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AC
Line
Input
Diode
Bridge
Rectifier
DC
Bus
Link
IGBT
Inverter
AC
Output
Local or Remote
Environmental Considerations
Enclosure Type Where will the VFD be installed.
Stand alone NEMA Type 1, 12, 3R etc.. Or integral
to an MCC lineup.
Enclosure Requirements
Disconnect or Bypass Option.
HOA Switch, Speed Pot, Pilot Light Cluster.
Many Standard & Custom Options Available.
Environmental IssuesAmbient Temperature
Our standard off the shelf IP20 & NEMA Type 1 drives
are rated -10 to 50 degree C without derating.
Altitude
It Matters
Most
better with a 1.15 service factor are typically fine for the
majority of VFD applications.
Consider specifying NEMA MG1, Part 31 Motors.
standard.
Line Reactors are typically specified as 3% or 5% and are mounted in
front of the VFD. They are typically offered as an added option by VFD
manufacturers.
Square D enclosed VFD product line typically includes 3% line reactors
ATV 71
ATV61
ATV31
ATV21
Late De 06 availability
ATV11
Horsepower
3
10
20
75
100
250
700
900
8998 MCC
Powergard
Engineered
Solutions
Center
M-Flex
E-Flex
Horsepower
ATV31 S-Flex
5
10
20
100
250
500
900
M-Flex
and Powergard 18 Pulse
1 - 50HP at 208/230V
1 - 500HP at 460V
variable torque and constant torque ratings
Industrial high-end solution
options
enclosed construction
custom configurations
Network Options
Communication cards
Industrial offer
- Profibus DP, Ethernet, Modbus Plus, Device Net, Interbus-S, Modbus /
Uni-Telway, FIPIO
HVAC offer
- LonWorks , BACnet, Metasys N2 , Apogee FLN ;
Harmonics in the
Water/Wastewater Market
The System Solution
Agenda
I.
Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
Harmonic Basics
What are harmonics?
Proliferated by power semiconductor devices
- Converts power (AC to DC)
Fundamental
3 Harmonic
th
7 Harmonic
t1h
Harmonic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
:
19
Harmonic
Frequency
60Hz
120Hz
180Hz
240Hz
300Hz
360Hz
420Hz
:
1140Hz
Sequence
+
0
0
0
0
+
:
+
Hc = np +/- 1
Multi-pulse Converters
Harmonic Orders Present
Hn = np +/- 1
Hn = characteristic
harmonic order present
n = an integer
p = number of pulses
Hn
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
3 phase
18-pulse
x
x
x
x
Harmonic Basics
Nonlinear loads draw it
Example: 6-Pulse VFD
Inverter
Converter
DC bus
A
B
C
Harmonic Basics
Why a concern?
Current distortion
- Added heating, reduced capacity in conductors
Ih
Transformers
Conductors and cables
Heating of windings
- Detrimental to UPS
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
Harmonic Basics
Voltage distortion
Ih
Loads
Vh = Ih x Zh
Sometimes defined
Sometimes open ended
Validation
- Poorly defined
- By each equipment vendor
- No Total Responsibility for harmonics
Has the User been protected where it matters inside the plant
There has been no other way to write the specifications to protect users
- No product or method for system approach
- No one vendor would take total responsibility for harmonics
- Result is doubtful compliance for system/user
ANSI Standard
IEEE 519-1992
Chapter 11
Addresses THD(V) delivered by utility to user
THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
Chapter 10
Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause
Based upon size of user in relation to power source
Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV
Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR rectifiers Table 10.2
Defines PCC (point of common coupling)
IEEE 519-1992
Defines current distortion as TDD
Total Demand Distortion
- Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum load of nonlinear device if
electrical system can handle this it can handle all lower amplitudes
- Always referenced to full load current
- Effective meaning of current distortion
IEEE 519-1992
TDD and THD(I) are not the same except
at 100% load
Example: with AccuSine PCS operating
Full load
Total I,
rms
936.68
836.70
767.68
592.63
424.53
246.58
111.80
Measured
Fund I, Harm I,
rms
rms
THD(I)
936.00
35.57
3.8%
836.00
34.28
4.1%
767.00
32.21
4.2%
592.00
27.23
4.6%
424.00
21.20
5.0%
246.00
16.97
6.9%
111.00
13.32
12.0%
TDD
3.8%
3.7%
3.4%
2.9%
2.3%
1.8%
1.4%
Isc/Iload
<20
20<50
50<100
100<1000
>1000
<11
4.0%
7.0%
10.0%
12.0%
15.0%
h>=35
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
1.0%
1.4%
TDD
5.0%
8.0%
12.0%
15.0%
20.0%
Harmonic Standards
Most
utility
Occurs with generators & UPS
Occurs where nonlinear loads are
concentrated
Occurs inside the plant
Need
Agenda
I.
Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
Solution
Advantage
Disadvantage
Typical % TDD
Reduces THD(V)
Increases TDD
Not likely to occur**
Lower TDD
Simplified design
Less cost
Compliance is limited
Application limited
Size limited
30 - 50% TDD
0.90 - 0.95
Low cost
Simple
Compliance
30 - 40% TDD
1.05 - 1.15
Does
18 - 22% TDD
1.20 - 1.45
Broadband filter
8 - 15% TDD
1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rectifiers
Reduces
Reliable
TDD
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
8 - 15 % TDD
1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rectifiers
Reduces
Reliable
TDD
Large footprint/heavy
Good for >100 HP
5 - 8% TDD
1.65 - 1.85
Large footprint/heavy
Very high cost per unit
High heat losses
< 5% TDD
2.0 - 2.5
adder
difficult
** Utilities and users are not likely to change their distribution systems.
*** Increasing short circuit capacity (lower impedance source or larger KVA capacity) raises TDD but lowers THD(V).
^ Can be said for all methods listed.
Inductors/Transformers/DC Bus
Chokes
Description:
Converter-applied inductors or isolation transformers.
Pros:
Cons:
Zs
Vs
Ls
Lp
C
Load
Broadband Filters
~
Source
Lp
C
Capacitor (C) designed to boost V at load to proper
level (injects leading VARs)
Physically large
High heat losses (>5%)
Series device
Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input
bridges fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output
windings.
Pros:
Cons:
6-Pulse converter
12-Pulse converter
18-Pulse converter
Multipulse
Transformer
DC Link
Reactor
Rectifier Assembly
DC+
Line
Reactor
DC Bus
2
9
Load
Wye
C
AC Line
Delta
DC-
Transformer
Tertiary
Delta
100
100
100
6 pulse
12 pulse
18 pulse
0.0s
0.02s
AFE Converters
Used in UPS and VFD
Replaces diode converter with IGBT converter
The hype
Permits current smoothing on AC lines (< 5% TDD)
Permits 4-quadrant operation of VFD
Maintains unity TOTAL PF
Meets all harmonics specs around the world
Input Filter
Required to limit
THDv to <5%
VFD
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
e
IGBT
Filter
Converter
DC Bus
IGBT
Inverter
AC
Motor
AFE Converters
Significant harmonics above 50th order
American Bureau
of Shipping (ABS)
requires
examination to
100th order when
AFE applied
Higher frequencies
yield higher heating
of current path &
potential resonance
with capacitors
AFE Converters
Cons
Larger and more expensive than 6-pulse drives
- Approximately twice the size & price
200
KVA
rated
AFE
VFD
100
KVA
rated
PWM
VFD
DC
Drive
PF
caps
Agenda
I.
Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
System Solution
Active Harmonic Filter
Applied to one or many nonlinear loads
VFD, UPS, UV, DC drives, DC power supplies
Provides DPF correction
More cost effective for multiple loads
Saves space
Lower heat losses
Not critical to operation
Is
CT
Il
Ia
Source
Load
AHF
AHF
Parallel connected
Is + Ia = Il
Ia includes 2nd to 25/50th
harmonic current
Is <5% TDD
AccuSine PCS
Disadvantages
Heat from high speed switching
Advantages
nd
th
of IGBT
Highly effective (2 to 25/50 orders cancelled)
Cost issues possible for single
Parallel connected not critical for equipment
operation
load
Scalable
Universal solution
-
Considerations
Load must have input impedance
(3%)
Protects load
Limits size of AHF
System Solution
AccuSine PCS Sizing Example
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR
Required AHF size = 84.4 amps
Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR
Required AHF size = 113.5 amps
Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LR
Required AHF size = 157.6 amps
- (not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)
AccuSine injection
Source current
Order
Fund
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
% THD(I)
AS off
% I fund
100.000%
0.038%
31.660%
11.480%
0.435%
7.068%
4.267%
0.367%
3.438%
2.904%
0.284%
2.042%
2.177%
0.293%
1.238%
1.740%
0.261%
0.800%
1.420%
0.282%
0.588%
1.281%
0.259%
0.427%
1.348%
35.28%
AS on
% I fund
100.000%
0.478%
0.674%
0.679%
0.297%
0.710%
0.521%
0.052%
0.464%
0.639%
0.263%
0.409%
0.489%
0.170%
0.397%
0.243%
0.325%
0.279%
0.815%
0.240%
0.120%
0.337%
0.347%
0.769%
0.590%
2.67%
Validation
- PQCG or SE Engineered Services ready to do the job
OR
Your local Schneider Electric Sales Team
OR
The Power Quality Correction Group