Artificial Neural Network Application for Prediction

of Reactive Power Compensation Under Line Outage

Contingency
Ankur Rai1, D.Suresh Babu2

P.S.Venkataramu3

M.S.Nagaraja4

Electrical & Electronics Engg

GGITM
Bhopal, India
1
ankurrai.1310@gmail.com
2
sureshbabudaram@gmail.com

Prof, Electrical & Electronics Engg

GGITM
Bhopal, India
3
venkataramu_ps@yahoo.com

Prof, Electrical & Electronics

BIET,
Davangere, India
4
msndvg@gmail.com

Abstract Static Var Compensator is a variable impedance

device where the current through a reactor is controlled using
back to back thyristor connected valves. In this paper a
successful attempt has been made to design an ANN architecture
which predicts the quantum of compensation to be provided to
the system for a specific line outage contingency in order to
improve the system performance. The study is carried out on an
IEEE-30 bus system using MATLAB software.
Keywords- Reactive power compensation, SVC, ANN, Adaline,
Line outage contingency.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Contingency analysis and risk assessment are important tasks

for the safe operation of electrical energy networks. During
the steady state study of an electrical network any one of the
possible contingencies can have either no effect, or serious
effect, or even fatal results for the network safety, depending
on a given network operating state. Performing the load flow
analysis at run time is a tedious and time consuming operation.
An alternative solution is the off-line training and the run-time
application of artificial neural networks [1] [2].
Line outage contingencies are most common in power
system and have a considerable effect on altering the base case
of a load bus. On occurrence of a line outage, generally the
system continues to operate in the contingency condition for a
considerable duration of time to monitor and initiate
emergency control action to possibly avoid the voltage
collapse [3]. Voltage stability is directly related to the
maximum load capacity of power system transmission line
and it is defined as the ability of keeping load busses in
determined limit values. System not reaching the critical
values should be designed and operated. Otherwise, voltage
would collapse, of which the samples can be seen from time
to time and can cause economic losses [4]. Neural
Networks (NNs) have been used in a board range of
applications including: pattern classification, pattern
recognition, optimization, prediction and automatic control
[5]. The application of NNs in different power system
operation and control strategies has lead to acceptable results
[6] [7].

Different approaches such as reactive power compensation

and phase shifting have been applied to increase the stability
and the security of the power systems. The demands of lower
power losses, faster response to system parameter change, and
higher stability of system have stimulated the development of
the Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS) which
include SVC [8]. Static-Var Compensator (SVC) is used as
series, parallel or combined compensator. Series compensation
improves system regulation and transmission load ability,
whereas shunt compensation (as capacitance) reduces
feeder currents and hence feeder cross-sectional area
which leads to the reduction of feeder costs. These types of
compensation reduce generating MVA and MVAR. The
reduction in system MVAR helps electrical companies to
transmit more power and absorbing more customers
without expanding power network [9]. This paper aims at
describing how artificial neural networks can be used to
bypass the traditional load flow cycle, resulting in
significantly faster computation times for (N -1) line outage
contingency analysis.
II.

COMPENSATION IN POWER SYSTEM

Generally, the compensation of transmission systems can be

divided into two main groups:
1. Shunt Compensation &
2. Series Compensation
Shunt-connected reactors are used to reduce the line overvoltages by consuming the reactive power, while shuntconnected capacitors are used to maintain the voltage levels by
compensating the reactive power to transmission line[10] [11].
A simplified model of a transmission system with shunt
compensation is shown in Figure.1 [11]. The voltage
magnitudes of the two buses are assumed equal as V, and the
phase angle between them is . The transmission line is
assumed lossless and represented by the reactance XL . At the
midpoint of the transmission line, a controlled capacitor C is
shunt-connected. The voltage magnitude at the connection
point is maintained as V.

5
2
Optimal placement of SVC planning is necessary in order
to achieve enhancement of power system reactive power
(VAR) margin, reduction in system losses and voltage
depressions at critical points [12].
III.

Figure1. Transmission system with shunt compensation

The injected reactive power by the capacitor to regulate the

voltage of the transmission line is calculated as equation 1
given below:
V

QC 4
cos
1
XL
2
Series capacitor banks increases power transfer capability,
improve system stability, reduce system losses, improve the
voltage profile of lines, and optimize current sharing between
parallel lines. The reactive power supplied by the series
capacitor is calculated as equation 2 given below:
QC

V
K
XL 1 K

cos

A. Modeling of Static VAR Compensator:

The shunt compensator SVC is simply a static
capacitor/reactor with susceptance BSVC is shown in figure 2.

ADALINE

The units with linear activation function are called linear units.
A network with a single linear unit is called an Adaline
(adaptive linear neuron) [13]. That is, in Adaline, the input
output relationship is linear. Adaline uses bipolar activation
for its input signals and its target output. The weights between
the input and the output are adjustable. The bias in Adaline
acts like an adjustable weight, whose connection is from a unit
with activations being always 1. Adaline is a net which has
only one output unit. The Adaline network may be trained
using delta rule. The delta rule may also be called as least
mean square (LMS) rule of Widrow Hoff rule. The learning
rule is found to minimize the mean squared error between the
activation and the target value [5].
A. The Adaline network training algorithm:
Step 0: Weights and bias are set to some random vales but not
zero. Set the learning rate parameter .
Step 1: Perform steps 2 6 when stopping condition is false.
Step 2: Perform steps 3 5 for each bipolar training pair s: t.
Step 3: Set activation for input units i=1 to n
x
s
Step 4: Calculate the net input to the output unit

Step 5: Update the weights and bias for i=1 to n:

x
Step 6: If the highest weight changes the occurred during
training is smaller than a specified tolerance then stop
the training process, else continue. This is the test for
stopping condition of a network. The range of
learning rate can be between 0.1 to1.0.

Figure 2. Static Var Compensator

The reactive power injected into the bus due to SVC is given
in equation 3 below.
.
3
For constant active power flow and supply voltage Vrms.
VAR (capacitive) = VAR (required) - VAR (uncompensated)
Capacitor susceptance

4
And required capacitor value is as

B. The Adaline network testing algorithm:

Step 0: Initialize the weights. (The weights are obtained from
the training algorithm).
Step 1: Perform step 2 4 for each bipolar input vector x.
Step 2: Set the activations of the input units to x.
Step 3: Calculate the net input to the output unit:

Step 4: Apply the activation function over the net input

calculated:
0
1
1
yin 0

IV.

PROPOSED - ALGORITHM

A. Newton Raphson method with line outage

contingencies:1. Assume that system angle load (MW & MVAR) and
generator (MW & MVAR, Qmin & Qmax) data are
constant.
2. Run the load flow without line outage contingency
and use the results as base case.
3. Connect N-1 line outage contingency among any two
buses.
4. Run load flow and compare the bus voltage with the
base case bus voltages.
5. Obtain the most critical bus where SVC has to be
installed. The most suitable location to inject MVAR
is found by checking the least voltage after the line
outage contingency (n-1) by comparing the base
value at any bus for a given system.
B. ANN training:It includes two stages.
1) Stage 1:- weights for each inputs are find out.
a. All possible N-1 line outage data is divided into four
sub parts according to their post contingency bus
voltages.
b. Post contingency bus voltages and MVAR injected
are taken as input.
c. Pre contingency bus voltages are taken as target.
d. Training is done using ADALINE (adaptive linear).
e. Weights are found out for each input.
2) Stage 2:- Mvar injected for each critical bus.
a. Post contingency bus voltage and Bus voltage after
MVAR injection are taken as input.
b. MVAR is taken as target.
V.

CASE STUDY & RESULTS

In this section, numerical results are carried out on IEEE 30bus system shown in figure.3 to show the robust performance
and capabilities of ANN model [14].
Initially, the load flow solution using Newton - Raphson (NR)
method without contingency was carried out & voltages at
each bus were obtained. Next, for the same system the load
flow solution is obtained using NR method with contingency.
Table-I shows the post contingency voltage with the injected
MVAR. In some line outages there is no change in voltages
even after line outage and in some case there is complete black
out condition if line outage occurs as shown in Table-I.
TABLE I.

POST CONTINGENCY VOLTAGES WITH MVAR INJECTED

Line
Outage
(From To)

Critical
bus no

Base
case
Bus
voltage

Post
contingency
Bus voltage

MVAR
Injected

Bus
voltage
after
injection

1.022

0.931

98.532

1.022

30

0.995

0.974

3.1

0.995

30

0.995

0.985

1.193

30

0.995

0.974

2.99

0.995

30

0.995

0.974

2.961

0.995

30

0.995

0.983

1.735

0.995

30

0.995

0.979

2.209

0.995

30

0.995

0.986

0.481

0.995

1.033

0.946

17.536

1.008

30

0.995

0.994

0.141

0.995

30

0.995

0.99

0.62

0.995

10

11

10

12

12

13

12

14

30

0.995

0.994

0.134

0.995

12

15

30

0.995

0.989

0.85

0.995

12

16

30

0.995

0.993

0.167

0.995

14

15

30

0.995

0.994

0.03

0.995

16

17

30

0.995

0.994

0.072

0.995

15

18

30

0.995

0.994

0.016

0.995

18

19

30

0.995

0.994

0.002

0.995

19

20

30

0.995

0.994

0.023

0.995

10

20

20

1.029

0.985

7.594

1.029

10

17

10

21

26

1.001

0.993

0.695

0.995

10

22

30

0.995

0.993

0.215

0.995

21

22

15

23

30

0.995

0.989

0.734

0.995

22

24

30

0.995

0.987

0.973

0.995

23

24

30

0.995

0.992

0.296

0.995

24

25

30

0.995

0.988

0.796

0.995

25

26

25

27

26

1.001

0.982

1.909

1.001

28

27

30

0.995

0.861

10.521

0.995

27

29

29

1.006

0.949

3.993

1.006

27

30

30

0.995

0.94

4.383

0.995

29

30

30

0.995

0.977

1.875

0.995

28

30

0.995

0.993

0.155

0.995

28

30

0.995

0.97

2.428

0.996

NO CHANGE
COMPLETE BLACK OUT
30

0.995

0.991

0.466

0.995

NO CHANGE
COMPLETE BLACK OUT

NO CHANGE

NO CHANGE

COMPLETE BLACK OUT

TABLE II.

Line
Outage
(From To)
6
6
9
12
12
14
16
15
18
19
10
10

TRAINING RESULTS FOR POST CONTINGENCY BUS VOLTAGE

RANGE 0.990-0.999
Input 1

Input 2

Post
contingency
bus voltage

MVAR
injected

0.994
0.99
0.991
0.994
0.993
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.994
0.993
0.993

0.141
0.62
0.466
0.134
0.167
0.03
0.072
0.016
0.002
0.023
0.695
0.215

8
9
10
14
16
15
17
18
19
20
21
22

Target
Base
case
bus
voltage
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
1.001
0.995

Output
Bus voltage
Data after
training
0.9956
0.9972
0.9964
0.9956
0.995
0.9944
0.9949
0.9943
0.9941
0.9944
1.0007
0.9955

Errors
(mse)
TABLE V.
-0.0006
-0.0022
-0.0014
-0.0006
0
0.0006
0.0001
0.0007
0.0009
0.0006
0.0003
-0.0005

Post contingency results for the voltage range of 0.990 to

0.999 are given in Table II. In Table- II for input 1 the weight
is 0.8995 and for input 2 the weight is 0.0108. The bias was
0.1 and error was 9.9e-06. No. of epochs were 72.
The testing results for the range shown in Table-II are shown
in Table-III
TABLE III.

TESTING RESULTS FOR RANGE 0.990 -0.999

Input 1
Line Outage
(From - To)

Target

Output

Post
contingency
bus voltage

MVAR
injected

MVAR
predicted

Input 2
Errors
(mse)

Bus
voltage
after
MVAR
injection

23

24

0.992

0.296

0.2496

0.046

0.995

28

0.993

0.155

0.1666

-0.011

0.995

TABLE IV.

TRAINING RESULTS FOR POST CONTINGENCY BUS VOLTAGE

RANGE 0.980 0.989

Input 2

Target

Post
contingency
bus voltage

MVAR
injected

Base
case
bus
voltage

0.985
0.983
0.986
0.989
0.989
0.987

1.193
1.735
0.481
0.85
0.734
0.973

0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995

Input 1
Line
Outage
(From To)

2
2
5
12
15
22

4
6
7
15
23
24

Line
Outage
(From To)

TESTING RESULTS FOR RANGE 0.980 -0.989

Input 1

Target

Output

Post
contingency
bus voltage

MVAR
injected

MVAR
predicted

24

25

0.988

0.796

0.8988

25

27

0.982

1.909

2.0036

TABLE VI.

Errors
(mse)

-0.0003
-0.0041
0.0061
-0.0004
0.0008
0.0001

Post contingency results for the voltage range of 0.980 to

0.989 are given in TableIV. In Table- IV for input 1 the

0.1028
0.0946

Input 2

Target

Output

Post
contingency
bus voltage

MVAR
injected

Base
case
bus
voltage

Bus
voltage
Data
after
training

Input 1
Line
Outage
(From To)

Errors
(mse)

Input 2
Bus
voltage
after
MVAR
injection
0.995
1.001

TRAINING RESULTS FOR POST CONTINGENCY BUS VOLTAGE

RANGE 0.970 0.979

Errors
(mse)

0.974

2.99

0.995

1.0032

-0.0082

0.974

2.961

0.995

1.0028

-0.0078

0.979

2.209

0.995

0.9972

-0.0022

29

30

0.977

1.875

0.995

0.9909

0.0041

Post contingency results for the voltage range of 0.970 to

0.979 are given in Table-VI. In Table-VI for input 1 the
weight is 0.8862 and for input 2 the weight is 0.134. The bias
was 0.1 and error was 1.49e-04. No. of epochs were 72.
The testing results for the range shown in Table-VI are shown
in Table-VII
TABLE VII.
Input 1

Output
Bus
voltage
Data
after
training
0.9953
0.9991
0.9889
0.9954
0.9942
0.9949

weight is 0.8965 and for input 2 the weight is 0.0103. The bias
was 0.1 and error was 5.48e-05. No. of epochs were 72.
The testing results for the range shown in Table-IV are shown
in Table-V

Line
Outage
(From
- To)
1
6

3
28

Post
continge
ncy bus
voltage
0.974
0.97

TESTING RESULTS FOR RANGE 0.970 -0.979

Target

Output

MVAR
injected

MVAR
predicted

3.1
2.428

2.3762
2.6407

Errors
(mse)

0.7238
-0.2127

Input 2
Bus
voltage
after
MVAR
injection
0.995
0.995

VI.

CONCLUSION

The line outage contingency create the under voltage and over
voltage condition in the system. The most critical bus was
identified by the voltage difference from the base case and the
contingency case. The most effected bus has been selected as
the point where MVAR has to be injected. The voltages has
been increased when MVAR was injected in the particular bus
so that the post contingency voltage becomes almost equal to
pre contingency voltage, thus the system becomes stable.
ANN technique was implemented for predicting the injected
MVAR at critical bus. Adaline was used for training & testing.
The network was trained by taking input 1 as post contingency
bus voltage, input 2 as MVAR injected and target as precontingency bus voltage. By this target, weights were obtained
for each input. These weights were used for testing the
network for obtaining the MVAR injected for unknown cases.
The predicted MVAR value was within 5% tolerance.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are grateful to the management of Gyan Ganga
Institute of Technology &Management, Bhopal and also to the
management of Bapuji Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Davangere.
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Ankur Rai was born at Faizabad (U.P.), India in 1989 and

lives in Bihar. He received his B.E. in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from RGPV, Bhopal in 2012. He is
working with Suvidha Engineers private limited as a
graduate engineer trainee.
He is a member of IEEE. His research interest includes AI
applications to power system and electrical machines.
D.Suresh Babu was born at Vijayawada (A.P), India in
1985. He received his B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics
engineering from JNTU in 2006 and M.Tech degree in
Power Systems Engg from ANU, in 2009. He is a
Research Scholar in the department of Electrical &
Electronics
Engineering
at
the
Visvesvaraya
Technological University Belgaum (India) and Asst.Prof in Dept. of Electrical
& Electronics, Gyan Ganga Institute of Tech & Mgmt, Bhopal (M.P), India.
He has published 10 national/International journals/conferences.
He is a member of IEEE and AMIE (India). His research interests include
energy management systems, power system optimization, and voltage
instability studies incorporating FACTS controllers and security analysis.

P. S. Venkataramu was born in India on June 20, 1961.

He received his Graduation in Electrical Engineering from
the Institute of Engineers (India), M.Tech degree in Power
Systems from Mysore University (India) and Ph.D. in 2007
from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
(India). He was employed as an Electrical Engineer in the
Goa state Electricity Department and worked for 15 years
in various capacities. He was primarily involved in carrying power system
operational and planning studies for the regional grid system. He was also a
visiting faculty in the Goa college of Engineering. From 1997 to 2007, he
worked as a faculty in various positions at School of Electrical Sciences,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. From 2007 he is a Professor in
Electrical Engineering Department and Principal of Gyan Ganga Institute of
Technology and Management, Bhopal (India). He has several national and
international publications.
Dr. P. S. Venkataramu is a Fellow of the institution of engineers (India),
Indian society for technical education, and System society of India. His
research interest includes AI application to power system and distribution
system automation.

M.S.Nagaraja, completed his B.E degree in Electrical &

Electronics in the year 1986 from Government BDT
college of engineering, Davangere. Master of Technology
& Doctoral degree in Power System from National
Institute of Engineering, Mysore in the year 1991 & 2007
respectively. He has published 18 papers in national &
International conferences including two papers in National
Journals and one International Journal . He has teaching
experience of 25 years in under grraduate college. At present he is working as
Professor & Head in the department of Electrical & Electronics Engg, BIET,
Davangere.
Dr.M.S.Nagaraja is a member of Indian Society for Technical Education
and Institution of Engineers ( India). His research interest includes AI
application to power system.

APPENDIX

Figure 3: IEEE-30 Bus System