Pioneers of Sociology and Anthropology

August Comte
-Father of Sociology
-Influence by French Revolution
Cerebral Hygiene (not influence by others)
-Works: Positive Philosophy and Positive Polity
Coined Sociology in Positive Philosophy
Intended to call Sociology Social Physics
-Divisons: Social Statics and Social Dynamics
-3 Stages of Knowledge: Theological/Fictitious, Metaphysical/Abstract, Scientific/Positive
-Positive Philosophy: develop and advance the study of society to the 3rd and last stage and
apply the methods of science to the study of society
Herbert Spencer
-2nd Father of Sociology
-Wrote Social Statics
-Focus: application of Darwin's Theory of Evolution to SOCIAL LIFE
Like animals, human societies evolved from primitive to complex form
Through Natural Selection, societies adapt to the environment. Those who compete successfully
will persist.
SOCIAL LIFE is governed by LAWS of CONFLICT and COMPETITION; Survival of the
Fittest and eventually lead to social progress
Society is like an organism and social progress is inevitable.
Emile Durkheim
-Strongly influenced by Comte
-Heir of Comte
-France's 1st Sociology professor
-Focus: Social forces that hold society together or SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
Social Solidarity is based on the shared values and beliefs of the members of a society.
-2 Types of Societal Solidarity: Mechanical Solidarity - similar primitive; Organic Solidarity different industrial
-Monograph SUICIDE - 1st piece of true sociological research
-Works: The Division of Labor in Society, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
Karl Marx
-Focus: Social Conflict
The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels)
-Social Change: process of CONFLICT BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING CLASSES
-First modern theory of Social Change
-History: class struggle with oppressed and oppressors
-Economy: determines all aspects of society
-Material conditions: core class of conflict

Utopian view of society where there'd be a collective ownership of production and a classless
society.
Max Weber
-Work: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Belief system might affect people's actions and their society
Protestant ethic: salvation through hard work, influenced development of Capitalism
Developed own view of Social Change and refuted Marx
-Said there there is a simple determinant of Social Change, Economic Conditions
-Verstehen Method: employ subjective meanings not only objective methods
-Also called Sympathetic Understanding
-Analysis of Bureaucracy, the organizational structure today
Edward Taylor
-One of the pioneering Anthropologists in the world
-Dominated shaped and consolidated Anthropology in Britain for 50 years in dev't
-Research: Early History of Mankind and Development, Primitive Culture
-PC: main foudation of the new science of human belief and institutions
-Animism: belief in spiritual beings
-Uses comparative methods with attempts at statistical correlations
William Graham Summer
-Famous SocAnthroist
-President of American Sociological Society
-Book: Folkways and the Science of Society
-Folkways: customs of the society to satisfy needs
-A realist
-Value of anything is not what you paid for it, what is cost to produce but what you can get for it
an an auction
Franz Boas
German -American cultural anthropologist Franz's theoretical position is often
characterized as historical particularism.He claimed that unilinear evolution
was an inadequate model for the known diversity of human cultures.
Progress he said does not follow a particular sequence nor is it necessarily
unidirectional from simple to complex. Differing with evolutionary theorists
like E.B Taylor he contended that cultural learning is unconscious rather
rational. Laws comparable to natural sciences were possible in principle
though usually premature in practice. He argued in favor of meticulous
collection of ethnographic data before attempting generalization.
The Boasian school established culture as the key concept in US anthropology and has been
criticized for its cultural determinism and relativism. However Boas was influential in the
development of disciplines of folklore, linguistics and anthropology. He was mostly concerned

with recording the symbolic culture of Kwakiuti and other north-west coast tribes and deriving
general themes of cultural comparison.
Charles Horton Cooley
American sociologist who employed a sociopsychological approach to the understanding of
society.
Cooley, the son of Michigan Supreme Court judge Thomas McIntyre Cooley, earned his Ph.D. at
the University of Michigan in 1894. He had started teaching at the university in 1892, became a
full professor of sociology in 1907, and remained there until the end of his life.
Cooley believed that social reality was qualitatively different from physical reality and was
therefore less amenable to measurement. Because of this view, he was more productive as a
social theorist than as a research scientist. His Human Nature and the Social Order (1902,
reprinted 1956) discussed the determination of the self through interaction with others. Cooley
theorized that the sense of self is formed in two ways: by ones actual experiences and by what
one imagines others ideas of oneself to bea phenomenon Cooley called the looking glass
self. This dual conception contributed to Cooleys fundamental theory that the mind is social
and that society is a mental construct.
In Social Organization (1909, reprinted 1956), Cooley outlined the objective consequences of his
psychological views. He argued that the ideal of the moral unity of society, involving qualities of
loyalty, justice, and freedom, was derived from face-to-face relationships in primary groups such
as the family and neighbourhood or childrens play groups. In his last major work, Social
Process (1918, reprinted 1966), he applied the Darwinian principles of natural selection and
adaptation to collective (social) existence.
Lewis Henry Morgan
Lewis Henry Morgan (b. 1818d. 1881) is considered one of the founding fathers of modern
anthropology. As a young lawyer in Rochester, New York, he founded a local club, The Grand
Order of the Iroquois, whose members championed Iroquois rights to their land, claimed by the
Ogden Company. In the process, he acquired a more systematic interest in Iroquois culture. His
researches among them led to the publication of a book-length study. His later discovery that
patterns of kinship terminology in other, even unrelated, Indian cultures were very similar to
those of the Iroquois launched a systematic survey of kinship nomenclature that provided a
template for modern studies of kinship in anthropology. While he was working on kinship
terminology, he also conducted an extensive, pioneering field study of the activities of beavers.
Toward the end of his life, he formulated a grand scheme of social evolution focusing on
progress in the domains of technology, government, family, and property. His work attracted the
favorable attention of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, but it was sharply criticized by a
subsequent generation of anthropologists, especially followers of Franz Boas in the United

States, who were skeptical of grand evolutionary schemes. Nonetheless, his work remains an
enduring influence in the discipline.

Archaeological Sites in the Philippines

Pandanan Shipwreck
The Pandanan Shipwreck is an archaeological site which was excavated in 1995 by the
Underwater Archaeology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines in Pandanan
Island, in the coast of Southern Palawan. The ship was surmised to be a Southeast Asian cargo
boat travelling from either Vietnam or Southern China and is one of the best preserved preSpanish trading ships within the jurisdiction of Philippines. It is speculated that the ship stopped
at some ports in mainland South East Asia to load trade wares. Bad weather might have led to the
sinking of the ship.
The boats dimensions are about 25 to 30 meters long and about six to eight meters wide. It had a
flat bottom which was suited for riverine water. The Pandanan shipwreck is considered a rare site
dated approximately at the mid-15th century because, as per Sakuma (1989), the Chinese
imperial court ordered complete banning of all private trading within this time

Old Tanauan Church Ruins

The ruins of Old Tanauan (Ruinas de Tanauan) located at the lake shore of
Talisay in Batangas Province are remains of a church structure dating to the
Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines. It is the site of the first stone
church of Tanauan, before the whole town relocated to its present location in
1754. Currently the ruins are within the property of Club Balai Isabel Resort
Tanauan was among the earliest lake shore towns established by the
Augustinian missionaries (together with Taal, Lipa, Bauan and Sala) in
Batangas around the late 16th century. Founded in 1584, the town was
established at the northern shore of the Taal Lake (originally called Bonbon)
near the foot of Tagaytay Ridge, which was described by a Spanish priest
Fray Juan de Medina OSA as a "truly frightful hill for more than one legua" as
one descends from Manila.

Limestone tombs of Kamhantik

The Limestone Tombs of Kamhantik is an excavated remains of a thousand-year-old village
found in the jungles of Mount Maclayao in Sitio Kamhantik within the Buenavista Protected
Landscape of Mulanay, Quezon, Philippines.

It is composed of fifteen limestone coffins that can be dated back from the period of 10th to 14th
century based on one of National Museum's top archaeologist "a complex archaeological site
with both habitation and burial remains from the period of approximately 10th to the 14th
century ... the first of its kind in the Philippines having carved limestone tombs."
Lapuz Lapuz Cave
Lapuz Lapuz Cave is among the many cave sites found in Moroboro, Dingle,
Iloilo in the Philippines. It is 90 m long and light reaches up to within 30 m
from each of its two entrances. The limestone area at its south end is
adjacent to Jalaur River, while the north side is adjacent to the Tambunac
River.

Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens

The Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens are located along the banks of the
Cagayan River in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. It is currently under
consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Roughly 500 km northeast of Manila, various shell middens can be found that consist of shells of
the predominant species Batissa childreni, a freshwater clam, in highest abundance.The middens
are of various sizes and ages with the oldest being carbon dated to 2000 BC and youngest to 100
AD. They reside on nearby hilltops and also on the immediate banks of the Cagayan River. The
largest deposits of shells can be found in Magapit and Bangag in Lal-lo while the thickest shell
midden is more than six feet.
Near many of the middens have been found stone implements, bones, teeth, and intricately
designed pottery

Kalanay Cave
The Kalanay Cave is a small cave located on the island of Masbate in central
Philippines. The cave is located specifically at the northwest coast of the
island within the municipality of Aroroy. The artifacts recovered from the site
were similar to those found in Southeast Asia and South Vietnam. The site is
one of the "Sa Huynh-Kalanay" pottery complex which originated from
Vietnam. The type of pottery found in the site were dated 400BC-1500 AD
Examination of some pottery from the Carl E. Guthe Collection developed the
idea of the Kalanay pottery complex. The cave was first excavated in 1951
and considerable disturbances were noted pre-excavation. In 1935, there
was an earthquake which led to portions of the caves roof to fall down and

pottery scattered around the cave. Excavation of the site was finished in
1953.

Buenavista Protected Landscape

The Buenavista Protected Landscape is a conservation area and an
archaeological site located on Bondoc Peninsula in the southern Luzon
province of Quezon in the Philippines. It conserves an important watershed
area composed of secondary-growth forest, grassland and coconut land in
the rural village of Buenavista within the coastal municipality of Mulanay.
The area was primarily set aside for watershed protection and timber
production in 1937 covering approximately 356 hectares (880 acres). In
2000, it was reestablished as a protected landscape area under the National
Integrated Protected Areas System. The area is known as the site of an
ancient village containing unique limestone graves discovered in 2012.
Angono Petroglyphs
The Angono Petroglyphs (Filipino: Mga Petroglipo ng Angono) is the oldest known work of art
in the Philippines located in the province of Rizal. There are 127 human and animal figures
engraved on the rockwall probably carved during the late Neolithic. These inscriptions clearly
show stylized human figures, frogs and lizards, along with other designs that may have depicted
other interesting figures but erosion may have caused it to become indistinguishable. The
engravings are mostly symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic
magic.
The site has been declared by the National Museum of the Philippines as a National Cultural
Treasure in 1973. It is also included in the list of the World Inventory of Rock Art in 1985 and
historic sites of the World Monuments Watch and World Monuments Funds and part of the
Philippines' tentative list of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Origin and Development of Sociology and Anthropology

Auguste Comte was a French philosopher who coined the word sociology in 1838 to designate to
his newly formulated science of the associated life of humanity. He believed that the methods
and techniques of the natural sciences could also be applied to the study of society. Between
1930 and 1854, Auguste Comte outlined his theory that mans intellectual development is an
evolutionary process.
Comte analyzed the progressive development of science through his Law of 3 stages: (1)
theological of fictitious; (2) metaphysical or abstract; (3) scientific or positive. He advocated the
idea of positivism or the use of empirical investigation to understand phenomena. He espoused
the idea that the use of empirical investigation would be the key to mans continued success and
progress. He described sociology as the queen of the social sciences.
In the beginning, major divisions of this new science were:
1. Social statics- the study of the structure of society; and
2. Social dynamics- concentrated itself with social evolution and change
Being a product of the scientific revolution and the social unrest during his time, Comte became
deeply committed to the idea of positivism. According to him, this would be necessary for
rebuilding society on a rational basis. He did little research himself but inspired other scholars to
enter the field of sociology.
It has to be noted that the theories that characterized the age of Comte were greatly influenced by
the social unrest in Europe and the Industrial revolution. At that time, scholars and intellectuals
advocated social reforms. Among the pioneers of this movement were: Herbert Spencer, Karl
Marx, and Ferdinand Toennis, who were all armchair philosophers.
At the end of the 19th century, a new breed of sociologists emerged. These scholars concentrated
their studies on what actually existed in society, not on what ought to exist. This trend brought
about beginning of social research and a method of studying social facts more objectively.
HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGY
History of Anthropology Even though anthropology, as a discipline of study, did not
appear until the 16th century. Most of the early philosophers who carried
anthropology related research were Greek, like Herodotus in 500 BC, Aristotle in 400
BC and Strabo in 100 BC.

Historians of anthropology often claim that anthropology as a discipline originated

during, and due to, the period in history known as the Renaissance. The term
'anthropology' was coined in 16th century Germany, by German university
professors.
The most revolutionizing works in anthropology were written by Charles Darwin. He
wrote The Voyage of the Beagle, that was published in 1845 AD, and On the Origin
of Species, that appeared in 1859 AD. 'Histoire Naturelle' written by French
naturalist Georges Buffon is an encyclopedia in which 2 of the 44 volumes have
been dedicated to anthropology.

The German anthropologist, Johann F. Blumenbach, played a highly instrumental role in the
development of the branch of anthropology known as physical anthropology. Modern-day
anthropology has been highly influenced by the works of American cultural anthropologist,
Margaret Mead, during the middle of the 20th century.
EARLY 20th CENTURY ANTHROPOLOGY:
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) and Franz Boas (1858-1942) developed the
method of participant observation, and lived among other cultures for extended
periods. They were both emphatically opposed to social evolution. Anthropology
becomes more grounded in cultural relativism. Anthropologists stop focusing on the
origins of religions to: How religions spread through DIFFUSION, the mixing of
cultural elements from one society to another through contact over time. What
FUNCTIONS religions serve in society.