Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIN 202
Financial Management
Consultation:
By appointment
PRE-REQUISITE (S)
ACC101
ACC103
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 1
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 1
SYNOPSIS
Managing a business requires one to develop good knowledge on the concept of
business, forms and organisations of business, business strategy, financial management
methods, allocation of capital and control of an organisation.
OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this subject, students should be able to:
To enable students to evaluate investment risks and returns using CAPM and
Portfolio Theory;
TOPICS
Topic 1 Introduction to financial management and the taxation system.
Development of financial management
Financial goal of the firm
Financial decisions and risk-return relationships
Business environment and legal forms of business organizations
Income tax on companies and shareholders
Implications of income tax and capital-gains tax on rates of return
Topic 2 The financial markets.
Role of financial markets
Components of the financial markets
Flow of funds through financial markets
Market prices and market efficiency
Corporate credit ratings and risk-return trade-off
Topic 3 Financial mathematics
Why cash flows are important
The time value of money
Opportunity cost
Present value and annuities
Solving problems in financial mathematics
Topic 4 Valuation of bonds and shares
Definitions of value
Market efficiency and behavioural finance
Valuation: the basic process
Bond valuation
Preference share valuation
Valuation of ordinary shares
Topic 5 Risk and rates of return
Rates of return in financial markets
Risk-return trade-off
Expected return and investors required rates of return
Risk reduction through diversification
Topic 6 Capital budgeting concepts and methods
Principles for selecting capital budgeting criteria
Discounted cash flow criteria
Role of taxation in capital budgeting
Non-discounted cash flow criteria in capital budgeting
Ethics in capital budgeting
Topic 7 Issues in capital budgeting
Guidelines for identifying a projects incremental costs and benefits
Applying discounted cash flow techniques
Complications in capital budgeting
PRESCRIBED TEXT
Lawrence J. Gitman and Chad J. Zutter (2015) Principles of Managerial Finance, 14th
edn, Pearson.
RECOMMENDED REFERENCES
Annie K., Ser-Keng A., Eugene F. Brigham and Michael C. Enrhardt (2014) Financial
Management Theory and Practice, Asia edn. CENGAGE Learning.
William R. Lasher. (2013) Financial Management- A Practical Approach, 7th edn,
CENGAGE Learning.
Sheridan Titman, Arthur J. Keown and John D. Martin (2015) Financial Management
Principles and Applications, 12th edn. Pearson, Prentice Hall.
Megginson,W., Smart,S. and Graham, J. (2010) Financial Management, 3rd edn, SouthWestern, CENGAGE Learning.
James R. McGuigan, R. Charles Moyer, Ramesh Rao and William J. Kretlow (2012)
Contemporary Corporate Finance, 12th edn. South Western CENGAGE Learning.
Week
Topics
References
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 & 7
Chapter 10
Chapter 11 & 12
Cost of Capital
Chapter 9
Chapter 15 & 16
10
Chapter 13
11
Capital Structure
Chapter 13
12
Chapter 14
13
Chapter 17
14 15
Final Examination
ASSESSMENT:
There are 3 assessment items for this subject.
Assessment Items
Value
Due Date
15%
2. Assignment
15%
4 April, 2016
70%
REQUIREMENTS:
To gain a pass in this subject, students must:
Attempt ALL areas of assessment; and achieve a total result of 50% or better
overall.
If students did not attempt any areas of assessment they would be deemed to have
failed the subject.
** - Please check on the notice board and My Acel for the actual date. HELP
University reserves the right to make any changes to the above where appropriate.
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Answer ALL questions
Due date:
Value:
Rationale
This assignment covers Weeks 1 - 10, and builds on previous work.
Criteria
Where necessary, state any assumptions you have made. Please note that assumptions
have to be valid.
Assignments should show all workings and students will be penalised for failing to do
this.
You will be assessed on:
Explain what is meant by the time value of money and why a bird in the hand is
worth two or more in the bush. Which capital budgeting approach(es) ignores this
concept?
b.
Why cannot the accounting rate of return be used as a reliable capital budgeting
technique? What are its advantages?
Use the following information to calculate the cost of capital for TLC Ltd, on the
assumption that investors can remove all unsystematic risk by diversification.
The sources of funds used by TLC Ltd and their respective market values
are as follows:
Source of Funds
Debt (par value $100)
Equity
b.
The interest rate on the debt is 11% paid annually. The debt, which is due to
mature in eight years' time, has a current market price of $111.
Under what assumptions is the cost of capital you have calculated for TLC Ltd in
(a) appropriate for a proposed project?
Assuming that there are no costs associated with providing credit, will TLC Ltd
benefit from offering such credit terms?
b.
If expenses remain at 80% of sales, what would the increase in sales need to be in
order to justify the provision of these credit terms?
If the current yield is 7.5%, what is the value of a Batlow bond today?
b.
If the expected yield in 3 years time is 9%, what will be the price of a Batlow
bond at that time?
'If after all your calculations you tell me that there is a high probability that the
share's price will vary between $4.50 and $9.60, I can make a fortune by buying
the share at $4.50 and selling when it reaches $9.60.'
ii.
'I don't care how high the price may go, all that worries me is whether or not I
will make a loss.'
iii.
'Expected return and standard deviation are of no interest to me, all I want to
know is what my investment will be worth one year from now.'
Archer's plant would total $40,000, and installation charges would add another $60,000
to the total equipment cost. Further, Archer's inventories would have to be increased by
$20,000, and this cash flow is assumed to occur at the time of the initial investment.
The machinery has a remaining economic life of 4 years and the countrys Tax Office
ruling will allow Archer Juices to claim the following annual depreciation allowances:
Year 1:
Year 3:
33%
15%
Year 2:
Year 4:
45%
7%
The machinery is expected to have a salvage value of $50,000 after 4 years of use.
The section of the plant in which production would occur has not been used for several
years, and consequently had suffered some deterioration. Last year, as part of a routine
facilities improvement program, Archer spent $200,000 to rehabilitate that section of
the main plant. Rufus Smith, the chief accountant, believes that this outlay, which has
already been paid and expensed for tax purposes, should be charged to the juice project.
His contention is that if the rehabilitation had not taken place, the firm would have had
to spend the $200,000 to make the site suitable for the juice project.
Archer's management expects to sell 200,000 bottles of the new juice product in each of
the next 4 years, at a wholesale price of $4 per bottle, but $3 per bottle would be
needed to cover fixed and variable cash operating costs. In examining the sales figures,
Armstrong noted a short memo from Archer's sales manager which expressed concern
that the juice project would cut into the firm's sales of juice coolers - this type of effect
is called an externality (or opportunity cost). Specifically, the sales manager estimated
that juice cooler sales would fall by 5 percent if the new juice were introduced.
Armstrong then talked to both the sales and production managers, and she concluded
that the new project would probably lower the firm's juice cooler sales by $40,000 per
year, but, at the same time, it would also reduce production costs for this product by
$20,000 per year, all on a pre-tax basis. Thus, the net externality effect would be $40,000 + $20,000 = -$20,000. Archer's effective tax rate is 40 percent, and its overall
cost of capital is 10 percent, calculated as follows:
E
D
R E R D (1 TC )
V
V
1
1
(0.152) (0.08)(1 0.40)
2
2
0.10 10%
WACC
Now assume that you are Armstrong's assistant and she has asked you to analyse the
project and then to present your findings in a 'tutorial' manner to Archer's executive
committee. As Chief Financial Officer, Armstrong wants to educate some of the other
executives, especially the marketing and sales managers, in the theory of capital
budgeting so that these executives will have a better understanding of her capital
budgeting decisions. Therefore, Armstrong wants you to ask and then answer a series
of questions as set out below. Specifics on the other two projects that must be analysed
are provided in Questions 4 and 5. Keep in mind that you will be questioned closely
during your presentation, so you should understand every step of the analysis, including
any assumptions and weaknesses that may be lurking in the background and that
someone might spring on you in the meeting.
11
Depreciation Schedule
Table 1
Depn.
Allowance
Depn. Expense
End-of-Year
Book Value
$198,000
X
X
$600,000
$402,000
X
X
$
0
Year
1
2
3
4
33%
X
X
7%
100%
Table 2
Year 0
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Unit price
Unit sales
Net Investment Outlay
Price
Freight
Installation
Change in NWC
Operating cash flows
Revenues
Operating Costs
Depreciation
Other project effects
Before-tax income
Tax
Net income
Plus depreciation
Net operating cash flow
Salvage value
Salvage value tax
Recovery of NWC
Project net cash flow
Note:
Define the term 'incremental cash flow'. Since the project will be financed
in part by debt, should the cash flow statement include interest expenses?
Explain.
b.
Should the $200,000 that was spent to rehabilitate the plant be included in
the analysis? Explain.
12
c.
Suppose another juice maker had expressed an interest in leasing the wine
production site for $10,000 a year. If this were true (in fact it was not),
how should that information be incorporated into the analysis?
Question 3 (5 marks)
Now assume that the sales price will increase by the 5% inflation rate beginning after
Year 0. However, assume also that operating costs will increase by only 2% annually
from the initial cost estimate, because over half of the costs are fixed by long-term
contracts. For simplicity, assume that no other cash flows (net externality costs, salvage
value, or net working capital) are affected by inflation. What are the project's NPV,
IRR and Payback Period now that inflation has been taken into account? Does change
your recommendation in Q2 (d)?
(Hint: the Year 1, and succeeding cash flows, must be adjusted for inflation because the
estimates are in Year 0 dollars.)
Year
0
1
2
3
4
-$200,000
67,000
67,000
67,000
67,000
Both of these projects are in Archer's main line of business, premium table juice, and
the investment which is chosen is expected to be repeated indefinitely into the future.
Also, each project is of average risk, and hence each is assigned the 10% required rate
of return.
What is each project's single cycle NPV? Can you make a decision on this information?
Why or why not? If not, what should you do to be able to make a decision? Which
project should be chosen? Why?
13
End-of-Year Net
Abandonment Cash Flow
0
1
2
3
($20,000)
$ 8,400
$ 8,000
$ 7,000
$20,000
$12,400
$8,000
$
0
The relevant required rate of return is again 10%. What would the NPV be if the trucks
were operated for the full three years? What if they were abandoned at the end of Year
2? What if they were abandoned at the end of Year 1? What is the economic life of the
truck project?
14
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16
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chapters in books
Journal articles
Conference papers
Newspaper articles
Magazines
Websites
Study guide
18
1st offence
20
FIN202
Subject Name
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
This examination carries 70% of the total assessment for this subject.
Examiner(s)
Moderator(s)
MR SELVANADAN MUNIAPPAN
Day
Date
Time :
Time allowed :
Reading 10 MINUTES
Writing 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTION(S):
1. This is a CLOSED BOOK examination; therefore no written material, reference books or notes will be
permitted into the examination room.
2. Writing on the examination answer book is NOT permitted during reading time.
3. This examination consists of SIX (6) problem solving and discussion questions. Students are required to
answer ANY FIVE (5) of the questions in the answer booklet provided.
4. Students are NOT permitted to retain this examination paper.
5. Students MUST pass this examination to pass the subject.
6. Tables are attached.
(This examination paper consists of 6 questions in XX printed pages, including cover page)
21
Issue costs would be (a) 13% of market value for a new bond issue, (b) $0.125
per share for ordinary equity, and (c) $0.24 per share for preference shares.
The recent dividends on ordinary shares were $0.325 and are projected to have an
annual growth rate of 6%.
Current market prices are $104 for bonds, $1.80 for preference shares, and $3 for
ordinary shares.
Source of Finance
Bonds: (8% coupon, $100 par, 16 year maturity)
Preference Shares: (50,000 shares, $5 par, $0.15 dividend)
Ordinary Equity
38
15
47
100
What will be the weighted average cost of capital for a project if the amount of capital
required is:
a.
b.
$ 500,000
$1,000,000
depreciate the system to zero. The partners think that the computer will save $30,000
annually in operating expenses (excluding depreciation and taxes). The firm has been
offered a four-year lease contract, with annual payments of $21,000 beginning when
the contract comes into effect, and with a residual value of $20,000. The lessor has
offered to absorb all insurance and maintenance expenses (worth $3,000 per year,
payable in advance). All the partners have a marginal tax rate of 47%.
a.
Estimate the net advantage of leasing (NAL) given that loan finance is
otherwise available at 13% per annum. Should the firm lease the system?
(15 marks)
b.
What are the differences between a financial lease and an operating lease?
What type of individual or financial institution is most like to act as the
lessor in a financial lease? What type of firm is most likely to undertake
lease financing?
(5 marks)
If the yield on these bonds is currently 9%, what is the price of a bond today?
(3 marks)
ii.
It is expected that the yield on these bonds will fall to 6.5% in four
years' time. What will their price be at that time?
(3 marks)
iii.
Explain why the yield on the bonds may fall, and the effect this fall
will have on the price.
(4 marks)
would be $850,000, and in two year it would be zero. The brothers are considering
purchasing new machinery for $1,000,000 with a two year life. Last year they spent
$10,000 investigating the output of the new machine and the advantage will be the
saving of three employees. The new machinery, which will be worthless in two years,
will be financed 50% by debt costing 8.5%pa.
Assume a discount rate of 12%, and a company tax rate of 30%.
a.
(5 marks)
b.
c.
(3 marks)
d.
(2 marks)
e.
Explain the effect of changes in net working on the projects cash flow. How
should interest payments on borrowed funds used to finance projects be dealt
with in determining the projects cash flow?
(5 marks)
Equity holders want 16% on their investment, whereas debt holders only require
8%. I would be crazy to expand using equity since debt is so much cheaper.
Comment.
(4 marks)
b.
i.
Determine the expected return and beta for the following portfolio.
Expected
Share
% of Portfolio Beta ()
Return (%)
1
40
1.00
12
2
25
0.75
11
3
35
1.30
15
(4 marks)
ii.
Given the information above, draw the security market line (SML) and
show where the securities fit on the graph. Assume that the risk-free rate is
8% and that the expected return on the market portfolio is 12%. How would
you interpret these findings?
(4 marks)
c. A firm is evaluating two mutually exclusive investments, designated C and D, with
the following characteristics:
C
$10,000
$13,000
6 years
9 years
If the firms discount rate used for evaluating these projects is 12% p.a., which
investment should be chosen? (Your answer must be justified with appropriate
numerical analysis.)
(4 marks)
24
d.
Studies have shown that when firms raise or lower their dividends, their share
prices tend to rise or fall in a like manner. Doesnt this prove that investors
prefer dividends? Discuss.
(4 marks)
b.
Trees Ltd is an unlevered firm whose net cash flows are constant in perpetuity.
i.
What is the after tax return Trees shareholders require if Trees is valued
at $2,625,000 with annual cash flows before tax of $600,000, when the
corporate tax rate is 30% ?
(4 marks)
ii.
iii.
iv.
What is Trees weighted average cost of capital (WACC) before the debt
issue?
(1 mark)
v.
What is Trees weighted average cost of capital (WACC) after the debt
issue?
(4 marks)
(16 marks)
25
i
1
m
EAR
= 1
FVn
= PV1 i n
PV
= FVn 1 i n
1 i n 1
= pmt
FVannuity
= pmt(FVIFAi,n)
1 1 i n
= pmt
PVannuity
Kp,BT
Kp,AT
VE
D p 1 T
NP0
Dp
NP0
D 0 1 g
RE g
KE,BT =
D1 1 T
g
NP0
KE,AT =
D1
g
NP0
= pmt(PVIFAi,n)
PVperpetuity
pmt
PP
or
i
i
1 + i = (1 + R)(1 + r)
Vb
1 1 i n
n
M1 i
i
= I
Rj = Rf + j(Rm Rf)
PBILL =
365V
365 in
Alternatively: PBILL =
= I(PVIFAi,n) + M(PVIFi,n)
Approximate bond yield to maturity:
YTM
I M Vb n
M Vb 2
n
1 1 i
NPV
=
PVIFAi, n
EAA = NPV
NPV
= PV IO
PI
V 365
1
P
n
APRBILL
EARBILL
PV
IO
I M NP n
M NP 2
V
n
1 i
365
365 n
1 a n
APR
EAR
26
1 a
365 n
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
16%
17%
18%
19%
20%
24%
28%
32%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
1.0000
2.0100
3.0301
4.0604
5.1010
6.1520
7.2135
8.2857
9.3685
10.462
11.567
12.683
13.809
14.947
16.097
17.258
18.430
19.615
20.811
22.019
23.239
24.472
25.716
26.973
28.243
29.526
30.821
32.129
33.450
34.785
48.886
64.463
81.670
1.0000
2.0200
3.0604
4.1216
5.2040
6.3081
7.4343
8.5830
9.7546
10.950
12.169
13.412
14.680
15.974
17.293
18.639
20.012
21.412
22.841
24.297
25.783
27.299
28.845
30.422
32.030
33.671
35.344
37.051
38.792
40.568
60.402
84.579
114.05
1.0000
2.0300
3.0909
4.1836
5.3091
6.4684
7.6625
8.8923
10.159
11.464
12.808
14.192
15.618
17.086
18.599
20.157
21.762
23.414
25.117
26.870
28.676
30.537
32.453
34.426
36.459
38.553
40.710
42.931
45.219
47.575
75.401
112.79
163.056
1.0000
2.0400
3.1216
4.2465
5.4163
6.6330
7.8983
9.2142
10.583
12.006
13.486
15.026
16.627
18.292
20.024
21.825
23.698
25.645
27.671
29.778
31.969
34.248
36.618
39.083
41.646
44.312
47.084
49.968
52.966
56.085
95.026
152.66
237.997
1.0000
2.0500
3.1525
4.3101
5.5256
6.8019
8.1420
9.5491
11.027
12.578
14.207
15.917
17.713
19.599
21.579
23.657
25.840
28.132
30.539
33.066
35.719
38.505
41.430
44.502
47.727
51.113
54.669
58.403
62.323
66.439
120.80
209.35
353.58
1.0000
2.0600
3.1836
4.3746
5.6371
6.9753
8.3938
9.8975
11.491
13.181
14.972
16.870
18.882
21.015
23.276
25.673
28.213
30.906
33.760
36.786
39.993
43.392
46.996
50.816
54.865
59.156
63.706
68.528
73.640
79.058
154.76
290.34
533.13
1.0000
2.0700
3.2149
4.4399
5.7507
7.1533
8.6540
10.260
11.978
13.816
15.784
17.888
20.141
22.550
25.129
27.888
30.840
33.999
37.379
40.995
44.865
49.006
53.436
58.177
63.249
68.676
74.484
80.698
87.347
94.461
199.64
406.53
813.52
1.0000
2.0800
3.2464
4.5061
5.8666
7.3359
8.9228
10.637
12.488
14.487
16.645
18.977
21.495
24.215
27.152
30.324
33.750
37.450
41.446
45.762
50.423
55.457
60.893
66.765
73.106
79.954
87.351
95.339
103.97
113.28
259.06
573.77
1253.2
1.0000
2.0900
3.2781
4.5731
5.9847
7.5233
9.2004
11.028
13.021
15.193
17.560
20.141
22.953
26.019
29.361
33.003
36.974
41.301
46.018
51.160
56.765
62.873
69.532
76.790
84.701
93.324
102.72
112.973
124.14
136.31
337.88
815.08
1944.8
1.0000
2.1000
3.3100
4.6410
6.1051
7.7156
9.4872
11.436
13.579
15.937
18.531
21.384
24.523
27.975
31.772
35.950
40.545
45.599
51.159
57.275
64.002
71.403
79.543
88.497
98.347
109.18
121.10
134.21
148.63
164.49
442.59
1163.9
3034.8
1.0000
2.1100
3.3421
4.7097
6.2278
7.9129
9.7833
11.859
14.164
16.722
19.561
22.713
26.212
30.095
34.405
39.190
44.501
50.396
56.939
64.203
72.265
81.214
91.148
102.17
114.41
128.00
143.08
159.82
178.40
199.02
581.83
1668.8
4755.1
1.0000
2.1200
3.3744
4.7793
6.3528
8.1152
10.089
12.300
14.776
17.549
20.655
24.133
28.029
32.393
37.280
42.753
48.884
55.750
63.440
72.052
81.699
92.503
104.60
118.16
133.33
150.33
169.37
190.70
214.58
241.33
767.09
2400.0
7471.6
1.0000
2.1300
3.4069
4.8498
6.4803
8.3227
10.405
12.757
15.416
18.420
21.814
25.650
29.985
34.883
40.417
46.672
53.739
61.725
70.749
80.947
92.470
105.49
120.20
136.83
155.62
176.85
200.84
227.95
258.58
293.20
1013.7
3459.5
1.0000
2.1400
3.4396
4.9211
6.6101
8.5355
10.730
13.233
16.085
19.337
23.045
27.271
32.089
37.581
43.842
50.980
59.118
68.394
78.969
91.025
104.77
120.44
138.30
158.66
181.87
208.33
238.50
272.89
312.09
356.79
1342.0
4994.5
1.0000
2.1500
3.4725
4.9934
6.7424
8.7537
11.067
13.727
16.786
20.304
24.349
29.002
34.352
40.505
47.580
55.717
65.075
75.836
88.212
102.44
118.81
137.63
159.28
184.17
212.79
245.71
283.57
327.10
377.17
434.75
1779.1
7217.7
1.0000
2.1600
3.5056
5.0665
6.8771
8.9775
11.414
14.240
17.519
21.321
25.733
30.850
36.786
43.672
51.660
60.925
71.673
84.141
98.603
115.38
134.84
157.41
183.60
213.98
249.21
290.09
337.50
392.50
456.30
530.31
2360.8
1.0000
2.1700
3.5389
5.1405
7.0144
9.2068
11.772
14.773
18.285
22.393
27.200
32.824
39.404
47.103
56.110
66.649
78.979
93.406
110.28
130.03
153.14
180.17
211.80
248.81
292.10
342.76
402.03
471.38
552.51
647.44
3134.5
1.0000
2.1800
3.5724
5.2154
7.1542
9.4420
12.142
15.327
19.086
23.521
28.755
34.931
42.219
50.818
60.965
72.939
87.068
103.74
123.41
146.63
174.02
206.34
244.49
289.49
342.60
405.27
479.22
566.48
669.45
790.95
4163.2
1.0000
2.1900
3.6061
5.2913
7.2966
9.6830
12.523
15.902
19.923
24.709
30.404
37.180
45.244
54.841
66.261
79.850
96.022
115.27
138.17
165.42
197.85
236.44
282.36
337.01
402.04
479.43
571.52
681.11
811.52
966.71
5529.8
1.0000
2.2000
3.6400
5.3680
7.4416
9.9299
12.916
16.499
20.799
25.959
32.150
39.581
48.497
59.196
72.035
87.442
105.93
128.12
154.74
186.69
225.03
271.03
326.24
392.48
471.98
567.38
681.85
819.22
984.07
1181.9
7343.9
1.0000
2.2400
3.7776
5.6842
8.0484
10.980
14.615
19.123
24.712
31.643
40.238
50.895
64.110
80.496
100.82
126.01
157.25
195.99
244.03
303.60
377.46
469.06
582.63
723.46
898.09
1114.6
1383.1
1716.1
2129.0
2640.9
1.0000
2.2800
3.9184
6.0156
8.6999
12.136
16.534
22.163
29.369
38.593
50.398
65.510
84.853
109.61
141.30
181.87
233.79
300.25
385.32
494.21
633.59
812.00
1040.4
1332.7
1706.8
2185.7
2798.7
3583.3
4587.7
5873.2
1.0000
2.3200
4.0624
6.3624
9.3983
13.406
18.696
25.678
34.895
47.062
63.122
84.320
112.30
149.24
198.00
262.36
347.31
459.45
607.47
802.86
1060.8
1401.2
1850.6
2443.8
3226.8
4260.4
5624.8
7425.7
9802.9
27
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
10%
11%
12%
13%
14%
15%
16%
17%
18%
19%
20%
24%
28%
32%
0.9901
1.9704
2.9410
3.9020
4.8534
5.7955
6.7282
7.6517
8.5660
9.4713
10.367
11.2556
12.1331
13.0037
13.8657
14.7171
15.5629
16.3983
17.2263
18.0450
18.8576
19.6600
20.4554
21.2438
22.0234
22.7952
23.5592
24.3166
25.0654
25.8078
32.8347
39.1967
44.9551
0
0.9804
1.9416
2.8839
3.8077
4.7135
5.6014
6.4720
7.3255
8.1622
8.9826
9.7868
10.575
11.3483
12.1064
12.8492
13.5773
14.2917
14.9929
15.6780
16.3515
17.0114
17.6582
18.2920
18.9132
19.5239
20.1215
20.7060
21.2819
21.8443
22.3964
27.3555
31.4235
34.7606
9
0.9709
1.9135
2.8286
3.7171
4.5797
5.4172
6.2303
7.0197
7.7861
8.5302
9.2526
9.9540
10.635
11.2960
11.9371
12.5619
13.1661
13.7531
14.3235
14.8778
15.4155
15.9360
16.4439
16.9356
17.4135
17.8761
18.3278
18.7640
19.1881
19.6005
23.1144
25.7298
27.6758
6
0.9615
1.8861
2.7751
3.6299
4.4518
5.2421
6.0021
6.7327
7.4353
8.1109
8.7605
9.3851
9.9856
10.563
11.1181
11.6524
12.1653
12.6597
13.1333
13.5909
14.0293
14.4512
14.8561
15.2478
15.6220
15.9821
16.3298
16.6636
16.9831
17.2927
19.7920
21.4828
22.6232
5
0.9524
1.8594
2.7232
3.5460
4.3295
5.0757
5.7864
6.4632
7.1078
7.7217
8.3064
8.8633
9.3936
9.8986
10.379
10.8377
11.2748
11.6891
12.0856
12.4623
12.8212
13.1632
13.4880
13.7986
14.0936
14.3759
14.6432
14.8980
15.1411
15.3721
17.1595
18.2551
18.9299
3
0.9434
1.8334
2.6730
3.4651
4.2124
4.9173
5.5824
6.2098
6.8017
7.3601
7.8869
8.3838
8.8527
9.2950
9.7122
10.105
10.4779
10.8273
11.1586
11.4691
11.7649
12.0411
12.3036
12.5504
12.7834
13.0034
13.2102
13.4065
13.5902
13.7647
15.0468
15.7613
16.1619
4
0.9346
1.8080
2.6243
3.3872
4.1002
4.7665
5.3893
5.9713
6.5152
7.0236
7.4987
7.9427
8.3577
8.7455
9.1079
9.4466
9.7632
10.059
10.3351
10.5946
10.8350
11.0615
11.2722
11.4692
11.6533
11.8256
11.9868
12.1377
12.2771
12.4097
13.3310
13.8007
14.0397
2
0.9259
1.7833
2.5771
3.3121
3.9927
4.6229
5.2064
5.7466
6.2469
6.7101
7.1390
7.5361
7.9038
8.2442
8.5595
8.8514
9.1216
9.3719
9.6036
9.8181
10.016
10.2008
10.3717
10.5281
10.6748
10.8108
10.9350
11.0512
11.1581
11.2574
11.9248
12.2336
12.3765
6
0.9174
1.7591
2.5313
3.2397
3.8897
4.4859
5.0330
5.5348
5.9952
6.4177
6.8052
7.1607
7.4869
7.7862
8.0607
8.3126
8.5436
8.7556
8.9501
9.1285
9.2922
9.4424
9.5802
9.7066
9.8226
9.9290
10.026
10.1166
10.1981
10.2733
10.7577
10.9614
11.0487
0
0.9091
1.7355
2.4869
3.1699
3.7908
4.3553
4.8684
5.3349
5.7590
6.1446
6.4951
6.8137
7.1034
7.3667
7.6061
7.8237
8.0216
8.2014
8.3649
8.5136
8.6487
8.7715
8.8832
8.9847
9.0770
9.1609
9.2372
9.3066
9.3696
9.4269
9.7791
9.9148
9.9672
0.9009
1.7125
2.4437
3.1024
3.6959
4.2305
4.7122
5.1461
5.5370
5.8892
6.2065
6.4924
6.7499
6.9819
7.1909
7.3792
7.5488
7.7016
7.8393
7.9633
8.0751
8.1757
8.2664
8.3481
8.4217
8.4881
8.5478
8.6016
8.6501
8.6938
8.9511
9.0417
9.0736
0.8929
1.6901
2.4018
3.0373
3.6048
4.1114
4.5638
4.9676
5.3282
5.6502
5.9377
6.1944
6.4235
6.6282
6.8109
6.9740
7.1196
7.2497
7.3658
7.4694
7.5620
7.6446
7.7184
7.7843
7.8431
7.8957
7.9426
7.9844
8.0218
8.0552
8.2438
8.3045
8.3240
0.8850
1.6681
2.3612
2.9745
3.5172
3.9975
4.4226
4.7988
5.1317
5.4262
5.6869
5.9176
6.1218
6.3025
6.4624
6.6039
6.7291
6.8399
6.9380
7.0248
7.1016
7.1695
7.2297
7.2829
7.3300
7.3717
7.4086
7.4412
7.4701
7.4957
7.6344
7.6752
7.6873
0.8772
1.6467
2.3216
2.9137
3.4331
3.8887
4.2883
4.6389
4.9464
5.2161
5.4527
5.6603
5.8424
6.0021
6.1422
6.2651
6.3729
6.4674
6.5504
6.6231
6.6870
6.7429
6.7921
6.8351
6.8729
6.9061
6.9352
6.9607
6.9830
7.0027
7.1050
7.1327
7.1401
0.8696
1.6257
2.2832
2.8550
3.3522
3.7845
4.1604
4.4873
4.7716
5.0188
5.2337
5.4206
5.5831
5.7245
5.8474
5.9542
6.0472
6.1280
6.1982
6.2593
6.3125
6.3587
6.3988
6.4338
6.4641
6.4906
6.5135
6.5335
6.5509
6.5660
6.6418
6.6605
6.6651
0.8621
1.6052
2.2459
2.7982
3.2743
3.6847
4.0386
4.3436
4.6065
4.8332
5.0286
5.1971
5.3423
5.4675
5.5755
5.6685
5.7487
5.8178
5.8775
5.9288
5.9731
6.0113
6.0442
6.0726
6.0971
6.1182
6.1364
6.1520
6.1656
6.1772
6.2335
6.2463
6.2492
0.8547
1.5852
2.2096
2.7432
3.1993
3.5892
3.9224
4.2072
4.4506
4.6586
4.8364
4.9884
5.1183
5.2293
5.3242
5.4053
5.4746
5.5339
5.5845
5.6278
5.6648
5.6964
5.7234
5.7465
5.7662
5.7831
5.7975
5.8099
5.8204
5.8294
5.8713
5.8801
5.8819
0.8475
1.5656
2.1743
2.6901
3.1272
3.4976
3.8115
4.0776
4.3030
4.4941
4.6560
4.7932
4.9095
5.0081
5.0916
5.1624
5.2223
5.2732
5.3162
5.3527
5.3837
5.4099
5.4321
5.4509
5.4669
5.4804
5.4919
5.5016
5.5098
5.5168
5.5482
5.5541
5.5553
0.8403
1.5465
2.1399
2.6386
3.0576
3.4098
3.7057
3.9544
4.1633
4.3389
4.4865
4.6105
4.7147
4.8023
4.8759
4.9377
4.9897
5.0333
5.0700
5.1009
5.1268
5.1486
5.1668
5.1822
5.1951
5.2060
5.2151
5.2228
5.2292
5.2347
5.2582
5.2623
5.2630
0.8333
1.5278
2.1065
2.5887
2.9906
3.3255
3.6046
3.8372
4.0310
4.1925
4.3271
4.4392
4.5327
4.6106
4.6755
4.7296
4.7746
4.8122
4.8435
4.8696
4.8913
4.9094
4.9245
4.9371
4.9476
4.9563
4.9636
4.9697
4.9747
4.9789
4.9966
4.9995
4.9999
0.8065
1.4568
1.9813
2.4043
2.7454
3.0205
3.2423
3.4212
3.5655
3.6819
3.7757
3.8514
3.9124
3.9616
4.0013
4.0333
4.0591
4.0799
4.0967
4.1103
4.1212
4.1300
4.1371
4.1428
4.1474
4.1511
4.1542
4.1566
4.1585
4.1601
4.1659
4.1666
4.1667
0.7813
1.3916
1.8684
2.2410
2.5320
2.7594
2.9370
3.0758
3.1842
3.2689
3.3351
3.3868
3.4272
3.4587
3.4834
3.5026
3.5177
3.5294
3.5386
3.5458
3.5514
3.5558
3.5592
3.5619
3.5640
3.5656
3.5669
3.5679
3.5687
3.5693
3.5712
3.5714
3.5714
0.7576
1.3315
1.7663
2.0957
2.3452
2.5342
2.6775
2.7860
2.8681
2.9304
2.9776
3.0133
3.0404
3.0609
3.0764
3.0882
3.0971
3.1039
3.1090
3.1129
3.1158
3.1180
3.1197
3.1210
3.1220
3.1227
3.1233
3.1237
3.1240
3.1242
3.1250
3.1250
3.1250
28
29