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READING STRATEGIES

BAHAGIAN PEMBANGUNAN KURIKULUM


KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA

1
2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

READING STRATEGIES

PAGE

1. KWLH

2. 5 Ws and an H

3. PARApicture

4. PARApoint

5. SQ3R

6. QAR

7. Reading Comprehension Strategies

8. QUACK

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9. ACID marks

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10.RAP

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11.CHATT

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12.THRILD

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13.Reciprocal Reading

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KWLH

KNOW
What we know

WILL or WANT
What we want to know

LEARNED
What we learned

HOW?
How you can learn more

How:
Students begin by brainstorming everything they Know about a topic. This information is recorded
in the K column of a K-W-L chart. Students then generate a list of questions about what they Want
to Know about the topic. These questions are listed in the W column of the chart. During or after
reading, students answer the questions that are in the W column. This new information that they
have Learned is recorded in the L column of the K-W-L chart. H stands for how they can learn
more or answer questions not answered in their worksheet. These include other sources of
information, including: organizations, experts, tutors, websites, librarians, etc

5 Ws and an H

This reading strategy is to answer the questions that form the basis of good journalism:

Who What When Where Why and How


Who are the main characters?
What does the author say happened?
Where did the action occur?
When did it happen or what is the span of time?
Why did this happen?
How did it happen?

What
happened?

When
did it happen?

Where
did it happen?

Topic Map About


__________

How
did it happen?

Who
was involved in this
event?

Why
did it happen?

PARApicture
What is PARApicture?
A technique for actively reading a passage and retrieving significant information using highlighter
reading and pictures in the margin.

How:
Students initially Preview or read a passage to determine what information is important. Next they
Analyze the text to locate and highlight the information that is fundamental to the understanding of
the content. They then Review the highlighted text and finally, Accent the highlighted information by
drawing symbols and visual representations in the margin (or on a strip of paper) to record the
important content. These drawings will consequently act as reminders and cues for the content
contained in the piece of reading.
Hence the acronym PARA:
Preview:
Analyze:
Review:
Accent:

Initial reading to determine what content is important.


Locate and highlight information fundamental to the understanding of the content.
Re-read the analyzed, highlighted information.
Draw pictures in the margin that summarize the highlighted information.

PARApoint

How:
Students initially Preview a passage to determine what type of information is being presented using
a quick THRILD (see THRILD under Active Reading Strategies on the Interactive Strategies
Instruction CD). They scan the Title, Headings, Read the first paragraph, examine Illustrations, and
read the Last paragraph (Discussion questions are not a concern for Parapoint). Once they have
determined the main intent of the passage, they develop focus questions to guide their reading
questions to which they want answers. They then Analyze the selections, locating and highlighting
the information that is fundamental to the understanding of the content and provides answers to
the focus questions. Next they Review the highlighted text and finally, Accent the important
information with short, point form notes in the margin (or on a strip of paper). These notes will
consequently act as reminders and cues for the content contained in the piece of reading.
Hence the acronym PARA:
Preview:

Determine the type and purpose of the text by using a brief preview strategy
(THRILD) and develop focus questions to direct ones analysis while reading.

Analyze:

Highlight/underline and circle key information which answers predetermined focus


questions.

Review:

Reread highlighted words to determine what information you want to accent.

Accent:

Accent pertinent information in the margin using brief note form.

SQ3R

Source: http://www.gridgit.com/post_sq3r-graphic-organizer_567106/

QAR

Question Answer Relationship


How:
1. Explain to students that there are four types of questions they will encounter. Define each type
of question and give an example.
2. Read a short passage aloud to your students.
3. Have predetermined questions you will ask after you stop reading. When you have finished
reading, read the questions aloud to students and model how you decide which type of
question you have been asked to answer.
4. Show students how to find information to answer the question (i.e., in the text, from your own
experiences, etc.).

In the text
Right there

Think and search

The answer can be found right


there in the text

The answer is in the text, but you have


to think and search to find the
a n s w e r, s o m e t i m e s w i t h i n a
paragraph, across paragraph,
chapters or even books.

Strategies:
Scan the text.
Look for keywords.

Strategies:
Skim the text.
Search for important information in different
places in the text.

In your mind
Author and me

On my own

The answer is not in the text. You


need to use your own background
knowledge and what the author
has told you to come out with the
answer

The answer is not in the text. You need to use your


own background knowledge. You could even answer
the question without reading the text.
Strategies:
Think about what you already know, your prior
knowledge.
Think about what you
have heard or read
before.

Strategies:
Make inferences from clues
found in the text.
Make predictions before, while,
and after reading the text.

Reading Comprehension
Strategies

QUACK
What are QUACK marks?
A strategy for actively reading a factual passage of text, making judgments on the types of
information included, and marking specific kinds of information with the following:

How:
While reading the text, students employ the following marks to highlight specific information. If you
do not want marks in the text, use an acetate over the page, place marks on the acetate and then
transfer Keywords and definitions to your notes.
Q
U
A
C
K

? (question mark) beside words, phrases and ideas that you do not understand.
underline underline entire definitions.
* (asterisk) beside important or interesting ideas and information.
circle examples of important information or definitions.
Keywords place a capital K beside keywords (usually in bold or italics). Rewrite
the keywords and their definitions in the margin.

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ACID MARKS
What are ACID marks?
A strategy for actively reading a passage to increase comprehension and encourage students to
interact with reading materials. It involves making judgments on the
types of information being read and marking specific passages with the following:

How:
A.C.I.D. Marks has two parts:
1) A.C.I.D. and
2) Three separate Marks
As you read, ask yourself whether you:
A
Agree with the statement
C
are Confused by the statement
I
find the point Interesting
D
Disagree with the point
Place an A, C, I or D in the margin by the appropriate point.
Next comes the Marks. Re-read the article and insert the following marks:
Circle key terms
Asterisks important points (*)
Bracket or Underline supporting details. ( _________ )
It can be interesting to have students use this strategy and, while reading from a different
perspective, Agree or Disagree! For example, how would your responses differ if you read
the article imagining yourself to be from a different culture or ethnicity?

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RAP

ReadAsk questionsParaphrase

How:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Label the paragraph


Read the paragraph
Ask yourself: Who or what is this paragraph about?
Put the main ideas into your own words.

Paragraph
Number

Ask yourself Who/What is the


paragraph about?

Put the main ideas into your own words: What does
it tell me about? It tells me

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C.H.A.T.T.

How:
Students read the text and apply the C.H.A.T.T. marks to select important vocabulary, highlight
main ideas and identify details. Next, students transfer the key terms, written definitions (with an
image) and record the main points with supporting details to a separate C.H.A.T.T. Sheet. Finally,
the teacher provides a summary statement which the students record on their C.H.A.T.T. Sheet.
C
H
A
T
T

Circle key words.


Highlight or Underline main ideas.
* (asterisk) beside supporting details.
Transfer information to a C.H.A.T.T. Sheet.
Teacher provides a summary statement which students record on
their C.H.A.T.T. Sheet.

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T.H.R.I.L.D

How:
As students scan the chapter, they perform six steps. To begin with, they write down the chapter
title and all the sub-headings. They read the opening paragraph (or introduction) and write a brief
summary of this information. Students write a key word or phrase about the main idea of each
illustration. After this, students write a brief summary of the last paragraph or summary of the
chapter. Finally, students scan the Discussion Questions and select three that they would like to
know more about.

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Reciprocal Reading

How:
First the teacher reads a section of the text aloud and models the following steps:
Summarize
Clarify
Question
Predict*
Respond*
*optional - depending on material
The teacher generates a short summary of what they just read, soliciting input from the class. Next
the instructor constructs a main idea question (one that could be used in a test setting). Once
again, input can be received from the listeners. In the clarify step, the teacher ensures that
everyone understands the vocabulary, terms, figurative language and generally comprehends the
passage. After this, the teacher makes a prediction, with listener input, about what may happen
next. Finally, at the end of a significant portion of text, students generate a written response about
the passage (i.e. What would you do in the protagonists situation?). Both the predict and respond
steps are optional, depending on the type of material being used (appropriate for fiction and poetry,
but not a science text).
This entire process is then repeated, with a student taking the role of the teacher, reading the
passage out loud and guiding the class through the steps. Eventually, students work in pairs or
small groups, each individual taking turns being the teacher (or reciprocating).
Initially, it is important for the teacher to demarcate the size of the reading portions for each student
to read before changing roles (paragraph, 12 page, whole page). This will depend on student
reading abilities and the logical breaks in the material.

http://www.slideshare.net/ncmsa/reciprocal-teaching-bookmarks

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