 1
(iii)
x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 8.
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2.
If x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not all zeros, prove by using consistency
of equations that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc = 1.
3.
Solve the following system of equation by Matrix Method
4.
(i)
5x + 2y = 4;
7x + 3y = 5
(ii)
2x + y + z = 1 ;x 2y z =
3
; 3y 5z = 9
2
Solve the following system of equation by Matrix Method

(i)
2x + 3y + 3z = 5;
x 2y + z = 4;
3x y 2z = 3
(ii)
x y + 2z = 7;
3x + 4y 5z = 5;
2x y + 3z = 12
Investigate for what values of , the equations

x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z have
(i)
no solution
(ii)
unique solution
(iii)
infinitely many solutions
15.
SYSTEM OF LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Consider the system of linear homogeneous simultaneous equations in three unknowns x, y and z,
given by a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0.
yS
te
ps
.in
5.
St
ud
In this case, system of equations is always consistent as x = y = z = 0 is always a solution. If the

system has unique solution (the case when coefficient determinant 0), then x = y = z = 0 is the
only solution (called trivial solution). However if the system has coefficient determinant = 0, then
the system has infinitely many solutions. Hence in this case we get solutions other than trivial
solution also and we say that we have non-trivial solutions.
Illustration 10:
Solve : 2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0
x + 2(k + 1)y + (3k + 4) z = 0.
3k
3k 4
2
x
1 k 4 4k 2

Solution : The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A =
and X = y .
1 2k 2 3k 4
z
Now | A | = 0 k = 2
Hence if k 2, then | A | 0 the given system has only trivial solution
i.e., x = y = z = 0.
However if k = 2 or 2, then | A | = 0 and we consider the cases separately
Page 22 of 43
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Case I k = 2,
the given equations become
2x + 6y + 10z = 0 x + 3y + 5z = 0
x + 6y + 10z = 0
x + 6y + 10z = 0
Hence independent equation are (i) and (ii). Solving we get,
. . . (i)
. . . (ii)
. . . (iii)
3
x = 0, 3y + 5z = 0 x = 0, y = , z = , R .
5
Case II k = 2
The given equations becomes
2x 6y 2z = 0 x 3y z = 0
x + 2y 6z = 0
x 2y 2z = 0
4
1
(iv) + (v) = (vi). Thus equations are dependent. Consider independent
5
5
.in
We observe that
. . . (iv)
. . . (v)
. . . (vi)
equations x 3y z = 0 and x 2y 2z = 0. Let z = R, then x 3y = and x 2y = 2
ps
y = , x = 4 . Hence x = 4 , y = and z = , R.
te
DRILL EXERCISE - 8
yS
x + y + z = 0 ;
x 3y + z = 2.
St
x + 2y + z = 4 ;
ud
1.
1 1 1
2 1 3
, Find A1. Using A1, solve the following system of linear equation.
If A =
1 1 1
2.
Show that the equations 3x + 4y + 5z = a ; 4x + 5y + 6z = b ; 5x + 6y + 7z = c, do not have a solution

unless a + c = 2b.
3.
Solve the following system of homogeneous equations

2x + 3y z = 0 ; x y 2z = 0 ; 3x + y + 3z = 0
4.
Find the product of the following matrices
3
5 1
1 1 2
7
3 2 1
1 5
and use it to solve the following system of linear equations.
A=
and B =
1 1 1
2 1 3
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7; 2x + y + 3z = 2
5.
Page 23 of 43
Show that the following system of equations is inconsistent,
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3x y + 2z = 3 ; 2x + y + 3z = 5 ; x 2y z = 1.
16.
APPLICATION OF MATRICES
Matrix instead of being a quantity is an operator to be used for transformation of vectors or variables.
The addition and multiplication of matrices are compositions of operators instead of scalar quantities.
16.1
Geometrical Applications
(i)
Reflection :
If the point (x, y) is reflected in y-axis the new coordinates are
...........(i)
y y
x x ,
These equations can be put in the form
x 1x 0 y
y 0 x 1y
In terms of matrices, they can be written as
x 1 0 x
y 0 1 y

.in
x
Hence the reflection in y-axis is obtained by pre-multiplying the column vector with
y
ps
yS
te
(ii)
1 0
1 0
0 1 . Similarly the reflection in x-axis is obtained by pre-multiplying with 0 1 .
Reflection about the line y = x : If we reflect the point (x, y) in the line y = x, y is
changed into x and x into y, so that the new coordinates are :
...........(i)
y x ,
x y ,
x 0 1 x
y 0 1 y

Similarly the reflection of (x, y) in the line x + y = 0 is obtained by
x y ,
y x
x 0 1 x
y 1 0 y

Rotation about the origin : If the coordinates of a point P are (x, y), O being the
origin and the line OP is rotated about O as centre through an angle in the anti-clockwise
direction, the new coordinates of P are
x r cos( ) r cos cos r sin sin
or
(iii)
St
ud
and so
= x cos y sin
and
y r sin( ) r sin cos r cos sin
= y cos x sin
so that
x cos sin x
y sin cos y

where ( r , ) are the polar coordinates of (x y). If the rotation is in clockwise direction,
we put for .
DRILL EXERCISE - 9
1.
Page 24 of 43
If
(x1 x2)2 + (y1 y2)2 =a2

(x2 x3)2 + (y2 y3)2 = b2
(x1 x3)2 + (y1 y3)2 = c2,www.StudySteps.in
then prove that
answer key
Drill Exercise -1
1.
3 5 7
4 6 8
Drill Exercise - 2
2.
x=
2 k
, k I , k 9 n , n I
9
4.
3 4, 3 3
Drill Exercise -3
5.
LM14
MN7 / 2
4
8
3
1
1
1
, y
, z
2
6
3
OP
PQ
LM
MN
7/2
0 2
3 &
2
0
7
1 / 2 2
1/ 2
2
0
OP
Q
OP
PQ
.in
LM x
N
ps
4.
(i)
te
3.
5.
x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
ud
15 2 25 3
St
4.
yS
Drill Exercise -4
Drill Exercise -5
1.
2.
3.
Drill Exercise -6
2.
Page 25 of 43
1069 1558
2337 3046
4.
1
2
www.StudySteps.in
Drill Exercise -7
1.
(i)
(iii)
x = k 2, y = 8 k, z = k, k R.
no solution
3.
(i)
x = 2, y = 3
(ii)
x = 1, y =
4.
(i)
x = 1, y = 2, z = 1
(ii)
x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
5.
(i)
3, 10
(ii)
3, R
(ii)
x =1, y = 2, z = 3
1
3
,z=
2
2
(iii)
3, 10
Drill Exercise -8
x=
9
2
7
,y= ,z=
5
5
5
3.
x=y=z=0
4.
x = 2, y = 1, z = 1
.in
1.
x = 3, y = 1, z = 2
te
2.
ps
Drill Exercise -9
yS
SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES
ud
Example 1 :
St
tan/2
0
If A =
and I is a 2 2 unit matrix, then prove that
0
tan/2
cos sin
I A (I A)
sin sin
Solution :
Page 26 of 43
1 0
tan / 2
0
I
and given A
0 1
0
tan / 2
tan / 2
1
IA
1
tan / 2
cos sin
sin cos
R.H.S. = (I A)
1
tan / 2
1
tan / 2
cos sin
sin cos
www.StudySteps.in
... (1)
1 tan 2 / 2
1
tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 2 tan / 2
tan / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
2 tan / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan 2 / 2
2
1
tan
/
2
1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
2 tan / 2
tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2)
1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
2 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2)
(1 tan 2 / 2
(1 tan 2 / 2)
2
(1 tan / 2)
ps
tan / 2
1
= I + A = L.H.S.
1
tan / 2
.in
(1 tan 2 / 2)
(1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2)
(1 tan 2 / 2)
te
Example 2 :
Page 27 of 43
ud
St
Solution :
We have A2 = AA
yS
0 1 0
If A 0 0 1 , show that A3 = pI + qA + rA2

p q r
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
p q r p q r
0
1
0
p
q
r
pr p qr q r 2
0
1 0 1 0
0
A A .A p
q
r 0 0 1
pr p qr q r 2 p q r
3
q
p
pr
p qr
2
pq r p pr q 2 qr 2
qr
p 2qr r 3
r
www.StudySteps.in
{from (1)}
0
1
1 0 0
0 1 0 0
q
r
and pI + qA + rA2 = p 0 1 0 q 0 0 1 r p
0 0 1
p q r pr p qr q r 2
p 0 0 0 q
0 p 0 0 0
0 0 p pq q 2
qr
pr qr 2
0qr
3
p qr qr r
2
0 q 2 pr qr 2
qr
p 2qr r 3
r
p qr
q pr qr 2
2
00r
p 0 qr
ps
p
pr
pq pr 2
0q0
r
qr r 3
.in
p00
0 0 pr
0 pq pr 2
0 0
q pr
qr pr 2
Example 3 :
ud
St
1 2 2
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
yS
te
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
Verify that A = 3
is an orthogonal matrix.
2 2 1
Solution :
1 2 2
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
1
1
AA 2 1 2 2 1 2
3
3

2 2 1 2 2 1
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2
9 0 0
1 0 0
1
1
2 2 4 4 1 4
4 2 2 0 9 0 0 1 0
=I
9
9 0 0 9
0 0 1
2
4
2
4
Hence A is an orthogonal matrix.

Example 4 :
If A and B are two non-zero square matrices of the same order n such that AB = O, then
Page 28 of 43
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| A | = | B | = 0. Further show that | C | = 0 | adj C| = 0, for any square matrix C.

Solution :
If | A | 0, then A1 exists. Hence AB = 0 A1 (AB) = A1O B = O, which is not the case.
Hence | A | = 0. Similarly | B | = 0.
If |C| = O, then C (adj C) = |C| I = 0 |adj C| = 0, as shown earlier conversely if |adj C| = 0 then
C(adj C) = |C| I |C|. |adj C| = |C|n |C| = 0 .
Example 5 :
In the equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
x2
y2
z2
ps
. . . (1)
. . . (2)
. . . (3)
te
yS
1 c b
0 i.e. c 1 a = 0
b a 1
.in
.
1 a 2 1 b2 1 c2
Solution :
(i) Since x, y and z are not all zero,
the given equations
x cy bz = 0
cx y + az = 0
and
bx + ay z = 0
have a nontrivial solution.
(ii)
or
1[1 a2] + c[ c ab] b[ca + b] = 0
or
1 a2 c2 abc abc b2 = 0
or
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
(ii) By cross-multiplication (1) and (2), we have
St
ud
[expressing by R1]
. . . (4)
x
y
z
ca b
bc a
1 c2
squaring
c2a 2 1 a 2 c2
x2
y2
b 2c2 1 b 2 c2
y2
z2
1 c
z2
1 a 2 1 c2 1 b2 1 c2 1 c2 2
or
Hence
x2
x2
1 a2
y2
1 b2
z2
1 c2
Example 6 :
Page 29 of 43
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2 2
[Using (4)]
n
a
a b
n
Let A
, where a 0. Show that for n N, A
0 1
0
b(a n 1)
(a 1)
1
Solution :
We have to show by mathematical induction
Step I : For n = 1,
(a 1)
a b
(a 1) a b
A
0 1
1
0
1
Hence the result is true for n = 1

Step II: Assume the result to be true for some k 0.
(a k 1)
(a 1)
.in
ps
k
a
k
A
0
yS
b(a k 1)
a b
(a 1)
0 1
ud
k
a
k+1
k
A =A .A
0
te
Step III: For n = k + 1
St
k
b(a k 1) k 1
k
a .a 0 a .b
.1 a

(a 1)
0 0
0
0 1.1
a k 1 1
b
(a 1)
Hence the result is true for k + 1. Therefore by the principle of induction, the result is true for all
nN.
Example 7 :
By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
Solution :
Page 30 of 43
1 1 1
2 5 7
2 1 1
x u
y v
z w
9 12
52 15
0 1
1 1 1 x y 9 2
2 5 7 y v 52 15
We have
2 1 1 z w 0 1
or
AX = B
or
X = A1 B
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. . . (i)
1 1 1
x u
9 2
A 2 5 7 , X y v and B 52 15
Where
2 1 1
z w
0 9
|A| = 1 (5 7) 1 (2 14) + 1 (2 10) = 12 + 16 8 = 4 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements of |A|.
C11 C12
C C21 C22
C31 C32
1
C13
1
C23
1
C33
1
5
7
1
2 7
2 1
1
1
1 1
2 1
1
7
1 1
2 7
2 5
2 1
12 16 8
1 1 2 3 1

2 1 2 5 3

1 1
2 5
12
Adj.A
1
A
16
|A|
4
8
Now,
4 4
2 9 2
12 2
1
1
A 1B 16 3 5 52 15 4 12 8
4
20 4
8 1
3 0 1
yS
te
ps
.in
12 2 2
Adj A C 16 3 5
8 1 3
1 1
3 2
5 1
St
ud
x u 1 1
y v 3 2

from (1) X = A1B

z w 5 1
On equating the corresponding elements, we have

x = 1, u = 1
y = 3, v = 2
z = 5, w = 1
Example 8 :
a a2 1 a3
If a, b and c are all different and if b b 2 1 b3 0, prove that abc = 1.
Solution :
c c 2 1 c3
Page 31 of 43
a a2 1 a3 a a2 1 a a2
D b b 2 1 b3 b b 2 1 b b 2
c c 2 1 c3 c c 2 1 c c 2
a3
b3
c3
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2
3 5
1
3
2
a2 1
a2
1 a
b b 2 1 abc 1 b b 2
c2 1
1 a2
(1)1 1 b 2
1 c2
c2
1 c
a
1 a
a2
b abc 1 b b 2 [C1 C3 in 1st det .]

c
1 c
c2
1 a a2
1 a a2
(1) 2 1 b b 2 abc 1 b b 2 [C 2 C3 in 1st det .]
1 c c2
1 c c2
.in
1 a a2
Thus (abc + 1). = 0 abc = 1, as 1 b b 2 0 (a, b and c are all different).
1 c c2
Page 32 of 43
1 k
3 k 2 0
k = 33/2
St
ud
yS
te
ps
Example 9 :
For what value of k the following system of equations :
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky - 2z = 0
2x + 3y 4z = 0 possess a non-trivial solution. For that value of k, find all the solutions of the system.
Solution :
For the nontrivial solution
2 3 4
Putting the value of k in the given equations, the equations become

x
33
y 3z 0
2
... (i)
33
y 2z 0
2
2x + 3y - 4z = 0
Multiply (i) by 3 and subtract from (ii) to get
33y 11z = 0
or
z = 3y
Now let y = , z = 3
3x
from (iii), 2x + 3 + 12 = 0
15
, R
2
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... (ii)
... (iii)
... (iv)
Example 10 :
Let x1 = 3y1 + 2y2 y3 , y1 = z1 z2 + z3
x2 = y1 + 4y2 + 5y3, y2 = z2 + 3z3
x3 = y1 y2 + 3y3, y3 = 2z1 + z2.
Express x1, x2, x3 in terms of z1, z2 , z3.
Solution :
x1 3 2 1 y1 3 2 1 1 1 1 z1
We have x 2 1 4 5 y 2 1 4 5 0 1 3 z 2
x 1 1 3 y 1 1 3 2 1 0 z
3
3
3
x1 1 2 9 z1
x 2 9 10 11 z 2
x 7 1 2 z
3
3
x1 = z1 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9z1 + 10z2 + 11z3, x3 = 7z1 + z2 2z3
If (x) x
x
.in
Example 11 :
ps
x , show that (x) 0 and (x) (0) Sx, where S denote the
x vx
te
sum of all the cofactors of all elements in (0) and dash denotes the derivative with respect to x.
(x) 1 x
x 1
x x 1 x x
x 1
vx
x 1 vx
vx
x 1
x 1 x
St
1 x
ud
1 x
yS
Solution :
Applying C 2 C 2 xC1 and C3 C3 xC1 in first and C1 C1 xC 2 , C3 C3 xC 2 in second and C1 C1 xC3 and C2 C 2 xC3 in third to get
(x) 1 1
1 v
1
1 v
(x) 0 .
If S is the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in (0) , then it can be seen that (x) = S.
on integrating (x) Sx c
(0) 0 c
Hence (x) Sx (0).

Example 12 :
Page 33 of 43
If , are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and s n = n n , evaluate
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3
1 s1 1 s 2
1 s1 1 s 2 1 s3 in terms of a, b, and c only..
1 s 2 1 s3 1 s 4
Solution :
111
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 3 3
1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2
1 1 2
1 2 2
2
2
4c
b c b
1
a a
a 2 a
ps
ud
Example 13 :
Prove that
te
a4
yS
a b c 2 b2 4ac
.in
St
2a a b a c
b a 2b b c = 4(b + c)(c + a) (a + b)
c a c b 2c
Solution :
Page 34 of 43
2a a b a c
Let b a 2b b c
c a c b 2c
Putting a + b = 0
b=a
then
2a
0
ac
0
2a c a
c a c a 2c
Expanding along R1
= 2a{ 4ac (c a)2} 0 + (a + c){0 2a (c + a)}
= 2a (c + a)2 2a (c + a)2
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=0
Hence a + b is a factor of Similarly b + c and c + a are the factors of .
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of the determinant is a homogeneous expression in a, b, c of degree 3 and also R.H.S is a homogeneous expression of degree 3.
Let = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
or
2a a b a c
b a 2b b c = k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c a c b 2c
If we choose a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, we get
0 1 ( 4 6) + 2( 3 + 4) = 6k
k=4
2a a b a c
Hence b a 2b b c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c a c b 2c
.in
Example 14 :
ps
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that
yS
te
1 a f (a) /(x a)
1 a a2
f (x)
1 b f (b) /(x b) 1 b b 2
(x a) (x b) (x c)
1 c f (c) /(x c)
1 c c2
Page 35 of 43
ud
Solution :
St
f (x)
A
B
C
(x a) (x b) (x c) (x a) (x b) (x c)
On comparing the various powers of x, we get
f (a)
A (a b) (c a)
f (b)
B
(a b) (b c)
f (c)
C
(b c) (c a)
Now from (1) we have
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... (1) (say)
f (x)
(x a) (x b) (x c)
(c b)
f (a)
f (b)
f (c)
(a c)
(b a)
(x a)
xb
(x c)
(a b) (b c) (c a)
1 a f (a) /(x a)
1 b f (b) /(x b)
1 c f (c) /(x c)
1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2
Example 15 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that
sin C
sin B
sin C
sin 2B
sin A 0
sin B
sin A
sin 2C
1 cos B
(ii)
cos C cos B cos B
cos C cos A
1 cos A
1 cos B
1 cos A
cos A 0
1
Page 36 of 43
sin 2B
sin A
c
kc
kb
kb
2kb cos B
ka
kb
ka
2kc cos C
2b cos B
2c cos c
St
2ka cos A
sin 2C
ud
2a cos A
3
sin A
te
(i) L.H.S sin C

sin B
sin B
yS
sin C
ps
Solution :
sin 2A
.in
(i)
sin 2A
a cos A a cos A a cos B b cos A a cos C c cos A

k a cos B b cos A
3
a cos C c cos A
cos A a 0
b cos B b cos B b cos C c cos B

b cos C c cos B
c cos C c cos C
a cos A 0
k cos B b 0 b cos B 0
3
cos C
c 0
1 cos B
(ii)
L.H.S. =
= 0 0 = 0 = R.H.S.
cos C 0
cos C cos B cos B
cos C cos A
1 cos A
cos A
1 cos B
1 cos A
Applying C1 C1 C3 :C2 C2 C3
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(from sine rule)
Page 37 of 43
a
cos C cos B
1
cos C
1 cos A a cos C
1 cos A
a
cos B cos A
1
a cos B cos A
1
cos C
cos B
Applying C1 C1 bC2 cC3
St
ud
yS
te
ps
.in
0 cos C cos B
1
0
1 cos A 0 R.H.S.
a
0 cos A
1
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SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 :
1
x 2 4x x 2 3
If
, then x =
2
x 3 x 2 1
x
(a) 1
(c) 2
(b) 1
(d) 3
Solution :
x2 4x = 3 x2 4x + 3 = 0 x = 1, 3
x2 = 1 x = 1
x2 = x + 2 x2 + x 2 = 0 x = 2, 1
x3 = 1 x = 1, , 2
Common value of x is 1.
Hence (a) is correct.
Example 2 :
(a) 2, 3
(c) 3, 2
Solution :
n
yS
te
ps
.in
0
2
5
x 1
3
2
x 2
4
1
If the trace of the matrix A =

is 0, then x is equal to
1
2
x 3
1
0
4
x 2 6
2
(b) 2, 3
(d) 3, 2
ud
Trace of matrix is defined as a ii 2x 2 2x 12 0

i 1
St
x = 3, 2
Hence (c) is correct
Example 3 :
If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
(a) adj (AB) = adjA + adj B
(b) (A + B)1 = A1 + B1
(c) AB = 0 |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(d) AB = 0 |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
Solution :
If AB = 0, then at least one of A and B is necessarily singular.
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 4 :
If A and B are any two square matrices of the same order, then
(a) (AB) A B
(b) adj(AB) = adj(A) adj(B)
(c) (AB) BA
Solution :
Page 38 of 43
(d) AB = 0 A = O or B = O
It is a known fact that AB BA .
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Hence (c) is the correct answer.

Example 5 :
Let A be a square matrix of order n & k be a scalar. Then |kA| equals
(a) k |A|
(b) |k| |A|
n
(c) k |A|
(d) none of these
Solution :
KA is the matrix, in which all the entries of A are multiplied by K.
Hence |KA| = Kn |A|, taking K common from all the columns.
Example 6 :
tan x
1
1
, then the value of A A is
If A =
1
tan x
(a) cos4x
(b) sec2x
(c) cos4x
(d) 1
Solution :
1
1 tan 2 x
.in
ps
A 1
tan x
1
tan x
1
cos 2x
1
, A A
tan x
sin 2x
te
1
A
tan x
yS
| A A1| = 1
Hence (d) is correct.
sin 2x
cos 2x
ud
Example 7 :
The digits A, B and C are such that the three digit numbers A88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72 then the
St
A 6 8
determinant 8 B 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
(a) 72
(c) 288
(b) 144
(d) 216
Solution :
A 6 8
A
6
8
R3 100R1 10R 2 R 3 8 B 6 8
B
6
8 8 C A88 6BC 86C
which is divisible by 72. Hence (a) is correct.
Example 8 :
Page 39 of 43
1 sin 2 x
Maximum value of
sin x
2
sin x
(a) 4
cos 2 x
4sin 2x
1 cos x
sin 2x
cos x
1 4sin 2x
(b) 6
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is
(c) 2
Solution :
(d) none of these
Applying C1 C1 C 2 we get
2
cos 2 x
4sin 2x
2 1 cos x
2
4sin 2x
1 4sin 2x
cos x
Applying R 2 R 2 R1 and R 3 R 3 R1 we get ,

2
cos 2 x 4sin 2x
0
1
2 4sin 2x 6
Hence maximum value is 6 and (b) is the correct answer.

Example 9 :
m
Cr
.in
2r 1
2
m 1
If r m 1
then r is equal to
r 0
2
2
2
2
sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m 1)
m
ps
(b) 2m
(d) none of these
te
(a) m2 1
(c) zero
Solution :
ud
yS
m
2r 1
Cr
1
2
m
r m 1
2
m 1
2
2
2
sin (m ) sin (m) sin 2 (m 1)
m
r 0
r m2 1
r 0
m Cr
St
(2r 1)
2
sin (m )
r 0
2m
r 0
m 1
sin (m) sin (m 1)

2
m2 1
2m
m 1
m 1
m 1
sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m 1)

2

Example 10 :
The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution
if
(a) k 0
(b) 1 < k < 1
(c) 2 < k < 2
(d) k = 0
Solution :
The system of equations has a unique solution if
Page 40 of 43
1 1 1
2 1 1 0 k 0
3 2 k
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Hence (a) is the correct answer.

Example 11 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a non-right angled triangle ABC, then the value of
tan A
1
1
tan B
is equal to
1
1
tan C
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 2
Solution :
Given determinant is equal to; tanA (tanB. tanC 1) 1 (tanC 1) + 1 (1 tanB)
= tanA. tanB. tanC tanA tanB tanC + 2 = 2(as tanA = tan A)
Hence (b) is correct.
Example 12 :
x2
yz
y2
zx depends upon
ps
.in
1
x
1
If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the values of
y
1
z
xy
te
z2
xyz 1 x 3 1
xyz 1 y3 1 0
xyz 1 z 3 1
St
1 x3
1
1 y3
xyz
1 z3
ud
yS
(a) x only
(b) y only
(c) z only
(d) none of these
Solution :
Multiplication of R1 by x, R2 by y and R3 by z, reduces the given determinant to,
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

Example 13 :
cos x
Let f(x) = 2sin x x 2
tan x
1
2x . The value of lim
x 0
1
(a) 1
(c) 0
Solution :
Page 41 of 43
f (x)
is equal to
x
(b) 1
(d) none of these
f (x)
f (x) f (0)
lim
f (0)
x 0
x 0 x
x 0
lim
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sin x
f (x) 2sin x
tan x
cos x
2x 2 cos x 2x 2 2sin x x
2x
tan x
cos x
sin 2 x
0 1 0 cos x
f (x)
Thus lim x = f (0) 0 0 0 2sin x
x 0
0 0 1 sin 2 x
0
1 0 1
x2
2x 0 0 0 = 0
1 1 0
0

Example 14 :
p b c
p
q
r
If a p, b q, c r and a q c 0 then the value of

is equal to
pa qb rc
a b r
.in
(b) 1
(d) 2
ps
(a) 1
(c) 2
Solution :
q b c r 0
b
ud
yS
pa bq
te
R1 R1 R 2 , R 2 R 3 reduces the determinant to,
St
(p a) (q b) r + (r c)b) + (q b) ((r c)a) = 0

(p a)((q b)(r - c) (rc)a) = 0
(p a)((q b)(rc + c) c)(q b q)) (q b) (r c) (p a p) = 0
( p a) (q b) (r c) + c(p a) (q b) (p a) q b) (r c) + q(p a) (r c)
(p a) (q b) (r c) + p(q b) (r c) = 0
Dividing through out by (p a) (q b) (r c) we get,
c
q
p
1
rc qb pa
c
q
p
r
q
p
2
rc qb pa
rc qb pa
Hence (d) is correct.
1
Example 15 :
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z
Page 42 of 43
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
1,
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
1,
x2
a2
y2
b2
z2
c2
1 has
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(a) no solution
(c) infinitely many solutions
Solution :
Page 43 of 43
x2
y2
(b) unique solution

(d) finitely many solutions
z2
X, 2 Y and 2 Z , then the given system of equations is

a2
b
c
X + Y Z = 1, X Y + Z = 1, X + Y + Z = 1
Let
1 1 1
The coefficient of matrix A = 1 1 1 | A | 0

1 1 1
St
ud
yS
te
ps
.in
On solving, we get X = Y = Z = 1
Hence x = a, y = b, z = c
Thus (d) is the correct answer.
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Matrices and Determinant Maths Theory

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Matrices and Determinant Maths Theory

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Matrices and Determinants

Matrices and Determinants

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRICES

Since here number of columns > number of rows.

Since here number of rows > number of columns.

Matrices and Determinants

A matrix for which the number of rows is equal to the number of

A square matrix of any order with zero elements every where,

is a diagonal matrix of order 3.

are zero, is called a scalar matrix

A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal or below

[aij]n n is said to be upper triangular matrix if i > j aij = 0,

Matrices and Determinants

A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION

Matrix addition is associative

Existence of additive identity

Matrices and Determinants

MULTIPLICATION OFA MATRIX BYA SCALAR

MULTIPLICATION OFTWO MATRICES

(where i = 1, 2, 3 ... m, k = 1, 2, 3 ... p), is called the product of the matrices

where Cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj =

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Matrices and Determinants

Matrix multiplication is associative

, while neither A nor B is a

Now C = AB is of the type m p, where C = [cik]mp, cik =

Construct a 2 3 matrix whose elements are given by aij = i + 2j.

the zero matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of

Matrices and Determinants

TRACE OFA MATRIX

TRANSPOSE OFA MATRIX

Properties of Transpose of a matrix

(A) A, being any scalar

(i) tr. (A + B) = tr. A + tr. B, A and B being of order n.

Matrices and Determinants

Skew Symmetric Matrix

Thus if A = [aij]m n is a skew symmetric matrix, then m = n, a ij = aji

Matrices and Determinants

Adding (1) and (ii) we get

Skew symmetric matrix

If A is orthogonal, then A is also orthogonal.

Matrices and Determinants

l12 l1m1 l1n1

n 2 l1n1 m12 m1n1

Matrices and Determinants

A3 = 0 i.e., A is a nilopotent matrix of index 3.

If A and B are two given square matrices, then show that

Matrices and Determinants

(ii) BT AB is skew-symmetric, if A is skew symmetric.

2 3 is idempotent, where 1 , 2 , 3 are the direction

4 is a nilpotent matrix, then find the index of given matrix.

and call it a determinant of order 2.

Prove that the matrix 1 2

Matrices and Determinants

f (r) g(r) h(r)

f (r) g(r) h(r)

Matrices and Determinants

c 2 obtained after C2 C2 + 2C1 + 3C3.

Product of two determinants

a1l3 b1m3 c1n 3

a 3l2 b3m 2 c3n 2

a 3l3 b3m3 c3n 3