Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.
development of behavior.
3. Behaviorism is a theory that emphasizes the study of directly
observable behavior.
4. Information processing: approach that views the human mind as a
symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
5. Vygotskys Sociocultural theory focuses on how social
interaction contributes to development.
6. Normative approach: age-related averages are computed to
represent typical development.
7. Ecological systems theory: views the child as developing within a
complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the
environment.
8. With structured observations, the investigator sets up a laboratory
situation that evokes the behavior of interest. (not on test)
9. Developmental science: field of study devoted to understanding
constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
10. Eriksons psychosocial theory of development focuses on
resolution of psychological conflicts over the life span.
11.A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes,
explains and predicts behavior.
12. Ethology is an approach concerned with the adaptive value of behavior
and its evolutionary history.
13. Resilience is the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to
development.
14. Nature-nurture controversy: disagreement about whether genetic
or environmental circumstances are more important determinants of
development.
15. Microsystem: in ecological systems theory, activities and interaction
patterns in the childs immediate surroundings.
16. Freuds psychosexual theory emphasizes management of early
sexual and aggressive drives.
17. Lifespan perspective: assumes development is lifelong,
multidimensional, highly plastic, and embedded in multiple contexts.
19. Genetic counseling: helps couples assess the likelihood of giving birth
to a baby with a hereditary disorder and to choose the best course of action
in light of the risks and family goals.
20..DNA are the long double stranded molecules that make up chromosomes.
1. Oral ([Sucking
five stages:
{if not met may grow into thumb sucking, nail biting,
pee and
poo pleasure
conflict boy/girl feel desire for the othersex parent then discard the desire and adopt same-sex
parents characteristics + values. Superego formed and
children feel guilty when they violate its standards.}]3-6
yrs),
Adolescence)
Pieces of personality,
The id the largest portion of the mind is the source of basic biological needs
+ desires.
The Ego is the conscious rational part of personality which emerges in early
infancy to redirect the ids impulses into acceptable behaviors. Has complex
task of reconciling demands of id, the external world and conscience.
The Superego/conscience, develops between 3-6 yrs as parents
insist that children conform to the values of society.
o Relations established among id, ego, superego in pre-k yrs. Determine
individuals basic personality. Theory first to stress influence of
early parent-child relationship on development.
o Parents walk a fine line between permitting too much/little
gratification. Perspective eventually criticized overemphasized sexual
feeling influence, based on problems of sexually repressed and he
hadnt studied children directly.
Eric Erikson: Follower of Freud, Psychosocial theory adds ego makes positive
contributing member of development, acquire attitudes + skills which make
1. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust: trust garnered from warm care mistrust
from neglect/harsh handled. Birth-1yr
6 yrs
Adulthood
8. Integrity vs. despair: integrity results from feeling life worth living as
it happened. Older people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death Old
Age
Normal development must be understood in relation to each cultures life situation.
4 Stages
1.
ears, hands, mouth. Invent ways of solving sensorimotor probs like pull lever
to hear music box, find hidden things putting/taking object in/out of
containers.
2. Preoperational 2-7 yrs preschool kids use symbols to represent
earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Develop language + make-believe play.
Thinking lacks logic of final two stages.
3. Concrete operational 7-11 yrs reasoning=logical understand the
liquid example (still same size) organize objects into hierarchies of classes
and sub-classes. Only think logically when dealing with concrete info can
perceive directly.
4.
example.
DNA: Chemical substance that makes up chromosomes, the long double stranded
molecules. ATCG
Mitosis: DNA duplication adds new body cells w/ same genetic info.
Meiosis: Process gametes (sex cells [Boy/Girl]) halves # of chromosomes
normally present in Father + Mother to be paired as genetic variability.
First Trimester
1.
Zygote: 1-2 weeks formed when sperm + ovum unite during conception
(one celled)
multiplies and forms a blastocyst which burrows into uterine lining [Structures
that feed + protect developing organism formamnion, chorion, yolk sac,
placenta and umbilical cord]).
2.
Embryo:
1st 3-4 weeks = inch (6mm)
3.
Teratogens: Any environmental agent that causes dmg during prenatal period
so effects prenatal development. Dmg is not always simple and straightforward.
Depends on dose of drugs regardless if pharmacy, illegal, heredity,
Other/several negative factors at once like [additional teratogens, poor
nutrition + lack of medical care (Prenatal), emotional stress, RH-factor
incompatibility can worsen impact of harmful agent], Age (varies at age of
organism at time of exposure),
Doctors keep track of mothers health, weight gain as well as capacity of uterus
and cervix to support the fetus and growth of fetus.
ii.
iii.
Childbirth interventions:
Cesarean section
Apgar Scale:
Sign
Heart rate
(Pulse)
Respiratory
effort
(Respiration)
Reflex
irritability
(Sneezing,
coughing and
grimacing)
[(Grimace)]
Muscle tone
(Activity)
0
No Heartbeat
Color
(Appearance)
Blue body,
arms + legs
No breathing
for 60 secs
No response
Completely
limp
1
>100 beats per
minute
Irregular,
shallow
breathing
Weak reflexive
response
2
100-140 beats
per minute
Strong
breathing and
crying
Strong
reflexive
response
Weak
movements of
arms + legs
Body pink w/
blue arms +
legs
Strong
movements of
arms + legs
Body, arms +
legs
completely
pink
Ideally you would want an Apgar score between 8-10 for a good result.
Newborn reflexes: a reflex is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of
stimulation. Some of them have survival value: